The Floating Gate : Architecture Master Degree Thesis

THE

FLOATING GATE

A Proposal to

Enhance the Inclusive

City

THE FLOATING GATE: a Proposal To Enhance The Inclusive City

a thesis by Buraggi Fernando Julian Zarepourmoghaddam Danyal

Politecnico di Milano Scuola di Architettura Urbanistica e Ingegneria delle Costruzioni A.A 2019/2020 Architettura - Architettura delle Costruzioni

Supervisor Battisti Francesca

Co-supervisors Angjeliu Grigor Dotelli Giovanni Romano Francesco Tagliabue Lavinia Chiara

December 2020

TABLE OF CONTENTS I. High-Rise Milan

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V. Gravity Holding

- Genesis

- Structural concept

- First experimentations

- Analysis and performance

- Historical landmarks

- Conclusions

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- The globalization era

II. Porta Nuova: a contemporany idea of city

VI. The Role of Technology 30

132

- BIM implementation - Energy analysis

- The complexity of the 1953 masterplan

- Sustainability strategy and LEED

- The competition of ‘91

- Building setup

- On-going projects

- Heat Loads calculations - HVaC system

III. The Pirelli 39 Competition

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- Promoter - P39 - Competition and program - The new role - Future scenario - Finalists

IV. Public Space as a Project Device 52 - Between past and future - Origins of the concept - Masterplan: the Inclusive City - Concept and programme - Relationship with the ground - Façade and section - P35 Cultural Center - P39 - Views

- Water management

VII. Sources & Panels - Panels - Bibliography - Sites

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ABSTRACT ENG Aimed at strengthening the urban transformation taking place in the Porta Nuova district, this thesis addresses the international design competition for Pirelli 39 launched by COIMA. Pirelli 35 Competition site has been also involved to frame the new intervention within a wider urban design proposition: a new urban structure characterized by “suspended volumes” generate a system of public spaces on various levels across the new complex, from the city ground to panoramic sky-terraces.

The strong potential of the area required its complete urban redevelopment and the repositioning of the existing buildings, as well as direct relations with the planned future interventions, such as towers “Gioia 20”, and the reopening project of the Naviglio Martesana. Through two squares, located at the same level as the Naviglio Boulevard, two assertive architectures - a high-rise and a lowrise building- are grafted into the site to form a new entrance to Porta Nuova, facing the “Gioia 20” twin buildings.

Standing on the edge of the “Library of the Trees” Park, the “horizontal” volume delimits it by opening a large lowered square towards Via Bordoni and Via Pirelli with the aim of mending up the undeveloped parts of the neighbourhood. Iconic and incisive, the tower rises on the corner of the Park, developing new public spaces at high altitude. The new open spaces disclose a hierarchical organization of functions according to their accessibility to the public, characterizing the low-rise building

as a volume completely “open” to the city, and allowing for progressive privatization on the powerful vertical volume.

Both buildings exploit a structural steel structure with prefabricated elements technology that enhances the concept of suspension also along the vertical development of the tower.

The internal skeleton, occasionally revealed to emphasize its structural effectiveness, also gives a visually industrial character to the buildings. The envelope is completed by a highly performing modular curtain wall, on which shading systems are set up to distinguish each of the two volumes. The horizontal volume is wrapped in a perforated corrugated sheet, which reveals the strong reticular structure; while the tower is characterized by vertical aluminium brise-soleils that mark the rhythm of the facade, communicating the progressive internal privatization.

The result is a “bilateral” architectural proposal based on structural experimentation, which creates a new “gate” for the neighbourhood and synthesize a more inclusive urban scenario available to all social strata.

ABSTRACT ITA Con l’obiettivo di rafforzare la trasformazione urbana in atto nel quartiere Porta Nuova, questa tesi affronta il Concorso Internazionale di progettazione per l’edificio Pirelli 39, indetto da COIMA. Al fine di inquadrare il nuovo intervento all’interno di una più ampia proposta a scala urbana, l’area del Concorso Pirelli 35 è entrata a pieno titolo a far parte nell’ambito di trasformazione: una nuova “struttura urbana” caratterizzata da “volumi sospesi” genera un sistema di spazi pubblici che permeano, a vari livelli, il nuovo complesso, dal suolo cittadino al alle terrazze panoramiche.

Le forti potenzialità dell’area hanno richiesto la sua completa riqualificazione urbanistica e il riposizionamento degli edifici esistenti, nonché rapporti diretti con gli interventi futuri previsti, quali le torri “Gioia 20”, e con il progetto di riapertura del Naviglio Martesana. Attraverso due piazze, poste allo stesso livello del Naviglio, due imponenti architetture – una torre e un corpo lineare - si innestano nel sito per formare un nuovo ingresso a Porta Nuova, di fronte agli edifici gemelli di “Gioia 20”.

Posto ai margini della “Biblioteca degli Alberi”, il volume “orizzontale” lo delimita aprendo un’ampia piazza ribassata verso Via Bordoni e Via Pirelli con l’obiettivo di ricucir le parti più marginali del quartiere. Iconica e incisiva, la torre si erge all’angolo del Parco, sviluppando nuovi spazi pubblici in quota. I nuovi spazi aperti individuano un’organizzazione gerarchica delle funzioni in base alla loro accessibilità al pubblico, caratterizzando l’edificio basso come un volume completamente “aperto” alla città, e consentendo una progressiva privatizzazione

all’interno dell’imponente volume verticale.

Entrambi gli edifici si avvalgono di una struttura in acciaio con tecnologia ad elementi prefabbricati che esalta il concetto di sospensione anche lungo lo sviluppo verticale della torre. Lo scheletro interno, occasionalmente rivelato per enfatizzarne l’efficacia strutturale, conferisce inoltre un carattere visivamente industriale agli edifici. L’involucro è completato da una facciata continua modulare altamente performante, sulla quale sono predisposti sistemi di ombreggiamento per distinguere ciascuno dei due volumi. Il volume orizzontale è avvolto da una lamiera grecata forata, che rivela la potente struttura reticolare; la torre è invece caratterizzata da brise-soleil verticali in alluminio che scandiscono il ritmo della facciata, comunicando la progressiva privatizzazione interna.

Il risultato è una proposta architettonica “bilaterale” basata sulla sperimentazione strutturale, che crea una nuova “porta” per il quartiere e sintetizza uno scenario urbano più inclusivo a disposizione di tutti gli strati sociali.

I. HIGH-RISE MILAN - Genesis - First experimentations - Historical landmarks - The globalization era

I. HIGH-RISE MILAN

Genesis Nowadays, Milan appears to be the Italian city that, most of all, has developed its urban fabric vertically, implementing the tower-object.

Retracing the genesis of this particular type of architecture, we can identify a progenitor in Futurism.

Futurism is known as a literary, artistic and cultural movement that developed in the early 1900s in Italy, whose ideology was founded on the progress of technology, on speed and taking distance from everything related to the past. Identified as Europe’s first avant-garde, Futurism explores a wide range of disciplines and arts, ranging from painting to literature, music, architecture, theater, film and dance.

If the Manifesto published in 1909 by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti establishes the fixed points of the movement in a universal way for all the arts and disciplines involved, it is Antonio Sant’Elia who is responsible for the drafting of the Manifesto of Futurist Architecture, published on July 11, 1914.

Sant’Elia outlines an architecture characterized by strong technical and formal innovation, antihistorical and aimed at integrating the ideals of speed and dynamism of Futurism. Conceived by reinforced concrete, iron and glass, this type of architecture, despite its intentions of using contemporary construction techniques,

still remains “art, that is synthesis, expression, and not an arid combination of practicality and utility “. The fundamental point of Futurist architecture, however, does not concern the single building, but its integration into the “Città Nuova”, a place where the future, speed and movement are embodied, where architecture and transport merge into a single dynamic system.

In his drawings ,. Sant’Elia states that the Futurist building may have a major height than the canons of the past, and that they could have a stronger relationship with the transport infrastructures, which become bigger in scale and more important in the role they play. These factors are fundamental in the definition of the “Città Nuova”, a utopian space that is described in the Manifesto as “a privileged place of modernity with an overwhelming force; it is the place where the future is embodied, as well as speed and movement. The urban landscape appears shattered by the lights, by the noises, which multiply the points of vision “.

This vision is also exemplified by the painting “Città che sale” by Umberto Boccioni, produced between 1910-11, in which Architecture, infrastructure and men are blended together without being able to distinguish them.

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I. HIGH-RISE MILAN

on the top: “La Città Nuova” by Antonio Sant’Elia, 1914 On the bottom: “La città che sale” by Umberto Boccioni, 1910

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I. HIGH-RISE MILAN

On the top from the left: Branca tower,SNIA Viscosa tower On the bottom from the left: Rasini tower, Breda tower

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I. HIGH-RISE MILAN

First experimentations One of the first examples of tower-object built in Milan is the Branca Tower. Built between 1933 and 1934 and designed by Gio Ponti, it was built at Mussolini’s behest in view of the 5th Milan Triennale. It represented a turning point because it was completely made of a tapered steel structure and built in “only 68 working days”.

In these years more and more buildings are developing in height. For fourteen years the highest skyscraper in Milan was guarded by the SNIA Viscosa tower, built between 1935 and 1937 at the intersection of Piazza San Babila and Via Montenapoleone with a height of 60 meters. It was the first real skyscraper in Milan.

During the same period, the Rasini Tower was designed by Ponti and Lancia. The building, a

composition of volumes with different heights, materials and decorations, is located in Corso Venezia in a border area between the historic center and Indro Montanelli park.

Between 1952 and 1954 stands the Breda tower, conceived according to American models.

Located in Piazza Repubblica with a height of 116 meters, it strongly defines the context in which it is located. Its construction was made possible given the change of regulations on the height of the Milanese buildings, which previously could not exceed the height of the Madonnina del Duomo. The result was the tallest reinforced concrete skyscraper in the world at the time, with one of the first curtain wall prototypes.

“In these years more and more buildings are developing in height...”

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I. HIGH-RISE MILAN

The Diaz Center, instead, was the object of numerous competitions between 1951 and 1953, among which Luigi Mattioni’s project prevailed. In addition to a multi-storey building, the proposal includes a tower positioned along the axis of the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II. Overall, the building reaches a height of 65 meters, against the 76 meters foreseen by the preliminary project.

The architects Vico Magistretti and Franco Longoni contribute to the process of insertion

of the tower-object in Milan with a project on the border of Parco Sempione. The Tower at the Park, with 20 floors above ground, has a variable composition in the facade of the living-terraces such that the building does not appear repetitive. The terraces are progressively set back and project from level to level, thus giving character to each facade of the building. Much attention has been paid to the construction details and to the diversification of material finishes.

“the proposal includes a tower positioned along the axis of the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II. Overall, the building reaches a height of 65 meters...”

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I. HIGH-RISE MILAN

On the top: Velasca tower On the bottom: Pirelli building

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I. HIGH-RISE MILAN

On the top: Velasca tower On the bottom: Pirelli building

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I. HIGH-RISE MILAN

Historical landmarks There was a point in which the development of high-rise Architecture In Milan had a crucial turning.

This point was marked by Torre Velasca, the famous project by BBPR. The building represents a new tendency on focusing on the interpretation of the historical values of the city. In particular, it states the breaking point with respect to prewar rationalism, with a new perspective towards the problem of the “historical continuity” of the modern.

The project was highly criticized when it was presented during the CIAM congress in Otterlo in 1959, pointed as an “Italian retreat from modern Architecture”. The particularity of the building stands in the overturning of the typical composition of a tower-object, where the amount of volume decreases while gaining height. Instead, Velasca Tower rewrites this standardization by superimposing a overhanging volume to a lower part. This division has functional purposes, as the lower part hosts a range of offices while the residences are placed on the top volume. Following the topic of “historical continuity”, the building

have some fundamental characteristics of the Milanese Architecture, such as the size of the windows, the proportions of the overhangs, the materials and hues. The total height is set to 106 meters.

If the Velasca Tower tries to give continuity to the tradition, the Pirelli office building states a new form of modernity for the Italian society. Designed between 1955 and 1960, the “Pirellone” can be considered as an essential architecture that comes from the idea of Gio Ponti about an Architecture made of “lightness”. This lightness in the Pirelli Tower is made possible by the contribution of Pier Luigi Nervi, who solves the structural dilemma of the building caused by its proportions: the long-side counts 70 meters while the short one only 18,5. The point of the solution are two hollow pillars in reinforced concrete with a peculiar triangular section, in which are placed the vertical distributions. Even if the building accounts American references, it becomes a symbol of the Italian path to the international panorama. Its 127 meters height and the

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creative contribution of the designers, made a “large design object”. The large curtain wall follows the path of the load bearing elements, while all the technical elements are visible and highlighted as they represent the modernity in architecture and construction.

a detailed design by the architect Melchiorre Bega. The two long elevations have different characteristics: one is completely glazed and the other highlights the structure on the facade, covering it with porcelain stoneware tiles. In the curtain wall, Bega aims to create a central framework which, combined with the use of cantilever slabs, does not interrupt the glass front. However, the technical skills of the time prevented the realization of a window frame according to the designer’s wishes. The company that manufactures the windows, propose a solution that would push the width of the window to the maximum allowed technical possibilities. Compared to the original idea, however, they are forced to insert an additional horizontal partition in the facade scheme. The Galfa is subject to a refurbishment during 201617, in order to reorganize the functions located inside and to optimize energy consumption.

In those same years the theme of the business district is under the spotlight. Pirelli and Galfa towers are coinceived with the perspective to create a new business district between Garibaldi and Centrale stations, where all the tertiary activities would have been settled.

The idea of the Galfa tower is mainly based on the International Style architecture. The building is rectangular, with the two lowest floors larger than the main body. The main structure in reinforced concrete is almost completely hidden by curtain walls made of glass and aluminium, which were subject to

“The main structure in reinforced concrete is almost completely hidden by curtain walls made of glass and aluminium, which were subjected to a detailed design by the architect Melchiorre Bega...”

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I. HIGH-RISE MILAN

Galfa tower

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I. HIGH-RISE MILAN

on the top: Palazzo Lombardia on the bottom : Unicredit tower

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The globalization era At the beginning of the 21st century, the Milanese architectural identity remains quite intact. The takeover of the tower-objects in the city is in continuous evolution, even in zones located nearby the city center. This process is analogous to other cities in Europe and, with the difference of scale, in America, and it points out the tendency of Milan to be open to absorb inputs from the globe. Such openness lead to several urban transformations in the city, making it closer to the European capital cities and marking a difference between Milan and the other Italian major cities. Figures such as Pierluigi Nicolin played a fundamental role in order to foresee what the direction of the city would have been. Author of one of the masterplans for Porta Nuova, it was part of wider thoughts about the development of the city, in which “the involvement of internationally acclaimed architects had the function of disguising real estate operations with limited qualifications”. In other words, the involvement of stararchitects in the development of new projects in Milan would have guaranteed transparency and legality in the matter of tenders, concepts that after the bad episode of Tangentopoli, where Milan had a leading role,

were crucial in order to complete successful projects.

Built between 2007 and 2010, Palazzo Lombardia is one of the firsts tower-object of new generation in the city. Designed as a joint project between Pei Cobb Freed, Caputo and Sistema Duemila for the Lombardy region. The tower-headquarter stands next to Porta Nuova and it focuses mainly on the arbitrary distortion of architectural forms. Great attention was payed also to the topic of sustainability, that led to a performant double glass skin façade, set on a conventional structural grid of pillars and slabs in reinforced concrete. The system of four sinusoidal volumes generates a sequence of pedestrian areas, opening the base to the public and giving the complex a sort of character of new “piece of the city”.

The Lombardy Region played a crucial role by asking specific features for the new building, that came directly as a reference to the nearby Pirelli tower.

Another one of the projects that started the process of globalization is Gae Aulenti square with the Unicredit HQ Tower. The square acts as a podium in which three vertical buildings with

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progressive heights are inserted, and it receives the flows coming from Corso Como, the Library of Trees Park and the close Garibaldi Station.

Designed by the American firm Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects, the tallest tower reaches 219 meters (including its antenna) and has a conventional load-bearing structure with pillars and slabs in reinforced concrete, cladded with a curtain wall. However, it is interesting to notice that this setting of podium-square-towers does not state any dialogue with the historical fabric of the city.

says Boeri. What was built in Milan is the prototype of a series of “Vertical Forests” that the designer and its studio are spreading over the globe, persuing an idea of greener and more resilient cities.

Located next to the Bosco Verticale, the Garibaldi Towers were born during the 80s. by the studio Laura Lazzari – Giancarlo Perrotta for the National Railway company. With a height of 103 meters each, they are subject to restoration after the acquisition by Beni Stabili S.p.A. during Carried out by Progetto CMR, the refurbishment is focused on the redefinition of the functions and the architectural quality of the spaces, with an eye on the energetic performances.

The new façade is conceived as a double-skin climatic filter which acts thermally between the inner façade and the outdoor ambient.

Stefano Boeri, with his studio, contributes to the enrichment of the Milanese skyline with two towers, which are conventional in the structure but not in the concept. Bosco Verticale, born in Porta Nuova-Isola quarter, features a system of living terraces in which are located trees and greenery, making these elements to be fundamental materials for the project. What was expected to be an isolated architecture, it becomes a “Manifesto” of how the architecture should be in the 21st century: “a device that recovers and produces energy, reduces pollution and increases biodiversity”

The DiamanteTower is the HQ of the BNP Paribas Italian company. Built between 2010-12, has a total height of 140 meters and it is the tallest building with a steel structure in Italy. The masterplan of the area and the design of the building were in charge of the Italian-american

“...it becomes a “Manifesto” of how the architecture should be in the 21st century: a device that recovers and produces energy, reduces pollution and increases biodiversity”

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on the top: Bosco Verticale on the bottom from the left: Garibaldi towers refurbishment, Diamante tower

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on the top: Solaria, Solea and Aria towers on the bottom: Fondazione Prada

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architect Lee Polisano from Kohn Pedersen Fox firm after a international competition. The principal feature of the tower is its irregular geometry, defining a diagonal elements also for the structural skeleton. The general layout of the plan is organized with a central core that hosts the vertical circulations, and the main ambients are located along the façade.

The complex presents also two lower volumes called “Diamantini”, which were designed by the firm Kohn Pederson Fox as well.

OMA’s Fondazione Prada project, led by Rem Koolhaas, establishes a coexistence of new architecture and redevelopment of an early 20th century gin distillery that includes warehouses, laboratories and fermentation silos along with three new buildings surrounding a large courtyard. The complex covers a total area of 19,000 m2, of which 11,000 m2 will be used for exhibition activities. As Rem Koolhaas says: “The Prada Foundation’s project is not a work of conservation, nor is it the conception of a new architecture. These two dimensions coexist, although they remain distinct, and confront each other in a process of continuous interaction, as if they were fragments destined never to form a single, defined image, in which one element prevails over the others”. In 2018 the Tower marks the completion of the Milan headquarters. The building, 60 meters high, is made of white structural exposed concrete.

Each of the nine floors of the Tower offers a new perception of the interior through a specific combination of three spatial parameters: plan, height and orientation.

Also Torre Solaria is part of the Business District of Porta Nuova. With its height of 143 meters is the tallest residential of the country, and it is part of a complex of three towers with Torre Aria and Torre Solea. The American firm Arquitectonica Miami was in charge of the design in partnership with Antonio Citterio and Patricia Viel, who have designed the common areas and the interiors. The podium in which the three towers stand acts also as a square, Piazza Alvar Aalto, which is directly connected to Gae Aulenti with a suspended footbridge that crosses Melchiorre Gioia avenue.

“The Prada Foundation’s project is not a work of conservation [...]. These two dimensions coexist, although they remain distinct, and confront each other in a process of continuous interaction.”

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To conclude, the intervention represented by the CityLife District project is one of the biggest urban transformation of the latest years.

The 360.000 sqm lot is set to be completely pedestrian, with a central square in which three towers rise. Zaha Hadid, Daniel Libeskind and Arata Isozaki are the architects who were called in to design the complex. These high-rise buildings, which are meant to be the new symbol of Milan, are the expression of the language of its designer: Zaha Hadid’s proposal provides a slim tower that twists up to 190 meters; Isozaki designs the tower with the most “conventional” form with a stereometric volume of 221 meters

that is sustained by massive pillars linked to the ground; Libeskind proposes a curved tower with a total height of 153 meters, vertically pierced by a volume grafted on its back.

What is clear at this point is that the continuity with the tradition in the modernity aimed during the Velasca tower period is compromised. This idea has been apparently obscured by the arrival of the globalization and the speculative mindset of the investors, revealing a tendency of designing buildings which are more focused on the global tendencies and on satisfying wills and protocols that are not so related to the Milanese tradition.

“...the continuity with the tradition in the modernity aimed during the Velasca tower period is compromised.

This idea has been apparently obscured by the arrival of the globalization...”

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I. HIGH-RISE MILAN

CityLife high-rises designed by Isozaki, Hadid and Libeskind

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II. PORTA NUOVA: A CONTEMPORANY IDEA OF CITY - The complexity of the 1953 masterplan - The 1991 competition - Contemporary development

II. PORTA NUOVA: A CONTEMPORANY IDEA OF CITY

on the top: the 1953 masterplan for the new Business District; on the bottom: Vittorio Gregotti’s proposal for the Casabella ‘79 competition

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II. PORTA NUOVA: A CONTEMPORANY IDEA OF CITY

The complexity of the 1953 Masterplan The 1953 plan for the business district located between Garibaldi - Repubblica area came from a precise panorama in which the city is considered as a complex system of relations between the individual travels of the citizens, indicating a prevalence of private means of transportation . This vision is embodied with the arrival of the car, the definitive expression of freedom for the individual who is based in the city. Consequently, the 1953 plan also provided proposals to enhance significantly the motorways in order to facilitate the access to the city from the hinterland.

Despite the good preconditions, the 1953 masterplan will undergo to several modifications, being not able to find a proper layout that synthesizes the vision mentioned before.. Even though, the quarter saw a big development in the successive years, still not finding a proper solution rised to the business district dilemma. The reason of this difficulty could be found in the fact that the masterplan did not foresaw a good or reasonable synergy with the existing urban fabric.

commercial and cultural activities. This new program was the basis for the competitions held in 1979 and 1991.

The competition by invitation promoted by Casabella was set after the approval of the “Piano di In-quadramento operativo” for GaribaldiRepubblica area in 1978. It was the principal reference on which the participants developed their proposals through some common factors: the placement of new buildings between the old Varesine station and Garibaldi; the need to restore the urban fabric in the surroundings; the morphologic transformation of the area through a central space and the statement of a new idea of the city, composed by accessible green spaces and services for the citizens. Also, the local administration wanted to underline the willing of give to the Garibaldi-Repubblica area a central role to play for the city, an idea that certainly remarks the spirit of the 1953 plan.

Many prestigious architects presented their proposals (Vittorio Gregotti, Gae Aulenti, Ignazio Gardella, Aldo Rossi, Marco Zanuso amongst all), and the outcomes highlighted some topics already present in the discussion concerning the area. The reorganization of motorways, the location of new public spaces giving value to the enormous central void, the restoration and inclusion of the surrounding buildings are few of the thematics touched by the designers.

After 1978 and the development of the new Passante Ferroviario, a plan for the business district still remains in the planning debate.

The proposals included a mix of financial and institutional functions, combined with

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II. PORTA NUOVA: A CONTEMPORANY IDEA OF CITY

The ‘91 competition From that time, Porta Nuova suddenly gained a prominent position in the metropolitan area of Milan. In order to rearrange the area, in 1985 a “Progetto D’area” for Garibaldi Repubblica is drafted; this project introduced solid new urban blocks, mainly dedicated to tertiary and cultural programmes, arranged around a central park. In 1991, following the “Piano Regolatore” prescription, the municipality held a competition to design the financial hub already meant to be since many years Once again. the proposals included designs from considerable architects.

Belgiojoso adressed one long structure that rolled up on itself, dividing the empty space in a number of smaller parks. Also the viability was rethought, thanks to a capillary system of streets: via Gioia was left untouched, while via Volturno was extended from Isola to join via Sturzo, and so on. Unlike the previous competition, the P39 building seems to be more included in the strategies of the designers. Belgiojoso uses it as a boundary in order to obtain a big enclosed space is generated.. Overall, this project fills the big empty space, breaking it down in more manageable ones, whose existence never goes to the detriment of urban mobility.

Giorgio Grassi suggested an intervention that

directly connected with Milan’s historic tissue.

He shaped the central void of the area with a series of long continuous blocks slightly higher than the surrounding buildings, that would act as a background, referencing the bastions as border between center and periphery.

Key element to the winning proposal of Pierluigi Nicolin stands in the idea of a vertical city, and the introduction of a big public park at the core of the project. His masterplan was able to foresee the future development of the Porta Nuova area. Furthermore, the plan was structured to be completed in several stages, not preventing the city from working regularly during the transformation process.

Despite that the masterplan was not realized, it could be claimed that the process that led to the current layout of Porta Nuova quarter comes from the vision of Nicolin, who was able to give a sort of unitary vision to such complex area. Nevertheless, the real transformation process started only in 1999, following the initiative of private developers together with the Municipality of Milan and Lombardy Region, which subsequently brought to the competitions for the new Region Headquarters and the Library of Trees Park.

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II. PORTA NUOVA: A CONTEMPORANY IDEA OF CITY

from the top left: proposals during ‘91 competition: Belgiojoso, Giorgio Grassi and Pierluigi Nicolin

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II. PORTA NUOVA: A CONTEMPORANY IDEA OF CITY

from the top left: the on-going projects Gioia 20, Gioia 22, Pirelli 35, Unipol tower

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II. PORTA NUOVA: A CONTEMPORANY IDEA OF CITY

Contemporary development Following these events, the Porta Nuova quarter was included in a wider growth program for the city called “Ricostruire la grande Milano”. The enormous intervention touched three different parts of Porta Nuova, starting from Garibaldi-Repubblica, Isola and the former Varesine zone, whose masterplan was drafted by Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects, Boeri Studio and Kohn Pedersen Fox Architects. The decision of the investors to rely mostly on stararchitects for the masterplanning, together with the commissioning single designs to over 20 different studios through competitions, indicates the tendency to screen this real estate “magnus opus” in a global circuit. The fragmentary development model, foresaw by Pierluigi Nicolin, is more related to a real estate business aimed to be attractive rather than giving continuity to the city’s urban fabric.

However, the Porta Nuova development counts

350,000 square meters of buildings and 160,000 of landscape and pedestrian paths, and it undeniably represents one of the greatest Milan’s urban transformation projects. The process remarked the transition of the quarter from an abandoned and unused area to be one of the most attractive poles of the city for the citizens.

The on-going projects powered by the real estate company Coima indicates that the area is far from being complete. Projects such as Gioia 20, Gioia 22, the refurbishment of Pirelli 35 and the competition of Pirelli 39 are part of a masterplan drafted in order to renovate all the buildings nearby the Library of Trees park. Once completed, Porta Nuova quarter will integrate a wider urban connection that toches Scalo Farini, Bovisa and MIND Milano.

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III. PIRELLI COMPETITION - The Promoter - P39 - Competition and program - The new role - Future scenario - Finalist

III. PIRELLI COMPETITION

Coima headquaters

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III. PIRELLI COMPETITION

The Promoter Coima is a real estate company founded in 1974 in Milan, which since its foundation it has been a leader in the Milanese real estate panorama, enhancing huge urban transformations such as in Porta Nuova – Gioia District. Also, Coima has many divisions within the company that focuses on a wide range of topics. One of them is Coima Roots*, which through the company takes a strategic approach to sustainability criteria with an holistic vision, including it in its investment strategy. Coima aims to create high quality property assets with sustainable longterm value growth always including its holistic

principles in the strategy. These principles can be explained in the so called Coima Roots Compass, in which the eight “roots” of this vision refers to a unique common origin, the human being. Happiness, nature, beauty, knowledge and so on are factors that, according to Coima, play a fundamental role in the development of projects suitable for the needs of humankind.

The company portfolio has many different rewarded projects, such as: Bosco Verticale, Unicredit Pavilion, Isozaki Tower, Gioia 20 and 22, and many others.

“Happiness, nature, beauty, knowledge and so on are factors that, according to Coima, play a fundamental role in the development of projects suitable for the needs of humankind” *a holistic vision for responsible investment and real estate development and management

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P39 The Pirelli 39 competition promoted by Coima is aimed to rethink the existing Pirelli 39 building, known as “Pirellino“ or “P39”. The P39 was born within the “Piano particolareggiato del Centro Direzionale” drawn up in 1953 and its realization was itself subject of a national competition announced in 1955 and winned by a team of architects such as Vittorio Gandolfi , Aldo Putelli, Renato Bazzoni, Luigi Fratino.

The project is composed by two different volumes, a tower and a low-rise block placed alongside each other and linked together by an additional small volume. The tower hosted mostly private offices in all its twenty-six floors over-ground, with a stretched exagon-shaped floor plan that is organized in two main bands, where on one side are located the main offices, on the other all the common services of the floor such as stairways, elevators, bathrooms.

Instead, the low-rise block has a free floor plan in which the vertical distribution elements are placed on the central axis, therefore giving a certain flexibility in the organization of the spaces along the perimeter. Both volumes

are conceived as a unique system since they share a basic modulus of 1,60 m, which was conceived considering the minimum encumbrance of a office desk. Also, it is useful to underline how the modulus multiplied twice matches the rhythm of the mullions of the façade’s curtain wall, and if multiplied by four, it matches the structural grid.

The brief of the competition states that it is possible to choose to maintain the existing building, but it also highlights the difficult to adapt and make safe the structure, because it lacks of function flexibility and that it could be tricky to match all the requirements of the competition. Some options of massing and placements are provided in the explicative documents, which opens the topic about the competition of P35, already in hands of Snøhetta. The proximity of the two project areas suggest a unique intervention, taking advice of the academic possibilities, which allows experiment an abstract scenario.

“[...] the difficulties to adapt and make safe the structure, because it lacks of function flexibility and that it could be tricky to match all the requirements of the competition.”

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III. PIRELLI COMPETITION

Pirelli 39 seen from Piazza Alvar Alto

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1. Via Melchiorre Gioia 2. Via Pirelli / Gioia crossroad 3. P39 bridge volume Pirelli 39

4. Gioia surroundings

Gioia 20 West

Gioia 22

Pirelli 35 Gioia 20 East

MIND Milano Villa Scheibler Park

F. Verga Park Bovisa Goccia Farini Hub

New green cycling path

Simonetta Villa

Library of Trees Park Monumentale Cemetery

Indro Montanelli Gardens

on the top: project area development overview on the bottom: the new connection to MIND Milano

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III. PIRELLI COMPETITION

Competition and program The structure of the competition is composed by a preliminary phase and a final phase.

The competitors must develop a proposal which includes a mix of functions between residential, retail, offices and public spaces. In addition, the promoter expects the designer to enhance the connection between the sectors west and east of the BAM park, currently divided by a consistent boundary such as Via Melchiorre Gioia, through new pedestrian and cycling paths and extensions of existing design elements of the park itself. The project must deliver also high-quality public spaces (exterior and interior) which have to be flexible and complementary to the existing. A concrete strategy concerning the sustainability is mandatory as well, considering that Coima has high standards about this topic. LEED and WELL certifications are some of the requirements pointed in the brief, besides the strategy of Smart Building and the usage of Craddle to Craddle certified materials.

The new role Whatever the designer decides to do, the promoter underlines that it is important to deliver a significative project that synthesizes the main olistic principles adopted by Coima in its every intervention in terms of sustainability, technology, energy etc, and not only an appealing architecture. Moreover, the project has to properly portray the role that it is called to represent. The location of the project relative to the new urban connection Mind-BovisaFarini-Porta Nuova-Centrale, the proximity to Centrale and Garibaldi stations, to the BAM park and the potential relationship with the ongoing new towers Gioia 20 and Gioia 22 makes the P39 one of the most important nodes of the city. All these factors need to be synthesized in an architecture that is able to give a strong response to the complexity of the site and its metamorphosis, also taking advantage of the multi-modal transportations, green infrastructure.

“The location of the project relative to the new urban connections [...] and the potential relationship with the ongoing new towers Gioia 20 and Gioia 22 makes the P39 one of the most important nodes of the city.”

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Future scenario In general, the theme proposed by the competition is part of a wider vision for the city of Milan, which will be protagonist of a transformation in large scale within 2030 as planned by the PGT Milano 2030. This vision expect the city to enhance the relationship between urban planning and mobility, in order to build a highly accessible city, which will be able to define an effective balance between demand for mobility, quality of life and sustainability environmental; a green, livable, resilient city. In the planned transformation of the city there is also an important intervention

in relation to Naviglio Martesana, wich will be reopened along Via Melchiorre Gioia and the rest of the city, providing new urban environment and space for the pedestrian and slow mobility.

By 2030, Milan will be greener, with the new Metropolitan Park and the seven new parks within the urban cone. This means that the landscape and greenery acquire a significant role within the competition of the Pirelli 39, as well as the topics of sustainability, energy efficiency, natural resources management, climate change, urban quality and so on.

“PGT Milano 2030 expects the city to enhance the relationship between urban planning and mobility, in order to build a highly accessible city, [...]an effective balance between demand for mobility, quality of life and sustainability”

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Railway infrastructure

Subway development

Trolleybus network

Cycling paths

Suburban trains

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Agricultural park

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on the top: The Vessel by Heatherwick Studio, New York City on the bottom from the left:: Gioia 22 by Wilmotte, Education Center for Columbia University by DS+R, New York City

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III. PIRELLI COMPETITION

Finalist Currently, the competition has reached the final phase and six groups of architecture firms were selected to develop their ultimate proposal, which are introduced as follows.

Heatherwick The first mentioned is the British studio Heatherwick.

The firm prioritizes design that has great social impact, and its design approach is totally free of any already-fixed dogmas but it comes from the character of the place in which the new architecture will born.

Yet, the main purpose of the design choices of Heatherwick is problem-solving, so nothing is left unthought. The result is a type or architecture that is strictly conceived to be a solution for the area in which it is located, and it is designed for the community with a strong social component that gives origin to public spaces.

Wilmotte Founded by French architect Jean-Michelle Wilmott and renowned for the diversity of its output and the elegance of its work, the Wilmotte firm operates in both the public and private sectors, across luxury, hospitality, residential, and the service industries.

The project highlighted in the side page is a proposal drafted for the competition of Gioia 22, in the end won by Pelli Clarke Pelli.

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Diller Scofidio+Renfro with Stefano Boeri The New York-based studio DS+R has a large number of projects in its portfolio, with a special tendency to the public intervention. Projects like the High Line, the Hudson Yards tower and many more left their mark in the urban patchwork of New York.

The firm has introduced an interesting concept called Agritecture, which basically is the practice of build the spaces through the greenery.

This can match perfectly with the vision of Stefano Boeri, which DS+R teamed up with for this competition. Boeri is well-known for its urban “forestation” strategy throw his architectural manufacts that combines greenery and architecture.

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Vittorio Grassi The firm founded by architect Vittorio Grassi operates in Milan and Paris.

It designs and develops a variety of projects ranging from large to small scale, from urban planning to the design of cultural and exhibition buildings, tourism and residential complexes, office and shopping premises up to industrial and interior design. An interesting feature is the tendency to work with the existing buildings with renovations and juxtapositions, which could be a possible strategy used in the competition.

3xn “We believe that architecture shapes behavior.

This informs all our work as we continue to explore ways for enriching the lives of people.” This introduces the danish architecture firm 3xn , which brings a strong social component in its idea of architecture. In Quay Quarters Tower project (2022) in Sidney, 3xn brings a reflection on how the high-rise could be humanized, and that feels more like a vertical village that catalyses life and community feeling.

Could they use the same strategy for P39 project?

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David Chipperfield The practice lead by David Chipperfield has built over 100 projects all over the world, and since many years operates also in a office in Milan. Chipperfield is well-know by delivering intellectually coherent proposals that show a great capacity of interpretation and deep sensibility. The experience gained working in Italy, designing the MUDEC Museum in the city, could be a plus in its ability to deeply understand the Milanese urban system and society.

It will be interesting to see how the firm will translate this experience in a high-rise building proposal in a district in continuous evolution.

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on the top from the left: High-Rise proposal for Milan and Rome by Vittorio Grassi, new Towers by 3xn, London on the bottom: new High-Rise in Jannowitzbrücke by David Chipperfield Architects, Berlin

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IV. PUBLIC SPACE AS A PROJECT DEVICE - Between past and future - Origins of the concept - Masterplan: the Inclusive City - Concept and programme - Relationship with the ground - Façade and section - P35 Cultural Center - P39 - Views

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Between past and future The starting point of the reflections carried out in the preliminary phase of the project were focused on a wide-scale analysis. The position of the site within the urban tissue of the city highlights a great potential in terms of accessibility. The proximity of Centrale and Garibaldi stations create an influent “corridor” of mobility which links the site to different parts of the city through the suburban trains and subway networks. Another important axis was identified in the sequence of green spaces that start from Indro Montanelli Gardens, passing through the Library of Trees up until Piazza Carbonari and beyond. Nevertheless, the reopening of Naviglio Martesana, which is currently object of feasibility studies, has

been integrated amongst the fundamental points of the urban strategy. The underground aqueduct of the Martesana is important to the city, independently of the re-opening of the canals. The project involves separating the River Seveso and the Naviglio Martesana, which in the 1960s were merged into a single canal in Via Melchiorre Gioia, where it intersects Via Carissimi, so that they can travel along a straight line as far as the intersection with Viale Monte Santo.

However, these three axis mentioned intersect each other in proximity of the P39 and P35 lots, indicating a necessity of the site to be welldeveloped.

“The position of the site within the urban tissue of the city highlights a great potential in terms of accessibility... ”

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The brief of the competition stated by Coima indicates basically two options of strategy: the refurbishment of the existing building mantaining its position as it is today, perhabs additioning volumes of new construction; the relocation and rethinking of the building in its entire development. Furthermore, the promoter of the competition outlines how the option of refurbishment could be challenging according to the lack of flexibility that the layout and the structure of the P39 present, and that could be difficult to meet the sustainable standards desired by Coima with such fragile preconditions.

It is clear so far that in the current situation, the existing P39 requires a relocation and a new volume composition. The surroundings and the

Library of Trees are requiring a new building that is able to establish a dialogue with them.

In addition, the P35 building has been involved as well in order to completely exploit the possibilities offered by a context in continuous transformation.

A key role is played by the crossroad between Via Melchiorre Gioia and Via Pirelli, in which the new buildings of Gioia 20 developed by Citterio-Viel firm will be built. The will of the team is to enhance the character of the crossroad through a juxtaposition of two volumes that directly relate to Gioia 20 forthcoming towers, as well as mend together the new urban developments with historic fabric of the quarter, that are often left hidden.

“A key role is played by the crossroad between Via Melchiorre Gioia and Via Pirelli, in which the new buildings of Gioia 20 [...] will be built. The will of the team is to enhance the character of the crossroad... ”

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Existing situation

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on the top from the left: Cuatrecasas HQ by GCA Architects, Barcelona ; Tryptique by RB12, Rio de Janeiro on the bottom: De Rotterdam by OMA , Rotterdam; Paris Courthouse by Renzo Piano Building Workshop, Paris

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Origins of the concept The design process then led to the identification of a number of themes considered fundamental to the development of the concept. Considering the purely public nature of the neighbourhood, combined with the presence of the Library of Trees park and the integration of the project to open up the Martesana Naviglio, the intention was to give strong continuity to the public space even within the project.

Moreover, since it was already clear by the competition that the project had to include a further piece in the system of towers in Milan, the search for architectural references was directed towards themes including development in height, public space at different levels (Paris Courthouse, Prince Plaza, Amorepacific HQ among others), the theme of extreme structural experimentation (Centro Cultural Castelo Branco). Considering that the Naviglio Martesana project envisages

a lowered boulevard at a lower level than Via Melchiorre Gioia, the project also includes a reflection on the sunken square, which, according to the team, could have reconciled the planned new interventions with the existing fabric of the neighbourhood, whether they would be recently built or historic (Apple Piazza del Liberty).

The choice of architectural references for this project, of which only one is in Italy, is part of the theme discussed in the previous chapters about the globalization process underway in Milan, from which the design team did not want to distance. The reasons for this choice derive from the desire to give continuity to this phenomenon, as well as from the requests made in the brief for the competition by the Coima company, which wanted a contemporary design in line with what has been done so far in the area.

“[...] the search for architectural references was directed towards themes including development in height, public space at different levels [...], the extreme structural experimentation... ”

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on the top from the left: Prince Plaza by OMA, Shenzen; Donaumarina Tower by Snohetta, Wien on the bottom: The Mirador by MVRDV, Madrid; Amorepacific HQ by David Chipperfield Architects, Seoul

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on the top from the left: Unilever BV by JHK Architects, Rotterdam; Centro Cultural by Mateo Arquitectura, Castelo Branco on the bottom: Piazza del Liberty by Norman Foster & Partners, Milano

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The Floating Gate

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H

Masterplan: The Inclusive City

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P35 TOTAL AREA: 28120m2 Cultural: 2215 m2 Coworking: 2875 m2 Auditorium/music: 2050 m2 Atrium: 1380 m2 Exhibition: 900 m2 Retail: 10750 m2 Leisure: 7950 m2

P39 TOTAL AREA: 28450m2 Housing: 7620 m2 Offices: 7470 m2 Leisure: 2550 m2 Retail: 5740 m2 Fitness: 670 m2 Housing facilities: 670 m2 Underground: 2630 m2 Atrium: 1100 m2

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Concept and program The definition of the programme in the design process was carried out at the same time as the concept study.

In fact, the desire to alternate specific functions such as retail, offices and residences with public spaces located in height is one of the defining features of the vertical volume, defining not only the functions located inside it, but also locating the two high-rise terraces that distinguish the building.

The low-rise building is different, as it houses mainly public functions: library, coworking, cinema forum, auditorium, exhibition space and retail among others. The building is thus completely “at the disposal of the city”, while the tower’s functions are gradually privatised as it rises in height. In the beside page the quantities about the functions and their proportion in respect to each other are provided.

The attempt that is also the defining strategy of the masterplan is to provide to the quarter a project which is able to bring together different social strata with is multiple functions and composition of open and interior spaces, thus creating a more inclusive city.

Why mixed-use?

Probably the most enticing aspect of mixeduse developments is their location. Generally speaking, these type of projects are situated in densely-packed areas that are in close proximity to existing amenities such as schools, libraries, and parks. Today’s city user has a strong preference for central locations with easy access to city amenities, and mixed-use developments work with these trends to create connected and inclusive communities.

Far and away the biggest benefit associated with mixed-use developments is walkability Recently, some studies have shown how the city-users said they would prefer to live in communities containing houses with small yards but within easy walking distance of community amenities. For the majority of them, walkability is at the top of their list, which is why more and more builders are constructing mixeduse developments in order to accommodate demand..

Volumetric concept evolution

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Relationship with the ground The positioning of the two buildings near the intersection of Via Melchiorre Gioia and Via Pirelli is, as seen above, to reinforce this system.

The project is articulated in a bilateral way, maintaining however a common strategy in which each volume generates a square lower than the general height of the area. On the one hand, these new urban spaces connect the vertical building with the Naviglio, creating a “basin” that communicates with the new square; on the other hand, a much larger space “governed” by the considerable double overhang of the horizontal building, in which a system of steps on the south-eastern edge connects the no longer hidden buildings of via Bordoni. Amorphous openings in the P35 square also reveal a large underground commercial space, directly interconnected to the building by eight distribution cores The arrangement of the lowered squares also allows easy access to the Gioia metro station from both sides of the project: on one side, access is possible directly from the tower, while on the other side access is via a passageway located in the square.

aluminium brise-soleil is applied. The rhythm of the shading elements is regulated by the module of the structural grid, which becomes tighter each time there is a transition of function inside, also signalling the progressive privatisation of the spaces, moving from commercial functions to private residential. The composition is completed by horizontal stringcourse panels, indicating double-height spaces.

The shading system on P35, on the other hand, consists of perforated corrugated sheet metal panels, also dark, revealing the strong reticular structure that makes it possible to float the horizontal body and gives the building a visually industrial character.

Internally, P39 presents a superimposition of rooms with a floor space of four metres, systematically interspersed with doubleheight spaces, representing the public areas set up inside the building. The composition of the functions is organised so that each main function (retail, offices and residences) occupies six heights (24 metres in total), except for the lobby and public floors which occupy two heights (8 metres) and the facilities which occupy three heights (12 metres). On the other hand, P35 is composed of three main volumes, in which the cineforum body is cut into the section, connecting the library to the “cue” via a roof terrace. The relationship between the underground commercial space, the lowered square and the existing car park integrated in the project is also highlighted.

Façade and section Overall, P39 is 110 metres high and P35 is 80 metres long if the volume of the “slat” is taken into account. The decision to use a curtain wall over the entire length of the façade of each building also made it necessary to study a suitable shading system, also considering the high southern exposure of P39, to which a “skin” made up of pre-assembled panels of dark satin

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On the top: ground-floor plan On the bottom: level -1 plan

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On the top: south-west elevation On the bottom: main section

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The new urban scenario

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P35 Cultural Center Its strong architectural identity, together with all the public functions it contains, make P35 a new cultural centre for the city. The lowered square, a meeting place or just a place to pass through, is enriched with a system of steps to encourage seating and use of the open space.

At the centre of the cantilevered volume rises a powerful core formed by four vast distribution nuclei which regulate the flows and also

connect it to the underground commercial space. On the first level of the “batten” are arranged in sequence the auditorium, the foyer and the exhibition space, from which access is then gained to the upper level by means of escalators. The sequence is completed by levels housing restaurants, co-working spaces and a music school.

Overhanging volume section

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Level 2 floor plan

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8 Foyer 9 Exposition area 10 Restaurant 11 Music School 12 Storage 13 Technical room 14 Circulation

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Cineforum perspective section

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P39 The concept of suspension, a characteristic element of the project, is made possible by the particular structural conformation of the high-rise, which, with a series of strong diagonal elements placed close to the terraces, allows it to open out towards the city without interruption. This is also made possible by the reinforcement implemented on the pillars into which the forces carried by the diagonal pillars are unloaded. Since they have a square box section, it was possible to reinforce them by casting reinforced concrete inside them, thus considerably increasing their performance.

The entire structure is connected to the central

concrete core in which the vertical distribution systems and the plant engineering cavities are located. The technical floors are also placed at a height to optimise the distribution of vertical ducts of all kinds, locating them in the upper level of each terrace. In correspondence with them, the glass of the curtain wall is replaced by a perforated sheet metal panel, allowing the exchange of air necessary for the air handling units to function. A key role in the distribution of the systems is played by the division of the building into macro-zones, making them selfsufficient and independent of each other.

“[...] a series of strong diagonal elements placed close to the terraces, allows it to open out towards the city without interruption... ”

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P39 constructive composition

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The lobby The first insight of the building is given by the lobby, which is subdivided in three areas destinated to public, private residences and offices. Six entrances allows an easy access to the interior, which is then regulated by eight elevators and a system of escalators. In case of fire, four staircases allows a safe escape way towards the exterior, providing separated and secure corridors.

The whole ambient has a double eight development, which becomes triple in correspondence of the access from the Naviglio piazza located in the level below.

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The retail space The upper levels are occupied by the retail space, which is organized in six floors. The system of escalators connects them all in order to guarantee a continuous flow of people through the commercial area.

The double height of the lobby is continued in half of the plan while in the other half is located a mezzanine which hosts other retail spaces.

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The public terraces Located respectively in levels 8 and 16, the public floors act as a filter between the functions of the high-rise.

Furbished with restaurants and bars with their own kitchen and services rooms, they host the most important feature of the building: the terraces. The lowest enjoys a close relation with the Library of Trees Park while the highest have a great panoramic view over the city.

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The contemporary office Organized with a set of six floors as well, the office plan hosts three offices each level. Again, the theme of public space returns and it is translated in a common lunch area in double height, where workers can meet and spend some time together. Within the offices, some meeting and private rooms are conceived as “bubbles” of glass and distinguished by the normal workspaces. Some technical and storage spaces are provided as well.

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The housing Each floor of the residences hosts eight apartments of three different types. From wide studios until three-rooms apartments, the distribution was carried out aiming to have the maximum amount of light possible in each flat. From this point on, a part of the core disappears revealing a wide common area in double height at disposal of the inhabitants.

Considering the pandemic emergency, it was important to provide an exterior ambient in all types of apartment.

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The housing facilities Lastly, the facilities of the residences include in their range a private bar, conference room, children area, pull room and, in the last level, a well-equipped gym.

Nevertheless, the difference in height between the building’s two volumes gives place to two rooftop gardens, which are accessible only by the residents.

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23rd Floor_+92.00m

22nd Floor_+88.00m

15th Floor_+60.00m

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCED VERSIONBY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSIONBY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

24th Floor_+96.00m

14 rd Floor_+56.00m

13nd Floor_+52.00m

3 th Floor_+12.00m

2rd Floor_+8.00m

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Ground Floor_0.00m

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

1 Dark Aluminium Louvers for shading system 2 Aluminium profiles for Louvers support 3 Transom Alutech alt-F50 Reinforced Mullion 4 Faraone Ninfa Railing support 5 Glass Railing 6 Nesite Twin Outdoor Rised Floor 7 Nesite plastic support Twin Rised Floor 8 Nesite metal support Diffuse Rised Floor 9 Water disposal duct 10 Light concrete slope screed 11 Waterproof Case / Vapor barrier 12 Thermo-acoustic insulation in sheep’s wool 13 Alutech joint mullion-structure 14 Precast structural deck 12 cm 15 Secondary beam HEM240 16 Sandwich panel 17 Vertical Alutech alt-F50 Reinforced Mullion 18 Ceiling support 19 Ceiling gypsum panel 20 Alutech Triple Low-e Glazed Curtain Wall 21 Nesite Diffuse Indoor Rised Floor 22 Wooden strips Ceiling 23 Outdoor flwoor 24 Gravel 25 Containment net 26 Ground 27 Underground containment concrete wall

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The lobby in the side page at the top: The connection between the public lobby and the retail space in the side page at the bottom: The public lobby seen from level -1 in this page at the top: The private residence lobby

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The retail space in the side page at the top: Standalone shop in the main retail area in the side page at the bottom: Relax area in the mezzanine with the Library of Trees on the background in this page at the top: Sitting area

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The public terraces in the side page at the top: Main bar area with Unicredit tower on the background in the side page at the bottom: Food area in this page at the bottom: The level 8 Terrrace

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The contemporary office in the side page at the top: Common lunch area in the side page at the bottom: Typical office interior view in this page at the bottom: Typical welcoming space in the offices

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The housing in the side page at the top: Typical living room in a three-bedroom apartment in the side page at the bottom: Typical living room in a one-bedroom apartment in this page at the top: Typical living room in a three-bedroom apartment

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The housing facilities in the side page at the top: Power area in the gym in the side page at the bottom: Rooftop garden in this page at the top: Pull room

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V. GRAVITY HOLDING - Structural concept - Analysis and performance - Conclusions

V. GRAVITY HOLDING

Tower - with cutted pillars to allow two different terrace in the hight CANTILEVER - with two cantilever side of 36m, substained by 2 trusses and 2 vierendeel

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hypogeum - almost a regular structure with a huge underground space and double hight ambients

V. GRAVITY HOLDING

Structural concept For this project, our structural concept is to provide buildings with wide and open spaces, free as much as possible of columns. In order to chase this result, the solution that we propose for all the buildings is to have a main steel structure that collaborates with concrete cores that will be also our vertical distribution devices.

Levels and Slabs We chose a system of levels with an interstorey height of 4 m from floor-to-floor, with a “target” of floor depth of 800 mm with service integration within the ceiling. This option is planned to be used in both buildings.

Grid and Columns About the structural grid, we set a basic modulus of 1,5 m, using multiples like 3, 6, 7.5, 9, 10,5 m and so on specially in the high-rise building.

In cantilever building the modulus is used mainly in the façade defining the vertical columns that willl be part of a truss. In the interior the span is divided across the longitudinal axis in 6 - 15 - 6 m, avoiding a unique span of 27 m.

In conclusion, the orher part of the low rise building present the most traditional structural solution, with a the modulus 6 x 6 with some occasional addings of 3 m modulus. The maximum span is set to 12 m.

For what concerns the columns, we chose a squared tubular section of 500x500x50 mm for the high-rise building. On the other side, we have HEM220, HEB450 and HEm240 profiles as secondary, primary and diagonal beams.

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V. GRAVITY HOLDING A

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E

A

B

C

D

E

Level 28 112.00 Level 27 Level 28 108.00 112.00 Level 26 Level 27 104.00 108.00

Level 25 Level 26 100.00 104.00 Level 24 Level 25 96.00 100.00 Level 23 Level 24 92.00 96.00 Level 22 Level 23 88.00 92.00 Level 21 Level 22 84.00 88.00 Level 20 Level 21 80.00 84.00 Level 19 Level 20 76.00 80.00 Level 18 Level 19 72.00 76.00 Level 17 Level 18 68.00 72.00 Level 16 Level 17 64.00 68.00 Level 15 Level 16 60.00 64.00

Concrete cores

Level 14 Level 15 56.00 60.00 Level 13 Level 14 52.00 56.00

Diagonal pylons

Level 12 Level 13 48.00 52.00 Level 11 Level 12 44.00 48.00

Perimetral columns

Level 10 Level 11 40.00 44.00 Level 9 Level 10 36.00 40.00

9000

9000

9000

9000

Level 8 Level 9 32.00 36.00 3000

Level 7 Level 8 28.00 32.00 Level 6 Level 7 24.00 28.00

10050

Level 5 Level 6 20.00 24.00 Level 4 Level 5 16.00 20.00 Level 3 Level 4 12.00 16.00

7500

Level 2 Level 3 8.00 12.00

Level 1 Level 2 4.00 8.00

7500

Level 0 Level 1 0.00 4.00

3000

Level -1 Level 0 -4.00 0.00

10050

Level -2 Level -1 -8.00 -4.00 Level -3 Level -2 -12.00 -8.00

3000

Level -3 -12.00

104

3000

6000

3000

3000

4500

4500

V. GRAVITY HOLDING

Tower structural concept The structural concept of the high-rise building is quite simple: a central concrete core act as a spine of the building, and a squared perimetral skeleton of steel columns complete the system.

In addition we have two small cantilivers of 3 m on opposite sides of the building.

As it is highlighted in the schematic section, a system of double-heights is more or less present in the whole building.

Moreover, we can notice how a small part of the core stops where public functions do, providing so extra space for residences.

The steel profile chosen as a column is a tubular hollow section of 500x500x50 mm.

105

V. GRAVITY HOLDING

Concrete cores Vierendeel

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

9000

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

15000

6000

6000

Trusses

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

+27.70 +23.70 +19.70

+11.70

-4.00

-8.00

106

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

V. GRAVITY HOLDING

Cantilever structural concept For what concerns the cantilever part of the low-rise building, the solution is more challenging.

We propose a consistent system of four concrete cores that act as structural basis for the building. They link the upper part of the building to the ground, and perimetral truss beams cover two interstorey heights, and they are linked to the concrete cores.

Due to the long span of the cantilever, it is also needed a thicker slab to balance the whole structure.

In addition, we add two Vierendeel beams in the interior part of the building, so we can consistently reduce the maximum cross span from 27 to 15 m.

107

V. GRAVITY HOLDING

1' F

8

G

9

2'

10

11

H

3'

12

13

I

4'

14

5'

15 16

6'

17

18

7'

19

8'

20

21

9'

22

10'

23

11'

24 a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

25

i

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 J

108

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

V. GRAVITY HOLDING

Hypogeum structural concept In conclusion, the other side of the low-rise building has probably the simplest structural solution of the project.

The span goes from a minimum of 3 to a maximum of 12 m. The concrete cores collaborate with the steel skeleton as well as the other parts of the project and it have a big hypogeum part covered by our sunked piazza.

109

V. GRAVITY HOLDING

Concrete cores Composite deck Columns Primary beams Secondary beams

110

V. GRAVITY HOLDING

Load analysis In order to calculate as accurately as possible the permanent and variable loads acting on the structure, we illustrate below the analysis of the loads divided by the different buildings.

For our tower we note the different options of the slabs and the live load plans.

For the tower, the slabs are all built with the same logic for which they have a precast composite deck that rests on steel beams to which in the upper part there is a floating floor and a false ceiling below.

Depending on the case, the flooting floor as the cealing present different materials and sometimes several layers are added for example: including screeds or insulating layers.

Here we can find a diagram to help you better understand how the differences part of the structure are working togheder. in the 3D view is showed how the structue is designed with the central core and the perimetral pillars. On the right side is also visible the concrete platform used for the foundations.

111

V. GRAVITY HOLDINGA

B

C

D

E

A

B

C

D

E

Level 28 112.00 Level 27 108.00 Level 28 112.00 Level 26 104.00 Level 27 108.00 Level 25 100.00 Level 26 104.00 Level 24

96.00 Level 25 100.00 Level 23

92.00 Level 24 96.00 Level 22 88.00 Level 23 92.00 Level 21 84.00 Level 22 88.00 Level 20 80.00 Level 21 84.00 Level 19 76.00 Level 20 80.00 Level 18 72.00 Level 19 76.00 Level 17 68.00 Level 18 72.00 Level 16 64.00 Level 17 68.00 Level 15 60.00 Level 16 64.00 Level 14 56.00 Level 15 60.00 Level 13 52.00 Level 14 56.00 Level 12 48.00 Level 13 52.00 Level 11 44.00 Level 12 48.00 Level 10 40.00 Level 11 44.00 Level 9 36.00 Level 10 40.00 Level 8 32.00 Level 9 36.00 Level 7 28.00 Level 8 32.00 Level 6 24.00 Level 7 28.00 Level 5 20.00 Level 6 24.00 Level 4 16.00 Level 5 20.00 Level 3 12.00 Level 4 16.00 Level 2 8.00 Level 3 12.00 Level 1 4.00 Level 2 8.00 Level 0 0.00 Level 1 4.00 Level -1 -4.00 Level 0 0.00 Level -2 -8.00 Level -1 -4.00 Level -3 -12.00 Level -2 -8.00 Level -3 -12.00

112

V. GRAVITY HOLDING

Roofs and outdoor slabs Rised floor NESITE_TWIN FLOOR OUTDOOR h=25mm - 0.55KN/m2 Supports NESITE_SE8 h=100mm - 0.04KN/m2 Sloped screed LECA h=50mm - 0.49KN/m2 Thermal insulating layer h=100mm - 0.08KN/m2 Composite deck h=120mm - 1.68KN/m2 Primary Beam HEB450 - 0.18KN/m2 Secondary Beam HEM220 - 0.75KN/m2 System ducts - 0.1KN/m2 Cealings - 0.2KN/m2 Grouting - 0.02KN/m2

E

D

1

Live load map

C

B

A

TOTAL SLAB LOAD=4.09KN/m2

2

Category I: Roofs accessible with occupancy A-D

6

5

4

3

A6 - 3KN/m2

7

113

V. GRAVITY HOLDINGA

B

C

D

E

A

B

C

D

E

Level 28 112.00 Level 27 108.00 Level 28 112.00 Level 26 104.00 Level 27 108.00 Level 25 100.00 Level 26 104.00 Level 24

96.00 Level 25 100.00 Level 23

92.00 Level 24 96.00 Level 22 88.00 Level 23 92.00 Level 21 84.00 Level 22 88.00 Level 20 80.00 Level 21 84.00 Level 19 76.00 Level 20 80.00 Level 18 72.00 Level 19 76.00 Level 17 68.00 Level 18 72.00 Level 16 64.00 Level 17 68.00 Level 15 60.00 Level 16 64.00 Level 14 56.00 Level 15 60.00 Level 13 52.00 Level 14 56.00 Level 12 48.00 Level 13 52.00 Level 11 44.00 Level 12 48.00 Level 10 40.00 Level 11 44.00 Level 9 36.00 Level 10 40.00 Level 8 32.00 Level 9 36.00 Level 7 28.00 Level 8 32.00 Level 6 24.00 Level 7 28.00 Level 5 20.00 Level 6 24.00 Level 4 16.00 Level 5 20.00 Level 3 12.00 Level 4 16.00 Level 2 8.00 Level 3 12.00 Level 1 4.00 Level 2 8.00 Level 0 0.00 Level 1 4.00 Level -1 -4.00 Level 0 0.00 Level -2 -8.00 Level -1 -4.00 Level -3 -12.00 Level -2 -8.00 Level -3 -12.00

114

V. GRAVITY HOLDING

Residential inter-floor slabs Partitions KNAUF or AXS Nordic - 1KN/m2 Rised floor NESITE_h=35mm - 0.75KN/m2 Polystyrene panel h=40mm - 0.08KN/m2 Supports NESITE_MPM h=200mm - 0.04KN/m2 Composite deck h=120mm - 1.68KN/m2 Primary Beam HEB450 - 0.18KN/m2 Secondary Beam HEM220 - 0.75KN/m2 System ducts - 0.1KN/m2 Cealings - 0.22KN/m2

1

E

D

C

Live load map

B

A

TOTAL SLAB LOAD=4.76KN/m2

A5 - 2.5KN/m2

C51 - 5KN/m2

3

4

A2 - 1.5KN/m2

5

6

A1 - 1.5KN/m2

7

2

Category I: Areas for domestic and residential activities A

115

V. GRAVITY HOLDINGA

B

C

D

E

A

B

C

D

E

Level 28 112.00 Level 27 108.00 Level 28 112.00 Level 26 104.00 Level 27 108.00 Level 25 100.00 Level 26 104.00 Level 24

96.00 Level 25 100.00 Level 23

92.00 Level 24 96.00 Level 22 88.00 Level 23 92.00 Level 21 84.00 Level 22 88.00 Level 20 80.00 Level 21 84.00 Level 19 76.00 Level 20 80.00 Level 18 72.00 Level 19 76.00 Level 17 68.00 Level 18 72.00 Level 16 64.00 Level 17 68.00 Level 15 60.00 Level 16 64.00 Level 14 56.00 Level 15 60.00 Level 13 52.00 Level 14 56.00 Level 12 48.00 Level 13 52.00 Level 11 44.00 Level 12 48.00 Level 10 40.00 Level 11 44.00 Level 9 36.00 Level 10 40.00 Level 8 32.00 Level 9 36.00 Level 7 28.00 Level 8 32.00 Level 6 24.00 Level 7 28.00 Level 5 20.00 Level 6 24.00 Level 4 16.00 Level 5 20.00 Level 3 12.00 Level 4 16.00 Level 2 8.00 Level 3 12.00 Level 1 4.00 Level 2 8.00 Level 0 0.00 Level 1 4.00 Level -1 -4.00 Level 0 0.00 Level -2 -8.00 Level -1 -4.00 Level -3 -12.00 Level -2 -8.00 Level -3 -12.00

116

V. GRAVITY HOLDING

Offices inter-floor slabs Partitions KNAUF or AXS Nordic - 1KN/m2 Rised floor NESITE_h=35mm - 0.75KN/m2 Polystyrene panel h=40mm - 0.08KN/m2 Supports NESITE_MPM h=200mm - 0.04KN/m2 Composite deck h=120mm - 1.68KN/m2 Primary Beam HEB450 - 0.18KN/m2 Secondary Beam HEM220 - 0.75KN/m2 System ducts - 0.1KN/m2 Cealings - 0.22KN/m2

E

D

C

B

A

TOTAL SLAB LOAD=4.76KN/m2

1

Live load map

C51 - 5KN/m2

4

C31 - 2.5KN/m2

5

6

B1 - 2.5KN/m2

7

3

2

Category I: Office areas B

117

V. GRAVITY HOLDINGA

B

C

D

E

A

B

C

D

E

Level 28 112.00 Level 27 108.00 Level 28 112.00 Level 26 104.00 Level 27 108.00 Level 25 100.00 Level 26 104.00 Level 24

96.00 Level 25 100.00 Level 23

92.00 Level 24 96.00 Level 22 88.00 Level 23 92.00 Level 21 84.00 Level 22 88.00 Level 20 80.00 Level 21 84.00 Level 19 76.00 Level 20 80.00 Level 18 72.00 Level 19 76.00 Level 17 68.00 Level 18 72.00 Level 16 64.00 Level 17 68.00 Level 15 60.00 Level 16 64.00 Level 14 56.00 Level 15 60.00 Level 13 52.00 Level 14 56.00 Level 12 48.00 Level 13 52.00 Level 11 44.00 Level 12 48.00 Level 10 40.00 Level 11 44.00 Level 9 36.00 Level 10 40.00 Level 8 32.00 Level 9 36.00 Level 7 28.00 Level 8 32.00 Level 6 24.00 Level 7 28.00 Level 5 20.00 Level 6 24.00 Level 4 16.00 Level 5 20.00 Level 3 12.00 Level 4 16.00 Level 2 8.00 Level 3 12.00 Level 1 4.00 Level 2 8.00 Level 0 0.00 Level 1 4.00 Level -1 -4.00 Level 0 0.00 Level -2 -8.00 Level -1 -4.00 Level -3 -12.00 Level -2 -8.00 Level -3 -12.00

118

V. GRAVITY HOLDING

Public inter-floor slabs Partitions KNAUF or AXS Nordic - 1KN/m2 Rised floor NESITE_h=35mm - 0.75KN/m2 Polystyrene panel h=40mm - 0.08KN/m2 Supports NESITE_MPM h=200mm - 0.04KN/m2 Composite deck h=120mm - 1.68KN/m2 Primary Beam HEB450 - 0.18KN/m2 Secondary Beam HEM220 - 0.75KN/m2 System ducts - 0.1KN/m2 Cealings - 0.22KN/m2

E

D

C

B

A

TOTAL SLAB LOAD=4.76KN/m2

1

Live load map 2

Category I: Roofs accessible with

4

D2 - 4KN/m2

5

6

D1 - 4KN/m2

7

3

occupancy A-D

119

V. GRAVITY HOLDINGA

B

C

D

E

A

B

C

D

E

Level 28 112.00 Level 27 108.00 Level 28 112.00 Level 26 104.00 Level 27 108.00 Level 25 100.00 Level 26 104.00 Level 24

96.00 Level 25 100.00 Level 23

92.00 Level 24 96.00 Level 22 88.00 Level 23 92.00 Level 21 84.00 Level 22 88.00 Level 20 80.00 Level 21 84.00 Level 19 76.00 Level 20 80.00 Level 18 72.00 Level 19 76.00 Level 17 68.00 Level 18 72.00 Level 16 64.00 Level 17 68.00 Level 15 60.00 Level 16 64.00 Level 14 56.00 Level 15 60.00 Level 13 52.00 Level 14 56.00 Level 12 48.00 Level 13 52.00 Level 11 44.00 Level 12 48.00 Level 10 40.00 Level 11 44.00 Level 9 36.00 Level 10 40.00 Level 8 32.00 Level 9 36.00 Level 7 28.00 Level 8 32.00 Level 6 24.00 Level 7 28.00 Level 5 20.00 Level 6 24.00 Level 4 16.00 Level 5 20.00 Level 3 12.00 Level 4 16.00 Level 2 8.00 Level 3 12.00 Level 1 4.00 Level 2 8.00 Level 0 0.00 Level 1 4.00 Level -1 -4.00 Level 0 0.00 Level -2 -8.00 Level -1 -4.00 Level -3 -12.00 Level -2 -8.00 Level -3 -12.00

120

V. GRAVITY HOLDING

Public inter-floor slabs Partitions KNAUF or AXS Nordic - 1KN/m2 Rised floor NESITE_h=35mm - 0.75KN/m2 Polystyrene panel h=40mm - 0.08KN/m2 Supports NESITE_MPM h=200mm - 0.04KN/m2 Composite deck h=120mm - 1.68KN/m2 Primary Beam HEB 450 - 0.18KN/m2 Secondary Beam HEM220 - 0.75KN/m2 Thermal isolation layer - 0.08KN/m2 Cealings - 0.22KN/m2 TOTAL SLAB LOAD=4.86KN/m2

Facade Load The facade is made by a continuous curtain wall produced by Alutech and an additional shading sistem made by alluminium louvers. one single louver (h=4m) = 0.18KN for the pannel with 8 louvers= 0.1KN/m one element (L=3m) = 0.024KN/m One pannel with 8 louvers= 0.125KN/m The additional part of the slabs=6.81 KN/m

3m 4m

Tot facade load= 6.93KN/m

121

0.63m

V. GRAVITY HOLDING

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

E

B

D

Thickness= 0.7mm Jy = 85.21cm4/cm We.inf = 33.80cm3/cm We.sup = 17.11cm3/cm Wp = 24.70cm3/cm H = 120mm Weight = 165.5Kg/m2

A

Taking in consideration the desire to have precast elements in order to take all the advantages of a dry steel structure, and research has turned to some manufacturers.

To verify the slab we schematized the composite deck as a continuous beam with two spans supported by the secondary beams.

Sandrini metalli - SANDA75 P760 CLS

C

Composite deck structural design Regarding the calculation of the slab element we realized that for the correct design of a corrugated sheet and the collaborating reinforced concrete slab, the calculation phase is decidedly complex taking into account the effective section of the corrugated being a class 4 section.

122

V. GRAVITY HOLDING DETAILED SECTION OF THE SLAB ON SECONDARY BEAMS

STRUCTURAL TRANSLATION Distributed load acting on the composite deck = 45.9KN/m

Shear force diagram [KN]

43.0

25.8

-25.8 -43.0 Bending moment diagram [KNm]

12.9

7.30

7.30

123

V. GRAVITY HOLDING

Secondary beam structural design Regarding the calculation of the slab element we realized that for the correct design of a corrugated sheet and the collaborating reinforced concrete slab, the calculation phase is decidedly complex taking into account the effective section of the corrugated being a class 4 section.

Taking in consideration the desire to have precast elements in order to take all the advantages of a dry steel structure, and research has turned to some manufacturers.

To verify the slab we schematized the composite deck as a continuous beam with two spans supported by the secondary beams.

DL= 5.76KN/m LL= 6KN/m

To calculate the load acting directly on the selected beam all the value in m2 are multiply to the span of 1.5m. Regarding the live loads the calculations are made on the office floor.

SECONDARY CENTRAL BEAMS HEM220

b

r e

e

r

a h

h

a

Nominal Dimentions h=240mm b=226mm e=26mm a=15.5mm r=18mm Nominal Weight 1.14KN/m Cross-Section 149.4cm2

SECONDARY CENTRAL BEAMS HEM240

b

124

Nominal Dimentions h=270mm b=248mm e=32mm a=18mm r=21mm Nominal Weight 1.54KN/m Cross-Section 199.6cm2

V. GRAVITY HOLDING

A

9

B 1.50 qLL = 6KN/m qaDL = 5.76KN/m 4.5m

4.5m 9m

C

52.9 KN

52.9 KN

119.1 KNm

125

D

V. GRAVITY HOLDING

Primary beam structural design Computaion of Dead Load acting on the beam is taking under consideration all the elements that are substained by the primary beam and the self weight of it self.

To calculate the load acting directly on the selected beam all the value in m2 are multiply to the span of 9m. Regarding the live loads the calculations are made on the office floor.

DL= 42.93KN/m LL= 36KN/m

A

h

PRIMARY BEAMS HEM 450

r b

e

a

Nominal Dimentions h=478mm b=307mm e=40mm a=21mm r=27mm Nominal Weight 2.58KN/m Cross-Section 335.4cm2

9

10.5

B

3

C 126

V. GRAVITY HOLDING

Facade 62.4KN

qLL=36KN/m

qDL=42.93KN/m

5.25m

5.25m

3m 3m

10.5m

362.7 KN

299.2 KN 62.4 KN

466 KN 542.3 KNm

833.5 KNm

127

A V. GRAVITY HOLDING

A A2

Column

influence

area:

52.28m2 Terrace floor weight = 511.63 KN Residential weight = 406.63 KN System floor weight = 406.63 KN

511.63 KN 918.16 KN 1324.69 KN 406.53 KN 813.06 KN

Public floor weight = 643.37 KN

406.53 KN

Office weight = 393.08 KN

813.06 KN

Retail weight = 643.37 KN

406.53 KN 1049.90 KN 393.08 KN 787.60 KN 393.08 KN 787.60 KN 393.08 KN 964.37 KN 511.63 KN 1155.00 KN 1798.37 KN 2441.74 KN 3085.11 KN 3728.48 KN 4371.85 KN 5015.22 KN 5658.59 KN 6301.96 KN 6945.33 KN

128

B

C

D

E

B

C

D

E

A

B

C

D

E

A

B

C

D

E

V. GRAVITY HOLDING

B2

Column

influence

area:

78.75m2 terrace weight = 770.67 KN Residential weight = 612. 37KN System floor weight = 612.37 KN Public floor weight = 969.12 KN

770.67 KN 1383.04 KN 1995.41 KN 3932.47 KN 4544.84 KN 5970.27 KN 6582.64 KN

Office weight = 592.10 KN

8008.07 KN

Retail weight = 969.12 KN

8977.19 KN 10619..19 KN 12111.29KN 12590.99 KN 13183.09 KN 14562.79 KN 15423.24KN 17158.22 KN 18127.35 KN 19096.46 KN 20065.58 KN 21034.70 KN 22003.82 KN 22972.94 KN 23942.06 KN 24911.18 KN 25880.30 KN 26849.42 KN

129

V. GRAVITY HOLDING DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM 4.48 cm 4.07 cm 3.67 cm 3.26 cm 2.85 cm 2.44 cm 2.04 cm 1.63 cm 1.22 cm 0.81 cm 0.41 cm

130

V. GRAVITY HOLDING

Consideration for cantilever As we already saw, the double cantilever has a span of 36 m on each side. This creates a balanced situation of stresses, in which the loads are concetrated most in points A and B, generating the bigger displacement of the building and deforming the lower slabs as it is shown in the scheme. The role of the truss structure is to “bring together” points A and B to points C and D that have the less amount of displacement, and reaching then a situation of overall equilibrium. Furthermore, some considerable beams will be needed to link together the concrete cores, that are pushed apart by traction, generated by the loads in points A and B.

8 +27.70

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

D

C

+23.70 +19.70

+11.70

B

A

0.00

-8.00

131

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY - BIM implementation - Energy analysis - Sustainability strategy and LEED - Building setup - Heat Loads calculations - HVaC system - Water management

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

134

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

BIM implementation Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a process that begins with the creation of an intelligent 3D model and enables document management, coordination and simulation during the entire lifecycle of a project (plan, design, build, operation and maintenance).

BIM is used to design and document building and infrastructure designs. Every detail of a building is modeled in BIM. The model can be used for analysis to explore design options and to create visualizations that help stakeholders understand what the building will look like before it’s built. The model is then used to generate the design documentation for construction.

According to the UN, by 2050 the world’s population will be 9.7 billion. The global AEC industry must look to smarter, more efficient ways to design and build not just as a means to keep up with global demand but to help create spaces that are smarter and more resilient too.

This systems not only allows design and

construction teams to work more efficiently, but it allows them to capture the data they create during the process to benefit operations and maintenance activities. This is why BIM mandates are increasing across the globe.

During the development of the project, the technology of BIM environment made possible to work in remote during the pandemic emergency. Through a system of central and local models shared in Dropbox it was possible to work at the same time on common parts of the project, also thanks to the worksets of Revit which work similarly to Autocad layers. After each work session the modifications were syncronized with the central model in the cloud.

Many parallel programs were furthermore employed to develop energetic analysis such as Green Building Studio, Insights and Velux daylight visualizer, giving the team an overview of the energetic performances of the buildings.

“During the development of the project, the technology of BIM environment made possible to work in remote during the pandemic emergency.”

135

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Energy performances The usage of the BIM technology made possible to have an overview of the consumptions in terms of energy and costs of the building. The analysis outcome highlighted the high amount of energy consumed by the building, an expected data if we consider the big amount of glazing surface on façade, which determines an high thermal dispertion, therefore an higher energy dispend. Below are synthesized the outcomes obtained:

Annual Energy Cost $1,154,635 Lifecycle Cost $15,726,123 ANNUAL ENERGY Energy Use Intensity (EUI) Electric Fuel Annual Peak Demand LIFECYCLE ENERGY Electric Fuel WATER USAGE AND COSTS Total: Indoor: Outdoor:

Net Utility:

438 MJ / m2 / year 4,128,284 kWh 1,112,051 MJ 5,253.7 kW

123,848,520 kW 33,361,530 MJ

30,127,851 L / yr $17,420 / yr 29,701,753 L / yr $17,324 / yr 426,098 L / yr $96 / yr 29,033,355 L / yr $17,420 / yr

136

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

ANNUAL DATA FOR ENERGY USAGE (KWH/M2)

ANNUAL INCIDANCE FOR ENERGY USAGE

2%

7%

45

7%

40

6%

33%

35 30 25

14% 40,01

20

37,47

15 10

17,33

5

7,5

8,04

8,47

Vent Fans

Space Heat

Hot Water

31%

2,13

0

Lightning

Services Equip Heat Pump Supp Space Cooling

ANNUAL DATA FOR ENERGY EXPENSE (€/M2)

Lightning

Services Equip

Heat Pump Supp

Vent Fans

Space Heat

Hot Water

Space Cooling

ANNUAL INCIDANCE FOR ENERGY EXPENSE

10,00

1,89

9,00

0,35

0,50

1,76

8,00 7,00

9,39 6,00

4,06

5,00

9,39

8,56

4,00 3,00

4,06

2,00 1,00 0,00

1,89

1,76

8,56

0,50

0,35

Lightning

Services Equipment

Heat Pump Space Cooling Supp

Vent Fans

Space Heat

Hot Water

MONTHLY DATA FOR ENERGY USAGE (KWH/M2)

Lightning

Services Equipment

Heat Pump Supp

Vent Fans

Space Heat

Hot Water

Space Cooling

ANNUAL INCIDANCE FOR ENERGY EXPENSE

140000

600000

120000

500000

100000

400000 80000

300000 60000

200000 40000

100000

20000

0

0 Jan Lightning

Feb

Mar

Services Equip

Apr

May

Heat Pump Supp

Jun

Jul

Space Cooling

Aug

Sept

Vent Fans

Oct Space Heat

Nov

Jan

Dec

Lightning

Hot Water

137

Feb

Mar

Services Equip

Apr

May

Heat Pump Supp

Jun

Jul

Space Cooling

Aug

Sept

Vent Fans

Oct Space Heat

Nov

Dec

Hot Water

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Sustainability and LEED certification The project involved some key points for the sustainability strategy, summarized below.

The competition stated by Coima required a careful attention concerning the topics of energy performances, building of welfare and so on, asking for LEED or WELL certifications as mandatory features. By making an estimate

according to the LEED checklist, our project scores greater than 80, thus classifying itself in the platinum category.

Green mobility

Rainwater re-use

-integration of new cycling infrastructure

- system of rainwater storage and re-use for

-accessibility to multiple public transportation

external irrigation

Renewable energy sourecs

Daylight irradiation management

-Implementation of geothermal and photovol-

- shading systems with high-performance

taic energy supply

glazing and usage of skylights

Greenery and open spaces

Usage and recycled materials

- extention of the greenery and new urban

-implementation of recycled materials in clad-

spaces

ding elements, interior forniture ecc

Monitoring and management

Construction materials

- tracking of energy cosumes and waste pro-

- reduce the CO2 production by relying on

duction

local suppliers

138

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Strategy key points - Recollection and management of rainwater - Daylight screening with shading systems - Creation of new greenery spaces - Panoramic views - Private accessibility for waste management, maintenance and technicians - Accessibility to multi-modal means of transportation - Closeness to existing green spaces - Relationship with reopening of Naviglio Martesana

139

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

NE

NW SE SW

140

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Building setup In order to design the building services that are needed in our project, we have to calculate the Winter Heat Load and Summer Heat Load to have an idea of the requirements in terms of heat and power to be supplied.

Underground Lobby Retail

In order to carry out this process, the geometry of the building has been simplified and each function located inside has been considered as a big “room” with its own features. In fact, the new P39 tower has 7 “rooms”:

Officies Food Residences Residences Facilities

The building is composed by the following elements: - Vertical partitions as the curtain walls that envelope the whole tower (transparent surfaces); - Vertical partitions as the concrete walls in the underground directly in contact with the ground. (opaque surfaces); - Horizontal partitions as the slabs and roofs of the terraces (opaque surfaces).

Heat load is divided in sensible load and latent Load.

Sensible heat load includes three different contributions: - Transmission - Ventilation - Extraction

In the whole height of the tower, the heat loss is due to transmission towards exterior, while for the underground room, the heat loss is caused by dispersion towards the ground. We adopted the same design internal temperature in the whole building (21° C), so the heat transmission between the underground and the lobby “room” is neglected. In conclusion, the drawing below highlights the exposition of the building.

141

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY heat load calculations

Abacus of partitions Here are shown the main elements that define our building and their thermal performance. It is crucial to define the thermal transmittance (U) in order to proceed with the calculations of thermal dispersion due to transmission. This

property is defined as the revers of the thermal resistance, which is calculated by the thermal conductivity of each “layer” of the element and its thickness.

Alutech Low-e Triple Glass Curtain Wall area

Uw

Uf

[m ]

[W/(K•m)]

[(K•m2)/W]

4.616 0.159

0.33

thickness

Uw

Uf

[m ]

[W/(K•m)]

[(K•m2)/W]

0.3 0.1 0.08 0.1

1.48

0.207 0.16 2.00 0.067

material

2

Triple low emessive glass Aluminum frame linear thermal

Glass

transmittance

perimeter

[(K•m)/W]

[m]

0.08

9.26

0.8

Underground Wall material

2

Concrete Air Insulation Concrete advective

[W/(K•m2)]

coefincent

αi (interior) αe (exterior)

8 23

0.04 1.48 thermal

total

transmittance

resistance

[(K•m)/W]

[(K•m2)/W]

0.41

2.598

convective resistance

αi (interior) αe (exterior)

142

0.125 0.043

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

To determine the total resistance of the element it is also needed the advective coefficient, which is defined depending if the element taken into account is vertical or horizontal, and the position of the outdoor and indoor ambients

respect the element itself.

Concerning the chosen values, the ones of the curtain wall are defined by the producer, while the opaque elements are defined depending on each material composing the element itself.

Terrace Slab/Terrace Roof material

thickness

Uw

Uf

[m ]

[W/(K•m)]

[(K•m2)/W]

0.025 0.2 0.025 0.08 0.02 0.12 0.007

0.362

0.069 0.16 0.055 2 0.55 0.081 0,0004

2

Floating floor Air Light weight concrete Insulation Cork acoustic insulation Concrete Stainless steel advective

[W/(K•m2)]

coefincent

αi (interior)

9,23

αe (exterior)

23

0.45 0.04 0.036 1.48 14.3 thermal

total

transmittance

resistance

[(K•m)/W]

[(K•m2)/W]

0.342

3.072

convective resistance

αi (interior)

0.1075

αe (exterior)

0.043

143

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Winter Heat Load The calculations for the Winter Heat Load have been done according to the UNI EN 12831, taking into account the most adverse working condition and the steady state regime (the solar and indoor heat gain haven’t been considered).

This analysis is crucial in order to estimate the maximum power to be supplied to the building’s heating system during the winter season.

Underground Lobby

Prov Comune Alt. z MI

Milano

GG

122 E 2404

Retail

-5

Officies

13.7

Food Considering the location of Milan, we assume our design external temperature as -5° C which is the most adverse condition possible.

Residences Residences Facilities

NE

NW SE SW

144

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Thermal dispersion by transmission Once the thermal performances of each element is defined, we can proceed with the calculation of thermal dispersion for transmission.

Since we are assuming that all rooms are heated spaces with the same internal design temperature, the thermal transmission between internal spaces is neglected. Also, in this calculations the thermal bridges will be neglected as well.

Once again, the main reference for the formulas used is the UNI EN 12831.

The formula used to calculate the thermal

Besides this formula, another one is needed in order to calculate the thermal dispersion towards the ground, which is:

QT,ig= Gw · Σ[Ai·Ui·fg1·fg2 ·(Ti-Te)] where:

- Ai is the area of the surface towards a certain exposition; - Ui is the trasmittance of the material of the surface;

- fg1 is a correcting factor that takes into account the variation of external temperature

dispersion towards exterior is:

- fg2 is a correcting factor that takes into account

QT,e= Σ[(ei·Ai·Ui)·(Ti-Te)] + [(ei·Li·Ψi)·(Ti-Te)]

- Gw is a correcting factor that takes into account

where:

- ei is the exposition factor;

the annual variation of external temperature

the presenc e of undergound water

- Ti is the design internal temperature

- Te is the design external temperature

- Ai is the area of the surface towards a certain exposition;

- Ui is the trasmittance of the material of the

surface;

- Li is the lenght of the thermal bridge

- Ψi is the thermal bridge coefficient depending on the typology of the thermal bridge itself

- Ti is the design internal temperature

- Te is the design external temperature

N.B. In the following calculations there is a difference between “Terrace Slab” and “Terrace Roof”. This is due only by their advective coefficients, which are different because of their position in respect of the outdoor and indoor ambient. Terrace Roof is the “walkable” slab of the terraces (the heat transmission goes upwards), while “Terrace Slab” is the one where the ceiling of the upper level is located (the heat transmission goes downwards). The stratigraphy of the elements remains the same.

145

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Thermal dispersion by transmission UNDERGROUND correction

correction

correction

factor fg1

factor fg2

factor gw

1.45

0.347

1

1.45

0.347

1

element

opaque wall slab

design

[ m2 ]

Ui [W/(Km)]

int temp

1094

0.41

21

-5

5867.755

1296

0.34

21

-5

5764.408 11632.163

area

Ui [W/(Km)]

int temp

design ext

heat load

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

21 21 21 21

area

[°C]

design ext temp

[°C]

heat load

[W]

LOBBY exposition

SE SO NO NE

exposition factor

1.1 1.05 1.15 1.2

(ei)

element

[ m2 ]

curtain wall 310 curtain wall 226.8 curtain wall 310 curtain wall 226.8

146

design

[°C]

temp

[°C]

-5 -5 -5 -5

[W]

5319.60 3714.98 5561.40 4245.70 18841.68

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

RETAIL exposition

SE SO NO NE

exposition factor

(ei)

1.1 1.05 1.15 1.2

element

design

Ui [W/(Km)]

int temp

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.342

21 21 21 21 21

[ m2 ]

Ui [W/(Km)]

int temp

620 272 580 272

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

21 21 21 21

area

Ui [W/(Km)]

int temp

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.342 0.342

21 21 21 21 21 21

area

[ m2 ]

curtain wall 1004 curtain wall 888 curtain wall 1004 curtain wall 888 terrace roof 560

[°C]

design ext temp

[°C]

heat load

[W]

-5 -5 -5 -5 -5

17228.64 14545.44 18011.76 16623.36 4979.52 71388.72

design ext

heat load

FOOD exposition

SE SO NO NE

exposition factor

(ei)

1.1 1.05 1.15 1.2

element

curtain wall curtain wall curtain wall curtain wall

area

design

[°C]

temp

[°C]

[W]

-5 -5 -5 -5

10639.2 4455.36 10405.2 5091.84 30591.6

design ext

heat load

OFFICES exposition

SE SO NO NE

exposition factor

1.1 1.05 1.15 1.2

(ei)

element

[m ] 2

curtain wall 1004 curtain wall 888 curtain wall 1004 curtain wall 888 terrace roof 560 terrace slab 560

147

design

[°C]

temp

[°C]

-5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5

[W]

17228.64 14545.44 18011.76 16623.36 4979.52 4979.52 76368.24

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

RESIDENCES exposition

SE SO NO NE

exposition factor

(ei)

1.1 1.05 1.15 1.2

element

design

Ui [W/(Km)]

int temp

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.342 0.342

21 21 21 21 21 21

[m ]

Ui [W/(Km)]

int temp

450 212 450 212 760

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.342

21 21 21 21 21

area

[ m2 ]

curtain wall 1004 curtain wall 888 curtain wall 1004 curtain wall 888 terrace roof 560 terrace slab 560

[°C]

design ext temp

[°C]

heat load

[W]

-5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5

17228.64 14545.44 18011.76 16623.36 4979.52 4979.52 76368.24

design ext

heat load

RESIDENDES FACILITIES exposition

SE SO NO NE

exposition factor

1.1 1.05 1.15 1.2

(ei)

element

curtain wall curtain wall curtain wall curtain wall terrace roof

area 2

design

[°C]

temp

[°C]

-5 -5 -5 -5 -5

[W]

7722 3472.56 8073 3968.64 6757.92 29994.12

The calculations shows that the total heat load due to thermal transmission towards exterior is 315.184,76 W

148

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Additional heating-up Proceeding with the Winter Heat Load analysis, we have to calculate the power to be supplied in order to reach the design internal temperature after a setback period.

To accomplish that, we rely on the table of UNI 12831 which take into account the following factors: - Disuse period: indicates how long the building is shut down. Since our building has a mixed use destination, we need to take into account both factors of residential and non-residential buildings and mix them together.

- Air change rate during setback: a value of 0,1 has been assumed since windows and doors stay closed during setback period - Building mass: defined by the construction features of the project. The formula to calculate the additiona heating-up power is:

Qhu,i= Ai·φhu,i

Referring to the table below, we consider the building mass of the project to be medium, according to the fact that we use dry constructive technlogies and precast elements. Then, we set the time of recovery to 2 hours and assume that the temperature breakdown is around 3 K. In addition, we will divide our building in two blocks : residential and non-residential to have a more precise output: NON-RESIDENTIAL Qhu,i= 14.455 x 20 = 289.100 W RESIDENTIAL Qhu,i= 7.000 x 11 = 77.000 W The total amount of power due to the additional heating up is therefore 366.100 W

where: Ai is the total area of the simplified building φhu,i the coeffincient previously found in the table

149

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Thermal dispersion by ventilation Since in our project we are providing and all-air system with AHU machines, a calculation for thermal dispersion by ventilation is needed.

The formula to be used to calculate the heat load due to ventilation is:

Qv= ((V·n)/3600)·ρ·cp·(Ti-Te)

where:

- V is the total volume of the room (we are

considering the total volume of the simplified version of the building)

- n is the air change per hour calculated buy dividing the volume of air flow determined by the calculation for the ventilation systems and the volume of the bulding. It has to be an adimensional value between 0.5 and 2.

- ρ is the dry air density - cp is the air specific heat - Ti is the design internal temperature - Te is the design external temperature

A 10% addition to the total heat load for ventilation value has to be added in order to take into account the draughts.

VENTILATION HEAT LOAD function

volume

Residences Offices Food Retail Sports facilities Residence facilities Underground Lobby

32480 32480 12096 32480

air change

dry air

air specific

per hour

density

heat

0.9148

1225

1005

design int temp

[°C]

design ext temp

heat load

[°C]

[W]

2240 5040 14126 7819 138761

The sum of the three factors calculated highlights the total amount of the Winter Heat Load:

21

-5

2978468.386

Transmission: 315,18 kW Additional Heating-up: 366.1 kW Ventilation: 2978,46 kW TOTAL : 3.659,46 kW

150

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Summer Heat Load In this chapter, we will show how the Summer Heat Load has been calculated.

In order to accomplish that, we used a simplified calculation method called Carrier Method, which is not a technical standard but it is commonly accepted.

Once again, we considered the worst working condition taking into account the maximum external temperature as Design external temperature fixed at 32°C. Concerning the Design Internal Temperature, it has been taken into consideration a recomended value of 21°C suitable for every function located within the building.

state, therefore calculations must be done for every daily hour. Sensible heat divides itself in the following processes: - Conduction through opaque structures towards external,unconditioned or conditioned spaces; - Conduction through transparent structures; - Convection through transparent structures; - Radiation through transparent structures; - Ventilation; - Internal load; Anyways, some simplifications were needed in order to accomplish the calculations, more specifically about the plan mass.

The heat load while calculating the Summer Heat Load in summer condition is divided in Sensible load and Latent Load.

Sensible heat load is considered in transient

Locality

External project temperature daily thermal excursion Absolute maximum external humidity Latitude

Milan

Te

32

°C

ATe

12

°C

Xe

20

g/Kg

45 26

“ “

project ambient temperature project ambient humidity

Ta

21

°C

Xa

14.4

g/Kg

mass in plan

Ma

730

kg/m

fresh air flow

V

126939.0

mc/h

151

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

- Up is the trasmittance of the opaque structures previously calculated. Some adjustments were required in order to correctly use the spreadsheet given. In fact, opaque surfaces weren’t taken into account and we fixed the minimum value possible.

- Uf is the trasmittance of the window previously calculated;

- f is the fraction of glass area, calculated as : Area glass/ (Area glass + Area frame); - F is the solar factor obtained by multiplying the shading coefficient SC = 0.71 for treated triple glass panels, times solar factor for sigle glass Fvs= 0,87; - Sf is the area of glass surfaces

Underground Lobby Retail NE

Officies Food Residences

NW

Residences Facilities SE SW Esposition

Exposition NORD EAST WEST SOUTH HORIZONTAL SHADOW HORIZONTAL SUN

Opache surface

Windows

Up [W/ m2K] 0.41 0.41 0,41 0.41

Mf,p [Kg/ mq] 100 100 100 100

0.34

100

720

0.34

300

780

Spù [m2]

Uf [W/m2K]

f

F=SC Fvs

Sf [m2]

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94

0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61

3339.4 2661 2822 3467.8

152

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Internal loads: sensible load Internal Loads are divided categories:

in

different

- Sensible Loads - Latent Loads Also, they are further divided into permanent and variable loads. In the following paragraphs we will see how to calculate them starting from Sensible Load. To accomplish that, we need also to make an estimation of how many people and electronic devices are present in the building using the tables below. For what concerns the variable loads, we assumed a different activity of the people according to the function in which they are located.

Variable loads

People

residences offices restaurants retail sports facilities residece facilities underground lobby

220 619 720 1237 360 360 777 325

sensible

Heat Load PP

70 75 80 110 65 65 110 110

Total

15400 46425 57600 136070 23400 23400 85470 35750 425315

153

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

As follows, we calculate the number of electronic devices present in the building and their respective sensible and latent loads.

RETAIL type

n

Qint,s, app

Qint,s, app tot

PCs

36

350

12600

type

n

Qint,s, app

Qint,s, app tot

PCs Coffie machines (bar) Dishwasher Fridge (1000 l) Freezer Grill Oven

4 4 4 4 4 4 4

350 450 50 50 550 1000 2000

1400 1800 200 200 2200 4000 8000

type

n

Qint,s, app

Qint,s, app tot

PCs Printer Coffee machines Microwave Water dispenser Shredder

300 36 18 36 18 36

350 3300 1000 400 1750 1200

105000 118800 18000 14400 31500 43200

Qint,1, app

Qint,1, app tot

Qint,1, app

Qint,1, app tot

650

2600

Qint,1, app

Qint,1, app tot

650

11700

FOOD

OFFICES

154

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

RESIDENCES type

n

Qint,s, app

Qint,s, app tot

PCs Fridge Oven Dishwasher

96 48 48 48

350 50 2000 50

33600 2400 96000 2400

type

n

Qint,s, app

Qint,s, app tot

PCs

4

350

1400

Qint,1, app

Qint,1, app tot

Qint,1, app

Qint,1, app tot

LOBBY

After that we proceed calculating the number of people expect in the building. This estimation is done taking into account the crowding rate according to UNI 10339 as the maximum capacity. However, it is worth to say that this condition is unlikely to happen often.

Variable loads

residences offices restaurants retail sports facilities residence facilities underground lobby

people

220 619 720 1237 120 360 777 325

155

latent heat load pp

total

W

W

65 80 115 265 450 45 265 265

14300 49520 82800 327805 54000 16200 205905 86125 836655

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Carico interno sensibile costante Carico interno latente costante

Qint,s,cost Qint,l,cost

Carichi interni totali

497100 W 14300 W

Ora H h 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Once that all the data is defined, it is possible to fill the spreadsheet provided and to make an estimation of the constant and variable loads during the day. It is interesting to notice how the variable sensible and latent loads can change according to the people present in the building, marking a consistent difference in the total heat load produced within the building.

Costante Qint,s,cost W 497100 497100 497100 497100 497100 497100 497100 497100 497100 497100 497100 497100 497100 497100 497100 497100 497100

Variabile Qint,s,var W 127594,5 297720,5 425315 425315 340252 255189 212657,5 340252 382783,5 425315 297720,5 212657,5 170126 127594,5 127594,5 127594,5 127594,5

Costante Qint,l,cost W 14300 14300 14300 14300 14300 14300 14300 14300 14300 14300 14300 14300 14300 14300 14300 14300 14300

Total Summer Heat Load After all the data setup, the spreadsheet is giving the total maximum load for each type:

Therefore:

Maximum Sensible Load: 2309,8 kW Maximum Latent Load: 1276,2 kW

Total Summer Heat Load: 3586 kW

156

Variabile Qint,l,var W 250996,5 418327,5 585658,5 669324 669324 585658,5 585658,5 669324 669324 669324 501993 501993 250996,5 250996,5 250996,5 250996,5 250996,5

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

HVAC System Introducing the HVAC chapter, we will talk about the All-Air system, a system that uses air as source of heat and cold. The thermal energy transfer medium through the building delivery systems is air. All-air systems can be subclassified based on the zone as single zone and multizone.

This project will be provided with a single zone system, which consists generally of an air handling unit, a heat source and cooling source, distribution ductwork, and appropriate delivery devices.

Single zone systems has several pros, such as: - Good air filtration and contamination control - Good control of ambient air temperature and humidity - Air conditioning system unit in a centralized spot ( simple to maintain and seasonal commutation - Possibility of free cooling in mid season and summer periods - Possibility of over/under pressure condition in ambient The air, treated in special plants, is distributed through networks of pipes in order to feed the room terminals. The air coming from the central treatment unit is called primary, while the air treated by the terminal through recirculation from the environment is called secondary.

157

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Air sizing In this section we will see how to correctly assign the dimension of the air supply network inside the building. Our system has two main parts:

AHU 6

- Supply air circuit in the ambient - Return air circuit from the ambient All circuits are composed by a primary vertical duct located inside a shaft and a secondary system of horizontal ducts that deliver or take the air directly from the ambients.

Due to the large number of functions and the typology of the building, the selection of the most suitable system was challenging.

Anyways, the high-rise building has been divided into macro-zones, in which every macro-zone has its own AHU. This makes every macro-zone indipendent from each other and optimize maintenance operations. The organization is the following:

AHU 4-5

AHU 3

- AHU 1 : Lobby and Underground - AHU 2 : Retail - AHU 3 : Public Space and Food (8° floor) - AHU 4 : Offices - AHU 5 : Public Space and Food (16° floor) - AHU 6 : Residences and Facilities As it is shown in the section, the first two macrozones are managed from technical spaces in the underground, where the AHU are located Then, going upwards, some technical floors are provided aproximately every 30 m in height, in which we can find the others AHU.

158

AHU 2

AHU 1

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

SC05 GC01 GL01 - REV UNI 10339 Versio Air sizing The calculations to identify the total air flow rate were done following the formula provided 0,8 Q n ⋅ q p + A ⋅ qs ⋅ = ⋅ (C1 ⋅ C2 ⋅ C3 )

by UNI 10339, shown beside. tot εv The parameters needed are specified beside as well. It is important to underline that the Qtot : Air flow rate (l/s) dove: : number of people estimation of the people present building portata di arianesterna minima [l/s]; (calculated as ns x A) Qtot: in the ns : crowding number numero di persone calcolato reference come n=(n s ⋅ A); was made according ton :the conventional : affollamento di riferimento; n qp : air flow rate per person (l/s) s 10339, obtaining values provided by the UNI portata di ariaAesterna minima qp: : surface area per persona [l/s]; so a scenario in which theA:building is in full del locale superficie in its pianta [m2]; qs : air flow rate per m2 (l/s) occupancy capacity, whichqsis : quite unlikely. portata di aria esterna minima per m2 [l/s]; Ev : conventional efficiency efficienza di ventilazione (rif. of al ventilation paragrafo ECV nel prospett εcv: of air flow In sum, the total requirement in theconvenzionale coefficiente correttivo per impianti misti di cui al paragrafo XX (Verifica da C C1 : corrective coefficient for mixed systems whole building is fixed at 125.1913,2 mc/h. coefficiente correttivo per locali di elevata altezza, cui al paragrafo XX ( Ve C2 C2 : corrective coefficient for high ambients coefficiente correttivo che tiene conto della variazione di densità d C3 C3 : corrective coefficient for air density dell’altitudine della località di cui al paragrafo XX variation

(

Nella formula 2 non compare il coefficiente Correttivo che tiene della variazione della d effetto della temperatura della località, in quanto per temperature comprese tra -5 e 35° è significativa. Valore del coefficiente sono riportati per alcune temperature in appendice X

AIR FLOW RATE function

Residences Offices Food Retail Sports f.

Residence f.

Underground Lobby AIR FLOW RATE function

Residences Offices Food

)

Qp

mix indicate neldensity Per alcune tipologien°di ambienti prospetto XX si provvederà a garantire anz A Qs altitude Ventilation Total aria esterna immessa, unasyst portata di aria estratta specificata nel prospetto stesso. people veriation

L/s m2 m2 n c1 c2 c3 L/s Nel caso di portate estratte non si adotta nessuna delle correzioni applicabili alle port 7 esterna 5520(C10.4 1 1 0.89 0.5333 2588.06 C2 C3).220 7 5160 0.5 620 1 1 0.89 0.5333 5564.64 NOTE generali al prospetto XX: 7 600 1 720 1 1 0.89 0.5333 5324.80 1. i valori1237 degli indici ns da inserire nel calcolo della portata se 7 4950 0.4 1 di affollamento 1 0.89 0.6666 9833.80 sono quelli massimi previsti a progetto per ciascuno degli ambienti serviti.

5 600 0.6 120 1 1 0.89 0.5333 770.88 disponibili si potranno adottare i valori fissati convenzionalmente co 7 600 0.6 360 A. 1 1 0.89 0.5333 2690.88 dell’allegato e q riferiti alle tipologie note di attività riportate nel prospe 2. i valori di q p s 7 1296 0.2 777 1 1 0.89 0.8 sono5323.55 tipologie non presenti nella tabella, si adotterà il valore proposto per ambie 7 1086 0.4 325 1 1 0.89 0.8 2584.29 assimilabili.

3.

Total

m3/h 4.

9316.8 20030.40 19166.00 5.

6.

il progettista deve verificare la congruenza dei valori calcolati con il rispetto d leggi e regolamenti aventi valore di legge, anche derivanti da regolame Retail in appendice 35398.80E sono riportate disposizioni legislative vig informativo dell’emissione della presente norma; Sports f.

2772.00 l’indicazione “estrazioni” contraddistingue quei locali che devono ess Residenceef.da cui 9684.00 depressione deve essere estratta la portata indicata qualunque s funzionamento Underground dell’impianto 20242.80di climatizzazione. Le condotte di espulsione igienici e delle cucine devono essere tra loro indipendenti e separat 125913.20 Lobby 9302.4 dell’impianto di climatizzazione. per esigenze di risparmio energetico ed economico, le portate di aria ester ridotte ed eventualmente può essere ammesso un funzionamento a parz durante le fasi di avviamento dell’impianto prima della normale occupazione locali.

159 nel caso che per considerazioni di efficienza energetica si vogliano adottare

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Ducts sizing The dimensions of the primary and secondary ducts have been computed according a Constant Velocity Method. For this sizing method, ducts are sized so that the velocity is the same in all ducts. In the table beside are shown the suggested maximum velocity depending on the function and the type of network, if primary or secondary.

Once the air velocity is determined and the air flow rate defined, it is possible to calculate the cross section of the ducts with the formula: A = q/v where: q: air flow rate (mc/s) v : air velocity (m/s)

PRIMARY DUCTS AHU

air velocity

Duct area

m/s AHU 1 AHU 2 AHU 3 AHU 4 AHU 5 AHU 6 Underground Lobby

7 7 7 6 7 5 7 7

Air flow rate

n° duct

n° floors

Duct section

1 1 1 1 1 1 777 325

5 6 1 6 1 8 1 1

1.17 1.40 0.76 0.92 0.76 1.20 1 1

Cross Thickness section

mc/s 1.17 1.40 0.76 0.92 0.76 1.20 1296 1086

8.20 9.83 5.32 5.56 5.32 6.04 0.2 0.4

The calculation show the total area of cross section that a duct should have in order to satisfy the requirements. This value, besides the air flow rate, strongly depends also on the number of vertical ducts that are provided.

More ducts are considered, the smaller the cross section will be.

The tipology of primary vertical ducts chosen have a rectangular constant section and are made of galvanized steel, properly thermally insulated and finished with a impermeable layer. The thickness of the metal sheet of the duct are chosen referring to the values beside.

160

2x0.7 1x0.8 1x1 1x0.8 2x0.6

0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 5323.55 2584.29

Semiperimeter section ≤ 1000 mm: thickness 0.7 mm Semiperimeter section > 1000 mm and ≤ 1200 mm: thickness 0.8 mm Semiperimeter section > 1200 mm and ≤ 2400 mm: thickness 1.0 mm Semiperimeter section > 2400 mm: thickness 1.2 mm

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Secondary system The same process was used to size the secondary network of the HVAC system, which is in charge to deliver the air supply in the ambients of the building. However, the air velocity needs to be smaller respect to the primary system, furthermore the number of ducts that come from the primary duct s will certainly be bigger, in order to reach every part of the floor taken into account. The reference values used are taken from the table in the previous page.

In this case, it was chosen a rectangular section duct with fan-coils delivery system, made of stainless steel and produced by Roccheggiani.

SECONDARY DUCTS air AHU velocity

Duct area

m/s AHU 1 AHU 2 AHU 3 AHU 4 AHU 5 AHU 6

5 5 5 5 5 4

To calculate the most suitable dimension of these elements, it was found in the first place the total area of cross section needed, then it was chosen the most suitable section.

Air flow rate

n° duct

n° floors

Duct section

Cross section

10 10 6 10 6 10

5 6 1 6 1 8

0.16 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.15

1.1x0.15 1.3x0.15 1.2x0.15 1.2x0.15 1.2x0.15 1.1x0.15

mc/s 1.64 1.96 1.06 1.11 1.06 1.51

8.20 9.83 5.32 5.56 5.32 6.04

161

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Water supply system The quality of Milan’s water is guaranteed by the complex processing process that takes it from the underground to our homes. The process is carried out by MM Spa, the municipal company that manages the water network and is responsible for carrying out checks and analyzes on the water.

The Milanese water does not come from rivers or lakes, but from aquifers. In the subsoil of Milan there are permeable layers where the aquifers are located, separated by impermeable layers consisting of clays.

In Milan, water is captured by means of 587 wells, which are controlled by the city’s 29 water plants, built during the last century. If the wells are contaminated, as can happen in heavily populated areas, the water, once it reaches the plants, is subjected to purification processes.

Water supply

System type The type that we chose for our building is a bottom-up system. In addition, the hot water has also a recirculation pipe which is useful to avoid long waiting times or hot water and prevent possible problems due to backwater.

Besides the general scheme of the system type, a scheme of the connection system with the acqueduct is provided.

Since the system is bottom-up and considering the consistent height of the building, some extra pumps will be located in strategic points in order to boost up the pressure of the water supply. This is suggested in order to avoid enormous concentration of water pressure in the lower levels of the tower which could generate problems.

Water supply from acqueduct Legend: 1 Supply stop valve 2 non-return valve (for back flow protection) 3 Water metering assembly 4 pressure gauge 5 water sampling port 6 from acqueduct

7 to water systems

Milan’s water supply network

1 Supply stop valve 2 non return valve (for back flow protection) 3 Water metering assembly 4 pressure gauge 5 water sampling port 6 from acqueduct 7 to water systems

Air Lab – Dipartimento di Energia

162

•5

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Hot sanitary water design Following the process, we proceed to calculate the hot water supply rate. The calculations are divided in two steps and they refer to the code UNI 9182 : first one takes into account the type of function of the building and the total amount of people expected; the second one refers to each water device located into the building.

As the results show, the total amount of hot water to be supplied between residences and offices is 92.000 liters.

On the other hand, after having estimate the number of each device that needs hot water, we multiply that value with the water rate given by the table. The total amount of hot water due to the sum of every single device is 8.080 liters.

hot water: per person requirement

l/per person daily

utilities

Housing popular type medium type luxury type

from 40 to 50 from 70 to 80 from

hotels and guesthouses rooms with bathroom with bathtub rooms with bathroom with shower rooms with sink and bidet Offices

150 to 200

from 180 to 200

130 60 from

Hospital and clinics

15 to 200

from 130 to 150

HOT WATER SUPPLY RATE function

Residences (luxury) Offices

Bottom-up system with recirculation network and extra pumps in height

163

L/G

people

total

200

150

30000

100

620

62000 92000

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

hot water: requirement per appliance at each use

utilities

l

Shower Sink Bidet kitchen sink

from 50 to 60 from 10 to 12 from 8 to 10 from 15 to 20

HOT WATER SUPPLY RATE device

L/G

Shower Sink Kitchen sink Bidet ND kitchen s

n

60 10 15 10 20

total

70 232 48 60 12

4200 2320 720 600 240 8080

WATER STORAGE function

Office Restaurant Residences

L/n

40 7 200

n

Water Storage Design Such complex building requires a water storage rate in line with the functions located in it.

Since it was difficult to find another sources which indicate the water storage rate for all the functions of our project, we choose to define those ones that must have a proper water storage system.

Taking into account the rate specified in the table indicated, we are able to define a precise calculation for offices and restaurants. To calculate the residences rate, we considered the value specified for hotels, due to the fact that luxurious residences could have a similar requirement.

However, the total water storage rate is set to 42.980 liters, which will be located in tanks in the underground levels.

total

300 140 150

12000 980 30000 42980

164

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Loading Units and Nominal Diameter In order to make the calculations for dimensioning of pipes, the water supply system has been divided into 10 sub-systems, in which the loading units have been calculated for each device. The subsystems are organized as follows: - System 0 : Lobby bathrooms - System 1 : Retail, Offices and Restaurant bathrooms - Systems 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b : Residences Bathroom - and kitchens - System 5 : Restaurant kitchens - System 6 : Residence facilities bathrooms For the vertical stack, a hot-dip galvanised steel element has been chosen, as well as the horizontal branches.

SYSTEM 0 device

WC Sink Urinal

n

lu

8 6 4

n

total

floors

lu

1 1 3 1

8 6 12 26

WC Sink Urinal

n

11 11 4

lu

n

total

floors

lu

1 1 3 8

11 11 12 272

device

WC Sink Bidet Kitchen sink Shower

n

lu

n

total

floors

lu

3 4 2

1 1 1

3 4 2

1

2

2

2

2

4 90

6

dn max

20 32

SYSTEM 3a /3B device

WC Sink Bidet Kitchen sink Shower

n

lu

n

total

floors

lu

2 2 2

1 1 1

2 2 2

2

2

4

2

2

4 84

6

dn max

20 32

dn max

SYSTEM 4a /4B device

WC Sink Bidet Kitchen sink Shower

25

SYSTEM 1 device

SYSTEM 2a /2B

dn max

n

lu

n

total

floors

lu

3 6 2

1 1 1

4 6 2

2

2

4

2

2

4 120

6 20 40

165

dn max

25 32

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM 5 device

WC Sink Kitchen sink Dishwasher

OFFICES n

lu

n

total

floors

lu

dn max

1 2

1 1

1 2

6

8

48

4

2

8

32

118

32

2

device

WC Sink Urinal

device

WC Sink Urinal

n

6 6 4

lu

total

floors

lu

1 1 3 1

6 6 12 24

device

WC Sink

n

2 2

dn max

25

WC Sink

n

6 4

L/G

LU

lu

1 1

10

2 2

tot

device

4 4

L/G

total

LU

lu

1 1

10

4 4

WC Sink Urinal

n

WC 84 Sink 108 Shower 60 Kitchen 48 sink Bidet 60

tot

lu

1 1 3

10

33 33 36

L/G

total

LU

lu

10

1 1 3

23 23 24

20

8

48

L/G

total

LU

lu

tot

11 11 12 34

tot

118

tot

10 60

1 1 2

84 108 120

14 18 20

15

2

96

16

10

1

60

10 78

10 RESIDENCES FACILITIES

RETAIL device

total

LU

RESIDENCES total

LOBBY device

n

WC 23 Sink 23 Urinal 8 kitchen 6 sink Dish4 washer

UNDERGROUND device

33 33 12

L/G

FOOD A/B

SYSTEM 6 n

n

n

33 33 12

L/G

10

LU

1 1 3

total lu

33 33 36

device tot

WC Sink Urinal Shower

11 11 12 34

166

n

8 6 4 10

L/G

10 60

LU

1 1 3 2

total lu

8 6 12 20

tot

4 3 6

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Water sewage system As we provided the water supply system, we need also to design the water sewage.

The type of system can be divided basically in combined or separeted system:

According to our needs in terms of systems design, we are adopting a System II type with a single discharge stack system with small bore discharge branch pipes. In addition, the type of ventilation has been defined referring to the code EN UNI 12056-2 and considering that the System II type has less limitations in this sense.

- Combined system : A drainage system for both rain and waste water in a single pipe.

- Separate system : A drainage system for draining rain and waste water separately by dedicated pipework.

Our interest is to provide, besides the main sewage system, also a separated drainage system for rainwater, in order to collect it and use it for irrigation purposes.

Grey / Black waters Rainwater

Rainwater cleaning Rainwater storage tank

Local sewer

167

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Collection of rainwater and circulation by gravity

168

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

METHOD OEFFICIENT AND Dischange units andWW nominalFLOW diameter RATE

Qww)

The method used for the sizing of the pipes is In our case we will consider each system referred to the EN UNI 12056-2. The waste water according to two factors: flowrate hs been calculated with the following Office and Dwelling = 0,5 formula:water in a part or in the whole drainage Toilets open to Public = 1,0 waste system

ate of nitary appliances (see table 2) are connected to the system.

The tables considered for pipes sizing are indicated below.

Primary vertical stacks are designed as swept entries, and for horizontal branches are considered the values for System II.

Where :

Qww : total waste water flowrate (l/s) K : frequency factor depending on function Σ DU : sum of Discharge Units ypical frequency factors associated with different usage of Usage of appliences

K

internmittend use e.g. in Dwelling, Guesthouse, Office Congested use e.g. in toilets and/or showers open to public

0.5 1.0

System I

System II

System III

System IV

Appliance

DU l /s

DU l /s

DU l /s

DU l /s

Wash basin, bidet Shower with plug Single urinal with cistern kitchen sink Washing machine up to 12kg WC with 4.0 l cistern

0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.5 **

0.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 1.2 1.8

0.3 1.3 0.4 1.3 1.2 **

0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 **

– Dipartimento di Energia

169

•15

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY System 0

Device WC Sink Urinal Horizontal banchers Vertical stack

n

8 6 4

DU 1.8 0.3 0.5 2.6

n floors

1

DU 14.4 1.8 2

total

K

Qww

DN max

18.2

1

4.266

70 100

DU 19.8 3.3 2

K

Qww

DN max

1

14.170

70 200

K

Qww

DN max

0.5

3.633

90 100

K

Qww

DN max

3.240

90 90

System 1

Device WC Sink Urinal Horizontal banchers Vertical stack

n

11 11 4

DU 1.8 0.3 0.5 2.6

n floors

8

total

200.8

System 2a /2b

Device WC Sink Bidet Kitchen sink Shower Horizontal banches Vertical stack

n

3 4 2 1 2

DU 1.8 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.5 3.5

n floors

6

DU 5.4 1.2 0.6 0.6 1

total

52.8

System 3a /3b

Device WC Sink Bidet Kitchen sink Shower Horizontal branches Vertical stack

n

2 2 2 2 2

DU 1.8 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.5 3,5

n floors

6

170

DU 3.6 0.6 0.6 1.2 1

total

42

0.5

VI. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY System 4a /4b

Device WC Sink Bidet Kitchen sink Shower Horizontal branches Vertical stack

n

4 6 2 2 2

DU 1.8 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.5 3.5

n floors

6

DU 7.2 1.8 0.6 1.2 1

total

70.8

K

Qww

DN max

0.5

4.207

90 100

K

Qww

DN max

0.5

2.323

90 80

K

Qww

DN max

1.910

70 70

System 5

Device WC Sink Kitchen sink Dish washer Horizontal branches Vertical stack

n

1 2 6 4

DU 1.8 0.3 0.6 1.2 3.9

n floors

2

DU 1.8 0.6 3.6 4.8

total

21.6

System 6

Device WC Sink Urinal Horizontal branches Vertical stack

n

6 6 4

DU 1.8 0.3 0.5 2.6

n floors

1

DU 10.8 1.8 2

total

14.6

Drains Once the calculations of all the DUs of the building, it is possible to size the drain pipes that collect all the waste water.The maximum drain is set at Qmax = 420,8 DU Since the maximum value available is 108,4, we can assume to place 4 drains of DN 300 with a slope of 5,00, which can sustain a maximum value of 432 DU.

171

0.5

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VII. PANELS & SOURCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

Milan BORIANI, M., MORANDI C., ROSSARI A. (2006), Milano Contemporanea. Itinerari di architettura e urbanistica, Clup, Milano DE FINETTI, G., (2002 – a cura di G. Cislaghi, M. De Benedetti, P. Marabelli), Milano Costruzione di una Città, Ulrico MORANDI C., (2007), Milan. The Great Transformation, Marsilio, Milano VERCELLONI, V., (1988), La storia del paesaggio urbano di Milano, Officina d’arte grafica Lucini, Milano - VERCELLONI, V., (1993), La città e l’idea di città, Cariplo, Milano High-rise Milan BOTTONI B., (1954), Antologia di edifici moderni in Milano, Editoriale Domus, Milano BUCCI, F., (2006) Edifici a torre, in Casabella 747, settembre 2006, pag. 30-33 COPPA, A., TENCONI, L., Grattanuvole. Un secolo di grattacieli a Milano, Maggioli, Rimini DAL CO, F., Torri, edifici alti, grattacieli: le comuni regole del gioco dei costi e dei profitti, in Casabella 747, settembre 2006, pag. 3-30 FAROLDI, E., VETTORI, M.P., (2015), La costruzione verticale come trama urbana. Il laboratorio milanese, in Coppa, A., Tenconi, L., Grattanuvole. Un secolo di grattacieli a Milano, Maggioli, Rimini MAFFIOLETTI, S., (1990), La città verticale. Il grattacielo, ruolo urbano e composizione, Cluva, Venezia VERONESI, G., (1959), L’architettura dei grattacieli a Milano, in “Comunità”, n° 74 Garibaldi-Repubblica: historic evolution and competitions AA.V V., (1992-1993), Le nuove figure architettoniche delle aree centrali nella dimensione metropolitana della città. Il caso Garibaldi-Repubblica Milano, IUAV Il Cardo, Venezia Relazione tecnica illustrativa, del progetto di nuovo Piano Regolatore Generale della città di Milan, Deliberazione del Consiglio Comunale del 12 luglio 1950.

Milano. Il Piano Regolatore Generale 1953, Urbanistica, Torino 1956.

Servizio sul concorso per l’Area Garibaldi Repubblica a Milano, in “Casabella” n° 590, maggio, 1992 NICOLIN, P., (1992), Relazione allegata al progetto, in Progetti per Milano, Abitare Segesta Cataloghi, Milano High-Rise buildings development AABALOS, I., HERREROS, J. (2003), Tower and office, from modernist theory to contemporary practice, The MIT Press, Cambridge ABEL, C., (2003), Sky high: vertical architecture [exhibition held at Royal Academy of arts, Thames and Hudson, London, June 2 - August 10 BINDER, G., (2006), Tall Buildings of Europe, Middle East Africa, Images Publishing, Mulgrave

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CAMPI, M., (2000), Skyscrapers: An Architectural Type of Modern Urbanism, Princeton Architectural Press, 2000 FAROLDI, E., GRAMIGNA L.C, TRAPANI, M., VETTORI M. P., (2009), I grattacieli: linguaggi, strategie, tecnologie dell’immagine urbana contemporanea, Maggioli HANG BLETTER, R., (1980), La possibile storia del grattacielo, in “Casabella”, n°457458, pp. 57-60, Aprile-Maggio HOWELER, E., (2003), Grattacieli. La contemporaneità verticale, Rizzoli / Skira, Milano Structural design BALLIO G., BERNUZZI C.,(2004), Progettare costruzioni in acciaio: normativa europea, stati limite, sagomano, software per il calcolo, Hoepli, Milano BUCCINO, G. (2001), L’acciaio: elementi strutturali e particolari costruttivi, Dedalo, Roma MASI, F. (1996), Costruire in acciaio: vantaggi delle costruzioni in acciaio, formazione di strutture portanti, estetica delle strutture in acciaio, Hoepli, Milano NUNZIATA, V., (200), Teoria e pratica delle strutture in acciaio, Dario Flaccovio SCHULITZ, H. C., Sobek, W., Habermann K.J., (1999), Atlante dell’acciaio, UTET, Torino 1999.

SCIBILLIA, N., (2007), Progetto di strutture in acciaio, Dario Flaccovio, V-edizione, Palermo Fundamentals FRAMPTON, K.,(1995) Studies in Tectonic Culture: the Poetics of Construction in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Architecture, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts GREGOTTI, V., (2010), Architecture, Means and Ends (translated by L.G. Cochrane), The University of Chicago Press, Chicago MONEO, R. (2004), Theoretical Anxiety and Design Strategies in the Work of Eight Contemporary Architects, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

CURTIS W.J., (2006), L’architettura moderna dal 1900, Phaidon TORRICELLI M.C. DEL NORD R. FELLI P., (2015) Materiali e tecnologie dell’architettura, Laterza KOOLHAS R., (2001), Delirious New York, Mondadori-Electa KOOLHAS R., ( 2014), Elements of Architecture, La Biennale di Venezia, Venezia, KOOLHAS R., (2006), Junkspace, Quodlibet KOOLHAS R.,(2002), S M L XL , Monacelli Pr; Subsequent

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zoa3d.com/donaumarina_tower_vienna_snohetta_architecture_competition_2020/ milanocittaimmaginata.it/en/insights/view/progetto-per-larea-tra-la-stazione-di-porta-garibaldie-via-galilei-1979 ordinearchitetti.mi.it/it/mappe/itinerario/49-dall-idea-della-citta-alla-citta-costruita-l-area-digaribaldi-repubblica/saggio aim.milano.it/concorso-garibaldi-repubblica casabellaweb.eu/ aim.milano.it/concorso-garibaldi-repubblica architetturafuturista.it ordinearchitetti.mi.it/it/mappe/itinerario/49-dall-idea-della-citta-alla-citta-costruita-l-area-digaribaldi-repubblica/saggio coima.com archdaily.com domusweb.it leibal.com nesite.com faraone.it architizer.com dezeen.com maaars.ch divisare.com newyorkyimby.com .behance.net www.theguardian.com blog.urbanfile.org/2014/07/10/zona-porta-nuova-la-storia-di-un-area-e-le-sue-trasformazionicapitolo-2-il-progetto-vincitore-1992/ ilportaledeitreni.it/2020/02/09/276675/ divisare.com/projects/338042-giorgio-grassi-area-garibaldi-repubblica-a-milano studionicolin.com/exhibit/progetto-per-larea-garibaldi-repubblica/ albericobelgiojoso.com .ordinearchitetti.mi.it/it/mappe/milanochecambia/area/173-concorso-internazionale-diprogettazione-per-l-altra-sede-della-regione-lombardia/scheda corriere.it/english/17_giugno_22/navigli-to-reopen-with-plans-for-new-tunnel-9925ec94-574811e7-8b4d-3cd144754bfb.shtml autodesk.com/solutions/bim/benefits-of-bim dsrny.com oma.eu snohetta.com

200