INTRODUCTION

Periodontal disease, sometimes referred to as gum disease, is a condition that damages the tissues that support and surround the teeth.

1. ABOUT THE DISEASE

Since the dawn of recorded history, mankind have been afflicted with periodontal (gum) disease. Although though oral health has considerably improved over the years, millions of Americans still have gum disease and most likely aren't even aware that they have a problem. This is due to the fact that periodontal disease typically develops without any warning signs or symptoms, which most individuals would rather ignore or ignore even if they were present.

2. STAGES OF GUM DISEASE

1. Gingivitis

It is the first stage without loss of bone.

2. Early periodontitis

In this stage, gingivitis advances into the deeper periodontal structures

3. Moderate periodontitis

It results in significant bone loss due to continued tissue and bone destruction

4. Advanced periodontitis

There will be significant bone loss from the root of tooth

Gingivitis

3. PATHOLOGY

Periodontitis

The microbial plaque buildup in or near the gingival sulcus is what causes gingivitis. The species of Streptococcus, Fusobacterium, Actinomyces, Veillonella, and Treponema are the bacteria most firmly linked to the aetiology of gingivitis.

Periodontitis arises from the disruption of host-microbe homeostasis in susceptible individuals leading to dysbiosis and destructive inflammation that not only activates osteoclastogenesis and bone loss but also provides nutrients (tissue breakdown products) that enable the dysbiotic microbiota to grow and persist.