NASA: 50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

5 0 Y E A R S O F E X P L O R AT I O N A N D D I S C O V E R Y

TITAN MINIMAL ART EYEWEAR: WHERE ADVANCED

TECHNOLOGY MEETS SUPERIOR PERFORMANCE. – RIMLESS LENSES FOR CLEAR PERIPHERAL VISION – MAINTENANCE-FREE SCREWLESS DESIGN – UNPARALLELED LIGHTWEIGHT COMFORT

MODEL 8609

THE CHOICE OF NASA ASTRONAUTS ON ALL 20 MISSIONS SINCE 2000.

MODEL 7565

Available at ямБne optical retailers worldwide www.silhouette.com

www.omegawatches.com

11 NASA TESTS, 6 MOON LANDINGS, 88 SHUTTLE FLIGHTS, 110 MISSIONS, ONE WATCH.

8dciZcih *% NZVgh d[ C6H6 =^hidgn ################################################################################################(& 7n HiZkZc ?# 9^X`! C6H6 8]^Z[ =^hidg^Vc

Hejic^` VcY i]Z 8gZVi^dc d[ C6H6/ 6 EZghdcVa EZgheZXi^kZ ###########################################)7n :^aZcZ <VaadlVn

EgZhZci Vi i]Z 8gZVi^dc/ EVja <# 9ZbWa^c\! 6ji]dg d[ C6H6Éh ;djcY^c\ AZ\^haVi^dc ####*% 7n :YlVgY H# <daYhiZ^c! 9Vk^Y H# HX]jbVc VcY <gZ\dgn 8# AV GdhV

=Veen 7^gi]YVn! C6H6 #####################################################################################################*) 7n CZ^a YZ<gVhhZ Inhdc

I]Z =jbVc ;VXidg ###########################################################################################################*+ 7n Gd\Zg 9# AVjc^jh VcY 8]jX` DaY]Vb

Djiedhih dc i]Z Bddc! ;ddieg^cih dc BVgh/ C6H6 h ;jijgZ :meadgVi^dc EaVch #############,) 7n 7Zi] 9^X`Zn

6higdcVjih VcY I]Z^g Hjeedgi IZVbh ##############################################################################-+ 7n EViin GZ^cZgi VcY ?#G# L^ahdc

The Owners and Employees of Tony Watson Electric, Inc. Would like to congratulate NASA on this milestone and many more to come in the future. It has been an honor and a privilege to work at John C. Stennis Space Center for the last 10 years.

Ldg`^c\ ^c V LZ^\]iaZhh LdcYZgaVcY ###############################################################################.7n 8Vi]Zg^cZ :# GV\^c

>ciZgk^Zl/ H]Vccdc AjX^Y ############################################################################################### &%+ 7n :YlVgY H# <daYhiZ^c

A^[Z HX^ZcXZh ################################################################################################################### &&' 7n GdWZgi O^bbZgbVc

AjcVg :meadgVi^dc/ EVhi VcY ;jijgZ #################################################################################&&7n EVja 9# HejY^h! AjcVg VcY EaVcZiVgn >chi^ijiZ

The staff at this Center is among the very best on the Mississippi Gulf Coast and we look forward to working with the Contracting Office for many, many years to come.

C6H6 h EaVcZi FjZhi ########################################################################################################&'7n :YlVgY H# <daYhiZ^c

6higdcdbn/ C6H6 h :nZh dc i]Z =ZVkZch #######################################################################&(7n GdWZgi CVZnZ

?d]c 8# BVi]Zg/ C6H6Éh CdWZa AVjgZViZ ########################################################################&)7n :YlVgY H# <daYhiZ^c

6higdW^dad\n/ >ih Dg^\^ch VcY 9ZkZadebZci #####################################################################&*+ 7n <# HXdii =jWWVgY

*% NZVgh d[ C6H6 HdaVg :meadgVi^dc ################################################################################&+) 7n HiZZaZ =^aa

:Vgi] HX^ZcXZ/ C6H6Éh B^hh^dc id Djg =dbZ EaVcZi #####################################################&,) 7n :YlVgY H# <daYhiZ^c VcY IVWVi]V I]dbehdc

7gZV`^c\ I]gdj\]/ C6H6 h 8gjX^Va GdaZ ^c 6^gXgV[i >ccdkVi^dc ######################################&-' 7n ?VbZh HX]jaio

Tony Watson Electric, Inc. Tony & Martha Watson 163 Bran-Star Cove Brandon, MS 39042 601-825-8101 www.tonywatsoninc.com

0((7,1* 7+(

&855(17 &+$//(1*( ! $ 6 ! . # % $ " !4 4 % 2 9 3 / , 5 4 ) / . 3 "ATTERY POWER IS ONE OF THE MOST CRUCIAL COMPONENTS IN MISSION SUCCESS &OR OVER YEARS %LECTRO %NERGY S ADVANCED BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES HAVE PLAYED A CRITICAL ROLE IN AEROSPACE AND SATELLITE PROGRAMS LOGGING MORE THAN MILLION HOURS 7ITH MANUFACTURING FACILITIES IN #OLORADO AND &LORIDA WE ARE THE ONLY 53 SUPPLIER FOR .I#D AND ,ITHIUM )ON BATTERIES AND CELLS PROVIDING SECURITY QUALITY CONTROL GUARANTEED CAPACITY AND FAST TURNAROUND !T THE FOREFRONT OF POWER STORAGE INNOVATION OUR CUSTOMIZED 2ECIPIENT OF THE %MERGING 4ECHNOLOGY !WARD

BATTERY SOLUTIONS MEET THE DYNAMIC REQUIREMENTS OF THE HARSHEST ENVIRONMENTS Â&#x2C6; OPTIMIZED WEIGHT AND PERFORMANCE

ADAPTABILITY AND TOUGH RELIABILITY

#ONGRATULATIONS .!3! ON 9EARS OF $ISCOVERY

%-0/7%2).' 4(% &5452% /& %.%2'9 s %,%#42/%.%2'9).# #/-

8dciZcih HeVXZ Egd\gVb 7ZcZÃ&#x2019;ih/ C6H6 h Edh^i^kZ >beVXi dc HdX^Zin ######################################## &.& 7n ?#G# L^ahdc

C6H6 ;VX^a^i^Zh ############################################################################################################### &., 7n ;gVc` H^ZioZc

IZc EgZh^YZcih VcY C6H6 ############################################################################################### ''+ 7n ?d]c B# Ad\hYdc

C6H6 VcY ^ih >ciZgV\ZcXn! 6XVYZb^X! >cYjhign VcY >ciZgcVi^dcVa EVgicZgh ###################')% 7n Gd\Zg 9# AVjc^jh

Jc^iZY HiViZh"Hdk^Zi HeVXZ 8ddeZgVi^dc 9jg^c\ i]Z 8daY LVg #######################################')7n GdVaY HV\YZZk! Jc^kZgh^in d[ BVgnaVcY! VcY HjhVc :^hZc]dlZg! I]Z :^hZc]dlZg >chi^ijiZ

AZVYZgh! K^h^dcVg^Zh VcY 9Zh^\cZgh ################################################################################'*7n Gd\Zg 9# AVjc^jh

C6H6 :c\^cZZgh HX^Zci^hih/ IgVch[dgb^c\ 9gZVbh >cid GZVa^in ############################### '+.

7n 6#?#H# GVna

C6H6 h >ccdkVidgh VcY Jchjc\ =ZgdZh ######################################################################### '-) Ã&#x2020;Cdi dc Bn LViX]/Ã&#x2021; I]Z HV\V d[ i]Z B^X]djY BVgh]ldg`h =ZgdZh############################## (%& 7n EVig^X` HX]ZjZgbVcc! C6H6 B^X]djY 8]^Z[ DeZgVi^c\ D[Ã&#x2019;XZg '%%*"'%%,

C6H6Ã&#x2030;h *% NZVg BZc VcY LdbZc ################################################################################### (%) C6H6Ã&#x2030;h ;jijgZ AZVYZgh ################################################################################################## ('% AZhhdch [gdb Bn ;Vi]Zg ################################################################################################# ('+ C6H6 6gdjcY i]Z LdgaY ################################################################################################# ((' 7n 7gVY LZioaZg

C6H6 dc i]Z HXgZZc 7^\ VcY HbVaa ############################################################################## ((7n 7Zgi Jag^X]

C6H6 VcY i]Z 6gih ########################################################################################################## ()' 7n 7Zgi Jag^X]

Ejh]^c\ i]Z :ckZadeZ ##################################################################################################### (*% 7n G^X] 8ddeZg

C6H6 E]did\gVe]Zgh/ *% NZVgh d[ 8Veijg^c\ i]Z BdbZci ############################################ (*) 7n :YlVgY H# <daYhiZ^c

> LVh 7dgc V C6H6 7VWn ################################################################################################ (++

8gZY^i/

7n ?d]c B# <gjch[ZaY

Æ I]ZgZ VgZ bVcn VheZXih d[ heVXZ VcY heVXZ iZX]cdad\n ½ l]^X] XVc WZ ]Zae[ja id Vaa eZdeaZ Vh i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh egdXZZYh l^i] ^ih eZVXZ[ja egd\gVb ^c heVXZ hX^ZcXZ VcY ZmeadgVi^dc# :kZgn eZghdc ]Vh i]Z deedgijc^in id h]VgZ i]gdj\] jcYZghiVcY^c\ ^c i]Z VYkZcijgZh l]^X] a^Z V]ZVY# I]^h hiViZbZci Pd[ i]Z EgZh^YZciÉh HX^ZcXZ 6Yk^hdgn 8dbb^iiZZR bV`Zh XaZVg i]Z deedgijc^i^Zh l]^X] V YZkZade^c\ heVXZ iZX]cdad\n XVc egdk^YZ id ZmiZcY bVcÉh `cdlaZY\Z d[ i]Z ZVgi]! i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb! VcY i]Z jc^kZghZ# I]ZhZ deedgijc^i^Zh gZ^c[dgXZ bn Xdck^Xi^dc i]Vi lZ VcY di]Zg cVi^dch ]VkZ V \gZVi gZhedch^W^a^in id egdbdiZ i]Z eZVXZ[ja jhZ d[ heVXZ VcY id ji^a^oZ i]Z cZl `cdlaZY\Z dWiV^cVWaZ [gdb heVXZ hX^ZcXZ VcY iZX]cdad\n [dg i]Z WZcZÒi d[ Vaa bVc`^cY#Ç EgZh^YZci 9l^\]i 9# :^hZc]dlZg Æ>cigdYjXi^dc id DjiZg HeVXZÇ BVgX] '+! &.*-

ÆI]Z ZmeadgVi^dc d[ heVXZ l^aa \d V]ZVY! l]Zi]Zg lZ _d^c ^i dg cdi! VcY ^i ^h dcZ d[ i]Z \gZViZhi VYkZcijgZh d[ Vaa i^bZ! VcY cd cVi^dc l]^X] ZmeZXih id WZ i]Z aZVYZg d[ di]Zg cVi^dch XVc ZmeZXi id hiVn WZ]^cY ^c i]^h gVXZ [dg heVXZ½ LZ hZi hV^a dc i]^h cZl hZV WZXVjhZ i]ZgZ ^h cZl `cdlaZY\Z id WZ \V^cZY VcY cZl g^\]ih id WZ ldc! VcY i]Zn bjhi WZ ldc VcY jhZY [dg Vaa eZdeaZ½ LZ X]ddhZ id \d id i]Z bddc# LZ X]ddhZ id \d id i]Z bddc ^c i]^h YZXVYZ VcY Yd i]Z di]Zg i]^c\h! cdi WZXVjhZ i]Zn VgZ ZVhn! Wji WZXVjhZ i]Zn VgZ ]VgY! WZXVjhZ i]Z \dVa l^aa hZgkZ id dg\Vc^oZ VcY bZVhjgZ i]Z WZhi d[ djg ZcZg\^Zh VcY h`^aah½#Ç EgZh^YZci ?d]c ;# @ZccZYn 6YYgZhh Vi G^XZ Jc^kZgh^in dc i]Z CVi^dcÉh HeVXZ :[[dgi HZeiZbWZg &'! &.+'

Remember when anything seemed possible? The men and women of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory never lost that feeling.

For nearly 50 years, APL scientists have explored the wonders of our galaxy … building more than 60 spacecraft, pioneering a number of space systems and developing instruments and novel techniques to study the complex physics of the universe.

Flexible and innovative in their approach, APL space missions have earned a reputation for rapid development, end-to-end execution, cost effectiveness and performance assurance.

The Johns Hopkins University

APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY

www.jhuapl.edu © The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. APL is a not-for-profit division of the Johns Hopkins University.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of the Administrator Washington, DC 20546-0001

BZhhV\Z [gdb i]Z C6H6 6Yb^c^higVidg ;ZWgjVgn ''! '%%6 ]Va[ XZcijgn V\d! V cZl [ZYZgVa V\ZcXn lVh XgZViZY id VXXdbea^h] [ZVih d[ ZmeadgVi^dc VcY Y^hXdkZgn jceVgVaaZaZY ^c ]jbVc ]^h" idgn# I]Z bZc VcY ldbZc d[ C6H6 ]VkZ WZZc gZhedch^WaZ [dg hjX] Ze^X VX]^ZkZbZcih Vh aVcY^c\ &' ]jbVc ZmeadgZgh dc i]Z bddc! hZcY^c\ gdWdih id hXdji i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb [gdb BZgXjgn id Eajid! VcY bV`^c\ gZkdaji^dcVgn Y^hXdkZg^Zh VWdji i]Z cVijgZ d[ djg jc^kZghZ# 8adhZg id ]dbZ! eZdeaZ ]VkZ gZVeZY Zcdgbdjh WZcZÒih [gdb C6H6Éh Xdbbjc^XVi^dch! lZVi]Zg VcY :Vgi] bdc^idg" ^c\ hViZaa^iZh! VcY i]Z V\ZcXnÉh Xdci^cjZY Xdbb^ibZci id ZmXZaaZcXZ ^c VZgdcVji^Xh gZhZVgX]# Djg fjVa^in d[ a^[Z ]Vh WZZc ^begdkZY Wn i]djhVcYh d[ cZl iZX]cdad\^Zh YZg^kZY [gdb C6H6 gZhZVgX]# 6ai]dj\] lZ XVc iV`Z eg^YZ ^c i]ZhZ VXXdbea^h]bZcih! i]Z igjZ heVXZ V\Z hi^aa a^Zh V]ZVY# Hddc! C6H6 VcY eVgicZgh [gdb di]Zg heVXZ[Vg^c\ cVi^dch VcY i]Z XdbbZgX^Va hZXidg l^aa Wj^aY V gZhZVgX] hiVi^dc dc i]Z bddc# I]^h Òghi djiedhi dc Vcdi]Zg ldgaY l^aa ZmiZcY i]Z ]jbVc [gdci^Zg ^c V [jcYVbZciVaan cZl lVn! ^i l^aa hi^bjaViZ jc[dgZhZZc VYkVcXZh ^c iZX]cdad\n! VcY ^i l^aa egdYjXZ cZl hX^Zci^ÒX gZhjaih dWiV^cVWaZ ^c cd di]Zg lVn# Add`^c\ id i]Z cZmi hiZeh dc ]jbVc^inÉh djilVgY eVi]! djg ldg` dc i]Z bddc VcY VWdVgY i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc l^aa eVkZ i]Z lVn [dg i]Z Òghi VhigdcVjih id ZmeadgZ BVgh ^c i]Z Xdb^c\ YZXVYZh# I]Z '&hi XZcijgn l^aa hZZ ]jbVc X^k^a^oVi^dc VcY i]Z kVajZh lZ X]Zg^h] hegZVY dji ^cid i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb# I]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh! i]gdj\] C6H6! bjhi aZVY i]Z lVn# I]Z ldgaYÉh \gZVi cVi^dch ]VkZ WZZc YZÒcZY Wn i]Z^g YZiZgb^cVi^dc id aZVY ^c i]Z ZmeadgVi^dc VcY YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z [gdci^Zgh d[ i]Z^g i^bZh# >c i]Z '&hi XZcijgn! heVXZ ^h i]Z [gdci^Zg! VcY > Vb Xdck^cXZY i]Vi i]Z eVi] id l]^X] lZ VgZ Xdbb^iiZY ^h V higViZ\^X ^beZgVi^kZ [dg djg cVi^dc# I]^h XdbbZbdgVi^kZ ejWa^XVi^dc iZaah i]Z hidgn d[ C6H6Éh Òghi ]Va["XZcijgn VcY ^aajb^cViZh i]Z X]VaaZc\Zh V]ZVY Vh C6H6 Xdc" i^cjZh id ZmeadgZ [dg VchlZgh id edlZg djg [jijgZ# > ]deZ ndj l^aa aZVgc bdgZ VWdji C6H6Éh k^h^dcVgn aZVYZgh! ]Zgd^X VhigdcVjih! ^ccdkVi^kZ Zc\^cZZgh! ^ch^\]i[ja hX^Zci^hih! VcY i]Z bVcn di]Zgh l]d ]VkZ Xdcig^WjiZY id djg hjXXZhhZh# 7ji! l^i] djg ig^jbe]h ]VkZ Vahd XdbZ [V^ajgZ VcY igV\ZYn# :meadgVi^dc VcY g^h` VgZ Vh ^cZmig^XVWan a^c`ZY Vh i]Z ild [VXZh d[ V Xd^c# LZ l^aa cZkZg [dg\Zi i]Z eZdeaZ lZ ]VkZ adhi ^c ejghj^i d[ i]Z VX]^ZkZbZcih lZ XZaZWgViZ ]ZgZ# I]ZgZ ^h hdaVXZ id WZ [djcY ^c i]Z gZVa^oVi^dc i]Vi \gZVi a^kZh VgZ i]dhZ l]^X] VgZ YZY^XViZY id \gZVi ejgedhZh# I]Z eZdeaZ d[ C6H6 ]VkZ i]Z eg^k^aZ\Z d[ Yd^c\ i]^c\h i]Vi ]VkZ cZkZg WZZc YdcZ WZ[dgZ! d[ ZcVWa^c\ eZdeaZ id hZZ i]^c\h i]Vi ]VkZ cZkZg WZZc hZZc WZ[dgZ# 6cY _jhi Vh [jijgZ YZkZadebZcih ^c bVg^i^bZ ZmeadgVi^dc VcY XdbbZgXZ lZgZ jc^bV\^cVWaZ l]Zc i]Z Òghi K^`^c\ adc\h]^eh hZi dji dc i]Z deZc dXZVc! lZ ]VkZ WZ\jc V _djgcZn i]Vi l^aa V[[ZXi i]Z [jijgZ d[ ]jbVc X^k^a^oVi^dc ^c lVnh i]Vi lZ XVccdi ^bV\^cZ idYVn# C6H6Éh eVhi ^h dcan i]Z egZajYZ id Vc VYkZcijgZ igjan l^i]dji ZcY#

B^X]VZa 9# <g^[Òc 6Yb^c^higVidg

Earth

This image of the Florida Keys was acquired on October 28, 2001, by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on NASA's Terra satellite.

Our Solar System

This view of Saturn and its rings is a composite made from images taken with the Cassini spacecraft wide-angle camera on December 13, 2006.

The Universe

The story of life and death in the Eagle nebula, an industrious star-making factory located 7,000 light-years away, is seen in this majestic view taken by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope.

THANKS, NASA,

for 50 years of discovery and exploration.

Caltech’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory became an official part of NASA’s patrimony in December 1958, and that relationship has spawned five decades of discoveries in space and space technology. As a NASA facility, JPL—with its links to Caltech’s science and engineering community—has spearheaded a new era in space science that has taken us from Earth through our solar system and beyond. Caltech looks forward to another 50 years of collaboration with the world’s premier space agency.

4`][ ]\S a^OQS Sf^Z]`S` b] O\]bVS`(

1]\U`ObcZObW]\a </A/

/ ^`]cR ac^^]`bS` ]T </A/ T`][ bVS SO`Zg ROga ]T bVS a^OQS aVcbbZS ^`]U`O[ b] dW`bcOZ Sf^Z]`ObW]\ eWbV </A/ E]`ZR EW\R !2Q]\\SfW]\ O :]UWbSQV Q][^O\g Wa SfQWbSR OP]cb eVOb bVS \Sfb # gSO`a eWZZ P`W\U B] ZSO`\ []`S OP]cb Sf^Z]`W\U a^OQS eWbV O !2 []caS dWaWb eee !RQ]\\SfW]\ Q][ b]ROg

</A/ RWR \]b aSZSQb ]` O^^`]dS bVWa ORdS`bWaS` O\R R]Sa \]b S\R]`aS O\R Wa \]b `Sa^]\aWPZS T]` bVS dWSea ]` abObS[S\ba Q]\bOW\SR W\ bVWa ORdS`bWaS[S\b

I]Z *%"NZVg AZ\VXn d[ Ild EgZh^YZcih VcY i]Z C6H6 I]Zn 8gZViZY ÆNdj VgZ ]ZgZWn Y^gZXiZY½id VXXZaZgViZ i]Z hjeZg WddhiZg egd\gVb [dg l]^X] ndjg V\ZcXn gZXZcian lVh \^kZc iZX]c^XVa VcY bVcV\ZbZci gZhedch^W^a^in#Ç EgZh^YZci 9l^\]i 9# :^hZc]dlZg AZiiZg id I# @Z^i] <aZccVc! C6H6 6Yb^c^higVidg! ?VcjVgn &)! &.+% Æ> WZa^ZkZ i]Vi i]^h cVi^dc h]djaY Xdbb^i ^ihZa[ id VX]^Zk^c\ i]Z \dVa! WZ[dgZ i]^h YZXVYZ ^h dji! d[ aVcY^c\ V bVc dc i]Z bddc VcY gZijgc^c\ ]^b hV[Zan id :Vgi]#Ç EgZh^YZci ?d]c ;# @ZccZYn 6YYgZhh id 8dc\gZhh! BVn '*! &.+&

E

gZh^YZci 9l^\]i 9# :^hZc]dlZgÉh heZX^Va bZhhV\Z *% nZVgh V\d gZXdbbZcY^c\ i]Z [dgbVi^dc d[ i]Z CVi^dcVa 6Zgd" cVji^Xh VcY HeVXZ 6Yb^c^higVi^dc Vgg^kZY dc 8Ve^ida =^aa 6eg^a '! &.*-# 7n i]Z i^bZ C6H6 WZ\Vc deZgVi^dch dc DXidWZg &! &.*-! i]Z cVi^dc ]VY V higdc\ [djcYVi^dc ^c VZgdheVXZ iZX]cdad\^Zh eZgi^cZci id i]Z iVh`h V]ZVY! egdk^YZY Wn i]Z XdgZ d[ i]Z CVi^dcVa 6Yk^hdgn 8dbb^iiZZ [dg 6ZgdcVji^Xh! [gdb l]^X] C6H6 VgdhZ# Dc i]Z ^c^i^Vi^kZ d[ i]Z Òghi VYb^c^higVidg! I# @Z^i] <aZccVc! i]Z 6gbnÉh ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn lVh VYYZY id C6H6 Ild bdci]h aViZg# <aZccVc! higdc\an hjeedgiZY Wn :^hZc]dlZg! Vahd VYYZY ^c i]Z 6gbn 7Vaa^hi^X B^hh^aZ 6\ZcXn ^c =jcihk^aaZ! 6aV# >c he^iZ d[ XdcigVY^Xidgn ^cY^XVi^dch! ^c bn k^Zl ^i ^h ]VgY id WZa^ZkZ i]Vi :^hZc]dlZg ]VY Vcni]^c\ ^c b^cY di]Zg i]Vc ]jbVc Ó^\]ih id i]Z bddc ^c ]^h ejh] [dg ÆhjeZg WddhiZgÇ YZkZadebZci# =^h eZghdcVa bZhhV\Z id <aZccVc! fjdiZY VWdkZ! lVh _jhi dcZ ^cY^XVi^dc d[ ]^h VeeVgZci ^ciZci# Dc :^hZc]dlZgÉh lViX]! C6H6 XVbZ ^cid Zm^hiZcXZ! ejWa^X ZYjXVi^dc ^c bVi] VcY hX^ZcXZ lVh Zc]VcXZY! hijY^Zh d[ bVccZY Ó^\]ih id i]Z bddc egd\gZhhZY jcYZg <Zdg\Z B# Adl! VcY LZgc]Zg kdc 7gVjcÉh bVccZY ajcVg WddhiZg egd_ZXi! i]Z HVijgc K! lVh V\\gZhh^kZan ejghjZY# I]Z bdhi ^bedgiVci bVcV\Zg^Va hiZe iV`Zc ZVgan Wn EgZh^YZci ?d]c ;# @ZccZYn lVh i]Z hZaZXi^dc d[ ?VbZh :# LZWW Vh C6H6 VYb^c^higVidg# >c VYY^i^dc id 9Zejin 6Yb^c^higVidg =j\] A# 9gnYZc! LZWW gZXgj^iZY GdWZgi 8# HZVbVch! ?g#! Vh i]Z i]^gY bZbWZg d[ C6H6 h ide bVcV\ZbZci iZVb# >c 9gnYZc! ]Z ]VY V gZheZXiZY hX^Zci^hi VcY hX^ZcXZ VYb^c^higVidg# >c HZV" bVch! ]Z gZXgj^iZY V ide"cdiX] Zc\^cZZg^c\ bVcV\Zg l^i] higdc\ XdciVXih i]gdj\]dji i]Z VZgdheVXZ Xdbbjc^in# LZWW! ^c ijgc! ]VY i]Z LVh]^c\idc eda^i^XVa ^ch^\]ih cZXZhhVgn id deZgViZ ^c i]Vi XdbeZi^i^kZ! Xjii]gdVi! eda^i^XVa Zck^gdcbZci# I]Z [dXjh @ZccZYn cZZYZY [dg VXi^dc lVh egdk^YZY dc 6eg^a &'i]! &.+&! l]Zc i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc eaVXZY Njg^ <V\Vg^c ^c dgW^i VgdjcY i]Z :Vgi]# @ZccZYn VagZVYn ]VY Y^hXjhhZY ]^h dei^dch l^i] HeVXZ IVh` <gdje ]ZVY GdWZgi G# <^agji] V bdci] ZVga^Zg# ;VXZY l^i] i]Z <V\Vg^c Ó^\]i VcY ^ih dWk^djh ^beVXi dc 6bZg^XVch VcY i]Z ldgaY! @ZccZYn ]ZaY V XVW^cZi bZZi^c\ dc 6eg^a &)i] Vi l]^X] ]Z gZk^ZlZY i]Z J# H# dei^dch ]VY id dkZgXdbZ i]Z Hdk^Zi aZVY ^c heVXZ# 6i Vc 6eg^a '&hi egZhh Xdc[ZgZcXZ! @ZccZYn i]Zc hiViZY! Æ>[ lZ XVc \Zi id i]Z bddc WZ[dgZ i]Z Gjhh^Vch! i]Zc lZ h]djaY#Ç Dc BVn *i]! 6aVc H]ZeVgYÉh hjXXZhh[ja VcY kZgn ejWa^X hjW"dgW^iVa Ó^\]i eZgbVcZcian X]Vc\ZY i]Z eda^i^XVa bdbZc" ijb# I]Z cZmi YVn! LZWW bZi l^i] HZXgZiVgn d[ 9Z[ZchZ GdWZgi H# BXCVbVgV VcY L^aa^h ÆH]VeÇ H]VeaZn d[ i]Z 7jgZVj d[ i]Z 7jY\Zi id Y^hXjhh l]Vi h]djaY WZ gZXdbbZcYZY# I]Vi c^\]i! LZWW eZghdcVaan XgV[iZY i]Z^g gZedgi ^cid V [dgbVa egZh^YZci^Va YZX^h^dc bZbdgVcYjb# I]Z bZbdgVcYjb! h^\cZY Vahd Wn BXCVbVgV! XaZVgan V[ÒgbZY C6H6 ldjaY WZ i]Z aZVY V\ZcXn [dg i]Z Z[[dgi id \d id i]Z bddc# @ZccZYn VXXZeiZY LZWWÉh YZX^h^dc bZbdgVcYjb# I]Zc! dc BVn '*i]! ]Z VccdjcXZY id i]Z cVi^dc i]Vi 6bZg^XVch lZgZ \d^c\ id i]Z bddc ÆWZ[dgZ i]^h YZXVYZ ^h dji#Ç I]Z aZ\VXn d[ C6H6Éh hjXXZhh ^c bZZi^c\ @ZccZYnÉh X]VaaZc\Z gZhdcViZh i]gdj\]dji i]Z bdYZgc ]^hidgn d[ i]Z 8daY LVg! ]jbVc hdX^Zin! VcY hX^ZcXZ# 6bZg^XV YZbdchigViZY id i]Z ldgaY VcY ^ih dlc eZdeaZ i]Vi Vcn iZX]c^XVa X]VaaZc\Z i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc XdjaY egZhZci XdjaY WZ bZi# 6edaad [jgi]Zg ZhiVWa^h]ZY V cZl Zkdaji^dcVgn hiVijh [dg ]jbVc WZ^c\h ^c i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb# ;^cVaan! [gdb i]Z hVbeaZh XdaaZXiZY VcY eaVXZY ^c XdciZmi Wn i]Z VhigdcVjih! i]ZgZ XVbZ V Òghi"dgYZg jcYZg" hiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z dg^\^c VcY ]^hidgn d[ i]Z bddc# D[ ^bedgiVcXZ id i]Z ZXdcdbn d[ [jijgZ ajcVg hZiiaZgh VcY i]dhZ aZ[i WZ]^cY dc :Vgi]! i]Z hVbeaZh h]dl i]Z egZhZcXZ d[ gZhdjgXZh cZZYZY [dg ^cYZeZcYZcXZ VcY [dg Zmedgi ZcZg\n # C6H6 VcY ^ih bZc VcY ldbZc ]VkZ hjeedgiZY i]Z Xdci^cjZY b^\gVi^dc d[ djg heZX^Zh ^cid cZl ]VW^iVih i]Vi WZ\Vc &*%!%%% nZVgh V\d# ;^[in nZVgh V\d! jh^c\ i]Z ^c]ZgZci ^c\Zcj^in d[ ]jbVc WZ^c\h VcY i]Z Æ^chigjbZcih VcY XdciV^cZghÇ i]Zn XgZViZ! C6H6 WZ\Vc id WZcY djg Zkdaji^dcVgn eVi] ^cid V [jijgZ ^c heVXZ# 8dc\gVijaVi^dch VcY WZhi l^h]Zh [dg i]Z cZmi ZmX^i^c\ *%

=Vgg^hdc =# HX]b^ii 8]V^gbVc! C6H6 6Yk^hdgn 8djcX^a 6edaad &, 6higdcVji ;dgbZg J#H# HZcVidg CB DXidWZg &! '%%,

<gZZi^c\h [gdb ?VbZh AdkZaa id i]Z ;da`h Vi C6H6 dc =Zg *%i] 7^gi]YVn

9g^k^c\ i]gdj\] i]Z bV^c \ViZ aVhi 6j\jhi Vi i]Z ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg gZb^cYZY bZ i]Vi i]^h lVh \d^c\ id WZ bn )*i] VccjVa e]nh^XVa! eajh bVcn bdgZ ^c WZilZZc# C6H6 VcY > ]VkZ ]VY V \adg^djh a^[Z id\Zi]Zg h^cXZ > lVh Òghi ^cigdYjXZY id ]Zg ^c i]Z [Vaa d[ &.*-# Dc hZXgZi dgYZgh > gZedgiZY id i]Z 9daan BVY^hdc =djhZ ^c LVh]^c\" idc# I]ZgZ! V \gdje d[ Zc\^cZZgh iVa`ZY VWdji ejii^c\ V bVc ^c V XVehjaZ dc ide d[ Vc 6iaVh WddhiZg VcY eaVX^c\ ]^b ^c dgW^i# I]Zn i]dj\]i b^a^iVgn iZhi e^adih ldjaY bV`Z i]Z WZhi hjW_ZXih# > i]Zc gZbZbWZgZY i]Vi 6iaVh WddhiZgh Vi i]Vi i^bZ lZgZ Wadl^c\ je l^i] gdji^cZ gZ\jaVg^in# > Y^Y cdi WZXdbZ V BZgXjgn VhigdcVji! Wji > bVYZ i]Z cZmi hZaZXi^dc VcY bn Vh" hdX^Vi^dc l^i] i]Z Æ<gVcY DaY AVYnÇ WZ\Vc# L]d XdjaY Vh` [dg V WZiiZg a^[Z4 > hVl i]Z :Vgi] Vh ^i igjan ^h! V \gVcY dVh^h ^c i]Z kVhicZhh d[ heVXZ# > lVh Òghi id \VoZ Vi i]Z [Vg h^YZ d[ i]Z bddc# > hVl Òghi]VcY i]Z aZVYZgh]^e VcY iZVbldg` d[ b^hh^dc Xdcigda id hjXXZhh[jaan Wg^c\ WVX` V Xg^eeaZY heVXZXgV[i# 6cY V[iZg > gZi^gZY! > WZiiZg jcYZghiddY i]Z jc^kZghZ i]gdj\] i]Z ZnZh d[ i]Z =jWWaZ IZaZhXdeZ# Bn eVgi^X^eVi^dc Vh Vc VhigdcVji ^c i]Z \gVcY VYkZcijgZ ]Vh adc\ eVhhZY# 7ji C6H6Éh Xa^bW id cZl ]Z^\]ih ]Vh _jhi WZ\jc# I]ZgZ ^h hd bjX] id hZZ! id Yd! id jcYZghiVcY# LZ h]djaY XdbeaZiZ djg ZmeadgVi^dc d[ i]Z bddc VcY ijgc djg h^\]ih idlVgY V bVccZY b^hh^dc id BVgh# DWhZgk^c\ C6H6Éh *%i] Vcc^kZghVgn ^h V lV`Z"je XVaa id ZcXdjgV\Z djg \dkZgcbZci VcY ^ih eZdeaZ id [jaan hjeedgi C6H6Éh [jijgZ ZcYZVkdgh# > hVajiZ l]Vi C6H6 ]Vh YdcZ ^c i]Z eVhi VcY add` [dglVgY id i]Z cZmi *% nZVgh d[ hX^Zci^ÒX VX]^ZkZbZci#

Æ;^[in NZVgh 6\d/ 6 8gdhh"8djcign Ig^e! HdbZ 7ZYgdaah! VcY V CZWgVh`V C^\]i H`nÇ

By Scott CARPENTER and Kris STOEVER

½ I

d i]^h YVn! i]Z V^geaVcZ gZbV^ch V hjeZgW hiVcYd[[ lZVedc! Va" i]dj\] ^i idd ^h kjacZgVWaZ id XdjciZgbZV" hjgZh VcY ^ih hiVcYd[[ Y^hiVcXZ ^h ZmXZZYZY Wn i]Vi d[ WVaa^hi^X b^hh^aZh# Hd i]Z hidgn d[ ^ckZci^dc Wg^c\h jh id i]Z XdaY lVg! b^hh^aZh! gdX`Zih! jchjheZXi^c\ CVkn a^ZjiZcVcih! VcY heVXZ# ;dg dc DXi# )! &.*,! i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc aVjcX]ZY ^cid dgW^i V hbVaa! e^c\^c\ gVY^d hViZaa^iZ XVaaZY Hejic^` ># HeZXjaVi^kZ XdbeVg^hdch VWdji iZX]cd" ad\^XVa hjeZg^dg^in lZgZ dkZg# Hdk^Zi gdX`Zih XdjaY Yd l]Vi 6bZg^XVc gdX`Zih XdjaY cdi# I]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh lVh WZ]^cY! dcXZ V\V^c! ^c V hZg^djh iZX]cdad\n gVXZ#

>c DXidWZg &.*,! HXdii VcY ]^h ild hdch!

HXdiin! Z^\]i nZVgh daY! VcY ÒkZ"nZVg"daY ?Vn! lZgZ Yg^k^c\ ZVhi VXgdhh i]Z Xdjcin ^c i]Z nZaadl"VcY"\gZZc &.*( BZgXjgn Hjc KVaaZn# I]Z idjg d[ Yjin ^c BdciZgZn! 8Va^[#!

Vi i]Z CVkn A^cZ HX]dda! ]VY ZcYZY0 HXdii ]VY dgYZgh id i]Z 6^g >ciZaa^\ZcXZ HX]dda ^c LVh]^c\idc! 9#8#! [dg Z^\]i bdci]h d[ XaVhhgddb ^chigjXi^dc ½ V[iZg l]^X] ]Z XdjaY ZmeZXi V i]gZZ"nZVg Vhh^\cbZci id hZV Yjin# 6ai]dj\] e]did ^ciZgegZiVi^dc ldjaY WZ Vc ^ciZgZhi^c\ eVgi d[ ]^h hijY^Zh! HXdiiÉh bV^c Vhh^\cbZci ldjaY WZ Wg^ZÒc\ VcY YZWg^ZÒc\ i]Z e^adih dc i]Z^g b^hh^dch# Cd Ón^c\ d[ ]^h dlc#

GZcZ ]VY Ódlc l^i] i]Z \^gah id 7djaYZg! l]ZgZ i]Zn ldjaY hiVn l]^aZ i]Z Wdnh VcY i]Z^g [Vi]Zg Zc_dnZY V Xgdhh"Xdjcign ig^e l^i] i]Z^g WZYgdaah# I]Z eaVc lVh id bZZi je ^c 7djaYZg!

Scotty asked why the light didn’t flash like other airplanes. His father told him that the satellite possessed no light of its own but was so high it could still see the sun, so the three of them were looking at reflected sunlight. There was a long silence while they contemplated a brand-new world.

C6H6

V[iZg l]^X] i]Z 8VgeZciZg bZc ldjaY egZhh dc [dg K^g\^c^V VcY ]djhZ"]jci^c\ Yji^Zh# I]Zn XVbeZY dji ZkZgn c^\]i Wn i]Z XVg lV`^c\ je dcZ bdgc^c\ YjhiZY l^i] hcdl VcY hVl V adi d[ c^\]i h`n# >c CZWgVh`V! ]dlZkZg! lVh hdbZi]^c\ Vaid\Zi]Zg cZl# I]Zn ]VY ]ZVgY cZlh d[ i]Z Hdk^Zi hViZaa^iZ dc i]Z gVY^d! hd HXdii `cZl l]Vi ^i lVh# ÆI]ZgZÉh Hejic^` Ç HXdii hV^Y id i]Z Wdnh! ed^ci^c\ id i]Z hViZa" a^iZ# I]Zn lZgZ jc^begZhhZY# Id i]Zb ^i lVh h^bean V l]^iZ a^\]i dc l]Vi VeeZVgZY id WZ V adl! [Vhi"Ón^c\ V^geaVcZ# 7ji l]Zc i]Z^g [Vi]Zg ZmeaV^cZY l]Vi i]Zn lZgZ gZVaan hZZ^c\! l]ZgZ ^i ]VY XdbZ [gdb! ]dl [Vg VlVn ^i lVh! ]dl ]^\] ^i lVh! VcY ]dl [Vhi ^i lVh bdk^c\! i]Zn eZg`ZY je# HXdiin Vh`ZY l]n i]Z a^\]i Y^YcÉi ÓVh] a^`Z di]Zg V^geaVcZh# =^h [Vi]Zg idaY ]^b i]Vi i]Z hViZaa^iZ edhhZhhZY cd a^\]i d[ ^ih dlc Wji lVh hd ]^\] ^i XdjaY hi^aa hZZ i]Z hjc! hd i]Z i]gZZ d[ i]Zb lZgZ add`^c\ Vi gZÓZXiZY hjca^\]i# I]ZgZ lVh V adc\ h^aZcXZ l]^aZ i]Zn XdciZbeaViZY V WgVcY"cZl ldgaY# GZVYn [dg aVjcX] 6higdcVji HXdii 8VgeZciZg eZZgh ^cid ]^h BZgXjgn"6iaVh , heVXZXgV[i dc ]^h aVjcX] YViZ! BVn ')! &.+'#

:mXZgeiZY [gdb ;dg HeVX^djh H`^Zh/ I]Z JcXdb" bdc ?djgcZn d[ V BZgXjgn 6higdcVji! e# &))Ä&)*

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

25

NASA

5 0 Y E A R S O F E X P L O R AT I O N A N D D I S C O V E R Y

Cdgi] 6bZg^XVc =ZVYfjVgiZgh ,%& Cdgi] LZhi H]dgZ 7akY# IVbeV! ;A ((+%.

IZa# -&( +(."&.%% ;Vm -&( +(.")())

:jgdeZVc =ZVYfjVgiZgh * :aaV BZlh! =VbehiZVY! AdcYdc CL( 'C= J@ IZa# )) % '%,")'-",%%% ;Vm )) % '%,"'-)"'&&-

EjWa^h]Zgh Gdhh L# ?dWhdc VcY EZiZg B# 6ciZaa :Y^idg^Va 9^gZXidg 8]VgaZh DaY]Vb X]jX`#daY]Vb5[V^gXdjci#Xdb

8]^Z[ DeZgVi^c\ D[Ă&#x2019;XZg AVlgZcXZ GdWZgih aVlgZcXZ#gdWZgih5[V^gXdjci#Xdb

:Y^idgh G]dcYV 8VgeZciZg 6cV AdeZo

6hh^hiVci <ZcZgVa BVcV\Zg GdW^c ?dWhdc gdW^c#iVnadg5[V^gXdjci#Xdb

6hh^hiVci :Y^idgh >lVaVc^ @V]^`^cV B^X]VZa ?# Ijaan

7jh^cZhh 9ZkZadebZci :YlVgY ?# BVii]Zlh iZY#bVii]Zlh5[V^gXdjci#Xdb :YlVgY 8# KZegdkh`n ZY#kZegdkh`n5[V^gXdjci#Xdb

6gi 9^gZXidg GdW^c BX9dlVaa Egd_ZXi 9Zh^\cZg 9Vc^Za Bg\Vc 9Zh^\c EgdYjXi^dc GZWZXXV AVWdgYZ AdgZcV CdnV EgdYjXi^dc 6hh^hiVci @Zc^V EZgZo 6hh^hiVci id i]Z EjWa^h]Zg 6aZm^h KVgh 6Yb^c^higVi^kZ 6hh^hiVcih =Z^Y^ GZ^h 6^h]V H]VoZg

Egd_ZXi BVcV\Zg 7dW L^ahdc WdW#l^ahdc5[V^gXdjci#Xdb 6YkZgi^h^c\ 6XXdjci :mZXji^kZh/ IVcnV LnY^X` 6gi 9jWjX EVja BVgi^c HiZkZ 8]^YZa ?Vn 8jh^bVcd 6Yg^Vc H^akV ?d]c 6cYZghdc 8dcigdaaZg GdWZgi ?d]c I]dgcZ 9^gZXidg d[ >c[dgbVi^dc HnhiZbh ?d]c BVYYZc _d]c#bVYYZc5[V^gXdjci#Xdb

Â?8deng^\]i ;V^gXdjci AA8# 6aa g^\]ih gZhZgkZY# GZegdYjXi^dc d[ ZY^idg^Va XdciZci ^c l]daZ dg ^c eVgi l^i]dji lg^iiZc eZgb^hh^dc ^h egd]^W^iZY# ;V^gXdjci AA8# YdZh cdi VhhjbZ gZhedch^W^a^in [dg i]Z VYkZgi^hZbZcih! cdg Vcn gZegZhZciVi^dc bVYZ i]ZgZ^c! cdg i]Z fjVa^in dg YZa^kZgVW^a^in d[ i]Z egdYjXih i]ZbhZakZh# GZegdYjXi^dc d[ Vgi^XaZh VcY e]did\gVe]h! ^c l]daZ dg ^c eVgi! XdciV^cZY ]ZgZ^c ^h egd]^W^iZY l^i]dji ZmegZhhZY lg^iiZc XdchZci d[ i]Z ejWa^h]Zg! l^i] i]Z ZmXZei^dc d[ gZeg^ci^c\ [dg cZlh bZY^V jhZ# Eg^ciZY ^c i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh d[ 6bZg^XV# KVg^djh ^bV\Zh VcY iZmi ^c i]^h ejWa^XVi^dc ^c cd lVn VgZ jhZY id ^bean Vc ZcYdghZbZci Wn C6H6 dg i]Z J#H# \dkZgcbZci [dg Vcn XaV^bh dg gZegZhZciVi^dch i]ZgZ^c# CdcZ d[ i]Z VYkZgi^h^c\ XdciV^cZY ]ZgZ^c ^bea^Zh ZcYdghZbZci Wn C6H6 dg i]Z J#H# \dkZgcbZci d[ Vcn eg^kViZ Zci^in dg ZciZgeg^hZ#

It Really is Rocket Science!

The George Washington University congratulates NASA on 50 amazing years.

www.gwu.edu

G02376 (03.07) Photo credit: NASA

Through working closely with NASA over most of its history, GW trains tomorrow’s leaders in space policy, management, research and engineering. Projects include: Space Policy Institute • Joint Institute for Advancement of Flight Science • NASA Langley CARS Laboratory • Mars Exploration Rover, Space Shuttle and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Missions • Modifying Imaging Processing Technology for Diabetes Research • Developing Computational Aeroacoustics

9ZY^XViZY id i]dhZ C6H6 ZbeadnZZh l]d ]VkZ adhi i]Z^g a^kZh l]^aZ VYkVcX^c\ i]Z XVjhZ d[ ZmeadgVi^dc VcY Y^hXdkZgn#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

29

*% NZVgh d[ C6H6 =^hidgn

By Steven J. DICK, NASA Chief Historian

F

ifty years after its founding, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration arguably leads the world in exploration, standing on the shoulders of a long line of explorers throughout history. Its astronauts have circled the world, walked on the moon, piloted the first winged spacecraft, and constructed the International Space Station. Its robotic spacecraft have studied Earth, visited all the planets (and soon the dwarf planet Pluto), imaged the universe at many wavelengths, and peered back to the beginnings of time. Its scramjet aircraft have reached the aeronautical frontier, traveling 7,000 miles per hour, 10 times the speed of sound, setting the world’s record. How did an agency with such varied accomplishments come into existence?

C6H6

ORIGINS

DgW^iVa ig^jbe] Dc ?Vc# (&! &.*- L^aa^Vb =# E^X`Zg^c\ ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn ! ?VbZh 6# KVc 6aaZc Jc^kZgh^in d[ >dlV VcY 9g# LZgc]Zg kdc 7gVjc 6gbn GZYhidcZ 6ghZcVa gV^hZ V bdYZa d[ i]Z GZYhidcZ gdX`Zi i]Vi a^[iZY 6bZg^XVÉh Òghi :Vgi] hViZaa^iZ! :meadgZg &! ^cid dgW^i# :kZcih lZgZ VagZVYn ^c bdi^dc aZVY^c\ id C6H6Éh [djcY^c\#

A^`Z Vaa ]^hidg^XVa ZkZcih! i]Z W^gi] d[ C6H6 bjhi WZ eaVXZY ^c i]Z XdciZmi d[ ^ih i^bZh# ;daadl^c\ LdgaY LVg >>! i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh lVh ^c Y^gZXi XdbeZi^i^dc l^i] i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc i]Z hjeZgedlZg i]Vi ^c &..& Y^hWVcYZY ^cid hZkZgVa hdkZgZ^\c cVi^dch ^cXajY^c\ i]Z Gjhh^Vc ;ZYZgV" i^dc! @VoV`]hiVc! i]Z J`gV^cZ! ZiX# [dg i]Z ]ZVgih VcY b^cYh d[ eZdeaZ VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY# >i lVh cdi [dg i]Z bdhi eVgi V h]ddi^c\ lVg! Wji V Æ8daY LVg!Ç V iZhi d[ ild kZgn Y^[[ZgZci hnhiZbh d[ \dkZgcbZci# IZX]cdad\n lVh dcZ bZVch d[ bZVhjg^c\ hjXXZhh VcY egd_ZXi^c\ edlZg! VcY cdi]^c\ lVh bdgZ edlZg[ja i]Vc i]Z ^ciZgXdci^cZciVa WVaa^hi^X b^hh^aZh >87Bh WZ^c\ YZkZadeZY ^c i]Z lV`Z d[ LdgaY LVg >> id YZa^kZg lVg]ZVYh# >i lVh i]ZhZ b^hh^aZh i]Vi Wgdj\]i ]jbVc iZX]cdad\n id i]Z Wg^c` d[ heVXZ! VcY ^i lVh i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dcÉh aVjcX] d[ Hejic^` dc DXi# )! &.*,! i]Vi Òghi eji Vc dW_ZXi ^cid dgW^i VgdjcY :Vgi]# EVhh^c\ dkZg]ZVY l^i] ^ih [V^ci gVY^d h^\cVa Vh eZdeaZ lViX]ZY VcY a^hiZcZY! i]Z &-("edjcY hVi" Zaa^iZ lVh V edlZg[ja hnbWda# >i lVh [daadlZY ^c CdkZbWZg Wn i]Z ZkZc aVg\Zg Hejic^` >>! l]^X] XVgg^ZY i]Z Yd\ AV^`V# Dcan ^c aViZ ?VcjVgn &.*- lVh i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh VWaZ id VchlZg i]Z X]VaaZc\Z l^i] :meadgZg &! ]d^hiZY Vad[i Wn i]Z 6gbnÉh gdX`Zi iZVb aZY Wn LZgc]Zg kdc 7gVjc! jh^c\ gdX`Zi iZX]cdad\n YZkZadeZY [gdb LdgaY LVg >># I]dj\] V hbVaa heVXZXgV[i lZ^\]^c\ dcan (% edjcYh! ^i Y^hXdkZgZY l]Vi VgZ cdl `cdlc Vh i]Z KVc 6aaZc gVY^Vi^dc WZaih! cVbZY [dg i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ >dlV hX^Zc" i^hi 9g# ?VbZh KVc 6aaZc! aVjcX]^c\ i]Z cZl Y^hX^ea^cZ d[ heVXZ hX^ZcXZ# :meadgZg & lVh [daadlZY ^c BVgX] Wn i]Z CVknÉh KVc\jVgY &! + ^cX]Zh ^c Y^VbZiZg VcY lZ^\]^c\ dcan ( edjcYh# C6H6Éh W^gi] lVh Y^gZXian gZaViZY id i]Z aVjcX] d[ i]Z Hejic^`h VcY i]Z Zchj^c\ gVXZ id YZbdchigViZ iZX]cdad\^XVa hjeZg^dg^in ^c heVXZ# 9g^kZc Wn i]Z XdbeZi^i^dc d[ i]Z 8daY LVg! dc ?jan '.! &.*-! EgZh^YZci 9l^\]i 9# :^hZc]dlZg h^\cZY i]Z CVi^dcVa 6ZgdcVji^Xh VcY HeVXZ 6Xi! egdk^Y^c\ [dg gZhZVgX] ^cid i]Z egdWaZbh d[ Ó^\]i l^i]^c :Vgi]Éh Vibd" he]ZgZ VcY ^c heVXZ# 6[iZg V egdigVXiZY YZWViZ dkZg b^a^iVgn kZghjh X^k^a^Vc Xdcigda d[ heVXZ! i]Z VXi ^cVj\jgViZY V cZl X^k^a^Vc V\ZcXn YZh" ^\cViZY i]Z CVi^dcVa 6ZgdcVji^Xh VcY HeVXZ 6Yb^c^higVi^dc C6H6 # I]Z V\ZcXn WZ\Vc deZgVi^dch dc DXi# &! &.*-#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

31

C6H6 C6H6

<dYheZZY! ?d]c <aZcc 6WdkZ! aZ[i/ A^[id[[ d[ ;g^ZcYh]^e ,! i]Z Òghi 6bZg^XVc bVccZY dgW^iVa heVXZÓ^\]i! l^i] VhigdcVji ?d]c <aZcc VWdVgY dc ;ZW# '%! &.+'# BV\c^ÒXZci YZhdaVi^dc 6WdkZ! g^\]i/ I]Z hZXdcY bVc dc i]Z bddc! 7joo 6aYg^c! hV^Y i]ZhZ bZbdgVWaZ ldgYh V[iZg iV`^c\ ]^h Òghi hiZeh Vi IgVcfj^a^in 7VhZ# :V\aZÉh k^Zl AZ[i/ I]Z 6edaad && 8dajbW^V XdbbVcY VcY hZgk^XZ bdYjaZh ^c dgW^i VgdjcY i]Z bddc Vh hZZc [gdb i]Z ajcVg bdYjaZ :V\aZ#

HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT C6H6 WZ\Vc Wn VWhdgW^c\ i]Z ZVga^Zg CVi^dcVa 6Yk^hdgn 8dbb^i" iZZ [dg 6ZgdcVji^Xh C686 ! ^cXajY^c\ ^ih -!%%% ZbeadnZZh! Vc VccjVa WjY\Zi d[ &%% b^aa^dc! i]gZZ bV_dg gZhZVgX] aVWdgVidg^Zh Ä i]Z AVc\" aZn 6ZgdcVji^XVa AVWdgVidgn ^c K^g\^c^V! i]Z 6bZh 6ZgdcVji^XVa AVWd" gVidgn ^c 8Va^[dgc^V! VcY i]Z AZl^h ;a^\]i Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn ^c D]^d Ä VcY ild hbVaaZg iZhi [VX^a^i^Zh# >i fj^X`an ^cXdgedgViZY di]Zg dg" \Vc^oVi^dch dg eVgih d[ i]Zb ! cdiVWan i]Z heVXZ hX^ZcXZ \gdje d[ i]Z CVkVa GZhZVgX] AVWdgVidgn i]Vi [dgbZY i]Z XdgZ d[ i]Z cZl <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg ^c <gZZcWZai! BY#! i]Z ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn bVcV\ZY Wn i]Z 8Va^[dgc^V >chi^ijiZ d[ IZX]cdad\n [dg i]Z 6gbn! VcY i]Z 6gbn 7Vaa^hi^X B^hh^aZ 6\ZcXn ^c =jcihk^aaZ! 6aV#! l]ZgZ LZgc]Zg kdc 7gVjcÉh iZVb d[ Zc\^cZZgh lVh YZkZade^c\ aVg\Z gdX`Zih# L^i]^c bdci]h d[ ^ih XgZVi^dc! C6H6 WZ\Vc id XdcYjXi heVXZ b^h" h^dch! VcY dkZg i]Z aVhi *% nZVgh ]Vh jcYZgiV`Zc heZXiVXjaVg egd\gVbh

32

NASA

Add`^c\ WVX` V[iZg *% nZVgh! lZ XVc Y^hi^c\j^h] hZkZgVa ZgVh d[ ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i Vi C6H6# I]Z Òghi ZgV XVc WZ WgdVYan iZgbZY i]Z 6edaad bddc gVXZ ZgV# EgZh^YZci ?d]c ;# @ZccZYnÉh X]VaaZc\Z dc BVn '*! &.+&! d[ ÆVX]^Zk^c\ i]Z \dVa! WZ[dgZ i]^h YZXVYZ ^h dji! d[ aVcY^c\ V bVc dc i]Z bddc VcY gZijgc^c\ ]^b hV[Zan id i]Z :Vgi]!Ç eji ^c bdi^dc ZkZcih i]Vi l^aa WZ [dgZkZg gZbZbWZgZY cdi dcan Vh V iZX]cd" ad\^XVa VcY bVcV\Zg^Va [ZVi! Wji Vahd Vc ZmigViZggZhig^Va VYkZcijgZ i]Vi \VkZ ]jbVc^in V cZl eZgheZXi^kZ dc ^ih ]dbZ eaVcZi# ;daadl^c\ i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dcÉh aVjcX] d[ Njg^ <V\Vg^c ^c 6eg^a &.+&! VcY Yg^kZc Wn @ZccZYnÉh X]VaaZc\Z! i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh aVjcX]ZY ^ih dlc Vhigd" cVjih ^c XVehjaZh l^i] i]Z bni]^XVa cVbZh d[ BZgXjgn! <Zb^c^ VcY 6edaad# I]Z hjWdgW^iVa Ó^\]ih d[ 6aVc H]ZeVgY VcY <jh <g^hhdb ^c &.+&! i]Z Òghi dgW^iVa Ó^\]i d[ ?d]c <aZcc ^c &.+'! VcY i]Z hjWhZ" fjZci dcZ"bVc Ó^\]ih d[ egd_ZXi BZgXjgn egdkZY i]Vi ]jbVch XdjaY hjgk^kZ ^c heVXZ# 9jg^c\ i]^h ]ZVYn eZg^dY! i]Z VhigdcVjih WZXVbZ V

C6H6

^c ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i! gdWdi^X heVXZÓ^\]i! VcY VZgdcVji^Xh gZhZVgX]# C6H6 idYVn XVgg^Zh dc i]Z cVi^dcÉh adc\ igVY^i^dc d[ ZmeadgVi^dc YVi" ^c\ WVX` Vi aZVhi id AZl^h VcY 8aVg`# >c VYY^i^dc id ^ih ]ZVYfjVgiZgh ^c LVh]^c\idc! 9#8#! C6H6 [VX^a^i^Zh ^cXajYZ &% XZciZgh VgdjcY i]Z Xdjcign hiV[[ZY Wn cZVgan &.!%%% ZbeadnZZh# >ih egdedhZY WjY\Zi [dg ÒhXVa nZVg '%%. ^h &,#+ W^aa^dc#

C6H6

HiVi^dc 7djcY HeVXZ h]jiiaZ 9^hXdkZgn! XdbbVcYZY Wn :^aZZc 8daa^ch HIH"&&) ! VeegdVX]^c\ i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc dc ?jan '-! '%%*#

cZl WgZZY d[ cVi^dcVa ]Zgd! VYb^gZY [dg i]Z^g XdjgV\Z VcY YZY^XVi^dc id Zmeadg^c\ i]Z cZl [gdci^Zg d[ heVXZ# I]Z ild"bVc <Zb^c^ Ó^\]ih d[ &.+*"&.++ YZbdchigViZY i]Vi ]jbVch XdjaY Ón ^c heVXZ! jcYZg" iV`Z XdbeaZm gZcYZokdjh VcY YdX`^c\ deZgVi^dch! VcY ZkZc aZVkZ i]Z heVXZXgV[i [dg ZmigV"kZ]^XjaVg VXi^k^in :K6 # 6aa d[ i]^h VXi^k^in Yjg^c\ i]Z ZVgan &.+%h lVh ^c i]Z hZgk^XZ d[ i]Z 6edaad egd\gVb id aVcY ]jbVch dc i]Z bddc# 9Zhe^iZ V YZVYan ÒgZ Yjg^c\ \gdjcY iZhih d[ i]Z 6edaad XVehjaZ ^c ZVgan &.+,! ^c 9ZXZbWZg &.+-! 6bZg^XVch Òghi gdjcYZY i]Z bddc! VcY hjXXZZYZY ^c aVcY^c\ dc i]Z bddcÉh HZV d[ IgVcfj^a^in ^c ?jan &.+.# ;dg h]ZZg ZmX^iZbZci ^i lVh ]VgY id WZVi! Vh CZ^a 6gbhigdc\ VcY 7joo 6aYg^c hZi Ydlc dc i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ l^i] hZXdcYh d[ [jZa id heVgZ# ;dg dcZ YVn i]Z ldgaY hZZbZY jc^iZY! Vh ]jcYgZYh d[ b^aa^dch VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY lViX]ZY l^i] [VhX^cVi^dc# ;^kZ bdgZ Ó^\]ih aVcYZY dc i]Z bddc! Xjab^cVi^c\ l^i] i]Z Ó^\]i d[ 6edaad &, ^c 9ZXZbWZg &.,'# >c Vaa! &' bZc lVa`ZY dc i]Z hjg[VXZ d[ i]Z bddc! VcY ^cXajY^c\ i]Z^g i^bZ ^c i]Z ajcVg ZmXjgh^dc bdYjaZ! heZci _jhi V [Zl b^cjiZh aZhh i]Vc (%% ]djgh dc i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ# I]Z hdX^ZiVa Z[[ZXi d[ i]Z 6edaad egd\gVb lVh egd" [djcY! cd bdgZ hd i]Vc ^c ^ih k^Zl d[ :Vgi] [gdb i]Z bddc# I]Z e]d" id\gVe]h d[ Æ:Vgi]g^hZ!Ç VcY d[ i]Z [jaa :Vgi] Vh V WajZ bVgWaZ hjh" eZcYZY ^c heVXZ! [gV\^aZ VcY l^i]dji cVi^dcVa WdjcYVg^Zh! X]Vc\ZY ]jbVc`^cYÉh k^Zl d[ :Vgi] [dgZkZg#

6 Òii^c\ XdcXajh^dc id i]Z 6edaad bddc gVXZ ZgV! V[iZg i]Z Wg^Z[ 6bZg^XVc ZmeZg^ZcXZ ^c deZgVi^c\ i]Z H`naVW dgW^i^c\ heVXZ hiVi^dc ^c &.,(",)! Wgdj\]i XdbeZi^i^dc [jaa X^gXaZ id XddeZgVi^dc# >c &.,*! i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh VcY i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc VX]^ZkZY i]Z Òghi ^ciZgcVi^dcVa ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i! i]Z 6edaad"Hdnjo IZhi Egd_ZXi# I]Z cZmi bV_dg ZgV ^c ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i WZ\Vc ^c 6eg^a &.-&! l^i] i]Z bV^YZc kdnV\Z d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ 8dajbW^V! i]Z ldgaYÉh Òghi gZ" jhVWaZ heVXZXgV[i# I]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ lVh VeegdkZY Vh Vc ^c^i^Vi^kZ Wn EgZh^YZci C^mdc ^c &.,'# 6i i]Z egd\gVbÉh eZV`! [djg h]jiiaZ dgW^i" Zgh! ZVX] XVeVWaZ d[ XVggn^c\ aVg\Z hViZaa^iZh eVnadVYh d[ je id *%!%%% edjcYh Wdi] id VcY [gdb dgW^i VcY d[ ]Zae^c\ id VhhZbWaZ XdbedcZci eVgih d[ i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc! lZgZ ^c hZgk^XZ# I]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ YZbdchigViZY i]Vi V heVXZXgV[i XdjaY iV`Z d[[ kZg" i^XVaan VcY \a^YZ id Vc jcedlZgZY V^geaVcZ"a^`Z aVcY^c\! l^i] XgZlh d[ ÒkZ id hZkZc VhigdcVjih# L]^aZ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ \dVah d[ adl Xdhi VcY gdji^cZ VXXZhh id heVXZ lZgZ cdi bZi! l]Vi lVh d[ÒX^Vaan XVaaZY i]Z HeVXZ IgVchedgiVi^dc HnhiZb HIH VbVhhZY hZkZgVa h^\c^ÒXVci VXXdb" ea^h]bZcih# 6bdc\ i]Zb lZgZ bdgZ i]Vc V hXdgZ d[ XdbbZgX^Va hViZa" a^iZh YZeadnZY eg^dg id i]Z 8]VaaZc\Zg VXX^YZci ^c &.-+0 i]Z eaVXZbZci ^c dgW^i d[ bV_dg hX^Zci^ÒX b^hh^dch ^cXajY^c\ <Va^aZd! BV\ZaaVc! VcY 8]VcYgV! VcY i]Z aVjcX]^c\ VcY hZgk^X^c\ b^hh^dch d[ i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ0 HeVXZaVW VcY HE68:=67 b^hh^dch l^i] i]Z^g bViZg^Va!

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

33

C6H6

Bdhi XdbeaZm Zc\^cZZg^c\ egd_ZXi ^c heVXZ I]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc Vh k^ZlZY [gdb heVXZ h]jiiaZ :cYZVkdjg HIH"&&- ^c 6j\jhi! '%%,#

b^Xgd\gVk^in VcY a^[Z hX^ZcXZh ZmeZg^bZcih0 YZeadnbZci d[ i]Z IgVX`" ^c\ VcY 9ViV GZaVn HnhiZb I9GH XdchiZaaVi^dc0 VcY cjbZgdjh Ó^\]ih ^c hjeedgi d[ i]Z B^g VcY >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc# =jbVc^inÉh Òghi ViiZbei id Wj^aY VcY deZgViZ V gZjhVWaZ heVXZXgV[i lVh Vc ^begZhh^kZ VX]^ZkZbZci ^c ^ihZa[# 6adc\ l^i] i]ZhZ! i]Z h]jiiaZ egd\gVb ]Vh hZZc i]Z YZei]h d[ igV\" ZYn# Dc ?Vc# '-! &.-+! V aZV` ^c i]Z _d^cih d[ dcZ d[ ild hda^Y gdX`Zi WddhiZgh ViiVX]ZY id i]Z h]jiiaZ dgW^iZg 8]VaaZc\Zg XVjhZY i]Z bV^c a^fj^Y [jZa iVc` id ZmeadYZ ,( hZXdcYh V[iZg aVjcX]! `^aa^c\ Vaa hZkZc XgZl bZbWZgh# Dc HZei# '.! &.--! i]Z h]jiiaZ hjXXZhh[jaan gZijgcZY id Ó^\]i VcY C6H6 ÓZl -, hjXXZhh[ja b^hh^dch WZ[dgZ igV\ZYn higjX` V\V^c dc ;ZW# &! '%%(! l^i] i]Z adhh d[ i]Z dgW^iZg 8dajbW^V VcY ^ih hZkZc VhigdcVjih Yjg^c\ gZ"Zcign# I]gZZ h]jiiaZ dgW^iZgh gZbV^c ^c C6H6Éh ÓZZi/ 6iaVci^h! 9^hXdkZgn VcY :cYZVkdjg# C6H6Éh eaVc ^h id Ón dji i]Z gZbV^c^c\ h]jiiaZ b^hh^dch i]gdj\] '%&% [dg i]Z ejgedhZh d[ >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc VhhZbWan VcY hZgk^X^c\ d[ i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ# I]Z heVXZ hiVi^dc ZgV! ^ci^bViZan gZaViZY id i]Z h]jiiaZ ZgV! lVh i]Z gZhjai d[ Vcdi]Zg egZh^YZci^Va YZX^h^dc! VccdjcXZY ^c GdcVaY GZV\VcÉh HiViZ d[ i]Z Jc^dc VYYgZhh ^c ?VcjVgn &.-)# I]Z bVijgZ VXXdbea^h]" bZcih d[ i]^h aVg\Zhi ]jbVc bVYZ dW_ZXi ZkZg id dgW^i i]Z :Vgi] gZbV^c id WZ hZZc! Wji dcZ VX]^ZkZbZci cdi id WZ jcYZgZhi^bViZY lVh ^ciZgcV" i^dcVa XddeZgVi^dc# Dg^\^cVaan YjWWZY ;gZZYdb! dkZg i]Z nZVgh ^i WZXVbZ i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc! ZcXdbeVhh^c\ &* eVgicZgh! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z Gjhh^Vc ;ZYZgVa HeVXZ 6\ZcXn! i]Z ?VeVc 6ZgdheVXZ :meadgVi^dc 6\Zc" Xn! i]Z 8VcVY^Vc HeVXZ 6\ZcXn VcY i]Z bZbWZg cVi^dch d[ i]Z :jgdeZVc HeVXZ 6\ZcXn# I]Z Òghi ZaZbZcih d[ i]Z heVXZ hiVi^dc lZgZ aVjcX]ZY

34

NASA

^c &..-! VcY eZgbVcZci ]VW^iVi^dc WZ\Vc l]Zc i]Z :meZY^i^dc & XgZl Vgg^kZY dc Cdk# '! '%%%# L^i] i]^h b^aZhidcZ! X^k^a^oVi^dc ]VY gZVX]ZY V ed^ci WZndcY l]^X] i]ZgZ ldjaY a^`Zan ValVnh WZ ]jbVch a^k^c\ VcY ldg`^c\ ^c heVXZ# I]Z [VX^a^in dgW^ih :Vgi] cZVgan &+ i^bZh ZkZgn YVn! Vi Vc ^cXa^cVi^dc d[ *& YZ\gZZh# 6 idiVa d[ &% bV^c egZhhjg^oZY bdYjaZh VgZ XjggZcian hX]ZYjaZY id WZ eVgi d[ i]Z >HH Wn ^ih XdbeaZi^dc YViZ ^c '%&%# ;jaan VhhZbWaZY! i]Z >HH l^aa WZ XdbedhZY d[ VWdji .'*!%%% edjcYh d[ ]VgYlVgZ Ä ÒkZ i^bZh i]Z h^oZ d[ H`naVW Ä Wgdj\]i id dgW^i ^c VWdji )% hZeVgViZ aVjcX]Zh dkZg i]Z XdjghZ d[ bdgZ i]Vc V YZXVYZ# L^i] i]Z VY" Y^i^dc d[ i]Z 8dajbWjh aVWdgVidgn ^c ;ZWgjVgn '%%-! i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc ^h VWdji +% eZgXZci XdbeaZiZ# 8jggZcian! ad\^hi^Xh [dg i]Z >HH ^h hjeedgiZY Wn i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ! VcY Gjhh^Vc Egd\gZhh VcY Hdnjo kZ]^XaZh# ;jijgZ ad\^hi^Xh$gZhjeean b^h" h^dch l^aa Vahd WZ egdk^YZY Wn i]Z :jgdeZVc 6jidbViZY IgVch[Zg KZ]^XaZ 6IK VcY ?VeVcÉh =">> IgVch[Zg KZ]^XaZ =I # C6H6Éh Dg^dc XgZl Zm" eadgVi^dc kZ]^XaZ 8:K VcY XdbbZgX^Va hnhiZbh hjeea^ZY id i]Z heVXZ V\ZcXn ^c V jc^fjZ egdXjgZbZci XVaaZY 8dbbZgX^Va DgW^iVa IgVchedgiV" i^dc HZgk^XZh 9ZbdchigVi^dc 8DIH [dg heVXZ hiVi^dc XgZl VcY XVg\d igVchedgiVi^dc hZgk^XZh Vahd l^aa hjeedgi >HH ad\^hi^Xh ^c i]Z [jijgZ# 8dch^hiZci l^i] C6H6Éh XjggZci V\ZcYV [dg heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc! i]Z >HH l^aa hZgkZ Vh Vc Zc\^cZZg^c\ iZhi WZY [dg Ó^\]i hnhiZbh VcY deZgVi^dch Xg^i^XVa id C6H6Éh ZmeadgVi^dc b^hh^dc# J#H# gZhZVgX] dc i]Z >HH l^aa XdcXZcigViZ dc i]Z adc\"iZgb Z[[ZXih d[ heVXZ igVkZa dc ]jbVch VcY Zc\^cZZg^c\ YZkZadebZci VXi^k^i^Zh ^c hjeedgi d[ Zmead" gVi^dc# I]Z >HH Vahd ^h jhZY [dg gZhZVgX] ^c i]Z a^[Z hX^ZcXZh! e]nh^" XVa hX^ZcXZh! VcY :Vgi] dWhZgkVi^dc# Fj^iZ Vh^YZ [gdb i]Z hX^Zci^ÒX VXXdbea^h]bZcih VcY ZmeZgi^hZ \V^cZY [gdb V aVg\Z XdchigjXi^dc

Sometimes, spotting our contribution takes a little help.

Partnerships to make the world a better place...

From orbiting instruments to invisible power lines, we help to ensure that life has its comforts... and stays that way. We’re especially proud to partner with other innovators to bring sustainability, productivity and energy efficiency down to earth for all to share. Congratulations to NASA on its first 50 years!

Visit us close to home at www.abb.com

© 2007 ABB USCS2572

AdX`]ZZY BVgi^c

AjcVg WdjcY 6c Vgi^hiÉh XdcXZei d[ i]Z Dg^dc XgZl ZmeadgVi^dc kZ]^XaZ! i]Z ajcVg aVcYZg VcY :Vgi] YZeVgijgZ hiV\Z#

egd_ZXi ^c heVXZ! i]Z ^ciZgcVi^dcVa XddeZgVi^dc [dhiZgZY Yjg^c\ Xdc" higjXi^dc VcY deZgVi^dch lVh cd hbVaa VX]^ZkZbZci# I]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ VcY >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc lZgZ adl :Vgi] dgW^i egd_ZXih! VcY bVcn adc\ZY [dg i]Z YVnh d[ bdgZ Y^hiVci YZhi^cV" i^dch# I]Zn ed^ciZY dji i]Vi V[iZg igVkZgh^c\ V fjVgiZg b^aa^dc b^aZh id i]Z bddc VcY WVX` Z^\]i i^bZh [gdb &.+-"&.,'! ^c Vaa i]Z nZVgh V[iZglVgY ]jbVch igVkZaZY cd [jgi]Zg i]Vc (-+ b^aZh [gdb i]Z^g ]dbZ eaVcZi Ä Yjg^c\ i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ hZgk^X^c\ b^hh^dc d[ HIH" -' ^c &..,# I]Zn adc\ZY id gZijgc id i]Z bddc VcY \d dcid BVgh# I]Zn lZgZ \^kZc ]deZ l]Zc EgZh^YZci <Zdg\Z =#L# 7jh] VccdjcXZY ]^h HeVXZ :meadgVi^dc >c^i^Vi^kZ ^c &.-. dc i]Z '%i] Vcc^kZghVgn d[ i]Z Òghi bddc aVcY^c\# 7ji egd_ZXiZY Xdhih VcY eda^i^XVa gZVa^i^Zh heZaaZY Yddb [dg i]^h kZcijgZ l^i]^c ild nZVgh# =^hidgn XVbZ [jaa X^gXaZ dc ?Vc# &)! '%%)! l]Zc EgZh^YZci <Zdg\Z L# 7jh]! ^c Vc VYYgZhh Vi C6H6 =ZVYfjVgiZgh! XVaaZY [dg V gZijgc d[ ]jbVch id i]Z bddc VcY V adc\"iZgb ejh] [dg V ]jbVc b^hh^dc id BVgh# I]Z h]jiiaZ ldjaY WZ e]VhZY dji Wn '%&% VcY Vaa heVXZ hiVi^dc ldg` ldjaY XdcXZcigViZ dc ]jbVc [VXidgh cZXZhhVgn [dg ig^eh id i]Z bddc VcY BVgh# 6 cZl ZgV ^c ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i ]VY WZ\jc# C6H6Éh cZl heVXZ ZmeadgV" i^dc eaVch hZZ` id gZijgc ]jbVch id i]Z bddc Wn '%'%! VcY ZkZcijVaan iV`Z i]Zb id BVgh# ;dg i]Z Òghi i^bZ h^cXZ i]Z 6edaad ZgV! V cZl ]j" bVc"gViZY gdX`Zi VcY XgZlZY XVehjaZ VgZ WZ^c\ YZh^\cZY# I]Z 6gZh > gdX`Zi VcY i]Z Dg^dc XgZl ZmeadgVi^dc kZ]^XaZ XVehjaZ l^aa WZ _d^cZY Wn

36

NASA

V gZjhVWaZ ajcVg aVcYZg VcY V egZhhjg^oZY gdkZg [dg igVchedgi dkZg i]Z bddcÉh hjg[VXZ# 6h eVgi d[ V cZl \adWVa ZmeadgVi^dc higViZ\n! i]Z gZijgc id i]Z bddc l^aa WZ\^c l^i] V ajcVg djiedhi Vi i]Z hdji] edaZ Wn '%')! l]ZgZ hjca^\]i [dg edlZg \ZcZgVi^dc ^h bdgZ eaZci^[ja VcY l]ZgZ kdaVi^aZ \VhZh bVn WZ VkV^aVWaZ [dg cjXaZVg edlZg# I]Z djiedhi! eaVccZY id hZgkZ Vh V YZeVgijgZ ed^ci [dg [jijgZ ]jbVc BVgh b^hh^dch! bVn Vahd egdk^YZ ]nYgd\Zc VcY dmn\Zc! XdbedcZcih d[ [jZa [dg i]dhZ b^hh^dch# DcZ d[ i]Z edhh^WaZ adXVi^dch [dg i]Z djiedhi ^h cZVg H]VX`aZidc XgViZg! cVbZY V[iZg :gcZhi H]VX`aZidc! ZmeadgZg d[ :Vgi]Éh Hdji] EdaZ#

SPACE, EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCES LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION DkZg i]Z aVhi *% nZVgh C6H6 ]Vh aVjcX]ZY V heZXiVXjaVg VggVn d[ gdWdi^X heVXZXgV[i l^i] V \gZVi kVg^Zin d[ ejgedhZh# CVijgVaan! C6H6 WZ\Vc Wn iVg\Zi^c\ i]Z XadhZhi XZaZhi^Va WdYn! i]Z bddc# L]^aZ i]Z Gjhh^V AjcV hZg^Zh egdWZY i]Z bddc! ^c i]Z &.+%h C6H6 hZci i]Z GVc\Zg! AjcVg dgW^iZg VcY HjgkZndg heVXZXgV[i id jcYZgiV`Z V egZa^b^" cVgn gZXdccV^hhVcXZ! egZeVg^c\ i]Z lVn [dg ]jbVch# ;dg ild YZXVYZh ^c i]Z edhi"6edaad ZgV C6H6 aVjcX]ZY cd [jgi]Zg ajcVg b^hh^dch! Wji ^c i]Z &..%h 8aZbZci^cZ VcY AjcVg EgdheZXidg gZhjbZY VcVanh^h d[ i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ# BdgZ heVXZXgV[i lZgZ hX]ZYjaZY id hijYn i]Z bddc Vh i]Z kVc\jVgY [dg i]Z cZl ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i egd\gVb#

C6H6$EVi GVla^c\h! H6>8

:meZY^i^dc id BVgh 6c Vgi^hiÉh XdcXZei d[ [jijgZ BVgh ZmeadgZgh ^cheZXi^c\ V gdWdi^X aVcYZg VcY ^ih hbVaa gdkZg cZVg i]Z^g WVhZ dc i]Z BVgi^Vc hjg[VXZ#

I]Z bddc! dcan V fjVgiZg d[ V b^aa^dc b^aZh VlVn! lVh i]Z Zfj^kVaZci d[ djg WVX`nVgY XdbeVgZY id i]Z bjX] bdgZ Y^hiVci eaVcZih# KZcjh!

YjWWZY :Vgi]Éh h^hiZg eaVcZi! lVh k^h^iZY Òghi Wn V hZg^Zh d[ BVg^cZg heVXZXgV[i ^c i]Z &.+%h! VcY i]Zc Wn i]Z E^dcZZg"KZcjh VcY BV\ZaaVc b^hh^dch# I]Z Gjhh^Vch ZkZc hjXXZZYZY ^c aVcY^c\ YZhXZci bdYjaZh [gdb i]Z KZcZgV heVXZXgV[i dc KZcjh VcY gZijgc^c\ YViV# >i WZXVbZ XaZVg Yjg^c\ i]Z XdjghZ d[ i]Z HeVXZ 6\Z i]Vi KZcjh lVh VWdji Vh [Vg [gdb :Vgi]Éh h^hiZg eaVcZi Vh XdjaY WZ ^bV\^cZY# >c i]Z igjZ he^g^i d[ ZmeadgVi^dc! l]Vi lVh dcXZ i]dj\]i id WZ V ajh] eaVcZi g^eZ [dg a^[Z lVh ^chiZVY gZkZVaZY id WZ Vc Va^Zc Zck^gdcbZci! l^i] Vc Vibdhe]ZgZ Xdb" edhZY d[ .* eZgXZci XVgWdc Y^dm^YZ VcY Xgjh]^c\ egZhhjgZh d[ ,* id &%% :Vgi] Vibdhe]ZgZh! XVjh^c\ V \gZZc]djhZ"^cYjXZY iZbeZgVijgZ d[ .%% YZ\gZZh ;V]gZc]Z^i# Id ide ^i d[[! i]Z KZcjh^Vc XadjYh lZgZ [djcY id WZ XdbedhZY d[ hja[jg^X VX^Y# >c i]Z ZVgan &.,%h i]Z di]Zg ^ccZg eaVcZi! i]Z gdX`n eaVcZi BZgXjgn! lVh hijY^ZY Wn BVg^cZg &%! gZkZVa^c\ V XgViZgZY

bddc"a^`Z hjg[VXZ! V iZcjdjh ]Za^jb Vibdhe]ZgZ! iZbeZgVijgZ hl^c\h WZilZZc eajh VcY b^cjh (%% YZ\gZZh ;V]gZc]Z^i! VcY V bV\cZi^X ÒZaY# Add`^c\ djilVgY [gdb i]Z hjc! heVXZ hX^Zci^hih [djcY dcZ d[ i]Z^g bdhi Vaajg^c\ iVg\Zih/ i]Z aZ\ZcYVgn eaVcZi BVgh# DcXZ i]dj\]i id WZ Xg^hh"XgdhhZY Wn XVcVah Wj^ai Wn V gVXZ d[ BVgi^Vch! BVg^cZg ) ^c &.+) gZkZVaZY V XgViZgZY BVgi^Vc hjg[VXZ gZb^c^hXZci d[ i]Z bddc! XVjh^c\ hdbZ id adhZ ^ciZgZhi ^c l]Vi hZZbZY id WZ V YZVY VcY jc^ciZgZhi^c\ ldgaY# 7ji Wn &.,&! BVg^cZg . h]dlZY V bjX] bdgZ XdbeaZm hjg[VXZ! ^cXajY^c\ l]Vi VeeZVgZY id WZ Ygn g^kZg WZYh# LViZg lVh V cZXZhhVgn ^c\gZY^Zci [dg a^[Z! VcY i]^h gV^hZY heZXjaVi^dc VWdji eVhi a^[Z dc BVgh# >c &.,+! Yjg^c\ 6bZg^XVÉh W^XZciZcc^Va nZVg! ild K^`^c\ heVXZXgV[i Ä ^c V Y^[ÒXjai [ZVi cdi id WZ gZeZViZY [dg ild YZXVYZh Ä aVcYZY dc i]Z hjg" [VXZ d[ BVgh VcY WZ\Vc V hZg^Zh d[ ZmeZg^bZcih i]Vi n^ZaYZY V ]j\Z Vbdjci d[ ^c[dgbVi^dc VWdji i]Z GZY EaVcZi# D[ eVgi^XjaVg ^ciZgZhi lZgZ i]Z W^dad\n ZmeZg^bZcih! l]^X] egdYjXZY XdcigdkZgh^Va gZhjaih# 6i aZVhi

C6H6

7ZcZVi] i]Z kZ^a 6 e]did bdhV^X d[ KZcjhÉ XgViZgZY hjg[VXZ Xdbe^aZY [gdb ^bV\Zh iV`Zc Wn i]Z BVg^cZg &% heVXZXgV[i ^c ;ZWgjVgn &.,)#

dcZ d[ i]Z Eg^cX^eVa >ckZhi^\Vidgh hi^aa WZa^ZkZh ]^h ZmeZg^bZci h]dlZY ^cY^XVi^dch d[ a^[Z! Wji i]Z XdchZchjh d[ i]Z di]Zg hX^Zci^hih lVh i]Vi i]Z BVgi^Vc hjg[VXZ ]VgWdgZY VXi^kZ X]Zb^hign gVi]Zg i]Vc W^dad\n# Ild YZXVYZh aViZg! EVi]ÒcYZg VcY ^ih Hd_jgcZg gdkZg egdk^YZY heZXiVXjaVg ^bV\Zh [gdb i]Z hjg[VXZ d[ i]Z GZY EaVcZi! VcY i]Z BVgh <adWVa HjgkZndg VcY BVgh DYnhhZn gZijgcZY hX^Zci^ÒX YViV VcY ^bV\Zh [gdb dgW^i! ^cXajY^c\ Zk^YZcXZ d[ gZXZci lViZg VXi^k^in# I]Z gZbVg`VWan adc\"a^kZY VcY egdYjXi^kZ BVgh :meadgVi^dc GdkZgh! He^g^i VcY Deedgijc^in! Xdci^cjZY i]Z ZmeadgVi^dc! l]^aZ i]Z :jgd" eZVc BVgh :megZhh dgW^iZY dkZg]ZVY# 6h ^h i]Z XVhZ l^i] i]Z bddc! i]ZgZ ^h cd YdjWi i]Vi i]ZhZ gdWdi^X heVXZXgV[i l^aa aZVY i]Z lVn [dg ]jbVc ZmeadgVi^dc d[ BVgh Ä ^i ^h dcan V bViiZg d[ l]Zc# 6cY Vh l^i] i]Z bddc! i]ZgZ ^h cd fjZhi^dc i]Vi BVgi^Vc ZmeadgVi^dc XVc ]VkZ V egd[djcY ^beVXi ^c V cjbWZg d[ lVnh# BVgh ^h i]Z cZVgZhi eaVcZi! VcY i]jh i]Z bdhi a^`Zan XVcY^YViZ [dg ]jbVc ]VW^iVi^dc# 6 BVgh Xdadcn! egdWVWan [daadl^c\ dc i]Z ]ZZah d[ V ajcVg Xdadcn! l^aa gV^hZ egd[djcY iZX]c^XVa! hX^Zci^ÒX VcY Zi]^XVa fjZhi^dch# I]Z hZVgX] [dg a^[Z dc BVgh l^aa ]VkZ ZkZc bdgZ h^\c^ÒXVci ^bea^XV" i^dch# >[ a^[Z ^h [djcY VcY ^i ^h d[ ^cYZeZcYZci dg^\^c [gdb :Vgi]! BVgh l^aa ]VkZ hZgkZY Vh V iZhi XVhZ [dg a^[Z ^c i]Z jc^kZghZ# >[ a^[Z ^h [djcY dc ild eaVcZih hd XadhZ id\Zi]Zg! ^i bZVch i]Vi a^[Z l^aa a^`Zan Vg^hZ dc eaVcZih i]gdj\]dji i]Z jc^kZghZ l]ZgZkZg i]Z XdcY^i^dch VgZ g^\]i#

38

NASA

7ZndcY BVgh ^h i]Z gZVab d[ i]Z \Vh \^Vci eaVcZih# E^dcZZgh &% VcY && lZgZ ^cYZZY e^dcZZgh ^c i]Z hZchZ d[ i]Z Òghi gZXdccV^hhVcXZ d[ i]Z eaVcZih ?je^iZg VcY HVijgc ^c i]Z b^Y"&.,%h# ?je^iZg! HVijgc! JgVcjh VcY CZeijcZ n^ZaYZY WZVji^[ja e]did\gVe]h VcY bVcn hjgeg^hZh l^i] i]Z b^hh^dch d[ KdnV\Zg & VcY '# AVjcX]ZY ^c i]Z hjbbZg d[ &.,,! Wdi] Kdn" V\Zg heVXZXgV[i lZgZ YZh^\cZY id aVhi ÒkZ nZVgh! VcY Wdi] ZcXdjciZgZY ?je^iZg VcY HVijgc WZilZZc &.,. VcY &.-&# 6[iZg i]Z ÓnWn d[ HVijgcÉh bddc I^iVc! KdnV\Zg & idd` V igV_ZXidgn cdgi] d[ HVijgcÉh dgW^iVa eaVcZ dji d[ i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb! l]^aZ KdnV\Zg ' ]ZVYZY dclVgY id JgVcjh VcY CZeijcZ! XdjgiZhn d[ V \gVk^in Vhh^hi VcY V gVgZ eaVcZiVgn Va^\cbZci# 6[" iZg ZcXdjciZg^c\ JgVcjh ^c &.-+ VcY CZeijcZ ^c &.-.! KdnV\Zg ' idd` V hdji]lVgY igV_ZXidgn dji d[ i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb# I]Z aVhi KdnV\Zg ^bV\Zh lZgZ iV`Zc KVaZci^cZÉh 9Vn! &..%! l]Zc KdnV\Zg & add`ZY WVX` [gdb (#, W^aa^dc b^aZh id iV`Z V edgigV^i d[ hZkZc d[ i]Z c^cZ eaVcZih ^c djg dlc hdaVg hnhiZb! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z ÆeVaZ WajZ YdiÇ i]Vi ^h :Vgi]# I]Z YViV i]Z KdnV\Zgh gZijgcZY gZkdaji^dc^oZY djg `cdlaZY\Z d[ i]Z djiZg eaVcZih VcY i]Z^g ^cig^\j^c\ eVcdean d[ hViZaa^iZh# IdYVn! i]Z KdnV\Zgh VgZ ]ZVY" ^c\ idlVgY i]Z kd^Y d[ ^ciZghiZaaVg heVXZ! XVggn^c\ ild \daYZc gZXdgYh XdciV^c^c\ \gZZi^c\h id l]ViZkZg XgZVijgZh bVn ÒcY ^i [gdb kVg^djh aZVYZgh VcY X^i^oZch d[ eaVcZi :Vgi]# I]Z <Va^aZd b^hh^dc dgW^i^c\ ?je^" iZg [gdb &..* id '%%(! ideeZY d[[ Wn i]Z Vgg^kVa d[ i]Z 8Vhh^c^$=jn\Zch heVXZXgV[i Vi HVijgc ^c '%%)! Xdci^cjZY id gZkdaji^dc^oZ djg `cdlaZY\Z

2 !,*()(%#, ' #"! '+-* ' ! (&) '1 !/ (*$ ' !, #"! '.!+,(*+ '+-* ' ! (&) '1 *.#'!

!0) 2 '

! !

! ! ! " ! " ! ! ! !

! !

e2v

an established place in space For more than 20 years e2v has been supplying high performance image sensors to the space sector, developing a particularly close relationship with the engineers of NASA in support of pioneering space exploration. e2v are recognised for their technical excellence by NASA and the world’s other major space agencies where e2v’s sensors are gathering detailed images and making new scientific discoveries.

1.

e2v is working in partnership with NASA on the following projects: NASA’s new Mars probe, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). The two-tonne orbiter is gathering data on Mars’ climate, composition, surface features and capturing images from the probe’s High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE). e2v CCD (charge coupled device) image sensors are incorporated into this HiRISE camera which is capturing images of unprecedented resolution and volume of the Red Planet’s surface, looking in particular for clues on the planet’s water and ice history.

NASA’s Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatories (STEREO) mission also counts on image sensors from e2v to capture detailed pictures of the Sun. The mission uses two simultaneously orbiting spacecraft to study the Sun in three dimensions. The resulting 3D images provide world-first views of the Sun-Earth relationship, and will also help to predict when space weather events will affect the Earth.

NASA’s New Horizons mission to Pluto, which will collect key information on the surface, composition and atmosphere of Pluto also includes e2v image sensors. The sensors, incorporated into the spacecraft’s Ralph and LORRI science instruments, will help to provide unprecedented image data on the minor planet, its large moon Charon, and its two newly discovered smaller moons. Such scientific studies will provide information on the Kuiper Belt objects, which survive billions of miles away from the sun.

Continuous technological development ensures that e2v retains its position as one of the world’s pre-eminent suppliers of scientific detectors to the space science community. Looking towards the future e2v has already supplied devices for the planned upgrade of NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope and has started the manufacture of image sensors for NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory, a rover that is part of NASA’s Mars Exploration Program scheduled to launch in 2009. The Mars Science Laboratory is a long-term robotic exploration to assess if Mars is, or ever has been, an environment that can support life. The image sensors will be used in The Chemistry and Mineralogy instrument (CheMin) aboard Mars Science Laboratory, which will identify and measure the minerals on the planet.

2.

3.

Celebrating its own 60th anniversary, e2v is proud to have been a part of so many of NASA’s vital missions and looks forward to an exciting age of exploration ahead.

1. Hubble - focal plane formed from two butted e2v devices

www.e2v.com

3. New Horizons (Ralph) seven imaging devices on a single chip

2. STEREO - e2v image sensor

C6H6 C6H6 C6H6

G^c\ZY eaVcZi 6WdkZ/ KdnV\Zg ' ^bV\Zh XVeijgZY i]^h ^bV\Z d[ HVijgc hdbZ &( b^aa^dc b^aZh [gdb ^ih XadhZhi VeegdVX] dc 6j\# )! &.-&# IjgWjaZci ?je^iZg 6WdkZ! g^\]i/ C6H6Éh 8Vhh^c^ heVXZXgV[i egdYjXZY i]Z bdhi YZiV^aZY \adWVa Xdadg edgigV^i d[ ?je^iZg dc 9ZX# '.! '%%%# I]Z hbVaaZhi hidgbh k^h^WaZ VgZ i]Z h^oZ d[ :Vgi]Éh aVg\Zhi ]jgg^XVcZh# 6 XdbZiÉh XdgZ G^\]i/ 9jg^c\ ^ih XadhZ ZcXdjciZg l^i] XdbZi L^aY ' dc ?Vc# '! '%%)! i]Z HiVgYjhi heVXZXgV[i ^bV\ZY Vc ^ciZchZan VXi^kZ hjg[VXZ! _Zii^c\ Yjhi VcY \Vh higZVbh ^cid heVXZ! aZVk^c\ V igV^a b^aa^dch d[ b^aZh adc\#

d[ i]Z \Vh \^Vci eaVcZih! l]^aZ i]Z :jgdeZVc HeVXZ 6\ZcXnÉh =jn\Zch egdWZ aVcY^c\ dc i]Z hjg[VXZ d[ I^iVc VYYZY id djg `cdlaZY\Z d[ i]Z hdaVg hnhiZbÉh hj^iZ d[ W^oVggZ hViZaa^iZh# 6bVo^c\an! dkZg i]Z aVhi ild YZXVYZh V kVg^Zin d[ heVXZXgV[i ]VkZ Vahd kdnV\ZY id h^m XdbZih VcY hZkZgVa VhiZgd^Yh# >c &.-+ Vc VgbVYV d[ heVXZXgV[i k^h^iZY i]Z [Vbdjh =VaaZnÉh XdbZi! ^cXajY^c\ ild Gjh" h^Vc heVXZXgV[i KZ\V & VcY ' ! ild ?VeVcZhZ heVXZXgV[i HV\^\V`Z VcY Hj^hZ^ ! VcY i]Z :jgdeZVc HeVXZ 6\ZcXnÉh <^diid# >c &... C6H6 aVjcX]ZY V XdbZi hVbeaZ gZijgc b^hh^dc `cdlc Vh HiVgYjhi# >c ?Vcj" Vgn '%%) i]Z heVXZXgV[i ÓZl l^i]^c &). b^aZh d[ i]Z cjXaZjh d[ XdbZi L^aY '! XdaaZXiZY hVbeaZh d[ XdbZi Yjhi! VcY hidgZY i]Zb ^c V gZijgc XVehjaZ# 6[iZg V gdjcYig^e _djgcZn d[ hdbZ '#-- W^aa^dc b^aZh! i]Z XVehjaZ gZijgcZY id :Vgi] l^i] ^ih egZX^djh hVbeaZ dc ?Vc# &*! '%%+# 9ZZe >beVXi! Vcdi]Zg C6H6 9^hXdkZgn b^hh^dc! Wgdj\]i nZi Vcdi]Zg VeegdVX] id XdbZi ZmeadgVi^dc Ä ^beVXi^c\ V XdbZi VcY hijYn^c\ i]Z hjWhZfjZci YZWg^h [dg XajZh id i]Z dg^\^c d[ i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb# 6[iZg V _djgcZn d[ &,& YVnh VcY '+- b^aa^dc b^aZh! dc ?jan (! '%%*! i]Z 9ZZe >beVXi ÓnWn heVXZXgV[i gZaZVhZY ^i -'%"edjcY ^beVXidg dc V XdjghZ [dg 8dbZi IZbeZa &# I]Z [daadl^c\ YVn ^i ^beVXiZY i]Z XdbZiÉh &)"`^" adbZiZg"adc\ cjXaZjh Vi '(!%%% b^aZh eZg ]djg! egdYjX^c\ V heZXiVXj" aVg ÓVh] d[ a^\]i VcY V XgViZg d[ jcYZiZgb^cZY YZei]# 6cVanh^h d[ i]Z Z_ZXi^dc eajbZ h]dlZY aVg\Z Vbdjcih d[ dg\Vc^X bViZg^Va! XdcÒgb^c\

i]Vi Yjg^c\ ^ih ]^hidgn! :Vgi] b^\]i ]VkZ WZZc ^c[jhZY l^i] dg\Vc^Xh [gdb h^b^aVg XdbZih# >c VYY^i^dc! ^bV\Zh [gdb i]gZZ XVbZgVh h]dlZY l]Vi VeeZVg id WZ ^beVXi XgViZgh! cZkZg WZ[dgZ hZZc dc V XdbZi VcY d[ jc`cdlc dg^\^c# Di]Zg YViV ^cY^XViZh i]Vi i]Z cjXaZjh ^h ZmigZbZan edgdjh! V Ój[[n higjXijgZ lZV`Zg i]Vc edlYZgZY hcdl#

SOLAR SCIENCE I]Z hjc! djg cZVgZhi hiVg! V bZgZ - a^\]i"b^cjiZh VlVn! XdbeVgZY id )#* a^\]i"nZVgh [dg i]Z cZmi hiVg! i]Z 6ae]V 8ZciVjg^ hnhiZb# 6 cjXaZVg [jgcVXZ \ZcZgVi^c\ egdY^\^djh Vbdjcih d[ ZcZg\n! i]Z hjc

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

41

HdaVg Zgjei^dc K^Zl d[ V hdaVg egdb^cZcXZ gZaVi^kZan Xdda YZchZ eaVhbV hjheZcYZY ^c i]Z hjcÉh ]di! i]^c XdgdcV iV`Zc dc HZei# &)! &... Wn i]Z C6H6":jgdeZVc HeVXZ 6\ZcXn HdaVg VcY =Za^dhe]Zg^X DWhZgkVidgn HD=D heVXZXgV[i# I]Z hjcÉh ]diiZhi VgZVh VeeZVg Vabdhi l]^iZ#

egdk^YZh i]Z XdcY^i^dch cZXZhhVgn [dg a^[Z dc :Vgi]# >i ^h V bViiZg d[ egVXi^XVa ^bedgiVcXZ i]Vi lZ `cdl ]dl i]Z hjc ldg`h! Vh lZaa Vh V bViiZg d[ i]ZdgZi^XVa ^bedgiVcXZ! h^cXZ ^ih egdm^b^in \^kZh jh i]Z WZhi ^c[dgbVi^dc dc ]dl di]Zg hjc"a^`Z hiVgh ldg`# 6[iZg ZVgan dWhZgkVi^dch [gdb hdjcY^c\ gdX`Zih! i]Z hijYn d[ i]Z hjc [gdb heVXZ WZ\Vc! cVijgVaan Zcdj\]! [gdb :Vgi] dgW^i# I]Z DgW^i^c\ HdaVg DWhZgkVidgn DHD lVh V hZg^Zh d[ Z^\]i dgW^i^c\ dWhZgkVidg^Zh i]Vi C6H6 aVjcX]ZY WZilZZc &.+' VcY &.,&# HZkZc d[ i]Zb lZgZ hjXXZhh[ja! VcY hijY^ZY i]Z hjc Vi jaigVk^daZi VcY M"gVn lVkZaZc\i]h# I]Z DHD heVXZXgV[i e]did\gVe]ZY i]Z b^a" a^dc"YZ\gZZ hdaVg XdgdcV! bVYZ M"gVn dWhZg" kVi^dch d[ V hdaVg ÓVgZ! VcY Zc]VcXZY djg jc" YZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z hjcÉh Vibdhe]ZgZ Vbdc\ ^ih bVcn di]Zg VX]^ZkZbZcih# I]Z 6edaad IZaZhXdeZ Bdjci! i]dj\] ^c" ZaZ\Vcian cVbZY! lVh Vc ^ccdkVi^kZ egd\gVb [dg VhigdcVjih id dWhZgkZ i]Z hjc [gdb H`n" aVW! i]Z dgW^i^c\ heVXZ hiVi^dc i]Vi bVYZ jhZ d[ ]VgYlVgZ ^c i]Z V[iZgbVi] d[ i]Z 6edaad egd\gVb# >i lVh i]Z bdhi ^bedgiVci hX^Zci^ÒX

42

NASA

^chigjbZci VWdVgY H`naVW! l]^X] deZgViZY [dg Z^\]i bdci]h WZ\^cc^c\ ^c BVn &.,(# Jc" ]VbeZgZY Wn i]Z a^b^ih d[ iZaZbZign! i]Z Vh" igdcVjih Wgdj\]i hdaVg e]did\gVe]h WVX` id :Vgi]! ^cXajY^c\ M"gVn dWhZgkVi^dch d[ hdaVg ÓVgZh! XdgdcVa ]daZh! VcY i]Z XdgdcV ^ihZa[# 6iiZbeih id dWhZgkZ i]Z hjc WZndcY :Vgi] dgW^i VgZ bdgZ gZXZci# JanhhZh! `cdlc WZ[dgZ aVjcX] Vh i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HdaVg EdaVg B^h" h^dc! lVh YZeadnZY ^c DXidWZg &..% [gdb i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ 9^hXdkZgn# >i lVh V _d^ci b^hh^dc d[ C6H6 VcY i]Z :jgdeZVc HeVXZ 6\ZcXn YZh^\cZY id \V^c V cZl eZgheZX" i^kZ d[ i]Z hjc Wn k^Zl^c\ ^ih edaVg gZ\^dch# BV`^c\ jhZ d[ V \gVk^in Vhh^hi [gdb ?je^iZg! JanhhZh eVhhZY i]Z hjcÉh hdji] edaZ ^c &..)

VcY ^ih cdgi] edaZ V nZVg aViZg# >i gZeZViZY i]ZhZ eVhhZh ^c '%%% VcY '%%&! VcY Y^Y hd V\V^c ^c '%%+ VcY '%%,# L^i] i]Z Òghi eVhh d[ JanhhZh! hX^Zci^hih Y^hXdkZgZY jc`cdlc XdbeaZm^i^Zh d[ i]Z hjc VcY ^ih hjggdjcY^c\h! ^cXajY^c\ Y^[[ZgZci heZZYh d[ i]Z hdaVg l^cY# JanhhZh Ä cVbZY V[iZg =dbZgÉh <gZZ` VYkZc" ijgZg Ä Y^Y cdi XVggn ^bV\^c\ ^chigjbZcih!

VcY [dXjhZY dc i]Z hjcÉh Zck^gdcbZci gVi]Zg

EARTH SCIENCE LZ cdl iV`Z [dg \gVciZY e]did\gVe]h d[ lZVi]Zg VcY :Vgi] gZhdjgXZh YViV [gdb heVXZ! Vh lZaa Vh cVk^\Vi^dc VcY ldgaYl^YZ Xdbbjc^" XVi^dch bVYZ edhh^WaZ Wn hViZaa^iZ# 6adc\ l^i] ]jbVc VcY gdWdi^X b^hh^dch! i]Z aViZ '%i] XZcijgn l^aa WZ gZbZbWZgZY XdaaZXi^kZan Vh i]Z i^bZ l]Zc ]jbVch cdi dcan hVl :Vgi] Vh V [gV\^aZ eaVcZi V\V^chi i]Z WVX`Ygde d[ heVXZ! Wji Vahd ji^a^oZY cZVg":Vgi] heVXZ id hijYn i]Z eaVcZiÉh gZhdjgXZh! id egdk^YZ ZhhZci^Va ^c[dg" bVi^dc VWdji lZVi]Zg! VcY id egdk^YZ bZVch [dg cVk^\Vi^dc i]Vi lVh Wdi] a^[Z"hVk^c\ VcY ]VY

C6H6

i]Vc ^ih hjg[VXZ# ;^[iZZc nZVgh V[iZg aVjcX]! i]Z heVXZXgV[i gZbV^ch ^c \ddY ]ZVai]# HD=D! Vahd V _d^ci 6bZg^XVc":jgdeZVc egd_ZXi! ^h Vcdi]Zg Ze^X hdaVg kdnV\Z hi^aa jcYZg lVn# AVjcX]ZY 9ZX# '! &..*! ^ih VggVn d[ ^chigjbZcih lZgZ YZh^\cZY id hijYn i]Z hdaVg l^cY! Vh lZaa Vh i]Z hjcÉh djiZg aVnZgh VcY ^ciZg^dg higjXijgZ# >c dgYZg id Yd i]^h! ^i lVh eaVXZY ^c Vc dgW^i &#* b^aa^dc `^adbZiZgh [gdb :Vgi]! Vi V ed^ci `cdlc Vh i]Z A& AV" \gVc\^Vc ed^ci! l]ZgZ i]Z XdbW^cZY \gVk^in d[ :Vgi] VcY hjc `ZZe ^i ^c Vc dgW^i adX`ZY id i]Z :Vgi]"hjc a^cZ# I]dj\] hi^aa [Vg [gdb i]Z hjc! i]^h adXVi^dc! VWdji [djg i^bZh i]Z Y^hiVcXZ d[ i]Z bddc ^c i]Z Y^gZXi^dc d[ i]Z hjc! ^h ^YZVa [dg adc\"iZgb jc^ciZggjeiZY dW" hZgkVi^dch l^i] :Vgi] dji d[ i]Z lVn# HD=DÉh hX^Zci^ÒX ÒcY^c\h ]VkZ WZZc e]Z" cdbZcVa# >i ]Vh ^bV\ZY i]Z higjXijgZ d[ hjc" hedih WZadl i]Z hjg[VXZ! bZVhjgZY i]Z VXXZa" ZgVi^dc d[ i]Z l^cY [gdb i]Z hjc higZVbh d[ egdidch VcY ZaZXigdch igVkZa^c\ Vi & b^aa^dc b^aZh eZg ]djg ! Y^hXdkZgZY XdgdcVa lVkZh VcY hdaVg idgcVYdZh! VcY [djcY bdgZ i]Vc &!%%% XdbZih# BdgZdkZg! ^i ]Vh gZkdaji^dc" ^oZY djg VW^a^in id [dgZXVhi heVXZ lZVi]Zg! VcY egdk^YZY YViV dc i]Z kVg^VW^a^in d[ i]Z hjcÉh ZcZg\n! Wdi] d[ l]^X] V[[ZXi jh Y^gZXian dc :Vgi]# 7di] hi^aa ^bV\Zh VcY bdk^Zh h]dl" ^c\ i]Z YncVb^X hjcÉh egdb^cZcXZh! ÓVgZh! hedih! XdgdcVa bVhh Z_ZXi^dch! VcY di]Zgl^hZ a^kZan \ngVi^dch Òaa i]Z HD=D LZW h^iZ Vi ]iie/$$hd]dlll#cVhXdb#cVhV#\dk# 9Zh^\cZY [dg V cdb^cVa b^hh^dc d[ ild nZVgh! ^i ]Vh cdl eVhhZY i]Z &%"nZVg bVg`# L^i] ^ih c^cZ :jgdeZVc VcY i]gZZ 6bZg^XVc eg^cX^eVa ^ckZhi^\Vidgh! HD=D ^h Vahd Vc" di]Zg ZmVbeaZ d[ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa XddeZgVi^dc ^c heVXZ# >i lVh Wj^ai Wn XdbeVc^Zh ^c &) :jgdeZVc Xdjcig^Zh! VcY ^h deZgViZY [gdb <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg#

Zcdgbdjh ZXdcdb^X ^bea^XVi^dch# LdgaYl^YZ hViZaa^iZ Xdbbjc^XVi^dch Wgdj\]i i]Z ldgaY XadhZg id\Zi]Zg! V [VXidg Y^[Ă&#x2019;Xjai id Zhi^bViZ [gdb V Xdhi"WZcZĂ&#x2019;i VcVanh^h# JcYZg i]Z \j^Y^c\ eg^cX^eaZ i]Vi C6H6 lVh V gZhZVgX] VcY YZkZa" debZci dg\Vc^oVi^dc! gVi]Zg i]Vc dcZ i]Vi jc" YZgidd` gdji^cZ dWhZgkVi^dch! ^c ^ih ZVgan nZVgh C6H6 hejc d[[ hdbZ d[ ^ih :Vgi] Veea^XVi^dch egd\gVbh id di]Zg V\ZcX^Zh dg id i]Z eg^kViZ hZXidg# 7ZilZZc &.+' VcY &.+* i]Z hZb^"eg^" kViZ 8dbbjc^XVi^dch HViZaa^iZ 8dgedgVi^dc 8DBH6I VcY i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HViZaa^iZ 8dbbjc^XVi^dch 8dchdgi^jb >CI:AH6I lZgZ [dgbZY# I]Z Ă&#x2019;ghi lZVi]Zg hViZaa^iZ! i]Z IZaZk^h^dc >c[gVgZY DeZgVi^dcVa HViZaa^iZ I>GDH ! dg^\^cViZY ^c i]Z 9ZeVgibZci d[ 9Z[ZchZ VcY lVh iV`Zc dkZg Wn C6H6 l]Zc ^i lVh [dgbZY ^c &.*-# C6H6 Vahd WZ\Vc YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z cZmi"\ZcZgVi^dc C>B" 7JH lZVi]Zg hViZaa^iZ! Wji dcXZ ^i WZXVbZ deZgVi^dcVa i]Z [jcXi^dc lVh ijgcZY dkZg id i]Z 9ZeVgibZci d[ 8dbbZgXZĂ&#x2030;h LZVi]Zg 7jgZVj# >c &.,'! C6H6Ă&#x2030;h :Vgi] gZhdjgXZ hViZaa^iZ egd\gVb WZ\Vc l^i] i]Z aVjcX] d[ AVcYhVi &! i]Z Ă&#x2019;ghi d[ V hZg^Zh i]Vi Xdci^cjZY l^i] AVcYhVi ,! aVjcX]ZY ^c &...# I]Z :Vgi] gZhdjgXZh hViZaa^iZh ]VkZ Vahd WZZc hjW_ZXi id XdcigdkZghn dkZg Xdcigda VcY XdbbZgX^Va k^VW^a^in! ]Vk^c\ WZZc gjc Wn i]Z CVi^dcVa

DXZVc^X VcY 6ibdhe]Zg^X 6Yb^c^higVVi^dc CD66 VcY i]Z eg^kViZ hZXidg Yjg^c\ i]Z^g ]^hidgn# AVcYhVi ^h cdl bVcV\ZY Wn C6H6 Wji i]Z YViV ^h XdaaZXiZY VcY Y^hig^WjiZY Wn i]Z J#H# <Zdad\^XVa HjgkZn# I]Z Ă&#x2019;ghi ild YZXVYZh d[ i]Z HeVXZ 6\Z lZgZ jhZY id YZiZgb^cZ i]Z XVeVW^a^i^Zh d[ :Vgi]" dWhZgk^c\ hViZaa^iZh# HViZaa^iZh [dg heZX^Ă&#x2019;X ejg" edhZh! hjX] Vh I>GDH [dg lZVi]Zg! lZgZ aVg\Zan e^ZXZbZVa Z[[dgih# Dcan ^c i]Z &.-%h lZgZ hiZeh iV`Zc idlVgY V bdgZ XdbegZ]Zch^kZ eaVc [dg hijYn^c\ i]Z Zci^gZ :Vgi] hnhiZb dc V \adWVa hXVaZ# ;daadl^c\ V cjbWZg d[ hijY^Zh! ^c &.-, i]Z Ă&#x2020;G^YZ GZedgiĂ&#x2021; dc AZVYZgh]^e VcY 6bZg^" XVĂ&#x2030;h ;jijgZ ^c HeVXZ gZXdbbZcYZY i]Vi C6H6 VYdei V B^hh^dc id EaVcZi :Vgi] Vh dcZ d[ ^ih [djg dkZgg^Y^c\ i]ZbZh# I]Z XZciZge^ZXZ d[ B^hh^dc id EaVcZi :Vgi] lVh id WZ i]Z :Vgi] DWhZgk^c\ HnhiZb# Dg^\^cVaan Zck^h^dcZY Vh V &, W^aa^dc egd\gVb dkZg &% nZVgh! ^i lVh hXVaZY WVX` id && W^aa^dc VcY i]Zc - W^aa^dc ^c &..'# 6[iZg bjX] gZhXde^c\ VcY gZh]Ve^c\ d[ i]Z egd" \gVb! ^c &... IZggV! i]Z Ă&#x2019;ghi d[ i]gZZ Ă&#x201C;V\h]^e edaVg"dgW^i^c\ heVXZXgV[i lVh aVjcX]ZY# >i lVh [daadlZY Wn 6fjV ^c '%%' VcY 6jgV ^c '%%)# 6h V gZhjai d[ XddeZgVi^dc WZilZZc CD66! C6H6!

VcY i]Z J#H# 6^g ;dgXZ! V CVi^dcVa EdaVg"DgW^i" ^c\ :ck^gdcbZciVa HViZaa^iZ HnhiZb CED:HH ^h cdl jcYZg adc\"iZgb YZkZadebZci# 9Zhe^iZ

C6H6$7^aa >c\Vaah

HeVXZ V\Z VgX]Zdad\n Dc 9ZX# &&! '%%,! C6H6 9Zejin 6Yb^c^higVidg H]VcV 9VaZ hZXdcY [gdb g^\]i l^i] C6H6 gZhZVgX]Zg L^aa^Vb HVijgcd! :Vgi] HX^ZcXZ egd\gVb bVcV\Zg LddYn IjgcZg VcY 6hh^hiVci 6Yb^c^higVidg [dg :miZgcVa GZaVi^dch 6a 8dcYZh ^ckZhi^\ViZ i]Z HVc 7Vgidad BVnV VgX]Zdad\^XVa h^iZ ^c EZiZc! <jViZbVaV# C6H6Ă&#x2030;h gZbdiZ hZch^c\ YViV lZgZ jhZY id adXViZ VcY ^ciZgegZi gZbV^ch d[ i]Z VcX^Zci BVnV X^k^a^oVi^dc#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

43

WZ^c\ hjW_ZXiZY id i]Z eda^i^Xh d[ Xa^bViZ X]Vc\Z VcY \adWVa lVgb^c\! i]ZhZ hViZaa^iZh VcY di]Zgh VgZ bV`^c\! VcY l^aa Xdci^cjZ id bV`Z! h^\c^Ò" XVci Xdcig^Wji^dch id :Vgi] hX^ZcXZ#

SPACE ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS >c VYY^i^dc id heZXiVXjaVg ^bV\Zh VcY YViV [gdb :Vgi]! hjc VcY eaVc" Zih! heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc ]Vh egdkZc jhZ[ja [dg dWhZgkVi^dch lZaa WZndcY i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb# ;gdb i]Z^g kVciV\Z ed^ci VWdkZ :Vgi]Éh Vibdhe]ZgZ! hViZaa^iZh XdjaY eZZg Vi i]Z ]ZVkZch Vi lVkZaZc\i]h cdi k^h^WaZ [gdb :Vgi]# ;gdb &.,'"&.-& i]Z DgW^i^c\ 6higdcdb^XVa DWhZgkVidgn D6D !

Vahd `cdlc Vh 8deZgc^Xjh! dWhZgkZY bVcn dW_ZXih Vi jaigVk^daZi VcY M"gVn lVkZaZc\i]h# >c i]Z aViZ &.,%h VcY ZVgan &.-%h! i]Z =^\] :cZg\n 6higdcdbn DWhZgkVidg^Zh =:6Dh dWhZgkZY i]Z h`n ^c Wdi] \VbbV gVn VcY M"gVn# 6cY ^c &.-(! i]Z >c[gVgZY 6higdcdb^XVa HViZaa^iZ >G6H !

V _d^ci egd_ZXi d[ i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh! i]Z CZi]ZgaVcYh VcY i]Z Jc^iZY @^c\Ydb! eZg[dgbZY i]Z Òghi ^c[gVgZY hjgkZn d[ i]Z Zci^gZ h`n# 6g\jVWan bdgZ i]Vc Vcn di]Zg h^c\aZ egd\gVb! C6H6Éh <gZVi DWhZgkVidg^Zh gZkZVaZY i]Z bnhiZg^Zh d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ Vi bVcn lVkZaZc\i]h Ä i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ &..%" ! i]Z 8dbeidc <VbbV GVn DWhZgkVidgn &..&"'%%% ! i]Z 8]VcYgV M"gVn IZaZhXdeZ &..." ! VcY i]Z He^ioZg >c[gVgZY IZaZhXdeZ '%%)" # >c ^ih hidg^ZY ]^hidgn! i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ ]Vh dWhZgkZY dW_ZXih l^i]^c i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb V [Zl a^\]i"]djgh VlVn id \VaVm^Zh W^aa^dch d[ a^\]i" nZVgh Y^hiVci! ^cXajY^c\ i]dhZ gZkZVaZY ^c i]Z =jWWaZ 9ZZe ;^ZaY#

>i ]Vh Y^hXdkZgZY X^gXjbhiZaaVg bViZg^Va VcY ZmigVhdaVg eaVcZih! XdcÒgbZY i]Z l^YZhegZVY Zm^hiZcXZ VcY cVijgZ d[ WaVX` ]daZh! VcY gZÒcZY i]Z V\Z d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ# 7ZXVjhZ ^i dWhZgkZY ^c k^h^WaZ lVkZ" aZc\i]h! i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ Vahd ^che^gZY i]Z ejWa^X l^i] hdbZ d[ i]Z bdhi bZbdgVWaZ ^bV\Zh d[ i]Z Xdhbdh! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z idlZg^c\ :V\aZ CZWjaV! i]Z [VciVhi^X [dgbh d[ eaVcZiVgn cZWjaVZ! VcY V kVg^Zin d[ \VaVmn h]VeZh# C6H6 ]Vh cdi dcan jcYZgiV`Zc kdnV\Zh ^c heVXZ! Wji Vahd ^c i^bZ# I]Vc`h id i]Z Òc^iZ heZZY d[ a^\]i! C6H6 ]Vh ZkZc hjXXZZYZY ^c bV`" ^c\ hZkZgVa kdnV\Zh id i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ d[ i^bZ# >c &.-.! ^i aVjcX]ZY i]Z 8dhb^X 7VX`\gdjcY :meadgZg 8D7: ! VcY l^i]^c ]djgh YZiZXi" ZY i]Z eg^bdgY^Va hZZYh d[ \VaVm^Zh VcY XajhiZgh d[ \VaVm^Zh Ä hbVaa kVg^Vi^dch ^c i]Z iZbeZgVijgZ d[ i]Z Xdhb^X WVX`\gdjcY gVY^Vi^dc Òghi YZiZXiZY ^c &.+) Ä i]Z WajZeg^ci [gdb l]^X] djg jc^kZghZ [dgbZY# >c '%%+! i]Z CdWZa Eg^oZ [dg e]nh^Xh lVh _d^cian VlVgYZY id C6H6 <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg hZc^dg egd_ZXi hX^Zci^hi 9g# ?d]c 8# BVi]Zg! VcY id Jc^kZgh^in d[ 8Va^[dgc^V Vi 7Zg`ZaZn hX^Zci^hi 9g# <Zdg\Z Hbddi [dg i]Z^g Xdcig^Wji^dch id i]Z 8D7: egd_ZXi# >c '%%& i]Z L^a`^chdc B^XgdlVkZ 6c^hdigden EgdWZ LB6E lVh aVjcX]ZY! VcY ^ih ]^\] gZhdaji^dc dWhZgkVi^dch XdcÒgbZY VcY ZmiZcYZY i]Z gZhjaih d[ 8D7:# I]Z hViZaa^iZ Vahd egdk^YZY bdgZ Zk^YZcXZ d[ i]Z gVe^Y Æ^cÓVi^dcÇ d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ Vi ^ih WZ\^cc^c\! kZg^[n^c\ VcY gZÒc" ^c\ i]Z aZVY^c\ i]Zdgn d[ i]Z dg^\^c d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ# 6cY ^i e^ccZY Ydlc i]Z V\Z d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ! l^i]^c &%%!%%% nZVgh! id &(#, W^aa^dc nZVgh# >i n^ZaYZY ^c[dgbVi^dc dc i]Z YVg` bViiZg XdciZci d[ i]Z jc^" kZghZ# 6cY ^i egdk^YZY jcegZXZYZciZY YZiV^a dc i]Z dg^\^c d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ VcY i]Z Zkdaji^dc d[ i]Z Òghi hiVgh VcY \VaVm^Zh# 8daaZXi^kZan! C6H6 Vhigdcdbn VcY Vhigde]nh^Xh heVXZXgV[i! [gdb i]Z ZVgan egdWZh d[ i]Z &.,%h VcY &.-%h id i]Z <gZVi DWhZgkVidg^Zh d[ i]Z &..%h VcY i]Z '&hi XZcijgn! n^ZaYZY i]Z hZXgZih d[ Xdhb^X Zkdaji^dc [gdb i]Z W^\ WVc\ id i]Z egZhZci# L]^aZ i]Z \gZVi fjZh" i^dc d[ ZmigViZggZhig^Va a^[Z Ä XjggZcian WZ^c\ VYYgZhhZY Wn C6H6Éh 6higdW^dad\n VcY Dg^\^ch egd\gVbh Ä gZbV^ch jcVchlZgZY! lZ XVc cdl WZ\^c id hZZ djg eaVcZiÉh eaVXZ ^c i]Z &(#,"W^aa^dc"nZVg ]^hidgn d[ i]Z Xdhbdh#

EdgigV^i d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ BVeh d[ i]Z [jaa h`n dWiV^cZY ^c ^c[gVgZY a^\]i WZilZZc 9ZX# &.-. VcY HZei# &..% Wn i]Z 9^[[jhZ >c[gVgZY 7VX`\gdjcY :meZg^bZci dc C6H6Éh 8dhb^X 7VX`\gdjcY :meadgZg 8D7: heVXZXgV[i#

44

NASA

9^hXjhh^dch VWdji a^[Z hX^ZcXZh Vi C6H6 WZ\Vc l^i]^c i]Z Òghi nZVg d[ i]Z 6\ZcXnÉh [djcY^c\# >c ?jan &.*.! C6H6Éh Òghi VYb^c^higVidg! I# @Z^i] <aZccVc! Veed^ciZY V 7^dhX^ZcXZ 6Yk^hdgn 8dbb^iiZZ! l]^X] gZedgiZY ^c ?VcjVgn &.+% i]Vi C6H6 h]djaY cdi dcan WZ ^ckdakZY ^c V igVY^i^dcVa VcY dWk^djhan cZXZhhVgn heVXZ bZY^X^cZ gdaZ ^c hjeedgi d[ bVccZY heVXZÓ^\]i! Wji h]djaY Vahd ^ckZhi^\ViZ i]Z Z[[ZXih d[ ZmigV" iZggZhig^Va Zck^gdcbZcih dc a^k^c\ dg\Vc^hbh! VcY jcYZgiV`Z V hZVgX] [dg ZmigViZggZhig^Va a^[Z# >c i]Z heg^c\ d[ &.+% C6H6 hZi je Vc D[ÒXZ d[ A^[Z HX^ZcXZh Vi ]ZVYfjVgiZgh VcY Wn 6j\jhi! l^i] i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ eaVcZiVgn b^hh^dch dc i]Z ]dg^odc! ^i ]VY Vji]dg^oZY i]Z ?Zi Egdeja" h^dc AVWdgVidgn ?EA id hijYn i]Z ineZ d[ heVXZXgV[i cZZYZY id aVcY dc BVgh VcY hZVgX] [dg a^[Z# >c dgYZg id hijYn X]Zb^XVa Zkdaji^dc! i]Z XdcY^i^dch jcYZg l]^X] a^[Z b^\]i hjgk^kZ! VcY V kVg^Zin d[ ^hhjZh gZaViZY id dg^\^ch d[ a^[Z! C6H6Éh Òghi a^[Z hX^ZcXZh aVWdgVidgn lVh Vahd hZi je Vi 6bZh GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg ^c &.+%# 7ZXVjhZ ^i lVh Vahd gZaViZY id heVXZ hX^ZcXZ! Yjg^c\ ^ih ]^hidgn C6H6Éh a^[Z hX^ZcXZ egd\gVb ]Vh d[iZc [VaaZc jcYZg i]Z heVXZ hX^ZcXZ dg\Vc^oVi^dc#

C6H6$B^X]VZa =VjhZg HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ HX^ZcXZ >chi^ijiZ

LIFE SCIENCES AND ASTROBIOLOGY

I]Z nZVg &..+ hVl V gZk^kVa d[ ZmdW^dad\n jcYZg i]Z cVbZ VhigdW^da" d\n! [jZaZY Wn C6H6Éh VccdjcXZbZci d[ edhh^WaZ cVcd[dhh^ah ^c V BVgh gdX`! VcY Wn i]Z Y^hXdkZgn d[ ZmigVhdaVg eaVcZih# Dg^\^ch d[ a^[Z hijY^Zh Vahd [ZY ^cid i]Z cZl dei^b^hb VWdji ZmigViZggZhig^Va a^[Z# HX^Zci^hih [djcY a^[Z Vi ZmigZbZ egZhhjgZh VcY iZbeZgVijgZh VgdjcY YZZe"hZV ]nYgdi]ZgbVa kZcih! [jZaZY Wn ZcZg\n VcY cjig^Zcih hZZe^c\ [gdb :Vgi]Éh Xgjhi# BdgZ \ZcZgVaan! a^[Z lVh [djcY ^c V kVg^Zin d[ ZmigZbZ Zck^gdcbZcih! ^cXajY^c\ XVkZh! ^ch^YZ YZZe gdX`! VcY ^c ]^\]an VX^Y^X VcY hVain XdcY^i^dch# I]ZhZ Y^hXdkZg^Zh h]dlZY i]Vi a^[Z lVh bjX] bdgZ VYVeiVWaZ i]Vc egZk^djhan i]dj\]i# 6i i]Z hVbZ i^bZ! i]Z Y^h" XdkZgn d[ XdbeaZm dg\Vc^Xh ^c bdaZXjaVg XadjYh ^c heVXZ! Vi i]Z aZkZa d[ Vb^cd VX^Yh! \VkZ XgZYZcXZ id i]Z ^YZV i]Vi a^[Z XdjaY WZ jW^fj^idjh WZXVjhZ ^ih Wj^aY^c\ WadX`h lZgZ Xdbbdc ^c djiZg heVXZ# 6higdW^dad\n idd` VYkVciV\Z d[ i]ZhZ cZl YZkZadebZcih id Xdch^Y" ZgVWan WgdVYZc ZmdW^dad\n# 6higdW^dad\n eaVXZY a^[Z ^c i]Z XdciZmi d[ ^ih eaVcZiVgn ]^hidgn! ZcXdbeVhh^c\ i]Z hZVgX] [dg eaVcZiVgn hnhiZbh! i]Z hijYn d[ W^dh^\cVijgZh! VcY i]Z eVhi! egZhZci VcY [jijgZ d[ a^[Z# 6higdW^dad\n hX^ZcXZ Vahd VYYZY cZl iZX]c^fjZh VcY XdcXZeih id Zmd" W^dad\nÉh gZeZgid^gZ! ^c i]Z ViiZbei id VchlZg dcZ d[ ]jbVc^inÉh daYZhi VcY bdhi egd[djcY fjZhi^dch#

AERONAUTICS

C6H6

;gd\ ^c heVXZ I]Z hjW_ZXi d[ Vc ZmeZg^bZci gZ\VgY^c\ i]Z Z[[ZXi d[ b^Xgd\gVk^in dc Vbe]^W^Vc YZkZadebZci! i]^h [ZbVaZ [gd\ lVh V eVhhZc\Zg dc i]Z _d^ci C6H6"?VeVcZhZ HeVXZaVW"? b^hh^dc VWdVgY i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ! ^c HZeiZbWZg &..'#

6ahd Vbdc\ i]Z ZVgan a^[Z hX^ZcXZ XdcXZgch Vi C6H6 lVh eaVcZiVgn egdiZXi^dc Ä Wdi] d[ eaVcZih dc l]^X] heVXZXgV[i b^\]i aVcY! VcY d[ djg dlc ]dbZ eaVcZi Ä i]Z egdWaZb d[ WVX`"XdciVb^cVi^dc l^i] gZ" ijgc^c\ heVXZXgV[i dg hVbeaZh# >c i]Z hZVgX] [dg ZmigViZggZhig^Va a^[Z! XdciVb^cVi^dc d[ Vcdi]Zg eaVcZi ldjaY WZ Vc ^ggZkZgh^WaZ Y^hVhiZg# 8dckZghZan! WVX` XdciVb^cVi^dc d[ djg eaVcZi gV^hZY Vc 6cYgdbZYV HigV^c hXZcVg^d! cVbZY [dg V hX^ZcXZ ÒXi^dc cdkZa VcY bdk^Z &.,& VWdji V ÒXi^dcVa hViZaa^iZ gZijgc^c\ id :Vgi] XVggn^c\ V YZVYan ZmigViZg" gZhig^Va dg\Vc^hb# C6H6 ]Vh bV^ciV^cZY V higdc\ eaVcZiVgn egdiZXi^dc egd\gVb h^cXZ i]dhZ ZVgan YVnh# C6H6Éh a^[Z hX^ZcXZh egd\gVb Vahd XVgg^ZY dji V kVg^Zin d[ hjXXZhh" [ja b^hh^dch ^c heVXZ! WZ\^cc^c\ l^i] i]Z 7^dhViZaa^iZ egd\gVb ^c &.+,# I]Z W^dhViZaa^iZh XVgg^ZY [gd\ Z\\h! VbdZWV! WVXiZg^V! eaVcZih VcY b^XZ! VcY XdaaZXiZY YViV gZ\VgY^c\ i]Z Z[[ZXih d[ oZgd \gVk^in dc a^[Z# 7Z\^c" c^c\ ^c &.,*! i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh Vahd XddeZgViZY [dg '% nZVgh l^i] i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dcÉh 8dhbdh$7^dc b^hh^dch# A^[Z hX^ZcXZh gZhZVgX] Vahd idd` eaVXZ dc ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i b^hh^dch# :jgdeZÉh HeVXZaVW! V egZhhjg^oZY bdYjaZ Ódlc dc i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ! bVYZ edhh^WaZ hZkZgVa YZY^XViZY a^[Z hX^ZcXZh b^hh^dch Yjg^c\ i]Z &..%h# HeVXZ a^[Z hX^ZcXZh gZhZVgX] ^h Vahd eaVccZY VWdVgY i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc! eVgi^XjaVgan Vh ^i Ve" ea^Zh id adc\"iZgb ]jbVc b^hh^dch id i]Z bddc VcY BVgh# BZVcl]^aZ! ^c i]Z VgZV d[ ZmdW^dad\n! Vi ^ih C6H6 6bZh aVWdgVidg^Zh! i]Z V\ZcXn ]VY Xdci^cjZY ^ih gZhZVgX] dc i]Z dg^\^ch d[ a^[Z# 7ji Wn [Vg i]Z aVg\Zhi ^ckZhibZci d[ i^bZ VcY [jcY^c\ lVh i]Z K^`^c\ egd_ZXi! ild heVXZXgV[i i]Vi dgW^iZY VcY aVcYZY dc BVgh ^c &.,+# 6ai]dj\] i]ZgZ lZgZ hdbZ VbW^\j^i^Zh ^c i]Z W^dad\n ZmeZg^bZcih! i]Z XdchZchjh lVh i]Vi K^`^c\ Y^Y cdi YZiZXi a^[Z dc BVgh# 6ai]dj\] cd heVXZXgV[i gZijgcZY id i]Z GZY EaVcZi [dg ild YZXVYZh V[iZg K^`^c\! i]Z ZmdW^dad\n egd\gVb Xdci^cjZY id [jcY Xjii^c\"ZY\Z gZhZVgX] ^c i]Z a^[Z hX^ZcXZh#

C6H6Éh Òghi Æ6Ç ^h hdbZi^bZh YdlceaVnZY ^c i]Z b^Yhi d[ ^ih heZX" iVXjaVg heVXZ VX]^ZkZbZcih# 7ji Wj^aY^c\ dc ^ih gddih ^c i]Z CVi^dcVa 6Yk^hdgn 8dbb^iiZZ [dg 6ZgdcVji^Xh C686 ! C6H6 [gdb ^ih WZ\^c" c^c\h XdcYjXiZY gZhZVgX] dc VZgdYncVb^Xh! l^cY h]ZVg! Ó^\]i hV[Zin! VcY di]Zg ^bedgiVci ide^Xh jh^c\ l^cY ijccZah! Ó^\]i iZhi^c\! VcY Xdb" ejiZg h^bjaVi^dch# L^cY ijccZah! i]dj\] cdi i]Z bdhi \aVbdgdjh iZX]cdad\n! lZgZ Zh" hZci^Va id gZaVi^kZan adl"Xdhi iZhi^c\ d[ V^gXgV[i eZg[dgbVcXZ WZ[dgZ i]Z V^gXgV[i lZgZ VXijVaan Wj^ai# C6H6 ]VY ^c]Zg^iZY V kVg^Zin d[ l^cY ijccZa [VX^a^i^Zh [gdb ^ih C686 XZciZgh! bVcn d[ i]Zb XdchigjXiZY Yjg^c\ LdgaY LVg >> Vi 6bZh! AZl^h VcY AVc\aZn# :VX] l^cY ijccZa ]VY ^ih dlc X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh! YZeZcY^c\ dc i]Z h^oZ d[ i]Z V^gXgV[i dg bdYZah WZ^c\ iZhiZY! VcY l]Zi]Zg i]Zn lZgZ WZ^c\ iZhiZY Vi hjWhdc^X! igVchdc^X VcY hjeZghdc^X heZZYh# 7n i]Z YVlc d[ i]Z HeVXZ 6\Z! ]neZghdc^X ijccZah lZgZ XdchigjXiZY l^i] i]Z^g dlc jc^fjZ X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh VcY XVeVW^a^i^Zh# L^cY ijccZah lZgZ Vahd jhZY id iZhi i]Z Vibdhe]Zg^X YncVb^Xh d[ i]Z BZgXjgn! <Zb^c^ VcY 6edaad XVehjaZh! VcY ZkZcijVaan i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ# I]Zn Xdci^cjZ id WZ V k^iVa idda [dg VZgdcVji^Xh gZhZVgX]# >c i]Z VgZV d[ gZVa Ó^\]i iZhi^c\! [gdb ^ih WZ\^cc^c\ C6H6 VhhjbZY gZhedch^W^a^in [dg i]Z M"&* ]neZghdc^X V^gXgV[i! XVeVWaZ d[ heZZYh ZmXZZY^c\ BVX] + )!*%% b^aZh eZg ]djg Vi Vai^ijYZh d[ +, b^aZh! gZVX]^c\ i]Z kZgn ZY\Z d[ heVXZ# 7ZilZZc &.*. VcY &.+-! i]gZZ M"&* V^gXgV[i XdbeaZiZY &.. Ó^\]ih! VcY Xdcig^WjiZY \gZVian id `cdlaZY\Z VWdji ]neZghdc^X VZgdYncVb^Xh VcY higjXijgZh ZkZcijVaan cZZYZY [dg heVXZÓ^\]i! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ# I]Z M"&* lVh V^g"aVjcX]ZY Wn 7"'.h! 7"*%h! VcY ZkZcijVaan 7"*'h# >ih ÆXdcigda gddb!Ç adXViZY Vi i]Z C6H6 cdl 9gnYZc ;a^\]i GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg ^c i]Z 8Va^[dgc^V YZhZgi! VYkVcXZY [gdb V edgiVWaZ kVc id V bdgZ [dgbVa eZgbVcZci gddb i]Vi aViZg hZgkZY Vh i]Z bdYZa [dg i]Z [Vbdjh b^hh^dc Xdcigda Vi ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg# HncZg\^Zh WZilZZc VZgdcVji^Xh VcY ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i Vahd VeeZVgZY ^c di]Zg lVnh0 idYVn ^i ^h V a^iiaZ"`cdlc [VXi i]Vi CZ^a 6gbhigdc\ WZ\Vc Vh Vc M"&* e^adi ldg`^c\ [dg C686! VcY i]Vi Z^\]i

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

45

Š2007 Caterpillar Inc. Cat, Caterpillar, their respective logos and â&#x20AC;&#x153;Caterpillar yellow,â&#x20AC;? as well as corporate and product identity used herein, are trademarks of Caterpillar and may not be used without permission. NASA did not select or approve this advertiser and does not endorse and is not responsible for the views or statements contained in this advertisement.

C6H6

EaVcZh l^i] i]Z g^\]i hij[[ E^XijgZY Vi C6H6Éh 9gnYZc ;a^\]i GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg VgZ i]Z ]^\] eZg[dgbVcXZ M"&* bdX`je ! ;$6"&-7! HG",&6! M"(&! VcY M"'.

V^gXgV[i#

di]Zg M"&* e^adih ÓZl ]^\] Zcdj\] id WZ fjVa^ÒZY Vh VhigdcVjih VX" XdgY^c\ id J#H# hiVcYVgYh *% b^aZh # BVcn di]Zg VhigdcVjih lZgZ iZhi e^adih dc di]Zg ]^\]"eZg[dgbVcXZ V^gXgV[i# C6H6 Vahd XddeZgViZY l^i] i]Z 6^g ;dgXZ ^c i]Z &.+%h dc i]Z M"'% 9ncV"HdVg egd\gVb! l]^X] lVh YZh^\cZY id Ón ]jbVch ^cid dgW^i# I]Z egd\gVb lVh ZkZcijVaan XVcXZaaZY! Wji i]Z ^YZVa d[ l^c\ZY heVXZXgV[i cZkZg Y^ZY# C6H6 Vahd XdcYjXiZY h^\c^ÒXVci gZhZVgX] dc ]^\]"heZZY V^gXgV[i Ó^\]i Z[ÒX^ZcXn! bVcZjkZgVW^a^in VcY hV[Zin! gZhZVgX] i]Vi lVh d[iZc Ve" ea^XVWaZ id adlZg heZZY V^geaVcZh# C6H6 hX^Zci^hi G^X]VgY L]^iXdbW ^c" kZciZY i]Z ÆhjeZgXg^i^XVa l^c\!Ç heZX^Vaan h]VeZY id YZaVn VcY aZhhZc i]Z ^beVXi d[ h]dX` lVkZh dc igVchdc^X b^a^iVgn V^gXgV[i# >i ]VY V h^\c^ÒXVci ^beVXi dc X^k^a V^gXgV[i YZh^\c# ;gdb &.+( id &.,*! C6H6 XdcYjXiZY V gZhZVgX] egd\gVb dc Æa^[i^c\ WdY^Zh!Ç V^gXgV[i l^i]dji l^c\h# 9jg^c\ i]Z &.,%h! hZkZgVa d[ C6H6Éh VZgdcVji^Xh XZciZgh Vahd jcYZgidd` V kVg^Zin d[ VZgdcVji^Xh gZhZVgX] jh^c\ i]Z HG",& 7aVX`W^gY ^c i]Z BVX] ( gVc\Z# HjX] gZhZVgX] lVh jhZ[ja [dg Y^V\cdhi^Xh hnhiZbh dc i]Z h]jiiaZ! VcY Vahd eVkZY i]Z lVn [dg i]Z h]jiiaZ id \a^YZ id V hV[Z jcedlZgZY aVcY^c\# 9jg^c\ i]Z &.-%h C6H6 VcY i]Z 9ZeVgibZci d[ 9Z[ZchZ WZ\Vc i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ V ]neZghdc^X CVi^dcVa 6ZgdheVXZ lEaVcZ `cdlc Vh i]Z M"(%! VcY aViZg ldg`ZY dc V ]neZghdc^X M"(( egd_ZXi# ;dg V kVg^Zin d[ gZV" hdch i]ZhZ cZkZg gZVX]ZY egdYjXi^dc# >c '%%)! i]Z M")(6 V^gXgV[i jhZY ^ccdkVi^kZ hXgVb_Zi iZX]cdad\n id Ón Vi ,!%%% b^aZh eZg ]djg! Vabdhi &% i^bZh i]Z heZZY d[ hdjcY! hZii^c\ V ldgaYÉh gZXdgY [dg V^g"WgZVi]^c\ V^gXgV[i# >i gZVX]ZY Vc Vai^ijYZ d[ &&%!%%% [ZZi dkZg i]Z EVX^ÒX DXZVc# >c VYY^i^dc id ^ih WZiiZg"`cdlc heVXZÓ^\]i VX]^ZkZbZcih! Yjg^c\ ^ih Òghi *% nZVgh C6H6 i]jh Xdci^cjZY ^c i]Z [dgZ[gdci d[ Ó^\]i! XVggn^c\ dc [gdb i]Z ]jbWaZ WZ\^cc^c\h d[ i]Z Lg^\]i Wgdi]Zgh Vi @^iin =Vl`#

WHY WE EXPLORE I]Z kVhi hXdeZ d[ C6H6Éh ldg` ^cZk^iVWan gV^hZh fjZhi^dch VWdji Xdhi! bdi^kVi^dc! VcY hjhiV^cVW^a^in ^c V ldgaY l^i] hd bVcn di]Zg egdWaZbh# I]Z fjZhi^dc Æh]djaY lZ ZmeadgZ4!Ç l]Zi]Zg i]Z [gdci^Zgh d[ VZgdcVji^Xh dg i]Z [jgi]Zhi gZVX]Zh d[ djiZg heVXZ! bjhi WZ hZZc ^c YZZe ]^hidg^XVa XdciZmi! cdi ^c i]Z XdciZmi d[ eVhh^c\ eda^i^Xh dg l]^bh# I]Z ]^hidg^XVa XdccZXi^dch VgZ [jaan gZXd\c^oZY Vi C6H6

idYVn# L]Zc VccdjcXZY ^c ?VcjVgn '%%) i]Z XdcXZei d[ dg^Zci^c\ C6H6Éh egd\gVb id i]Z ]jbVc VcY gdWdi^X ZmeadgVi^dc d[ i]Z bddc!

BVgh VcY WZndcY lVh W^aaZY Vh ÆV cZl he^g^i d[ Y^hXdkZgn!Ç VcY i]Z ^beaZbZciVi^dc eaVc lVh i^iaZY Æ6 ?djgcZn id >che^gZ! >ccdkViZ VcY 9^hXdkZg#Ç >cYZZY! 6bZg^XVch iZcY id eaVXZ i]Z^g heVXZ ZcYZVkdgh ^c i]Z adc\ igVY^i^dc d[ ZmeadgVi^dc! VcY ]^hidg^Vch ]VkZ Vg\jZY i]Z HeVXZ 6\Z jh]ZgZY ^c V cZl 6\Z d[ :meadgVi^dc# I]Z Xdci^cjZY ZmeadgVi^dc d[ heVXZ ^h! ]dlZkZg! V X]d^XZ lZ bjhi bV`Z# 6h ]^hidg^Vc HiZe]Zc ?# EncZ ]Vh Vg\jZY! Æ:meadgVi^dc ^h V heZ" X^ÒX ^ckZci^dc d[ heZX^ÒX X^k^a^oVi^dch XdcYjXiZY Vi heZX^ÒX ]^hidg^XVa i^bZh# >i ^h cdi ½ V jc^kZghVa egdeZgin d[ Vaa ]jbVc hdX^Zi^Zh# Cdi Vaa XjaijgZh ]VkZ ZmeadgZY dg ZkZc igVkZaZY l^YZan# HdbZ ]VkZ WZZc XdciZci id Zm^hi ^c mZcde]dW^X ^hdaVi^dc#Ç B^c\ 8]^cVÉh VWVcYdcbZci

Human history becomes more and more a race between education and catastrophe. – H.G. Wells d[ ^ih bVhh^kZ ÓZZih ^c i]Z ZVgan &*i] XZcijgn ^h d[iZc X^iZY! ZkZc Wn 8]^cZhZ ]^hidg^Vch! Vh V eddg YZX^h^dc i]Vi ]VbeZgZY 8]^cZhZ X^k^a^" oVi^dc [dg XZcijg^Zh! VcY aZ[i i]Z ldgaY deZc id :jgdeZVc Y^hXdkZgn# =^hidg^Vc VcY [dgbZg a^WgVg^Vc d[ 8dc\gZhh 9Vc^Za 7ddghi^c XVaaZY i]Z l^i]YgVlVa d[ i]Z 8]^cZhZ ^cid i]Z^g dlc WdgYZgh ÆXViVhigde]^X ½ l^i] XdchZfjZcXZh lZ hi^aa hZZ idYVn#Ç I]Z fjZhi^dc l]Zi]Zg lZ h]djaY ZmeadgZ l]Zc i]ZgZ ^h hd bjX] i]Vi cZZYh id WZ YdcZ dc :Vgi] ^h Wdi] Vc Zi]^XVa VcY V ejWa^X eda^Xn fjZhi^dc# Fj^iZ Vh^YZ [gdb i]Z h]dgi iZgb WZcZÒih d[ Veea^XVi^dch hViZaa^iZh! cVi^dcVa hZXjg^in! _dWh VcY ^che^gVi^dc id i]Z ndjc\! bjX] d[ C6H6Éh ^beVXi ^h adc\"iZgb! VcY ^i ^h ValVnh iZbei^c\ id hVXg^ÒXZ adc\"iZgb \dVah [dg h]dgi"iZgb cZZYh# IdYVn i]ZgZ VgZ VbeaZ gZVhdch dcZ b^\]i Vg\jZ cdi id Xdci^cjZ heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc# 7ji lZ h]djaY gZXVaa i]Z hZci^bZci d[ =#<# LZaah bVcn nZVgh V\d i]Vi Æ=jbVc ]^hidgn WZXdbZh bdgZ VcY bdgZ V gVXZ WZilZZc ZYjXVi^dc VcY XViVhigde]Z#Ç LZ VgZ hi^aa ^c i]Vi gVXZ idYVn! VcY hjgZan heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc ZmegZhhZh ]jbVc^inÉh bdhi cdWaZ Vhe^gVi^dch#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

47

Hejic^` VcY i]Z 8gZVi^dc d[ C6H6/ 6 EZghdcVa EZgheZXi^kZ

9g# :^aZcZ <VaadlVn! &%& nZVgh ndjc\ Vh d[ '%%,! d[iZc XVaaZY i]Z \gVcY bVig^VgX] d[ heVXZ aVl! eaVnZY k^iVa gdaZh ^c i]Z YgV[i^c\ d[ C6H6Éh [djcY^c\ aZ\^haVi^dc l]^aZ ldg`^c\ [dg HZc# AncYdc ?d]chdc# H]Z Vahd ldg`ZY id XgZViZ i]Z Jc^iZY CVi^dch 8dbb^iiZZ dc i]Z EZVXZ[ja JhZh d[ DjiZg HeVXZ 8DEJDH l^i] +. cVi^dch XjggZcian Vh bZbWZgh# >c i]^h ZhhVn! lg^iiZc ^c 6j\jhi '%%,! <VaadlVn iZaah ]dl! Vh V Xdc\gZh" h^dcVa gZhZVgX]Zg! h]Z XVbZ id ldg` [dg ?d]chdc VcY ]ZaeZY ]^b Wg^c\ C6H6 ^cid Zm^hiZcXZ#

I

]Z dgW^i^c\ d[ Hejic^` Wn i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc dc DXi# )! &.*, XgZViZY ldgaYl^YZ [ZVg d[ lZVedch d[ bVhh YZhigjXi^dc# AncYdc 7# ?d]chdc! A7? ! 9"IZmVh! l]d lVh i]Zc"X]V^g" bVc d[ i]Z HZcViZ EgZeVgZYcZhh >ckZhi^\Vi^dc HjWXdbb^iiZZ d[ i]Z HZcViZ 6gbZY HZgk^XZh 8dbb^iiZZ! ldgg^ZY i]Vi i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc lVh hjgeVhh^c\ i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh ^c b^hh^aZ iZX]" cdad\n# =Z YZX^YZY id ]daY ]ZVg^c\h dc ]dl id XdeZ l^i] i]Z egdWaZb# =Z iZaZe]dcZY bZ id gZfjZhi bn Vhh^hiVcXZ l^i] i]Z ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc# > lVh CVi^dcVa 9Z[ZchZ 6cVanhi VcY aViZg HZc^dg HeZX^Va^hi ^c >ciZgcVi^dcVa GZaVi^dch CVi^dcVa 9Z[ZchZ l^i] i]Z AZ\^haVi^kZ GZ[ZgZcXZ HZg" k^XZ d[ i]Z A^WgVgn d[ 8dc\gZhh# A7?! lVh [Vb^a^Vg l^i] bn gZedgi dc Æ<j^Y" ZY B^hh^aZh ^c ;dgZ^\c 8djcig^Zh!Ç l]^X] ]VY gZXZcian WZZc ejWa^h]ZY Wn i]Z =djhZ d[ GZegZhZciVi^kZh! Vh lZaa Vh bn ldg` dc b^a^" iVgn bVcedlZg VcY i]Z dg\Vc^oVi^dc d[ i]Z 9Z[ZchZ 9ZeVgibZci# 8dc\gZhhÉ AZ\^haVi^kZ GZhZVgX] HZgk^XZ cdl i]Z 8dc\gZhh^dcVa GZhZVgX] HZgk^XZ Vh`ZY [dg bn ]Zae l^i] i]Z jeXdb^c\ ]ZVg^c\h# Dc Cdk# (! &.*, i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc aVjcX]ZY V hZXdcY ]ZVk^Zg Hejic^` XVggn^c\ V Yd\!

AV^`V Æ7Vg`Zg!Ç Zk^YZcXZ d[ Vc VYkVcXZY XV" eVW^a^in id jhZ i]Z djiZg heVXZ Zck^gdcbZci# 6h hViZaa^iZh X^gXaZY i]Z ZVgi] ^c .% b^cjiZh! cVi^dch lZgZ jc^iZY ^c [ZVg# Dc Cdk# '*! &.*,! A7? WZ\Vc i]Z Æ>cfj^gn ^cid HViZaa^iZ VcY B^hh^aZ Egd\gVbh#Ç I]Z ^c^" i^Va Vhhjbei^dc lVh i]Vi lZ [VXZY V b^a^iVgn egdWaZb# 7n ?Vc# '(! &.*-! lZ ]VY gZXdgYZY &!(,, eV\Zh d[ iZhi^bdcn Wn egZeVgZYcZhh

48

NASA

9ZkZade^c\ C6H6Éh [djcYVi^dc :^aZcZ <VaadlVn! e^XijgZY l^i] i]Zc"HZcViZ bV_dg^in aZVYZg AncYdc ?d]chdc Vi V &.*- ^ciZgcVi^dcVa hnbedh^jb dc heVXZ VcY Vibdhe]Zg^X Ó^\]i# <VaadlVn ]ZaeZY id YgV[i `Zn ZaZbZcih d[ i]Z &.*- HeVXZ 6Xi#

ZmeZgih# 7ji ^i lVh i]Z iZhi^bdcn d[ hX^Zc" i^hih VcY Zc\^cZZgh [gdb bVcn hZXidgh! ^c" XajY^c\ i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa <Zde]nh^XVa NZVg ><N i]Vi ]ZaeZY X]Vc\Z djg eZgXZei^dc d[ i]Z egdWaZb# I]ZhZ l^icZhhZh Y^hXjhhZY i]Z ^bedgiVci egVXi^XVa Veea^XVi^dch d[ heVXZ i]Vi C6H6 XdjaY [VX^a^iViZ! ^cXajY^c\ adc\" iZgb bZiZdgdad\^XVa [dgZXVhih VcY gVe^Y adc\"gVc\Z gVY^d Xdbbjc^XVi^dch# I]Z Zm" eadgVi^dc d[ BVgh VcY KZcjh lVh [dgZhZZc# BVccZY hViZaa^iZh lZgZ egZY^XiZY! ZkZc i]Z aVcY^c\ d[ V bVc dc i]Z bddc VcY ]^h hV[Z gZ" ijgc id :Vgi]# I]Z hdaji^dc id i]Z egdWaZb d[ deZc^c\ i]Z djiZg heVXZ Zck^gdcbZci ldjaY ]VkZ WZZc ^cXdbeaZiZ l^i]dji i]Z ^ceji d[ hX^Zci^hih VcY Zc\^cZZgh# L]^aZ djg Òghi gZVXi^dc lVh i]Vi lZ [VXZY V b^a^iVgn egdWaZb d[ iZX]cdad\n ^c[Zg^dg^in! i]Z iZhi^bdcn [gdb hX^Zci^hih VcY Zc\^cZZgh Xdck^cXZY jh i]Vi djiZg heVXZ ]VY WZZc deZcZY Vh V cZl Zck^gdcbZci VcY i]Vi ^i

XdjaY WZ jhZY ldgaYl^YZ [dg eZVXZ[ja jhZh d[ WZcZÒi id Vaa ]jbVc`^cY! [dg Xdbbjc^" XVi^dch! cVk^\Vi^dc! bZiZdgdad\n VcY di]Zg ejgedhZh# JhZ d[ heVXZ lVh cdi XdcÒcZY id b^a^iVgn VXi^k^i^Zh# >i lVh gZbVg`VWaZ i]Vi i]^h edhh^W^a^in WZXVbZ Zk^YZci hd hddc V[" iZg Hejic^` VcY ^ih h^\c^ÒXVcXZ XVccdi WZ jcYZghiViZY# I]Z egdWaZb WZXVbZ dcZ d[ bV^ciV^c^c\ eZVXZ gVi]Zg i]Vc egZeVg^c\ i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh id bZZi i]Z i]gZVi d[ jh" ^c\ djiZg heVXZ [dg lVg# ;ZVg d[ lVg X]Vc\ZY id ]deZ [dg eZVXZ# Bn Xdcig^Wji^dch id i]Z [dgbVi^dc d[ C6H6! l]^X] [daadlZY c^cZ bdci]h V[iZg Hejic^` lZgZ P&R gZXdbbZcY^c\ i]Vi C6H6 WZ Vc VYb^c^h" igVi^dc ^chiZVY d[ Vc V\ZcXn0 VcY! P'R egdk^Y^c\ C6H6 ^ciZgcVi^dcVa Vji]dg^in jcYZg hZXi^dc '%* d[ i]Z HeVXZ 6Xi# >c 6eg^a! &.*-! EgZh^YZci :^hZc]dlZg hZci i]Z iZmi d[ i]Z egdedhZY W^aa XgZVi^c\ i]Z CVi^dcVa 6ZgdcVji^Xh VcY HeVXZ 6\ZcXn id =djhZ bV_dg^in aZVYZg ?d]c BX" 8dgbVX`! 9"BVhh#! l]d hjWhZfjZcian hdj\]i bn VYk^XZ# I]Z dg\^c^Va YgV[i W^aaÉh Vhhjbei^dc lVh i]Vi V idiVa J#H# heVXZ egd\gVb XdjaY gZ" hjai [gdb Y^k^Y^c\ egd_ZXih WZilZZc V\ZcX^Zh# I]Z W^aaÉh aVc\jV\Z YZXaVgZY i]Vi i]Z V\ZcX^Zh h]djaY kdajciVg^an XddeZgViZ l^i] ZVX] di]Zg! i]jh egdk^Y^c\ cd egdk^h^dc [dg Vc dkZgVaa Xd" dgY^cVi^c\ bZX]Vc^hb# > idaY 8dc\gZhhbVc BX8dgbVX`! Æ> Y^Y cdi a^`Z i]Z ^chi^iji^dc id WZ XVaaZY Vc V\ZcXn l^i] V Y^gZXidg! WZXVjhZ i]Z dg\Vc^oVi^dc d[ J#H# heVXZ VXi^k^i^Zh gZ" fj^gZY i]Z XddgY^cVi^dc VcY XddeZgVi^dc d[ V cjbWZg d[ V\ZcX^Zh ^c i]Z [ZYZgVa \dkZgcbZci! VcY C6H6 cZZYZY Zcdj\] hiVijgZ id ldg` Z[" [ZXi^kZan l^i] i]Zb id XddgY^cViZ heVXZ egd_" ZXih#Ç Bg# BX8dgbVX` gZea^ZY! Æ7ji lZ ]VkZ VagZVYn hiVgiZY XVaa^c\ ^i C6H6#Ç > i]Zc hV^Y! ÆLZ XdjaY XVaa ^i Vc ÈVYb^c^higVi^dcÉ l^i] Vc ÈVYb^c^higVidg#ÉÇ =Z gVc\ [dg V hZXgZiVgn VcY hV^Y! Æ8]Vc\Z i]^h W^aa! VcY X]Vc\Z ÈV\ZcXnÉ VcY ÈY^gZXidgÉ id ÈVYb^c^higVi^dcÉ VcY ÈVYb^c^h" igVidg#ÉÇ > WZa^ZkZ XgZVi^c\ C6H6 Vh Vc VYb^c" ^higVi^dc lVh i]Z WZhi hdaji^dc id i]Z egdWaZb d[ XddgY^cVi^c\ jcYZg XZcigVa^oZY \j^YVcXZ i]Z egd\gVbh d[ i]Z cZl heVXZ ^chi^iji^dc VcY di]Zg ZmZXji^kZ V\ZcX^Zh VagZVYn Zc\V\ZY ^c

A7? A^WgVgn$GVcYdae] 6;7! IZmVh

By Eilene GALLOWAY

heVXZ"gZaViZY VXi^k^i^Zh# C6H6 aViZg ^YZci^ÒZY id i]Z 8dc\gZhh i]dhZ dg\Vc^oVi^dch ]Vk^c\ V gdaZ ^c heVXZ VXi^k^i^Zh# I]Z a^hi ^aajhigViZh l]n ^i lVh hd ^bedgiVci i]Vi C6H6 WZXdbZ Vc VY" b^c^higVi^dc#& L]Zc i]Z W^aa XVbZ id i]Z HZcViZ HeZ" X^Va 8dbb^iiZZ dc HeVXZ VcY 6higdcVji^Xh! X]V^gZY Wn A7?! i]Z ÆVYb^c^higVi^dcÇ hiVijh d[ C6H6 lVh VeegdkZY# ?jhi WZ[dgZ i]Z Xdb" b^iiZZ VY_djgcZY! ]dlZkZg! HZc# I]ZdYdgZ <gZZc! 9"G#>#! X]V^gbVc d[ i]Z HZcViZ ;dgZ^\c GZaVi^dch 8dbb^iiZZ! hV^Y C6H6Éh ^ciZgcV" i^dcVa V\gZZbZcih bjhi WZ VeegdkZY ÆWn VcY l^i] i]Z VYk^XZ VcY XdchZci d[ i]Z HZcViZ#Ç > idaY A7? i]Vi hjX] V gZfj^gZbZci ldjaY ]Vb" eZg C6H6Éh Vji]dg^in id bV`Z ^ciZgcVi^dcVa V\gZZbZcih# I]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh ]Vh V kVg^Zin d[ bZi]dYh [dg VXXdbea^h]^c\ ^ih ^ciZgcV" i^dcVa XddeZgVi^dc dW_ZXi^kZh ^cXajY^c\ igZV" i^Zh! ZmZXji^kZ V\gZZbZcih! V\ZcXn"id"V\ZcXn V\gZZbZcih! bZbdgVcYV d[ jcYZghiVcY^c\ VcY aZiiZg V\gZZbZcih# >i ldjaY ]VkZ WZZc XdjciZgegdYjXi^kZ id gZhig^Xi i]Z bZVch Wn l]^X] i]Z V\gZZY \dVa XdjaY WZ gZVX]ZY# A7? \VkZ bZ eZgb^hh^dc id Y^hXjhh i]Z bViiZg l^i] i]Z HiViZ 9ZeVgibZci# I]^h gZhjaiZY ^c EgZh^YZci :^hZc]dlZgÉh VYY^c\ id i]Z aVl Wn V h^\c^c\ hiViZbZci# I]Z egZh^YZci hiViZY! Æ> gZ" \VgY i]^h hZXi^dc bZgZan Vh gZXd\c^o^c\ i]Vi ^c" iZgcVi^dcVa igZVi^Zh bVn WZ bVYZ ^c i]^h ÒZaY! VcY Vh cdi egZXajY^c\! ^c Veegdeg^ViZ XVhZh! aZhh [dgbVa VggVc\ZbZcih [dg XddeZgVi^dc ½Ç I]ZgZ[dgZ! C6H6 gZiV^cZY ^ih Vji]dg^in id Xdc" YjXi egd\gVbh d[ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa XddeZgVi^dc Wn jh^c\ aZhh [dgbVa VggVc\ZbZcih jcYZg i]Z [dg" Z^\c eda^Xn \j^YVcXZ d[ i]Z egZh^YZci# 6bdc\ i]Z ZVga^Zhi V\gZZbZcih lZgZ i]dhZ XdkZg^c\ igVX`^c\ VcY iZaZbZign hiVi^dch! YViV [gdb hVi" Zaa^iZh VcY egdWZh! ZmX]Vc\Z d[ hX^Zci^ÒX VcY iZX]c^XVa ^c[dgbVi^dc! igV^c^c\ egd\gVbh VcY ZmX]Vc\Zh l^i] [dgZ^\c hX^Zci^hih# 6cdi]Zg ^bedgiVci VheZXi d[ djg cVi^dcVa gZhedchZ ^ckdakZY XddgY^cVi^dc l^i] di]Zg cV" i^dch# >c V gZbVg`VWaZ h]dl d[ W^eVgi^hVc VcY ZmZXji^kZ"aZ\^haVi^kZ WgVcX] jc^in! :^hZc]dlZg ^ck^iZY A7?! l]d lVh i]Z HZcViZÉh 9ZbdXgVi^X aZVYZg! id \d id i]Z Jc^iZY CVi^dch id egdedhZ i]Z XgZVi^dc d[ i]Z 8dbb^iiZZ dc i]Z EZVXZ" [ja JhZh d[ DjiZg HeVXZ 8DEJDH l^i] ^ih AZ\Va HjWXdbb^iiZZ VcY i]Z HX^Zci^ÒX VcY IZX]c^XVa HjWXdbb^iiZZ# > ]VeeZcZY id WZ ^c HVc 6cidc^d ViiZcY^c\ V heVXZ Xdc[ZgZcXZ VcY lVh ^ck^iZY id i]Z ?d]chdc gVcX] id Vhh^hi l^i] i]Z J#C# heZZX] VcY VXXdbeVcn i]Z A7? hiV[[ id i]Z J#C# I]Z gdaZ d[ 8DEJDH lVh id hV[Z\jVgY i]Z g^\]i d[ eZdeaZ d[ Vaa cVi^dch id

WZcZÒX^Va gZhjaih [gdb heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc Wn egdk^Y^c\ Vhh^hiVcXZ [dg gZhZVgX]! ZmX]Vc\Z VcY Y^hhZb^cVi^dc d[ ^c[dgbVi^dc! ZcXdjgV\" ^c\ cVi^dcVa gZhZVgX] egd\gVbh VcY hijYn^c\ aZ\Va egdWaZbh Vg^h^c\ [gdb heVXZ ZmeadgV" i^dc# 7di] [ZVg VcY ]deZ Wgdj\]i Xdjcig^Zh id\Zi]Zg ^c XddeZgVi^dc# A7? VYYgZhhZY i]Z J#C# 8dbb^iiZZ! ^c Cd" kZbWZg &.*-! dc WZ]Va[ d[ i]Z egZh^YZci# =Z hV^Y i]Z [daadl^c\/ ÆIdYVn djiZg heVXZ ^h [gZZ# >i ^h jchXVggZY Wn XdcÓ^Xi# >i bjhi gZbV^c i]^h lVn ½ LZ `cdl i]Z \V^ch d[ XddeZgVi^dc# LZ `cdl i]Z adhhZh d[ [V^ajgZ id XddeZgViZ ½ BZc l]d ]VkZ ldg`ZY id\Zi]Zg id gZVX] i]Z hiVgh VgZ cdi a^`Zan id YZhXZcY id\Zi]Zg ^cid i]Z YZei]h d[ lVg VcY YZhdaVi^dc#Ç >c^i^Vaan! i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc! 8oZX]dhadkV`^V VcY EdaVcY gZ[jhZY id eVgi^X^eViZ ^c 8DEJDH l]^X] lVh XgZViZY Vh Vc VY ]dX Xdbb^iiZZ WVhZY dc bV_dg^in kdi^c\# =dlZkZg! i]Zn WZXVbZ bZbWZgh V nZVg aViZg l]Zc ^i lVh YZX^YZY i]Vi Vaa 8DEJDH YZX^h^dch ldjaY WZ bVYZ Wn XdchZchjh# 8DEJDH YZkZadeZY V cjbWZg d[ heVXZ aVl igZVi^Zh! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z ÆIgZVin dc Eg^cX^eaZh <dkZgc^c\ i]Z 6Xi^k^" i^Zh d[ HiViZh ^c i]Z :meadgVi^dc VcY JhZ d[ DjiZg HeVXZ! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z Bddc VcY Di]Zg 8ZaZhi^Va 7dY^Zh!Ç l]^X] gZXd\c^oZY Æi]Z Xdbbdc ^ciZgZhi d[ Vaa bVc`^cY ^c i]Z egd\" gZhh d[ i]Z ZmeadgVi^dc VcY jhZ d[ djiZg heVXZ [dg eZVXZ[ja ejgedhZh#Ç 6ai]dj\] XdchZchjh

Space exploration became the beacon for our hope, the symbol of national and international achievement, and now we celebrate 50 years of progress and peace.

YZX^h^dc bV`^c\ iV`Zh i^bZ! ^i egdk^YZh V kZgn higdc\ WVh^h [dg i]Z h^\cVidgn cVi^dch id Xdbean l^i] i]Z igZVi^Zh# >c &.*,! heVXZ aVl lVh V cZlan ZbZg\^c\ ÒZaY l]^X] Veea^Zh Wdi] id djiZg heVXZ Vh V \Zd\gVe]^X VgZV VcY id [jcXi^dch eZg[dgbZY ^c i]Vi Zck^gdcbZci# > a^`Z id i]^c` d[ ^i Vh Zc" XdbeVhh^c\ aZ\Va egdWaZbh Vg^h^c\ [gdb i]Z ZmeadgVi^dc VcY eVgi^XjaVgan! jhZh d[ djiZg heVXZ# >c 6j\jhi &.*-! > ViiZcYZY V HeVXZ AVl 8daadfj^jb Vi i]Z =V\jZ ^c i]Z CZi]" ZgaVcYh# Bn eVeZg! ÆI]Z 8dbbjc^in d[ AVl VcY HX^ZcXZ!Ç egZhZciZY i]Z Vg\jbZci i]Vi i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ hX^ZcXZ VcY aVl ^h ^ciZg" YZeZcYZci# AZ\Va egdWaZbh bjhi WZ hijY^ZY

^c Xdc_jcXi^dc l^i] i]Z YZkZade^c\ [VXih d[ hX^ZcXZ VcY iZX]cdad\n# > dWhZgkZY ^i ^h V aVg\Z dgYZg id ZmeZXi Vcn eZghdc dg \gdje id Xdchda^YViZ i]Zdgn VcY egVXi^XZ ^c i]Z cZl Y^bZch^dc XgZViZY Wn heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc0 Wji jcaZhh lZ hiVgi l^i] V idiVa dW_ZXi^kZ VcY V XdcXZei d[ ]dl ^i ^h id WZ ejghjZY! djg ^ciZg" eaVcZiVgn i]^c`^c\ l^aa WZ ZVgi]WdjcY Wn igV" Y^i^dc VcY egZXZYZci Vi V i^bZ l]Zc XgZVi^kZ egZY^Xi^dch h]djaY ZcVWaZ jh id `ZZe ^ciZg" cVi^dcVa aVl ^c eVXZ l^i] hX^Zci^ÒX VX]^ZkZ" bZci# Id\Zi]Zg! i]ZhZ egd[Zhh^dch ]VkZ i]Z hVbZ dW_ZXi^kZ Ä i]Z XgZVi^dc d[ XdcY^i^dch i]Vi l^aa egdbdiZ i]Z \ZcZgVa lZa[VgZ VcY egdiZXi i]Z eZdeaZ ^c i]Z Æg^\]i id a^[Z! a^W" Zgin VcY i]Z ejghj^i d[ ]Vee^cZhh#Ç Jedc bn gZijgc id LVh]^c\idc V[iZg i]Z XgZVi^dc d[ i]Z 8DEJDH Xdbb^iiZZ! VcY jedc bn hj\\Zhi^dc id A7?! i]Z HZcViZ HeZ" X^Va 8dbb^iiZZ dc HeVXZ VcY 6higdcVji^Xh ejWa^h]ZY V heVXZ aVl hnbedh^jb ^c 9ZXZb" WZg &.*-# I]^h YdXjbZci ^cXajYZY *- Vg" i^XaZh Wn aVlnZgh! hX^Zci^hih! Zc\^cZZgh VcY \dkZgcbZci d[ÒX^Vah ^YZci^[n^c\ egdWaZbh d[ V^g! hZV VcY heVXZ aVl# >c add`^c\ WVX` dc i]dhZ ZVgan VXXdbea^h]" bZcih! > Vb VlZY Wn i]Z heZZY d[ i]Z aZ\^haV" i^kZ egdXZhh# >i lVh ^cXgZY^WaZ VcY i]dgdj\]# Hejic^` lVh aVjcX]ZY dc DXi# )! &.*,! VcY Wn ?jan '.! &.*- Ä Veegdm^bViZan c^cZ bdci]h aViZg Ä i]Z 8dc\gZhh ]VY VagZVYn ^YZci^ÒZY Vaa VheZXih d[ i]Z egdWaZb iV`^c\ ^cid VX" Xdjci i]Z ZmZXji^kZ VcY aZ\^haVi^kZ [jcXi^dch! cVi^dcVa VcY ^ciZgcVi^dcVa ZaZbZcih! VcY b^a^" iVgn VcY X^k^a^Vc gdaZh VcY ZhiVWa^h]ZY C6H6# C6H6Éh dg\Vc^X hiVijiZ egdk^YZY V hda^Y WVh^h [dg i]Z heVXZ VYb^c^higVi^dcÉh [jijgZ hjXXZhh VcY Jc^iZY HiViZh iZX]cdad\^XVa aZVYZgh]^e# I]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh idd` i]Z ^c^i^Vi^kZ! VcY ÒkZ bdci]h aViZg i]Z J#C# XgZViZY 8DEJDH# HeVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc WZXVbZ i]Z WZVXdc [dg djg ]deZ! i]Z hnb" Wda d[ cVi^dcVa VcY ^ciZgcVi^dc" Va VX]^ZkZbZci! VcY cdl lZ XZaZWgViZ *% nZVgh d[ egd\gZhh VcY eZVXZ# &# I]Z Zci^i^Zh a^hiZY Wn C6H6 Vh ]Vk^c\ heVXZ" gZaViZY VXi^k^i^Zh ^cXajYZY/ I]Z egZh^YZci! EgZh" ^YZciÉh HX^Zci^ÒX 6Yk^hdgn 8dbb^iiZZ! CVi^dcVa 6ZgdcVji^Xh VcY HeVXZ 8djcX^a! CVi^dcVa HX^ZcXZ ;djcYVi^dc! 6idb^X :cZg\n 8dbb^hh^dc! J#H# >c[dgbVi^dc 6\ZcXn! Hb^i]hdc^Vc >chi^iji^dc! ;ZY" ZgVa 6k^Vi^dc 6Yb^c^higVi^dc! CVi^dcVa 6XVYZbn d[ HX^ZcXZh! 8^k^a 6ZgdcVji^Xh 7dVgY! 9ZeVgibZci d[ HiViZ! 9ZeVgibZci d[ i]Z IgZVhjgn! 8dVhi <jVgY! 9ZeVgibZci d[ 8dbbZgXZ! 7jgZVj d[ CVi^dcVa HiVcYVgYh! LZVi]Zg 7jgZVj! 9ZeVgibZci d[ 9Z" [ZchZ! 6YkVcXZY GZhZVgX] Egd_ZXi 6\ZcXn! 6^g ;dgXZ! CVkn VcY 6gbn#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

49

EgZhZci Vi i]Z 8gZVi^dc/

EVja <# 9ZbWa^c\! 6ji]dg d[ C6H6Éh ;djcY^c\ AZ\^haVi^dc

By Edward S. GOLDSTEIN, Gregory C. LA ROSA and David S. SCHUMAN

C6H6Éh [djcY^c\ XVc WZ XgZY^iZY id V cjbWZg d[ Ò\jgZh! hdbZ [Vbdjh a^`Z EgZh^YZci 9l^\]i 9# :^hZc]dlZg! l]d YZiZgb^cZY i]Vi V X^k^a^Vc V\ZcXn h]djaY aZVY 6bZg^XVÉh heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc Z[[dgih! i]Zc"HZcViZ bV_dg^in aZVYZg AncYdc 7# ?d]chdc! l]d ejh]ZY [dg V higdc\ 6bZg^XVc Z[[dgi ^c heVXZ# 7Z]^cY i]Z hXZcZh! eZdeaZ a^`Z EVja <# 9ZbWa^c\! \ZcZgVa XdjchZa id i]Z CV" i^dcVa 6Yk^hdgn 8dbb^iiZZ [dg 6ZgdcVji^Xh C686 VcY aViZg C6H6! VcY ?d]chdcÉh aZ\" ^haVi^kZ V^YZh :^aZcZ <VaadlVn VcY <aZcc L^a" hdc! ]ZaeZY id h]VeZ C6H6Éh aZ\^haVi^kZ X]VgiZg! i]Z CVi^dcVa 6ZgdcVji^Xh VcY HeVXZ 6Xi d[ &.*-# >c i]^h Xdbe^aVi^dc d[ ild ^ciZgk^Zlh! 9ZbWa^c\! l]d Vahd gVc C6H6Éh AZ\^haVi^kZ 6[" [V^gh D[ÒXZ jcYZg 6Yb^c^higVidg ?VbZh LZWW! Y^hXjhhZY ]^h gdaZ ^c YgV[i^c\ i]Z HeVXZ 6Xi VcY di]Zg bV_dg ZkZcih ]Z l^icZhhZY# 9ZbWa^c\ ^h cdl gZi^gZY VcY a^k^c\ ^c ;adg^YV#

F# <aZcc L^ahdc P[dgbZg HZcViZ V^YZ id AncYdc ?d]chdcR ]Vh YZhXg^WZY i]Z egd" XZhh ^c YgV[i^c\ i]Z HeVXZ 6Xi Vh V iZmi" Wdd` XVhZ d[ ]dl aVl hejggZY Wn iZX]cd" ad\^XVa VYkVcXZbZci h]djaY WZ bVYZ# 6# LZ Y^YcÉi ]VkZ V adi d[ ZmeZg^ZcXZ ^c YgV[i^c\ aZ\^haVi^dc! Wji >Éaa VYYgZhh l]Vi lZ Y^Y Vi i]Vi i^bZ# L]Zc Hejic^` lZci je! i]ZgZ lVh V \gZVi XaVbdg l^i]^c C686 Vh id l]Vi lZ dj\]i id Yd# 6Wdji '* eZgXZci d[ C686Éh ldg`! bdhian Vi LVaadeh >haVcY! lVh gZaViZY id heVXZ gZhZVgX] ½ BVcn C686 eZghdccZa [Zai i]Vi i]ZgZ dj\]i id WZ V gZX" d\c^i^dc d[ C686Éh ldg`! Wji ^i VeeZVgZY i]Vi i]Z bVcV\Zgh lZgZ _jhi h^ii^c\ lV^i^c\ id hZZ l]Vi ldjaY ]VeeZc# 6h V gZhjai! C686Éh aZVYZgh 9g# P?^bbnR 9dda^iiaZ PX]V^gbVcR VcY 9g# P=j\]R 9gnYZc PY^gZXidgR ^ck^iZY ndjc\ C6H6 Zc\^cZZgh VcY hX^Zci^hih id V Y^ccZg id ZmegZhh i]Z^g k^Zlh#

50

NASA

> lVh ^cXajYZY! ZkZc i]dj\] > Vb cdi V hX^Zc" i^hi dg Vc Zc\^cZZg# 7VX` i]Zc i]ZgZ lVh XdbeZi^i^dc Vbdc\ i]Z V\ZcX^Zh Vh id l]Vi dg\Vc^oVi^dc ldjaY WZ YZh^\cViZY id aZVY i]Z J#H# Z[[dgih ^c heVXZ# I]Z 6gbn [Zai kZgn higdc\an VWdji ^i WZXVjhZ i]Zn ]VY LZgc]Zg kdc 7gVjc Vi i]Z 6gbn 7Va" a^hi^X B^hh^aZ 6\ZcXn Vi GZYhidcZ 6ghZcVa# I]Z 6^g ;dgXZ [Zai i]Vi ^i lVh dWk^djh i]Vi ^i h]djaY WZ i]Z dcZ# 6cY i]Z 6idb^X :cZg\n 8dbb^hh^dc gVc V kZgn ^ciZchZ adWWn^c\ Z[" [dgi id hZZ` i]Vi YZh^\cVi^dc# I]Z gZVhdc i]Vi i]Z 6:8 lVh ^ciZgZhiZY lVh i]Zn bV^ciV^cZY i]Vi lZ ldjaY cdi WZ VWaZ id \d ^cid heVXZ jc" aZhh cjXaZVg edlZg lVh jhZY# Hd i]ZgZ lVh V gZVa Z[[dgi Wn kVg^djh V\ZcX^Zh id dWiV^c i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb# ½ H^cXZ > [Zai > XdjaYcÉi Xdc" ig^WjiZ [gdb V iZX]c^XVa hiVcYed^ci! > lZci id 9g# 9gnYZc VcY hV^Y! ÆL]n YdcÉi ndj \^kZ bZ hdbZ i^bZ VlVn [gdb bn gZ\jaVg Yji^Zh! VcY > XVc \d d[[ ^c V XdgcZg VcY YgV[i V e^ZXZ d[ aZ\^h" aVi^dc i]Vi lZ ldjaY WZ hVi^hÒZY l^i] ^[ lZ \di i]Z X]d^XZ d[ WZ^c\ i]Z V\ZcXn id ]VcYaZ i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb4Ç =Z hV^Y! Æ;^cZ#Ç

Sen. Styles Bridges (R-N.H.), the ranking member of the Senate Armed Services Committee, didn’t want to meet with me at his office. He didn’t want to come over to our offices. He stated that if the military legislative liaison saw me over there or his visiting our office, he would be criticized.

He didn’t want that. They would criticize him and call him a traitor to the cause of the armed services. So he would meet me at the Hotel Carlton.

>ÉkZ gZbVg`ZY i]Vi LVh]^c\idc deZgViZh dc i]Z Òghi YgV[i ^i \Zih# > ]VY cdi^XZY i]Vi ^c i]Z 8dc\gZhh! ^c i]Z V\ZcX^Zh! ^c kVg^djh V\ZcXn bZZi^c\h! Vi i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ! ZiX#! i]Vi i]Z eZghdc l]d h]dlh je l^i] i]Z Òghi YgV[i hZZbZY id WZ i]Z dcZ i]Vi ldjaY aZVY i]Z di]Zg eZdeaZ i]ZgZ# I]Z di]Zgh b^\]i XdbZ ^c VcY ]VkZ hdbZi]^c\! Wji i]Z Òghi YgV[i hZZbZY id WZ i]Z dcZ l]^X] WZXVbZ i]Z e^kdiVa dcZ# > bjhi iZaa ndj i]Vi 9g# 9gnYZcÉh Cd#' ^c C686! i]Z ZmZXji^kZ hZXgZiVgn! ?d]c ;# K^X" idgn! iVj\]i bZ V adi VWdji i]^h higViZ\n# L]Zc ]Z lZci id i]Z EZciV\dc dg di]Zg V\Zc" X^Zh! l^i] bZ hZgk^c\ Vh ]^h heZX^Va Vhh^hiVci! ]Z ldjaY ]VkZ V YgV[i VcY ]Z ldjaY eji ^i ^c [gdci d[ i]Z eZghdc l^i] l]db ]Z lVh iVa`" ^c\! l]dhZ Vhh^hiVcXZ dg V\gZZbZci dg Xdc" ÒgbVi^dc ]Z lVh hZZ`^c\! VcY ]Z ldjaY aVn ^i Ydlc VcY hVn! ÆIV`Z V add` Vi i]^h# Cdl! ]ZgZ ^h V eZcX^a! VcY ndj bV`Z Vcn X]Vc\Zh ndj lVci#Ç >[ i]Z bVc idjX]ZY ^i dg i]Z eZg" hdc hiVgiZY id X]Vc\Z ^i! K^Xidgn ldjaY hiVgi gZ[Zgg^c\ id ^i Vh i]Vi eZghdcÉh YgV[i# > gZbZbWZg dcXZ lZ lZci dkZg id hZZ i]Z ]ZVY d[ i]Z 6^g ;dgXZ! VcY ?d]c ]VY V e^ZXZ d[ eVeZg# =Z eji ^i WZ[dgZ <Zc# =Ve 6gcdaY VcY hV^Y! Æ=ZgZ! iV`Z V add` Vi i]^h! bV`Z ndjg dlc X]Vc\Zh#Ç L]Zc <Zc# 6gcdaY hiVgi" ZY bV`^c\ X]Vc\Zh! K^Xidgn hiVgiZY hVn^c\! ÆLZaa! djg YgV[i ^h egZiin \ddY! VcY ^i add`h a^`Z ndj V\gZZ l^i] ^i! VcY lZ XVc iV`Z ^i VlVn VcY Yd hdbZi]^c\ l^i] ^i#Ç > ]VY dWhZgkZY i]Vi LVh]^c\idc ]VY V egZY^aZXi^dc id ]VcYaZ Òghi YgV[ih i]Vi lVn# I]Zn hiVgiZY id bV`Z X]Vc\Zh dc i]Vi Òghi YgV[i# Hd > Ò\jgZY! lZaa! aZiÉh Yd ^i i]Vi lVn# 6aa idaY! i]Z C6H6 6Xi egdk^YZY i]Z V\ZcXn bdgZ Vji]dg^in i]Vc Vcn di]Zg YZeVgibZci dg V\ZcXn# NdjÉkZ ^cY^XViZY i]Vi i]Z aZ\^haVi^kZ egdXZhh [dg i]Z HeVXZ 6Xi idd` eaVXZ ^c

V ]jggn# >i lVh cdi V adl egZhhjgZ h^ij" Vi^dc# LZaa! V\V^c! i]Z gZVhdc ^i lVh cdi adl egZh" hjgZ lVh WZXVjhZ i]ZhZ di]Zg V\ZcX^Zh lZgZ hZZ`^c\ i]Z bVciaZ! VcY lZ Y^YcÉi `cdl Zm" VXian l]ZgZ lZ Vaa hiddY# LZ `cZl i]Vi i]Zn lZgZ ign^c\ id Xdck^cXZ i]Z VYb^c^higVi^dc VcY 8dc\gZhh# DcXZ i]Z YgV[i lVh YdcZ! ^i lVh hZci dkZg id i]Z 7jgZVj d[ i]Z 7jY\Zi# >c VYY^i^dc id i]Vi! l]Vi lZ ^c C686 hiVgi" ZY id Yd lVh iVa` id i]Z eZdeaZ dc i]Z =^aa# LZ hiVgiZY ldg`^c\ l^i] i]Z hiV[[h d[ i]Z 8dc" \gZhh^dcVa Xdbb^iiZZh# LZ ldg`ZY l^i] HZc# ?d]chdcÉh hiV[[Zgh <aZc L^ahdc VcY :^aZcZ <VaadlVn# ?d]chdc lVh bV_dg^in aZVYZg! VcY ]Z idd` i]Z aZVY ^c ]VcYa^c\ heVXZ aZ\^haVi^dc# Id h]dl ndj i]Z `^cY d[ h^ijVi^dc lZ lZgZ je V\V^chi! HZc# HinaZh 7g^Y\Zh G"C#=# ! i]Z gVc`^c\ bZbWZg d[ i]Z HZcViZ 6gbZY HZg" k^XZh 8dbb^iiZZ! Y^YcÉi lVci id bZZi l^i] bZ Vi ]^h d[ÒXZ# =Z Y^YcÉi lVci id XdbZ dkZg id djg d[ÒXZh# =Z hiViZY i]Vi ^[ i]Z b^a^iVgn aZ\^haVi^kZ a^V^hdc hVl bZ dkZg i]ZgZ dg ]^h k^h^i^c\ djg d[ÒXZ! ]Z ldjaY WZ Xg^i^X^oZY# =Z Y^YcÉi lVci i]Vi# I]Zn ldjaY Xg^i^X^oZ ]^b VcY XVaa ]^b V igV^idg id i]Z XVjhZ d[ i]Z VgbZY hZgk^XZh# Hd ]Z ldjaY bZZi bZ Vi i]Z =diZa 8Vgaidc# > ldjaY XVaa i]Z egZh^YZci d[ 6Zgd_Zi 8dgedgVi^dc PK^Xidg >bbVcjVaR l]d ]VY V hj^iZ Vi i]Z =diZa 8Vgaidc# L]ZcZkZg ]Z lVh Xdb^c\ ^cid idlc! ]Z ldjaY XVaa HinaZh 7g^Y\Zh VcY iZaa ]^b d[ bn gZfjZhi id bZZi# =Z VcY > ldjaY bZZi! VcY > ldjaY Wg^c\ ]^b je id YViZ! Wg^Z[ ]^b dc l]Vi lZ lZgZ Yd^c\# Hd ^i h]dlh ndj l]Vi `^cY d[ V ]dhi^aZ Zck^" gdcbZci lZ lZgZ ldg`^c\ ^c Vi i]Z i^bZ# >c YgV[i^c\ i]Z HeVXZ 6Xi ndj gZ" k^ZlZY egZk^djh <ZcZgVa 6XXdjci^c\ D[ÒXZ <6D YZX^h^dch dc i]Z ZmiZci d[ V\ZcX^ZhÉ Vji]dg^in# =dl aVg\Z V iVh` lVh i]Vi [dg ndj4

EgdjY VgX]^iZXi HeVXZ 6Xi Vji]dg EVja 9ZbWa^c\ Yjg^c\ C6H6Éh ZVgan nZVgh VcY idYVn! l]ZgZ ]Z VYb^gZh V edhiZg ]^\]a^\]i^c\ C6H6Éh [djcY^c\ aZ\^haVi^dc VcY i]Z V\ZcXnÉh Òghi ]ZVYfjVgiZgh Vi i]Z 9daan BVY^hdc =djhZ#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

51

> `cZl i]Vi Vc V\ZcXn XdjaY dcan eZg[dgb i]dhZ Yji^Zh VcY [jcXi^dch i]Vi VgZ egZ" hXg^WZY VcY Vji]dg^oZY Wn aVl# I]ZgZ lVh cd dcZ eaVXZ l]ZgZ dcZ XVc X]ZX` d[[ [jcXi^dch d[ V\ZcX^Zh# I]Z dcan hdjgXZ ^h Wn ZmVb^c^c\ <ZcZgVa 6XXdjci^c\ D[ÒXZ Pcdl i]Z <ZcZgVa 6XXdjciVW^a^in D[ÒXZR YZX^h^dch# I]Z 8dc" \gZhh ]Vh eaVXZY i]Z Vji]dg^in id ^ciZgegZi i]Z Veegdeg^Vi^dc VcY Vji]dg^oVi^dc aVlh ^c i]Z XdbeigdaaZg \ZcZgVa d[ i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh! i]Z ]ZVY d[ i]Z <6D# =ZcXZ <6D YZX^h^dch VgZ i]Z hdjgXZ d[ YZiZgb^c^c\ l]Zi]Zg dg cdi Vc V\ZcXn bVn dg bVn cdi ZmeZcY Veegdeg^" ViZY [jcYh dc V heZX^ÒX VXi^k^in# I]^h lVh bn gZVhdc [dg jh^c\ i]Z <6D YZX^h^dch ^c YgV[i" ^c\ i]Z W^aa i]Vi WZXVbZ i]Z CVi^dcVa 6Zgd" cVji^Xh VcY HeVXZ 6Xi d[ &.*-# >c i]Z <6D > [djcY adih d[ Vji]dg^i^Zh [dg YZeVgibZci dg V\ZcXn VXi^dch# > lZci i]gdj\] i]dhZ kZgn XVgZ[jaan Vh > ldg`ZY dc i]Z YgV[i aZ\^haVi^dc Yjg^c\ ?VcjVgn VcY ;ZWgjVgn! &.*-# > jhZY id XdbZ ]dbZ VWdji -! . dÉXadX` Vi c^\]i# 6cY > ldg`ZY lZZ`ZcYh id \Zi V W^aa Òc^h]ZY# HZkZgVa i^bZh! l]Zc dc V gdaa! > ldg`ZY Vaa c^\]i# HdbZl]ZgZ ^c i]Vi eZg^dY d[ i^bZ V Òghi YgV[i lVh hZci dkZg id i]Z 7jgZVj d[ i]Z 7jY\Zi ½ I]Z egZh^YZci VeegdkZY i]Z YgV[i W^aa Wn BVgX]# I]Vi bZVci i]Vi ^i Vahd ]VY WZZc VeegdkZY Wn i]Z 7jgZVj d[ i]Z 7jY" \Zi V[iZg ^ih ÒkZ"bVc Xdbb^iiZZ dc l]^X] > hZgkZY ]VY gZk^ZlZY ^i# I]Z YgV[i ]VY Vahd WZZc hZci id i]Z YZeVgibZcih VcY V\ZcX^Zh [dg XdbbZci# 7ji i]Z 7jgZVj d[ i]Z 7jY\Zi Pcdl i]Z D[ÒXZ d[ BVcV\ZbZci VcY 7jY\ZiR dcan \VkZ i]Z V\ZcX^Zh ') ]djgh id gZk^Zl i]Z YgV[i W^aa VcY hjWb^i i]Z^g XdbbZcih# >c i]Z 8dc\gZhh^dcVa ]ZVg^c\h dc i]Z W^aa! ndj l^aa hZZ i]Vi 9Zejin HZXgZiVgn d[ 9Z[ZchZ 9dcVaY FjVgaZh heZci bdhi d[ ]^h i^bZ XdbeaV^c^c\ i]Vi ') ]djgh Y^YcÉi \^kZ 9d9 Zcdj\] i^bZ id hZcY ^i id i]Z 6^g ;dgXZ! 6gbn VcY CVkn! VcY gZXZ^kZ i]Z^g XdbbZcih# Ndj VgZ egdjY i]Vi i]Z HeVXZ 6Xi \VkZ C6H6 Vji]dg^in id eZg[dgb ÆXdcigVXih! aZVhZh! XddeZgVi^kZ V\gZZbZcih VcY di]" Zg igVchVXi^dch Vh bVn WZ cZXZhhVgn#Ç 8Vc ndj ZmeaV^c i]Z h^\c^ÒXVcXZ d[ i]Z iZgb Ædi]Zg igVchVXi^dch4Ç LZaa! > ig^ZY id XdkZg ZkZgni]^c\ ZahZ i]Vi lVh hiViZY ^c <6D gja^c\h# L]Zc hdbZWdYn hV^Y! ÆLZaa! hjeedhZ lZ ]VkZ i]^h `^cY d[ V igVchVXi^dc dg i]Vi `^cY d[ V igVchVXi^dc4Ç > Ò\jgZY! ^i bVn cdi WZ XdkZgZY jcYZg Xdc" igVXih! aZVhZh VcY XddeZgVi^kZ V\gZZbZcih# > XdjaYcÉi i]^c` d[ Vcn di]Zg iZgb^cdad\n id jhZ! hd > jhZY! ÆDi]Zg igVchVXi^dch Vh bVn WZ

52

NASA

YZiZgb^cZY dg cZXZhhVgn ^c i]Z XdcYjXi d[ ^ih ldg`#Ç Hd ^i lVh V hdgi d[ XViX]Vaa e]gVhZ i]Vi > ig^ZY id jhZ# I]^h \^kZh C6H6 V \gZVi YZVa d[ ÓZm^W^a^in h^cXZ i]Z aVc\jV\Z eaVXZh i]Z YZX^h^dc l^i] i]Z VYb^c^higVidg Vh ]Z YZZbh cZXZhhVgn# I]Z h^\c^ÒXVcXZ d[ i]^h egdk^h^dc ^h i]Vi ^i ^h cdi hjW_ZXi id Vcn gZ\jaVg egdXjg" bZci dg Vcn di]Zg gjaZh dg gZ\jaVi^dch# >c i]Z ZVgan aZ\^haVi^kZ ]^hidgn d[ i]Z HeVXZ 6Xi! dc dcZ ]VcY i]ZgZ hZZbZY id WZ V YZh^gZ id ZhiVWa^h] C6H6 Vh V ejgZan X^k^a^Vc V\ZcXn! Wji nZi! Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ! heZX^ÒX gZ[ZgZcXZ ^h bVYZ id djg VW^a^in id XddeZgViZ l^i] i]Z 9Z[ZchZ 9ZeVgibZci# LZaa! i]Z 9ZeVgibZci d[ 9Z[ZchZ ^ch^hiZY jedc ^cXajh^dc! VcY i]Z WZhi ^i lVh VWaZ id dWiV^c lVh hZXi^dc &%'# > Vb kZgn eaZVhZY i]Vi i]Z 8dc\gZhh! eaVXZY i]Z VXi jcYZg i]Z \ZcZgVa lZa[VgZ XaVjhZ d[ i]Z 8dchi^iji^dc!

VcY ^i hiViZY i]Vi i]Z VZgdcVji^XVa VcY heVXZ VXi^k^i^Zh h]Vaa WZ i]Z gZhedch^W^a^in d[ VcY h]Vaa WZ Y^gZXiZY Wn V X^k^a^Vc V\ZcXn# I]Zc ^i hVnh ÆZmXZei i]Vi VXi^k^i^Zh eZXja^Vg id dg eg^bVg^an VhhdX^ViZY l^i] i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ lZVedch hnhiZbh! b^a^iVgn deZgVi^dch! dg i]Z YZ[ZchZ d[ i]Z J#H# h]Vaa WZ i]Z gZhedch^W^a^in VcY Y^gZXiZY Wn 9d9#Ç 9d9 [dj\]i ]VgY \Zi" i^c\ i]Vi egdk^h^dc ^cid i]Z W^aa# I]Z 9ZeVgi" bZci d[ 9Z[ZchZ hV^Y ^i ldjaY cdi XddeZgViZ jcaZhh ^i ]VY i]Vi egdk^h^dc ^c i]Z W^aa#

Many people didn’t know that NACA/NASA was the front for the CIA’s U-2 program. … In fact, when Glennan was appointed administrator, Dryden said to me, “I guess we’ve got to tell Glennan about the U-2 program.”

6gZ i]ZgZ Vcn VheZXih d[ i]Z HeVXZ 6Xi i]Vi ^c gZigdheZXi ndj WZa^ZkZ VgZ ^cVYZfjViZ4 > XVcÉi gZVaan i]^c` d[ Vcni]^c\ i]Vi XVbZ je i]Vi lVhcÉi ZcXdbeVhhZY Wn i]Z VXi# Cdl! ndj bZci^dcZY i]Z 9ZeVgibZci d[ 9Z[ZchZ egdW" aZb# LZ Vahd ]VY egdWaZbh l^i] i]Z HiViZ 9Z" eVgibZci# I]Z dg^\^cVa YgV[i W^aa egdk^YZY i]Vi i]Z VYb^c^higVi^dc XdjaY Zc\V\Z ^c V egd\gVb d[ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa XddeZgVi^dc# I]Z HiViZ 9ZeVgi" bZci deedhZY i]Vi aVc\jV\Z VcY ^ch^hiZY i]Vi ^i ]VY id WZ jcYZg i]Z [dgZ^\c eda^Xn \j^YVcXZ d[ i]Z egZh^YZci# I]Vi lVh i]Z Xdbegdb^hZ# L]Zc EgZh^YZci :^hZc]dlZg h^\cZY i]Z VXi! ]Z idd` V gZhZgkVi^dc VcY hV^Y hdbZi]^c\ Vadc\

i]Z a^cZ i]Vi ^i ^h XaZVgan jcYZghiddY i]Vi i]Z ^ciZgcVi^dcVa VXi^k^i^Zh d[ C6H6 l^aa WZ YdcZ jcYZg i]Z [dgZ^\c eda^Xn \j^YVcXZ d[ i]Z egZh^" YZci VcY i]Z HiViZ 9ZeVgibZci# =Z idd` Vc ZmXZei^dc! ]Z hiViZY V gZhZgkVi^dc gZ\VgY^c\ i]Z Vji]dg^in# I]dhZ lZgZ i]Z ild W^\ VgZVh i]Vi lZ ]VY bdhi d[ djg egdWaZbh/ i]Z HiViZ 9ZeVgibZci VcY 9d9# I]Z 9d9 bdgZ hd# Add`! l]Zc ndj iVa` VWdji i]Z X^k^a^Vc V\ZcXn! lZ ]VY i]Z <Zb^c^ egd\gVb# I]Z 6^g ;dgXZ ig^ZY id Xden i]Vi VcY gVc i]Z^g dlc! l]^X] i]Zn XVaaZY i]Z 7ajZ <Zb^c^ egd" \gVb# Hd i]ZgZ lZgZ egdWaZbh Vaa Vadc\# I]Z VYb^c^higVidg VcY i]Z hZXgZiVgn d[ YZ[ZchZ eZg^dY^XVaan ]VY bZZi^c\h VcY d[iZc ?^b LZWW XVbZ WVX` hidgb^c\ VWdji HZXgZiVgn d[ 9Z[ZchZ GdWZgi BXCVbVgV# AZiÉh iVa` VWdji hdbZ d[ i]Z ZkZcih ndj l^icZhhZY# 8Vc ndj heZV` VWdji C6H6Éh ^ckdakZbZci ^c i]Z d[ÒX^Va XdkZg hidgn l]Zc djg J"' hen eaVcZ VcY ^ih e^" adi ;gVcX^h <Vgn EdlZgh lVh h]di Ydlc Wn i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc ^c &.+%4 6[iZg <Vgn EdlZgh lVh XVeijgZY! EgZh^" YZci :^hZc]dlZg lVh ZbWVggVhhZY h^cXZ ]Z hV^Y ]Z Y^YcÉi `cdl Vcni]^c\ VWdji ^i# I]Z L]^iZ =djhZ i]Zc ]VY C6H6 ]VcYaZ Vaa i]Z bZY^V# >c VYYY^i^dc id ^ih XdkZgi VXi^k^i^Zh! i]Z J"' Vahd hZci WVX` bZiZdgdad\^XVa YViV# I]ZhZ lZgZ i]Zc jhZY ^c i]Z iZX]c^XVa eV" eZgh i]Vi C686$C6H6 ejWa^h]ZY# BVcn eZd" eaZ Y^YcÉi `cdl i]Vi C686$C6H6 lVh i]Z [gdci [dg i]Z 8>6Éh J"' egd\gVb# EgZh^YZci :^hZc]dlZg ]VY ^ch^hiZY i]Z J"' egd\gVb Vahd WZ V X^k^a^Vc dcZ# =Z lVh XdcXZgcZY i]Vi ^[ b^a^iVgn eZghdccZa lZgZ ^ckdakZY! ^i ldjaY [jgi]Zg ]VbeZg ]^h VccdjcXZY ÆdeZc h`^ZhÇ eda^Xn! dg^\^cVaan ijgcZY Ydlc Wn i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc# ½ >c [VXi! l]Zc <aZccVc lVh Veed^ciZY VYb^c^higVidg! 9gnYZc hV^Y id bZ! Æ> \jZhh lZÉkZ \di id iZaa <aZccVc VWdji i]Z J"' egd\gVb#Ç >i lVhcÉi jci^a V[iZg bVcn bdci]h i]Vi ]Z lVh ^c d[ÒXZ# >i lVh V ]^\]an `Zei hZXgZi# Ndj dcXZ hVi ^c dc V bZZi^c\ WZilZZc C6H6 6Yb^c^higVidg ?VbZh LZWW VcY EgZh^YZci @ZccZYn ZVgan ^c i]Z @Zc" cZYn VYb^c^higVi^dc# 8djaY ndj iZaa jh VWdji i]Vi bZZi^c\4 Eg^bVg^an ^i lVh V bZZi^c\ id Y^hXjhh ]dl i]Zn lZgZ \d^c\ id ]VcYaZ i]Z [VXi K^XZ EgZh^" YZci ?d]chdc ]VY l^h]ZY id WZ ]ZVY d[ i]Z CVi^dcVa 6ZgdcVji^Xh VcY HeVXZ 8djcX^a# I]Vi aZ\^haVi^dc ]VY eVhhZY! VcY ^chiZVY d[ ]Vk^c\ i]Z egZh^YZci VXi Vh X]V^gbVc d[ i]Vi XdjcX^a ^i lVh i]Z k^XZ egZh^YZci# I]ZgZ lVh V XdcXZgc

Wn Wdi] EgZh^YZci @ZccZYn VcY ?^b LZWW i]Vi Vh i]Z ]ZVY d[ i]Z HeVXZ 8djcX^a! AncYdc ?d]chdc b^\]i iV`Z dkZg h^cXZ ]Z lVh kZgn V\\gZhh^kZ VcnlVn# Bg# LZWW hj\\ZhiZY i]Vi ^[ i]Z egZh^YZci lZgZ id Xdcigda i]Z V\ZcYV d[ i]Z XdjcX^a! i]Zn XdjaY i]Zc Xdcigda l]Vi i]Z XdjcX^a ldg`ZY dc# 6cY i]Vi lVh YdcZ# >i lVh YZX^YZY i]Vi i]Z egZh^YZci Xdcigda VcY hZi i]Z V\ZcYV [dg i]Z XdjcX^a! VcY i]Z XdjcX^a ldjaY XVggn [dglVgY [gdb i]Vi# >i lVh Vc ^ciZgZhi^c\ e^ZXZ d[ bVcZjkZg^c\ > i]dj\]i! VcY > hi^aa i]^c` ^i lVh fj^iZ V [ZVi# 6Yb^c^higVidg LZWW dcXZ ]VY id ijhhaZ l^i] 7jY\Zi 9^gZXidg 9Vk^Y 7Zaa VWdji C6H6 [jcY^c\# 8Vc ndj YZhXg^WZ i]Vi4 6 bdci] V[iZg ]Z WZXVbZ VYb^c^higVidg!

Bg# LZWW ]VY V bZZi^c\ l^i] 9Vk^Y 7Zaa h]dgian V[iZg LZWW XdcXajYZY i]Vi C6H6 cZZYZY id ]VkZ Vc ^cXgZVhZY WjY\Zi# 9Vk^Y 7Zaa hV^Y! ÆLZaa! lZÉgZ dcan \d^c\ id gZXdb" bZcY hdbZi]^c\ aZhh i]Vc i]Vi#Ç LZWW hV^Y! Æ9dcÉi \^kZ bZ i]Vi! 9Vk^Y# Ndj XVc VYk^hZ i]Z egZh^YZci! Wji ndj XVcÉi Yd Vcni]^c\ id bn gZfjZhi# > jhZY id h^i ^c i]Vi X]V^g#Ç LZWW ]VY WZZc WjY\Zi Y^gZXidg WVX` ^c IgjbVcÉh VYb^c^higVi^dc# 6cY ]Z hV^Y! Æ9dcÉi Ó^bÓVb bZ# Ndj XVc Ó^bÓVb hdbZ d[ i]Z cZl \jnh ^c idlc# Ndj XVc VYk^hZ i]Z egZh^YZci! Wji ndj YdcÉi bV`Z i]Z YZX^h^dc [dg i]Z egZh^" YZci# > l^aa iV`Z i]Z WjY\Zi id i]Z egZh^YZci! VcY ndj XVc XdbZ l^i] bZ ^[ ^iÉh ndjg YZ" h^gZ#Ç 6cY i]Vi ^h i]Z lVn ^i lZci# C6H6 gZ" XZ^kZY i]Z ^cXgZVhZ LZgZ ndj ^ckdakZY ^c Vcn d[ i]Z YZX^" h^dch VWdji deZc^c\ je C6H6 _dWh id b^cdg^i^Zh4 LZ Y^Y hdbZ gZXgj^i^c\ VXijVaan [dg i]Z <ZcZgVa 8djchZaÉh d[ÒXZ# >i lVh V eZg^dY l]Zc <dk# Pd[ 6aVWVbVR <Zdg\Z LVaaVXZ hiddY ^c [gdci d[ i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ 6aVWVbV Pid WadX` 6[g^XVc"6bZg^XVc hijYZcih [gdb Zcgdaa^c\R# C6H6 ]VY V adi d[ ^ciZgeaVn l^i] i]Z =jcih" k^aaZ edgi^dc d[ i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ 6aVWVbV# LZWW XVaaZY LVaaVXZ dcXZ VcY hV^Y! Æ> YdcÉi lVci ndj bZhh^c\ l^i] =jcihk^aaZ! WZXVjhZ ^[ ndj bZhh l^i] =jcihk^aaZ! lZÉgZ \d^c\ id ejaa dji ZkZgni]^c\ lZ ]VkZ ^c 6aVWVbV#Ç <Zdg\Z LVaaVXZ cZkZg Y^Y Vcni]^c\ ^c =jcihk^aaZ# 8djaY ndj YZhXg^WZ i]Z ^bedgiVcXZ d[ i]Z J#C# DjiZg HeVXZ IgZVin VcY ndjg gdaZ ^c i]^h igZVin4 > lVh V bZbWZg d[ i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh YZaZ\Vi^dc id i]Z J#C# VcY hZgkZY dc i]Z aZ\Va hjWXdbb^iiZZ# 9gV[ih d[ heVXZ igZV" i^Zh ]VY WZZc hjWb^iiZY Wn kVg^djh Xdjc" ig^Zh# 8dch^YZgVi^dc lVh \^kZc Wn bZbWZgh

d[ i]Z aZ\Va Xdbb^iiZZ! VcY YZWViZ Xdci^c" jZY [dg V adc\ i^bZ# I]Z igZVin lVh V\gZZY id Wn Vaa d[ i]Z eVgi^Zh# 6i i]Vi i^bZ i]ZgZ lZgZ dcan *' Xdjcig^Zh ^c i]Z J#C# I]ZgZ lZgZ XZgiV^c Xdbegdb^hZh bVYZ WZXVjhZ i]Z hbVaaZg Xdjcig^Zh lZgZ XdcXZgcZY i]Vi i]Z W^\ edlZgh ldjaY bdcdeda^oZ Vaa heVXZ VXi^k^i^Zh VcY djiZg heVXZ ^ihZa[# I]Z igZV" in egdk^YZh [dg i]Z eZVXZ[ja ejgedhZh d[ heVXZ0 i]Vi i]ZgZ ldjaY WZ cd XaV^bh dc XZ" aZhi^Va WdY^Zh VcY cd Veegdeg^Vi^dc0 heVXZ ldjaY WZ [gZZ id WZ jhZY Wn ZkZgndcZ0 VcY i]Vi i]ZgZ ldjaY WZ Y^hhZb^cVi^dc d[ ^c[dg" bVi^dc# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! l]Zc lZ e^X`ZY je i]Z bddc gdX`h! C6H6 hZci e^ZXZh id ZkZgn Xdjcign i]Vi lVh ^ciZgZhiZY hd i]Zn XdjaY Yd gZhZVgX] dc i]Zb#

Webb said (to Budget Director David Bell), “Don’t flimflam me.

You can flimflam some of the new guys in town. You can advise the president, but you don’t make the decision for the president.

I will take the budget to the president, and you can come with me if it’s your desire.”

L]Vi lVh ndjg ^ckdakZbZci ^c C6H6Éh gZhedchZ id i]Z 6edaad & igV\ZYn4 >iÉh hjgeg^h^c\ ndj Vh` VWdji i]^h g^\]i V[iZg Vh`^c\ VWdji i]Z DjiZg HeVXZ IgZVin# 6h ^i ]VeeZcZY! i]ZgZ lVh V h^bjaiVcZdjh h^\c^c\ d[ i]Z DjiZg HeVXZ IgZVin Wn i]Z kVg^djh Xdjcig^Zh ^c AdcYdc! BdhXdl VcY LVh]^c\idc dc ?Vc# ',! &.+,# EgZh^YZci ?d]c" hdc ]ZaY V gZXZei^dc i]Vi ZkZc^c\# L]^aZ lZ lZgZ Vi i]Z gZXZei^dc! ?VbZh LZWW \di V XVaa [gdb i]Z @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg VcY lVh idaY VWdji i]Z igV\ZYn Pi]Z 6edaad & ÒgZR# =Z lZci VgdjcY VcY hjbbdcZY V \gdje d[ jh! VcY lZ lZci WVX` id ]^h d[ÒXZ id ign id hZZ l]Vi XdjaY WZ YdcZ# ½ 6 XdjeaZ d[ YVnh V[iZg iVa`^c\ VWdji i]Z h^ijVi^dc VcY ldg`" ^c\ dc i]^h! ?^b LZWW hV^Y id i]Z egZh^YZci! ÆLZÉgZ \d^c\ id gjc i]Z ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc# 6cY > YdcÉi lVci di]Zg heZX^Va ^ckZhi^\Vi^c\ Xdb" b^iiZZh#Ç =Z lZci id i]Z =^aa VcY hV^Y i]Z hVbZ i]^c\# =Z hV^Y! Æ>[ ndj YdcÉi a^`Z l]Vi lZÉgZ Yd^c\! ndj XVc ÒgZ bZ! VcY ndj XVc Yd ndjg dlc ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc# 7ji lZ lVci id Yd Vc ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc i]ViÉh \d^c\ id WZ i]dgdj\] VcY ]dcZhi#Ç I]Z V\gZZbZci bVYZ l^i] i]Z HZc" ViZ VcY =djhZ d[ GZegZhZciVi^kZh lVh i]Vi

6hhdX^ViZ 6Yb^c^higVidg 7dW HZVbVch ldjaY gZedgi i]Z hiVijh d[ i]Z ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc ZkZgn ;g^YVn# I]Vi XVgg^ZY# 8dc\gZhh V\gZZY VcY i]Z egZh^YZci V\gZZY! VcY i]ZgZ lZgZ cd h^" bjaiVcZdjh ^ckZhi^\Vi^dch# I]ZgZ lZgZ &!*%& l^icZhhZh XVaaZY Yjg^c\ i]Z C6H6 ^ckZhi^" \Vi^dc# 6 gZedgi lVh gZcYZgZY! VcY adih d[ X]Vc\Zh lZgZ bVYZ id i]Z XVehjaZ! VcY adih d[ X]Vc\Zh bVYZ id C6H6Éh egdXZYjgZh# 6i i]Vi i^bZ i]Z Cdgi] 6bZg^XVc 8dbeV" cn Peg^bZ 6edaad 8dbbVcY BdYjaZ XdcigVX" idgR ]VY [jaÒaaZY Vaa i]Z XdcY^i^dch d[ i]Z^g XdcigVXi VcY lVh YjZ V Wdcjh# ?^b LZWW hV^Y id i]Z ]ZVY d[ i]Z Cdgi] 6bZg^XVc \gdje! Æ> XVcÉi \^kZ ndj V Wdcjh# EZdeaZ VgdjcY i]Z Xdjcign ldjaY gV^hZ ]Zaa VWdji i]^h# Hd >Éb hdggn! ndj XVc hjZ jh# Ndj XVc Yd l]ViZkZg ndj lVci# > l^aa ign id bV`Z ^i je id ndj ^c hdbZ lVn! Wji ndjÉgZ cdi \Zii^c\ V Wdcjh Vi i]^h i^bZ#Ç L]Vi lZgZ ndjg gZXdaaZXi^dch VWdji 6edaad -4 DcZ d[ bn [Vkdg^iZ bZbdg^Zh ^h Vc ^cX^" YZci i]Vi dXXjggZY Yjg^c\ i]Z Ó^\]i# ;gVc` 7dgbVc VcY i]Z XgZl gZVY [gdb i]Z Wdd` d[ <ZcZh^h dc 8]g^hibVh :kZ# I]Vi c^\]i dcZ d[ C6H6Éh ejWa^X gZaVi^dch eZdeaZ Vi 8VeZ 8V" cVkZgVa \di V XVaa [gdb V ?VeVcZhZ gZedgiZg l]d hV^Y! ÆLZ ]ZVgY i]Zn gZVY hdbZi]^c\!

XVc lZ \Zi V igVchXg^ei4Ç Hd i]Z C6H6 eZghdc hV^Y id ]^b# ÆL]ZgZ VgZ ndj XVaa^c\ [gdb4Ç I]Z gZedgiZg gZhedcYZY! Æ;gdb bn ]diZa#Ç I]Z gZedgiZg lVh idaY! ÆDeZc i]Z YgVlZg! VcY ndj l^aa ÒcY V Wdd`! VcY i]Z ldgYh VgZ i]ZgZ#Ç 6cY i]Z gZedgiZg hV^Y! Æ6lll# C6H6 i]^c`h d[ ZkZgni]^c\ PaVj\]iZgR# 9^Y =ZVYfjVgiZgh ]VkZ V gdaZ ^c hj\" \Zhi^c\ ]dl CZ^a 6gbhigdc\ ]VcYaZ i]Z Òghi ldgYh dc i]Z bddc4 NZh ^i Y^Y# L^aa^h H]VeaZn l]d lVh i]Z Vhhd" X^ViZ YZejin VYb^c^higVidg Vi i]Z i^bZ ]ZVYZY V Xdbb^iiZZ# =Z! 6gcdaY ;gji`^c 6hh^hiVci 6Yb^c^higVidg [dg >ciZgcVi^dcVa 6[[V^gh ! ?ja^Vc HX]ZZg Vhh^hiVci VYb^c^higVidg [dg EjWa^X 6[" [V^gh VcY > ldg`ZY dc V hiViZbZci gZ\VgY^c\ l]Vi h]djaY WZ hV^Y# I]Z [ZVg lVh i]Vi hdbZ" WdYn b^\]i hVn! Æ>Éb iV`^c\ i]^h [dg i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh!Ç l]^X] ldjaY WZ XdcigVgn id l]Vi i]Z DjiZg HeVXZ IgZVin hV^Y# Hd gVi]Zg i]Vc aZVkZ ^i id i]Z VhigdcVjih id bV`Z je i]Z^g dlc ^YZV! i]ZgZ lVh i]Z i]dj\]i i]Vi bVnWZ lZ dj\]i id \^kZ i]Zb hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi b^\]i aZVY i]Zb# > YdcÉi i]^c` ]Z PCZ^a 6gbhigdc\R hV^Y ^i ZmVXian i]Z lVn ^i lVh lg^iiZc Ydlc! Wji ]Z igVchb^iiZY i]Z bZVc^c\#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

53

By Neil deGrasse TYSON 9g# CZ^a YZ<gVhhZ Inhdc ^h i]Z Ă&#x2019;ghi dXXjeVci d[ i]Z ;gZYZg^X` E# GdhZ 9^gZXidgh]^e d[ CZl Ndg` 8^inĂ&#x2030;h =VnYZc EaVcZiVg^jb# 6 gZXZci bZbWZg d[ C6H6Ă&#x2030;h 6Yk^hdgn 8djcX^a VcY V gZX^e^Zci d[ i]Z C6H6 9^hi^c\j^h]ZY EjWa^X HZgk^XZ BZYVa! Inhdc lgdiZ i]^h ZhhVn VWdji C6H6Ă&#x2030;h higj\\aZ dkZg i^bZ id ^che^gZ Vaa 6bZg^XVch id WZ V eVgi d[ i]Z VYkZcijgZ d[ heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc! VcY ]^h ]deZh [dg i]Z heVXZ V\ZcXnĂ&#x2030;h [jijgZ# 9ZVg C6H6! =Veen W^gi]YVn EZg]Veh ndj Y^YcĂ&#x2030;i `cdl!

Wji lZĂ&#x2030;gZ i]Z hVbZ V\Z# >c i]Z Ă&#x2019;ghi lZZ` d[ DXidWZg &.*-! ndj lZgZ Wdgc d[ i]Z CVi^dcVa 6ZgdcVji^Xh VcY HeVXZ 6Xi Vh V X^k^a^Vc heVXZ V\ZcXn! l]^aZ > lVh Wdgc d[ bn bdi]Zg ^c i]Z :Vhi 7gdcm# Hd i]Z nZVgadc\ XZaZWgVi^dc d[ djg \daYZc Vcc^kZghVg^Zh! l]^X] WZ\^ch i]Z YVn V[" iZg lZ Wdi] ijgc ).! egdk^YZh bZ V jc^fjZ dXXV" h^dc id gZĂ&#x201C;ZXi dc djg eVhi! egZhZci VcY [jijgZ# > lVh ( nZVgh daY l]Zc ?d]c <aZcc Ă&#x2019;ghi dg" W^iZY :Vgi]# > lVh , l]Zc ndj adhi VhigdcVjih <g^hhdb! 8]V[[ZZ VcY L]^iZ ^c i]Vi igV\^X Ă&#x2019;gZ d[ i]Z^g 6edaad & XVehjaZ dc i]Z aVjcX] eVY# > lVh &% l]Zc ndj aVcYZY 6gbhigdc\ VcY 6aYg^c dc i]Z bddc# 6cY > lVh &) l]Zc ndj hideeZY \d^c\ id i]Z bddc Vaid\Zi]Zg# DkZg i]Vi i^bZ > lVh ZmX^iZY [dg ndj VcY [dg 6bZg^XV# 7ji i]Z k^XVg^djh i]g^aa d[ i]Z _djg" cZn! hd egZkVaZci ^c i]Z ]ZVgih VcY b^cYh d[ di]Zgh! lVh VWhZci [gdb bn Zbdi^dch# > lVh dWk^djhan idd ndjc\ id WZ Vc VhigdcVji# 7ji > Vahd `cZl i]Vi bn h`^c Xdadg lVh bjX] idd YVg` [dg ndj id e^XijgZ bZ Vh eVgi d[ i]^h Ze^X VYkZcijgZ# Cdi dcan i]Vi! ZkZc i]dj\] ndj VgZ V X^k^a^Vc V\ZcXn! ndjg bdhi XZaZWgViZY Vh" igdcVjih lZgZ b^a^iVgn e^adih! Vi V i^bZ l]Zc lVg lVh WZXdb^c\ aZhh VcY aZhh edejaVg# 9jg^c\ i]Z &.+%h! i]Z 8^k^a G^\]ih bdkZ" bZci lVh bdgZ gZVa id bZ i]Vc ^i hjgZan lVh id ndj# >c [VXi! ^i idd` V Y^gZXi^kZ [gdb K^XZ EgZh^YZci ?d]chdc ^c &.+( id [dgXZ ndj id ]^gZ WaVX` Zc\^cZZgh Vi ndjg egZhi^\^djh BVgh]Vaa HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg ^c =jcihk^aaZ! 6aV# > [djcY i]Z XdggZhedcYZcXZ ^c ndjg VgX]^kZh# 9d ndj gZbZbWZg4 ?VbZh LZWW! i]Zc ]ZVY d[ C6H6! lgdiZ id <ZgbVc gdX`Zi e^dcZZg LZgc]Zg kdc 7gVjc! l]d ]ZVYZY i]Z XZciZg VcY l]d lVh i]Z X]^Z[ Zc\^cZZg d[ i]Z Zci^gZ bVccZY heVXZ egd\gVb# I]Z aZiiZg WdaYan VcY Wajcian Y^gZXih kdc 7gVjc id VYYgZhh i]Z Ă&#x2020;aVX` d[ ZfjVa

54

NASA

ZbeadnbZci deedgijc^in [dg CZ\gdZhĂ&#x2021; ^c i]Z gZ\^dc! VcY id XdaaVWdgViZ l^i] i]Z VgZV Xda" aZ\Zh 6aVWVbV 6 B VcY Ijh`Z\ZZ >chi^ijiZ id ^YZci^[n! igV^c VcY gZXgj^i fjVa^Ă&#x2019;ZY CZ\gd Zc\^cZZgh ^cid i]Z C6H6 =jcihk^aaZ [Vb^an# >c &.+)! ndj VcY > ]VY cdi nZi ijgcZY + l]Zc > hVl e^X`ZiZgh djih^YZ i]Z cZlan Wj^ai VeVgibZci XdbeaZm d[ djg X]d^XZ! ^c i]Z G^kZg" YVaZ hZXi^dc d[ i]Z 7gdcm# I]Zn lZgZ egdiZhi" ^c\ id egZkZci CZ\gd [Vb^a^Zh! b^cZ ^cXajYZY! [gdb bdk^c\ i]ZgZ# >Ă&#x2030;b \aVY i]Z^g Z[[dgih [V^aZY# I]ZhZ Wj^aY^c\h lZgZ XVaaZY! eZg]Veh egde]Zi^XVaan! i]Z H`nk^Zl 6eVgibZcih! dc l]dhZ gdd[! '' hidg^Zh dkZg i]Z 7gdcm! > ldjaY aViZg igV^c bn iZaZhXdeZ dc i]Z jc^kZghZ# Bn [Vi]Zg lVh VXi^kZ ^c i]Z 8^k^a G^\]ih bdkZ" bZci! ldg`^c\ jcYZg CZl Ndg` 8^inĂ&#x2030;h BVndg A^cYhVn id XgZViZ _dW deedgijc^i^Zh [dg ndji] ^c i]Z \]Ziid Ă&#x201E; Vh i]Z Ă&#x2020;^ccZg X^inĂ&#x2021; lVh XVaaZY WVX` i]Zc# NZVg V[iZg nZVg! i]Z [dgXZh deZgVi^c\ V\V^chi i]^h Z[[dgi lZgZ ]j\Z/ eddg hX]ddah! WVY iZVX]Zgh! bZV\Zg gZhdjgXZh! VW_ZXi gVX^hb VcY VhhVhh^cViZY aZVYZgh# Hd l]^aZ ndj lZgZ XZa" ZWgVi^c\ ndjg bdci]an VYkVcXZh ^c heVXZ Zmead" gVi^dc [gdb BZgXjgn id <Zb^c^ id 6edaad! > lVh lViX]^c\ 6bZg^XV Yd Vaa ^i XdjaY id bVg\^cVa^oZ l]d > lVh VcY l]Vi > lVciZY id WZXdbZ ^c a^[Z# > add`ZY id ndj [dg \j^YVcXZ! [dg V k^h^dc hiViZbZci i]Vi > XdjaY VYdei i]Vi ldjaY [jZa bn VbW^i^dch# 7ji ndj lZgZcĂ&#x2030;i i]ZgZ [dg bZ# D[ XdjghZ! > h]djaYcĂ&#x2030;i WaVbZ ndj [dg hdX^ZinĂ&#x2030;h ldZh# Ndjg XdcYjXi lVh V hnbeidb d[ 6bZg" ^XVĂ&#x2030;h ]VW^ih! cdi V XVjhZ# > `cZl i]^h# 7ji ndj h]djaY cdcZi]ZaZhh `cdl i]Vi Vbdc\ bn Xda" aZV\jZh! > Vb i]Z dcan dcZ ^c bn \ZcZgVi^dc l]d WZXVbZ Vc Vhigde]nh^X^hi ^c he^iZ d[ ndjg VX]^ZkZbZcih ^c heVXZ gVi]Zg i]Vc WZXVjhZ d[ i]Zb# ;dg bn ^che^gVi^dc! > ^chiZVY ijgcZY id a^WgVg^Zh! gZbV^cYZgZY Wdd`h dc i]Z Xdh" bdh [gdb Wdd`hidgZh! bn gdd[ide iZaZhXdeZ VcY i]Z =VnYZc EaVcZiVg^jb# 6[iZg hdbZ Ă&#x2019;ih VcY hiVgih i]gdj\] bn nZVgh ^c hX]dda! l]ZgZ WZXdb^c\ Vc Vhigde]nh^X^hi hZZbZY Vi i^bZh id WZ i]Z eVi] d[ bdhi gZh^hiVcXZ i]gdj\] Vc jclZaXdb^c\ hdX^Zin! > WZXVbZ V egd[Zhh^dc" Va hX^Zci^hi# > WZXVbZ Vc Vhigde]nh^X^hi# DkZg i]Z YZXVYZh i]Vi [daadlZY ndjĂ&#x2030;kZ XdbZ V adc\ lVn! ^cXajY^c\! bdhi gZXZcian! V egZh^" YZci^Vaan ^c^i^ViZY! Xdc\gZhh^dcVaan ZcYdghZY k^h^dc hiViZbZci i]Vi Ă&#x2019;cVaan \Zih jh WVX` dji d[ adl":Vgi] dgW^i# L]dZkZg YdZh cdi nZi gZXd\c^oZ i]Z kVajZ d[ i]^h VYkZcijgZ id djg

8Vggn^c\ i]Z Ă&#x2019;gZ 6higde]nh^X^hi CZ^a YZ<gVhhZ Inhdc ]Vh XVgg^ZY dc 8Vga HV\VcĂ&#x2030;h igVY^i^dc d[ ]Zae^c\ ^che^gZ i]Z ejWa^X VWdji i]Z ldcYZgh VcY bnhiZg^Zh d[ heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc#

cVi^dcĂ&#x2030;h [jijgZ hddc l^aa! Vh i]Z gZhi d[ i]Z YZ" kZadeZY VcY YZkZade^c\ ldgaY eVhhZh jh Wn ^c ZkZgn bZVhjgZ d[ iZX]cdad\^XVa VcY ZXdcdb^X higZc\i]# Cdi dcan i]Vi! idYVn ndj add` bjX] bdgZ a^`Z 6bZg^XV Ă&#x201E; [gdb ndjg hZc^dg"aZkZa bVcV\Zgh id ndjg bdhi YZXdgViZY VhigdcVjih# 8dc\gVijaVi^dch# Ndj cdl WZadc\ id i]Z Zci^gZ X^i^oZcgn# :mVbeaZh d[ i]^h VWdjcY! Wji > ZheZ" X^Vaan gZbZbWZg l]Zc i]Z ejWa^X idd` dlcZg" h]^e d[ i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ! ndjg bdhi WZadkZY jcbVccZY b^hh^dc# I]Zn Vaa hed`Z adjYan WVX` ^c '%%)! jai^bViZan gZkZgh^c\ i]Z i]gZVi i]Vi i]Z iZaZhXdeZ b^\]i cdi WZ hZgk^XZY V [djgi] i^bZ! ZmiZcY^c\ ^ih a^[Z [dg Vcdi]Zg YZ" XVYZ# =jWWaZĂ&#x2030;h igVchXZcYZci ^bV\Zh d[ i]Z Xdh" bdh ]VY hed`Zc id jh Vaa! Vh Y^Y i]Z eZghdcVa egdĂ&#x2019;aZh d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ VhigdcVjih l]d YZeadnZY VcY hZgk^XZY i]Z iZaZhXdeZ VcY i]Z hX^Zci^hih l]d WZcZĂ&#x2019;iZY [gdb ^ih YViV higZVb# Cdi dcan i]Vi! >Ă&#x2030;kZ ZkZc _d^cZY i]Z gVc`h d[ ndjg bdhi igjhiZY! Vh > hZgkZY Yji^[jaan dc ndjg egZhi^\^djh 6Yk^hdgn 8djcX^a# > XVbZ id gZXd\" c^oZ i]Vi l]Zc ndjĂ&#x2030;gZ Vi ndjg WZhi! cdi]^c\ ^c i]^h ldgaY XVc ^che^gZ i]Z YgZVbh d[ V cVi^dc i]Z lVn ndj XVc Ă&#x201E; YgZVbh [jZaZY Wn V e^eZa^cZ d[ Vb" W^i^djh hijYZcih ZV\Zg id WZXdbZ hX^Zci^hih! Zc" \^cZZgh VcY iZX]cdad\^hih ^c i]Z hZgk^XZ d[ i]Z \gZViZhi fjZhi i]ZgZ ZkZg lVh# Ndj ]VkZ XdbZ id gZegZhZci V [jcYVbZciVa eVgi d[ 6bZg^XVĂ&#x2030;h ^YZci^in! cdi dcan id ^ihZa[ Wji id i]Z ldgaY# Hd Vh lZ Wdi] ijgc ).! VcY WZ\^c djg *%i] ig^e VgdjcY i]Z hjc! > lVci ndj id `cdl i]Vi > [ZZa ndjg eV^ch VcY h]VgZ ndjg _dnh# 6cY > add` [dglVgY id hZZ^c\ ndj WVX` dc i]Z bddc# 7ji YdcĂ&#x2030;i hide i]ZgZ# BVgh WZX`dch!

Vh Yd YZhi^cVi^dch WZndcY# =Veen W^gi]YVn! WjYYn# :kZc ^[ > ]VkZ cdi ValVnh WZZc! > Vb cdl ndjg ]jbWaZ hZgkVci! CZ^a YZ<gVhhZ Inhdc 6higde]nh^X^hi! 6bZg^XVc BjhZjb d[ CVijgVa =^hidgn

E]did\gVe] Wn 9Vc 9Z^iX] [dg E7H $ CDK6 Ă&#x2020;Dg^\^chĂ&#x2021;

=Veen 7^gi]YVn! C6H6

Š 2008 Cadbury Adams USA LLC Trident and all related trademarks are owned by Cadbury Adams USA LLC.

C6H6

<Zb^c^ il^ch I]Z <Zb^c^ K>> heVXZXgV[i VhigdcVjih ;gVc` 7dgbVc VcY ?VbZh AdkZaa k^ZlZY [gdb <Zb^c^ K> XVggn^c\ VhigdcVjih LVaan HX]^ggV VcY I]dbVh HiV[[dgY Yjg^c\ C6H6Éh Òghi heVXZ gZcYZokdjh dc 9ZX# &*! &.+*# 9jg^c\ i]Z^g b^hh^dc! 7dgbVc VcY AdkZaa a^kZY ^c XgVbeZY fjVgiZgh [dg &) YVnh#

56

NASA

I]Z =jbVc ;VXidg

By Roger D. LAUNIUS and Chuck OLDHAM

NASA's first launch of astronauts into space on May 5, 1961, was the beginning of a wondrous age of exploration. In nearly 150 separate missions spanning the Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Skylab, Apollo-Soyuz Test Project and Space Shuttle programs, astronauts have engaged in sophisticated scientific experiments, complex engineering tasks, heroic voyages to the moon and no less significant cooperative programs with international partners. All of these activities have been critical in advancing America’s progress in what President John F. Kennedy called “the new ocean” of space.

I]Z Òghi hiZe lVh Egd_ZXi BZgXjgn! XdcYjXiZY WZilZZc &.+& VcY &.+(# I]Z BZgXjgn HZkZc VhigdcVjih Ä HXdii 8VgeZciZg! <dgYdc 8dd" eZg! ?d]c <aZcc! <jh <g^hhdb! LVaan HX]^ggV! 6aVc H]ZeVgY VcY 9Z`Z HaVnidc Ä WZXVbZ ]djhZ]daY cVbZh VcY ]ZgdZh ^c i]Z ejWa^XÉh ZnZh# Egd_ZXi BZgXjgn! i]Z VhigdcVjih! VcY i]Z 6bZg^" XVc heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc egd\gVb lZgZ

YZhi^cZY id WZ hdbZi]^c\ ZmigVdgY^cVgn ^c i]Z cVi^dcÉh ]^hidgn! VcY i]Z VhigdcVjih gZVeZY ÆeZg`hÇ hjX] Vh Vc ZmXajh^kZ VcY ajXgVi^kZ XdcigVXi [gdb A^[Z bV\Vo^cZ [dg i]Z^g hidg^Zh! VcY i]Z 8]ZkgdaZi 8dgkZiiZh aZVhZY id i]Zb [dg & V nZVg# HX]^ggV egZ" [ZggZY :jgdeZVc hedgih XVgh VcY Wdj\]i V BVhZgVi^ ^chiZVY# <aZcc! Vh WZÒiiZY ]^h ^bV\Z Vh i]Z higV^\]i Vggdl d[ i]Z BZgXjgn HZkZc! egZ[ZggZY id `ZZe i]Z [jZa"Z[ÒX^Zci a^iiaZ <ZgbVc"bVYZ CHJ ]Z ]VY Wdj\]i jhZY# I]Z Òghi hjWdgW^iVa b^hh^dc Wn H]ZeVgY lVh V h]V`ZYdlc Xgj^hZ [dg i]Z ]VgYlVgZ VcY egdXZYjgZh cZXZhhVgn id Ón ^c heVXZ# <jh <g^hhdbÉh gZeZVi eZg[dgbVcXZ egdkZY hjXXZhh[ja! Wji C6H6 adhi i]Z XVehjaZ ^c i]Z 6iaVci^X l]Zc ^i ÓddYZY l^i] hZVlViZg# NZVgh aViZg i]Z Wdd` VcY Òab I]Z G^\]i Hij[[ hj\\ZhiZY i]Vi <g^hhdb ]VY Wadlc i]Z ]ViX] d[ i]Z XVehjaZ! l]Zi]Zg YZa^WZgViZan dg Wn b^hiV`Z# 7ji Vh HX]^ggV egdkZY aViZg dc

]^h dlc BZgXjgn Ó^\]i! i]Z gZXd^a [gdb i]Z eajc\Zg VXi^kViZY id Wadl i]Z ]ViX] ldjaY WVYan Wgj^hZ l]ViZkZg WdYn eVgi lVh jhZY id ig^\\Zg ^i! VcY <g^hhdb ]VYcÉi V bVg` dc ]^b V[iZg ]^h Ó^\]i# Dc ;ZW# '%! &.+'! <aZcc WZXVbZ i]Z Òghi 6bZg^XVc id X^gXaZ i]Z :Vgi]! bV`^c\ i]gZZ dgW^ih ^c ]^h ;g^ZcYh]^e , BZgXjgn heVXZXgV[i# I]Z Ó^\]i lVh cdi l^i]dji egdWaZbh# <aZcc ÓZl eVgih d[ i]Z aVhi ild dgW^ih bVcjVaan WZXVjhZ d[ Vc Vjide^adi [V^ajgZ VcY aZ[i ]^h cdgbVaan _Zii^hdcZY gZigdgdX`Zi eVX` ViiVX]ZY id ]^h XVehjaZ Yjg^c\ gZ"Zcign WZ" XVjhZ d[ XdcXZgch VWdji V addhZ ]ZVi h]^ZaY# <aZccÉh Ó^\]i egdk^YZY V ]ZVai]n ^cXgZVhZ ^c cVi^dcVa eg^YZ! bV`^c\ je [dg Vi aZVhi hdbZ d[ i]Z ZVga^Zg Hdk^Zi hjXXZhhZh# I]Z ejWa^X! bdgZ i]Vc XZaZWgVi^c\ i]Z iZX]cdad\^XVa hjXXZhh! ZbWgVXZY <aZcc Vh V eZghdc^ÒXV" i^dc d[ ]Zgd^hb VcY Y^\c^in# 6 edgigV^i d[ V hb^a^c\ <aZcc lVh [ZVijgZY dc i]Z XdkZg d[ I^bZ bV\Vo^cZ l^i] i]Z ]ZVYa^cZ! ÆI]Z HeVXZ GVXZ ^h <D#Ç I]gZZ bdgZ hjXXZhh[ja BZgXjgn Ó^\]ih idd` eaVXZ Yjg^c\ &.+' VcY &.+(# HXdii 8Vg" eZciZg bVYZ i]gZZ dgW^ih dc BVn '%! &.+'! VcY! dc DXi# (! &.+'! HX]^ggV ÓZl h^m dgW^ih# I]Z XVe" hidcZ d[ Egd_ZXi BZgXjgn lVh i]Z BVn &*"&+! &.+(! Ó^\]i d[ <dgYdc 8ddeZg! l]d X^gXaZY :Vgi] '' i^bZh ^c () ]djgh# I]Z egd\gVb ]VY hjXXZZYZY ^c VXXdbea^h]^c\ ^ih ejgedhZ/ id hjXXZhh[jaan dgW^i V ]jbVc ^c heVXZ! ZmeadgZ VheZXih d[ igVX`^c\ VcY Xdcigda! VcY aZVgc VWdji b^" Xgd\gVk^in VcY di]Zg W^dbZY^XVa ^hhjZh VhhdX^ViZY l^i] heVXZÓ^\]i# IdYVn! Egd_ZXi <Zb^c^ ^h cdi Vh lZaa `cdlc Vh BZgXjgn dg 6eda" ad! Wji l^i]dji ^i! i]ZgZ ldjaY ]VkZ WZZc cd 6edaad bddc aVcY^c\h# <Zb^c^ b^hh^dch egdkZY i]Z XdcXZeih d[ gZcYZokdjh VcY YdX`^c\ ^c heVXZ! adc\"YjgVi^dc heVXZÓ^\]i! VcY ZmigVkZ]^XjaVg VXi^k^in# <Zb^c^Éh VhigdcVjih ÓZl h^YZ Wn h^YZ ^c ild Z_ZXi^dc hZVih WZcZVi] ]ViX]Zh i]Vi XdjaY WZ deZcZY [dg heVXZlVa`h# I]Z heVXZXgV[iÉh dgW^iVa bVcZjkZg^c\ gdX`Zih VaadlZY ^i id igjan WZ ÆÓdlcÇ ^c dgW^i! V XVeVW^a^in i]Vi lVh k^" iVa id XdbeaZi^c\ i]Z^g b^hh^dch# <g^hhdb ]VY ldg`ZY hd XadhZan l^i] XdcigVXidg BX9dccZaa 6^gXgV[i ^c YZh^\c^c\ VcY Wj^aY^c\ <Zb^c^ i]Vi i]Z di]Zg VhigdcVjih XVaaZY ^i i]Z Æ<jhbdW^aZ#Ç

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

57

C6H6 7VcY d[ Wgdi]Zgh Jh^c\ eVgVX]jiZh [dg egdiZXi^kZ Xadi]^c\! i]Z dg^\^cVa hZkZc BZgXjgn VhigdcVjih jcYZglZci hjgk^kVa igV^c^c\ Vi HiZVY 6^g ;dgXZ 7VhZ ^c CZkVYV# ;gdb aZ[i id g^\]i/ <dgYdc 8ddeZg! HXdii 8VgeZciZg! ?d]c <aZcc! 6aVc H]ZeVgY! <jh <g^hhdb! LVaan HX]^ggV VcY 9Z`Z HaVnidc#

;daadl^c\ ild jcdXXje^ZY dgW^iVa iZhi Ó^\]ih! i]Z Òghi deZgVi^dcVa b^h" h^dc idd` eaVXZ dc BVgX] '(! &.+*# <g^hhdb XdbbVcYZY i]Z b^hh^dc! l^i] ?d]c Ndjc\ VXXdbeVcn^c\ ]^b# I]Z cZmi b^hh^dc! Ódlc ^c ?jcZ &.+*! hiVnZY Vad[i [dg [djg YVnh! VcY VhigdcVji :Y L]^iZ eZg[dgbZY i]Z Òghi 6bZg^XVc ZmigVkZ]^XjaVg VXi^k^in! dg heVXZlVa`# I]^h lVh i]Z ldgaY h hZXdcY heVXZlVa` V[iZg i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dcÉh 6aZmZ^ AZdcdk# L]^iZ aZ[i i]Z YZegZhhjg^oZY <Zb^c^ i]gdj\] dcZ d[ ^ih ild ejgedhZ"Wj^ai ]ViX]Zh VcY gZijgcZY id i]Z heVXZXgV[i i]Z hVbZ lVn! l]^aZ! Vh i]Z ldgaY aZVgcZY bVcn nZVgh aViZg! AZdcdk ]VY ZcYjgZY Vc ZmigZbZan ]VoVgYdjh heVXZ" lVa` i]gdj\] V _jgn"g^\\ZY ^cÓViVWaZ heVXZadX` \gV[iZY id i]Z h^YZ d[ i]Z Kdh`]dY ' heVXZXgV[i# 6ai]dj\] i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc g^h`ZY bjX] id WZ Òghi ^c hjX] ZcYZVkdgh! C6H6 lVh ejgedhZ[jaan eZg[ZXi^c\ i]Z iZX]c^fjZh VcY iZX]cdad\n i]Vi ldjaY iV`Z 6bZg^XVch id i]Z bddc# :^\]i bdgZ <Zb^c^ b^hh^dch [daadlZY i]gdj\] CdkZbWZg &.++# >c V ig^jbe]Vci YZbdchigVi^dc d[ dgW^iVa gZcYZokdjh iZX]c^fjZh dc 9ZX# &*! &.+*! i]Z <Zb^c^ K> XgZl d[ HX]^ggV VcY I]dbVh HiV[[dgY gZcYZokdjhZY l^i] i]Z dgW^i^c\ <Zb^c^ K>> aZhh i]Vc h^m ]djgh V[iZg aVjcX]! VcY ÓZl id l^i]^c ^cX]Zh d[ i]Z heVXZXgV[i ]djh^c\ ?^b AdkZaa VcY ;gVc` 7dgbVc# ÆI]ZgZ hZZbh id WZ V adi d[ igV[ÒX je ]ZgZ!Ç HX]^ggV gVY^dZY id b^h" h^dc Xdcigda# Æ8Vaa V eda^XZbVc!Ç 7dgbVc gZea^ZY# L]^aZ i]Z XgZlh bVYZ ^i add` ZVhn! ^c [VXi! i]Z dgW^iVa gZcYZokdjh lVh V Y^[ÒXjai VcY ZmVXi^c\ egdXZhh i]Vi cZkZgi]ZaZhh egdkZY i]Z XdcXZei i]Vi ldjaY Vaadl i]Z 6edaad egd\gVb id bV`Z ^i id i]Z bddc VcY WVX`#

58

NASA

<Zb^c^ K> VcY K>> lZgZ bVcZjkZgZY! Vh HX]^ggV aViZg eji ^i ^c ]^h Wdd` HX]^ggVÉh HeVXZ! Æl^cYdl id l^cYdl VcY cdhZ id cdhZÇ XadhZ Zcdj\] id lVkZ id ZVX] di]Zg i]gdj\] i]Z edgi]daZh VcY gZVY HX]^g" gVÉh Æ7ZVi 6gbnÇ h^\c bZVci ^c _Zhi [dg 7dgbVc! i]Z hdaZ LZhi Ed^ci bVc Vbdc\ i]Z i]gZZ CVkn e^adih d[ i]Z ild heVXZXgV[i# AViZg! id cdiZ i]Z Ó^\]iÉh egdm^b^in id i]Z ]da^YVn hZVhdc! HiV[[dgY gZedgiZY ÆV hViZaa^iZ \d^c\ [gdb cdgi] id hdji]! egdWVWan ^c V edaVg dgW^i# ½ Add`h a^`Z ]Z b^\]i WZ \d^c\ id gZ"ZciZg hddc# HiVcY Wn dcZ ½ Ndj b^\]i _jhi aZi bZ ign id e^X` je i]Vi i]^c\#Ç I]Zc! i]Z <Zb^c^ K>> VhigdcVjih VcY b^hh^dc Xdcigda lZgZ igZViZY Wn HX]^ggV VcY HiV[[dgY id i]Z higV^ch d[ ?^c\aZ 7Zaah! eZg[dgbZY dc ]Vgbdc^XV VcY haZ^\] WZaah! i]Z Òghi bjh^XVa eZg[dgbVcXZ ^c heVXZ# <Zb^c^ K>>> lVh Vc Vaid\Zi]Zg Y^[[ZgZci `^cY d[ b^hh^dc! l^i] dcan dcZ d[ ild eg^bVgn iVh`h VXXdbea^h]ZY# =dlZkZg! V b^hh^dc [V^ajgZ egdkZY i]Z ^bedgiVcXZ d[ ]Vk^c\ ]jbVch VWdVgY C6H6 heVXZXgV[i# <Zb^c^ K>>> lVh id gZcYZokdjh VcY YdX` l^i] Vc 6\ZcV iVg\Zi kZ]^XaZ# 6higdcVjih CZ^a 6gbhigdc\ VcY 9Vk^Y HXdii eZg[dgbZY V ÓVlaZhh gZcYZokdjh VcY YdX`^c\ l^i] i]Z 6\ZcV! bVg`^c\ i]Z Òghi i^bZ ild heVXZXgV[i ]VY YdX`ZY ^c dgW^i# 6aa hZZbZY lZaa Wji [dg V hbVaa nVl^c\ bdi^dc d[ i]Z YdX`ZY heVXZXgV[i# 6h hddc Vh 6gb" higdc\ XdggZXiZY i]Z bdkZbZci! ^i WZ\Vc V\V^c# 7di] VhigdcVjih XdcXajYZY i]Vi i]Z 6\ZcVÉh VjidbVi^X Xdcigda hnhiZb i]gjhiZgh lZgZ XVjh^c\ i]Z egdWaZb! hd HXdii hZci i]Z 6\ZcV V XdbbVcY id h]ji i]Zb Ydlc# >chiZVY d[ Xjg^c\ i]Z egdWaZb! i]Z nVl ^cXgZVhZY!

C6H6

HV[Zan ]dbZ <Zb^c^ K>>> VhigdcVjih CZ^a 6gbhigdc\ VcY 9Vk^Y HXdii l^i] CVkn Y^kZgh V[iZg i]Z^g heaVh]Ydlc ^c i]Z EVX^ÒX DXZVc dc BVgX] &,! &.++# I]Z^g b^hh^dc lVh Xji h]dgi V[iZg i]Z^g <Zb^c^ heVXZXgV[i WZ\Vc gdaa^c\ Vi Vc VaVgb^c\ gViZ#

VcY cdl! ^c VYY^i^dc id i]Z nVl! i]Z YdX`ZY heVXZXgV[i WZ\Vc id gdaa id\Zi]Zg Vi Vc ^cXgZVh^c\ gViZ# I]Zn jhZY i]Z <Zb^c^Éh i]gjhiZgh id hadl i]Z gViZh Zcdj\] id jcYdX`! HXdii ]^ii^c\ i]Z ZbZg\ZcXn gZaZVhZ VcY 6gbhigdc\ WVX`^c\ i]Z <Zb^c^ VlVn# >chiZVY d[ ZVh^c\! i]Z bdkZbZcih \gZl bdgZ k^daZci# I]Z 6\ZcV! Vh ^i ijgcZY dji! ]VYcÉi WZZc i]Z egdWaZb# I]Z egdWaZb lVh V hijX` i]gjhiZg VWdVgY i]Z <Zb^c^ XVehjaZ ^ihZa[! VcY i]Z gdaa gViZ lVh hd gVe^Y i]Vi addhZ ^iZbh ^c i]Z XdX`e^i ÓZl je VcY hijX` id i]Z Wja`" ]ZVYh# 6gbhigdc\ lVh ldgg^ZY i]Vi i]Z heVXZXgV[i b^\]i XdbZ VeVgi jcYZg i]Z higZhh! VcY HXdii i]dj\]i i]Vi ]Z b^\]i hddc WaVX` dji# 7Z" XVjhZ i]Z gZaVn hiVi^dc ^c OVco^WVg lVh h]ji Ydlc! ^i lVh &* b^cjiZh jci^a i]Z VhigdcVjih XdjaY Xdbbjc^XViZ l^i] b^hh^dc Xdcigda V\V^c# ÆLZ ]VkZ hZg^djh egdWaZbh ]ZgZ!Ç HXdii XVaaZY l]Zc i]Zn lZgZ dcXZ bdgZ ^c XdciVXi# ÆLZÉgZ Ä lZÉgZ ijbWa^c\ ZcY dkZg ZcY je ]ZgZ# LZÉgZ Y^hZc\V\ZY [gdb i]Z 6\ZcV#Ç I]ZgZ lVh a^iiaZ b^hh^dc Xdcigda XdjaY Yd# 6gbhigdc\ ÒcVaan ]VY id jhZ <Zb^c^ K>>>Éh gZVXi^dc Xdcigda hnhiZb i]gjhiZgh id hadl VcY ÒcVaan hide i]Z gdaa#

ÆCZ^i]Zg d[ jh i]dj\]i i]Vi <Zb^c^ b^\]i WZ i]Z Xjaeg^i!Ç 6gb" higdc\ hV^Y nZVgh aViZg ^c V C6H6 dgVa ]^hidgn ^ciZgk^Zl! ÆWZXVjhZ ndj XdjaY ZVh^an ]ZVg i]Z <Zb^c^ i]gjhiZgh l]ZcZkZg i]Zn ÒgZY# I]Zn lZgZ dji g^\]i ^c i]Z cdhZ! ^c i]Z WVX`# :kZgn i^bZ dcZ ÒgZY! ^i lVh _jhi a^`Z V ede\jc! ÈXgVX`! XgVX`! XgVX`! XgVX`#É 6cY lZ lZgZcÉi ]ZVg^c\ Vcni]^c\! hd lZ Y^YcÉi i]^c` ^i lVh djg heVXZXgV[i#Ç B^hh^dc gjaZh hiViZY i]Vi jhZ d[ i]Z gZVXi^dc Xdcigda hnhiZb bVcYVi" ZY Vc ^bbZY^ViZ gZijgc id :Vgi]# 6[iZg && ]djgh ^c heVXZ VcY i]Z Òghi hjXXZhh[ja YdX`^c\ ^c dgW^i! i]Z ild VhigdcVjih ^c <Zb^c^ K>>> heaVh]ZY Ydlc ^c i]Z lZhiZgc EVX^ÒX! id WZ e^X`ZY je i]gZZ ]djgh aViZg# L^i]dji 6gbhigdc\ VcY HXdiiÉh ZmeZgi^hZ VcY ZmeZg^ZcXZ! VcY i]Z XVeVW^a^in d[ VXijVaan bVcZjkZg^c\ i]Z^g heVXZXgV[i! i]Zn b^\]i ]VkZ eZg^h]ZY# ;djg bdgZ Ó^\]ih [daadlZY <Zb^c^ K>>># 9Zhe^iZ egdWaZbh \gZVi VcY hbVaa ZcXdjciZgZY dc k^gijVaan Vaa d[ i]Z b^hh^dch! i]Z egd\gVb VX]^ZkZY ^ih \dVah# 6h V iZX]cdad\^XVa aZVgc^c\ egd\gVb! <Zb^c^ ]VY WZZc V hjXXZhh! l^i] hjXXZhh[ja heVXZlVa`h! gZcYZokdjh VcY YdX`^c\ ^c dgW^i! VcY adc\ YjgVi^dc b^hh^dch ^ih ]VaabVg`#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

59

C6H6

LZaXdbZ h^\]i L^i] V ]Va[":Vgi] ^c i]Z WVX`\gdjcY! 6edaad && XdbbVcY bdYjaZ e^adi B^X]VZa 8daa^ch e]did\gVe]h i]Z ajcVg bdYjaZ VhXZci hiV\Z h]dgian WZ[dgZ ]^h gZjc^dc l^i] bddclVa`Zgh CZ^a 6gbhigdc\ VcY 7joo 6aYg^c#

I]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh ]VY X]dhZc id \d id i]Z bddc ^c &.+& Vh eVgi d[ V 8daY LVg ZcYZVkdg id WZhi i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc ^c heVXZ VXi^k^i^Zh# I]Z 6edaad egd\gVb hjXXZZYZY heZXiVXjaVgan ^c i]Z ajcVg aVcY^c\h WZ" XVjhZ d[ Z[[ZXi^kZ aZVYZgh]^e! XgZVi^kZ Zc\^cZZg^c\! ]ZVkn bdcZiVgn ^ckZhibZci VcY ]Zgd^X Z[[dgih dc i]Z eVgi d[ VhigdcVjih! Zc\^cZZgh! hX^Zci^hih VcY bVcn di]Zgh# 7ji i]Z XdbW^cVi^dc d[ V YZVYa^cZ id \Zi bZc id i]Z bddc WZ[dgZ i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z YZXVYZ VcY i]Z egVXi^XVa egdW" aZbh d[ XdchigjXi^c\ i]Z bdhi Xdbea^XViZY heVXZXgV[i nZi bZVci i]ZgZ lZgZ bVcn ZVgan egdWaZbh# <g^hhdb! [dg dcZ! lVh hd Y^h\jhiZY l^i] 6edaadÉh Zc\^cZZg^c\ Y^[ÒXjai^Zh i]Vi ]Z [Vbdjhan ]jc\ V aZbdc [gdb i]Z 6edaad h^bjaVidg Vi 8VeZ 8VcVkZgVa# Dc ?Vc# ',! &.+,! igV\ZYn higjX` l]Zc ÒgZ Wgd`Z dji ^c i]Z XdbbVcY bdYjaZ Vh i]Z jc[jZaZY HVijgc &"7 hVi dc EVY () Yjg^c\ V gdji^cZ iZhi# <jh <g^hhdb! Gd\Zg 8]V[[ZZ VcY :Y L]^iZ lZgZ `^aaZY! igVeeZY Vh i]Z ÒgZ gdVgZY i]gdj\] ^c i]Z ejgZ dmn\Zc Vibdhe]ZgZ d[ i]Z XVehjaZ# I]Z gZhjai lVh V i]dgdj\] ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc i]Vi [djcY YZÒX^ZcX^Zh ^c i]Z heVXZ" XgV[i VcY h]dgiXjih ^c egdXZYjgZh i]Vi ldjaY ]VkZ id WZ gZbZY^ZY ^[ i]Z egd\gVb lVh id bdkZ [dglVgY# BdgZ i]Vc &!%%% ^cY^k^YjVa l^g^c\ X]Vc\Zh

60

NASA

lZgZ bVYZ id i]Z heVXZXgV[i! Vadc\ l^i] V gZk^h^dc d[ i]Z ]ViX] YZh^\c! gZ" eaVXZbZci d[ ÓVbbVWaZ bViZg^Vah VcY egdiZXi^dc d[ eajbW^c\ VcY l^g^c\# 6edaad ,Éh dgW^iVa h]V`ZYdlc XdcÒgbZY i]Vi i]^h bdhi XdbeaZm XgV[i ZkZg Wj^ai lVh igjan i]Z hiViZ d[ i]Z Vgi VcY gZVYn id \d id i]Z bddc# L]^aZ i]Z 6edaad - b^hh^dc lVh eaVccZY id iZhi i]Z ajcVg bdYjaZ ^c dgW^i! i]Z he^cYan"aZ\\ZY <gjbbVc bddc aVcYZg lVh cdi nZi gZVYn [dg Ó^\]i# 7dgbVc! AdkZaa VcY L^aa^Vb Æ7^aaÇ 6cYZgh! i]Z eg^bVgn XgZl [dg i]Z 6edaad - b^hh^dc! eaVccZY id Ón ^c :Vgi] dgW^i! Wji Vi i]Z ]^\]Zhi aZkZah! i]Z 6edaad - b^hh^dc lVh jcYZg\d^c\ V bZiVbdge]dh^h# L^i] [ZVgh i]Vi i]Z Hdk^Zih ldjaY nZi \Zi V bVccZY heVXZXgV[i id i]Z bddc WZ[dgZ 6edaad! C6H6 aZVYZgh]^e ]VY WZZc Y^hXjhh^c\ i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ hZcY^c\ i]Z 6edaad - XgZl VgdjcY i]Z bddc# 6ai]dj\] ^i ldjaY cdi VX]^ZkZ i]Z \dVa d[ V bddc aVcY^c\! i]Z b^hh^dc ldjaY Vi aZVhi! ^c eVgi! [jaÒaa EgZh^YZci @ZccZYnÉh \dVa! VcY ldjaY XZgiV^can Yd hd WZ[dgZ i]Z Gjhh^Vch# >i lVh! [dg C6H6! V Xdch^YZgVWaZ g^h`! Wji V XVaXjaViZY dcZ! VcY i]Z VhigdcVjih lZgZ \VbZ# Cd ]jbVc ]VY Ódlc bjX] bdgZ i]Vc -%% b^aZh VWdkZ :Vgi]# 6edaad - ldjaY igVkZa '*%!%%% b^aZh id i]Z bddc! i]Z Òghi i^bZ bVc ]VY igVkZaZY WZndcY :Vgi]Éh \gVk^in#

C6H6

Ig^jbe]Vci gZijgc 6edaad && VhigdcVjih B^X]VZa 8daa^ch! 7joo 6aYg^c VcY CZ^a 6gbhigdc\! h]dlZgZY l^i] i^X`Zg"iVeZ ^c CZl Ndg` 8^inÉh 8Vcndc d[ =ZgdZh 6j\jhi &.+. #

I]Z 6edaad - VhigdcVjih WZXVbZ i]Z Òghi ]jbVch id hZZ i]Z [Vg h^YZ d[ i]Z bddc! dgW^i ^c ^ih \gVk^in VcY hZZ i]Z Zci^gZ :Vgi] [gdb heVXZ# 6[iZg i]Z^g i]^gY ajcVg dgW^i! Vh i]Z VhigdcVjih ZbZg\ZY [gdb WZ]^cY i]Z bddc! i]Zn ÒcVaan ]VY i^bZ id add` WVX` Vi i]Z ]Va[ Y^hX d[ :Vgi] Vh ^i gdhZ dkZg i]Z ajcVg ]dg^odc# 7dgbVc idd` V fj^X` WaVX` VcY l]^iZ e]did d[ V h^\]i cd dcZ ]VY hZZc WZ[dgZ! bdbZciVg^an Vc" cdn^c\ 6cYZgh! Vh ZkZgn h]di ]VY WZZc egd\gVbbZY WZ[dgZ i]Z Ó^\]i# =Z lVh ldgg^ZY VWdji lVhi^c\ Òab# 7ji l]Zc ]Z hVl i]Z WajZ ]Va[ Y^hX d[ :Vgi] VWdkZ i]Z a^[ZaZhh bddc! ]Z idd` ild Xdadg h]dih ]^b" hZa[# DcZ gZbV^ch Vbdc\ i]Z bdhi [Vbdjh e]did\gVe]h ZkZg iV`Zc! Wg^c\^c\ ]dbZ id i]dhZ dc :Vgi] i]Z ^cXgZY^WaZ WZVjin VcY [gV\^a^in d[ i]Z eaVcZi Vh i]Z VhigdcVjih hVl ^i# Dc 8]g^hibVh :kZ! i]Z VhigdcVjih bVYZ V a^kZ iZaZk^h^dc WgdVY" XVhi [gdb ajcVg dgW^i# I]Z XgZl YZhXg^WZY i]Z bddc VcY ZkZc ed^ci" ZY i]Z XVbZgV dji i]Z heVXZXgV[i l^cYdlh [dg i]Z WZcZÒi d[ i]Z k^ZlZgh Vi ]dbZ# 7dgbVc ]VY i]dj\]i adc\ VcY ]VgY VWdji l]Vi id hVn Yjg^c\ i]Vi WgdVYXVhi! VcY [dg i]Z XdcXajh^dc! i]Z VhigdcVjih gZVY [gdb i]Z 7dd` d[ <ZcZh^h/ Æ>c i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ <dY XgZViZY i]Z

]ZVkZch VcY i]Z :Vgi]½!Ç 6cYZgh WZ\Vc# AdkZaa VcY 7dgbVc ZVX] gZVY V eVhhV\Z! VcY _jhi WZ[dgZ 6edaad - Y^hVeeZVgZY WZ]^cY i]Z bddc! 7dgbVc h^\cZY d[[/ Æ6cY [gdb i]Z XgZl d[ 6edaad! lZ XadhZ l^i] V \ddY c^\]i! \ddY ajX`! V BZggn 8]g^hibVh VcY <dY WaZhh Vaa d[ ndj Ä Vaa d[ ndj dc i]Z \ddY :Vgi]#Ç BdgZ i]Vc V W^aa^dc eZdeaZ lViX]ZY i]Z jc[dg\ZiiVWaZ WgdVYXVhi# ;a^\]i 9^gZXidg <ZcZ @gVco! d[[ Yjin ^c b^hh^dc Xdcigda! lVh bdkZY id iZVgh# 6edaad . i]dgdj\]an iZhiZY i]Z ajcVg bdYjaZ! XdbbVcY bdYjaZ VcY hZgk^XZ bdYjaZ ^c :Vgi] dgW^i# 6edaad &% bVYZ i]Z hZXdcY ig^e id i]Z bddc! i]^h i^bZ l^i] i]Z ajcVg bdYjaZ Vadc\ [dg i]Z g^YZ# I]Z aVcYZg! cVbZY Hcdden! lVh Ódlc Wn Idb HiV[[dgY VcY <ZcZ 8ZgcVc id l^i]^c -#+ b^aZh d[ i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ# I]ZhZ ild b^hh^dch Xdc" ÒgbZY i]Z i^bZ ]VY XdbZ [dg V ajcVg aVcY^c\# >i XVbZ Yjg^c\ i]Z Ó^\]i d[ 6edaad &&# I]Z YZhXZci id i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ lVh dcan i]Z ÒcVa hiZe ^c VXXdbea^h]^c\ i]Z iVh` hZi dji Wn EgZh^YZci @ZccZYn! Wji ^c i]Z Veegdm^bViZan &' b^cjiZh ^i idd` id XdkZg i]Vi Y^hiVcXZ! W^aa^dch VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY! VcY ^c b^hh^dc Xdc" igda! lViX]ZY l^i] i]Z^g ]ZVgih ^c i]Z^g bdji]h# 6edaad &&Éh ajcVg

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

61

C6H6 =jWWaZ hZgk^X^c\ 6higdcVji Hidgn Bjh\gVkZ dc i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZÉh GZbdiZ BVc^ejaVidg HnhiZb VcY ?Z[[gZn =d[[bVc! ^ch^YZ i]Z h]jiiaZÉh eVnadVY WVn! Yjg^c\ i]Z^g =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ hZgk^X^c\ b^hh^dc ^c 9ZXZbWZg &..(#

62

NASA

C6H6

HVk^c\ H`naVW 6higdcVji ?VbZh @Zgl^c Yjg^c\ ]^h ?jcZ ,! &.,(! heVXZlVa` l^i] EZiZ 8dcgVY id gZeV^g H`naVW#

bdYjaZ! cVbZY :V\aZ! dkZgh]di ^ih aVcY^c\ h^iZ VcY ZmeZg^ZcXZY V cjbWZg d[ Xdbeji" Zg VaVgbh! VcY VhigdcVjih 6gbhigdc\ VcY 6aYg^c ]VY id bVcjVaan Ón i]Z aVcYZg id V hj^iVWaZ VgZV! jh^c\ Vaa Wji i]Z aVhi [Zl hZX" dcYh d[ [jZa WZ[dgZ i]Zn ldjaY ]VkZ ]VY id VWdgi# ;^cVaan! Vi )/&- e#b# :VhiZgc i^bZ dc ?jan '%! &.+.! :V\aZÉh aVcY^c\ eVYh idjX]ZY i]Z bddc# ÆD@! Zc\^cZ hide!Ç 6aYg^c hV^Y! iZX]c^XVaan i]Z Òghi ldgYh hed`Zc [gdb i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ# Æ=djhidc! IgVcfj^a^in 7VhZ ]ZgZ!Ç 6gbhigdc\ XVaaZY# ÆI]Z :V\aZ ]Vh aVcYZY#Ç I]dhZ lZgZ i]Z ldgYh ZkZgndcZ gZbZbWZgZY# 6[iZg X]ZX`dji! 6gbhigdc\ hZi [ddi dc i]Z hjg[VXZ! iZaa^c\ b^aa^dch l]d hVl VcY ]ZVgY ]^b dc :Vgi] i]Vi ^i lVh ÆdcZ hbVaa hiZe [dg V bVc Ä dcZ \^Vci aZVe [dg bVc" `^cY#Ç 6aYg^c hddc [daadlZY ]^b dji! heZV`" ^c\ d[ i]Z bddcÉh ÆbV\c^ÒXZci YZhdaVi^dc#Ç I]Z ild eadYYZY VgdjcY i]Z aVcY^c\ h^iZ ^c i]Z dcZ"h^mi] ajcVg \gVk^in VcY eaVciZY Vc 6bZg^XVc ÓV\! Wji db^iiZY XaV^b^c\ i]Z bddc [dg i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh Vh ]VY WZZc gdji^cZan YdcZ Yjg^c\ :jgdeZVc ZmeadgV" i^dc d[ i]Z 6bZg^XVh # I]Zn XdaaZXiZY hd^a VcY gdX` hVbeaZh VcY hZi je hX^Zci^ÒX ZmeZg^bZcih# I]Z cZmi YVn i]Zn aVjcX]ZY WVX` id i]Z 6edaad XVehjaZ dgW^i^c\ dkZg" ]ZVY VcY WZ\Vc i]Z gZijgc ig^e id :Vgi]! heaVh]^c\ Ydlc ^c i]Z EVX^ÒX dc ?jan ')#

I]Z Ó^\]i hjgeVhhZY i]Z ZmX^iZbZci [Zai ^c i]Z ZVgan &.+%h Yjg^c\ i]Z Òghi BZgXjgn Ó^\]ih VcY hZi i]Z hiV\Z [dg aViZg 6edaad aVcY^c\h# 6c ZXhiVi^X gZVXi^dc ZckZadeZY i]Z \adWZ# I^X`Zg iVeZ eVgVYZh! heZV`^c\ Zc\V\ZbZcih! ejWa^X gZaVi^dch ZkZcih VcY V ldgaY idjg Wn i]Z VhigdcVjih XgZViZY \ddY l^aa Wdi] ^c i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh VcY VWgdVY# ;^kZ bdgZ ajcVg aVcY^c\ b^hh^dch [daadlZY Vi Veegdm^bViZan h^m"bdci] ^ciZgkVah i]gdj\] 9ZXZbWZg &.,'! ZVX] d[ i]Zb ^cXgZVh^c\ i]Z i^bZ heZci dc i]Z bddc VcY i]Z hde]^h" i^XVi^dc d[ i]Z ZmeZg^bZcih jcYZgiV`Zc! Zm" XZei! d[ XdjghZ! [dg 6edaad &(# Hd bjX] ]Vh WZZc lg^iiZc VcY hV^Y VWdji 6edaad &( i]Vi ^ih hidgn ]Vh WZXdbZ V b^m" ijgZ d[ [VXi VcY bni]# L]Vi ^h jcYZc^VWaZ ^h i]Vi l]Vi lVh iZX]c^XVaan V b^hh^dc [V^a" jgZ lVh dcZ d[ C6H6Éh ÒcZhi ]djgh! l^i] i]Z V\ZcXnÉh WZhi VcY Wg^\]iZhi ÒcY^c\ V hdaji^dc id Wg^c\^c\ i]gZZ VhigdcVjih VcY V Xg^eeaZY heVXZXgV[i ]dbZ# DcXZ V\V^c! eZdeaZ VXgdhh i]Z ldgaY lZgZ \ajZY id iZaZk^h^dc hZih VcY gVY^dh! [ZZa^c\ Vc ZmigVdgY^cVgn XdccZXi^dc id i]gZZ adcZan VhigdcVjih V adc\ lVn [gdb ]dbZ# Jc[dgij" cViZan! i]Vi XdccZXi^dc lVhcÉi hjhiV^cZY [dg i]Z gZhi d[ i]Z 6edaad egd\gVb! YZhe^iZ i]Z [VXi bdgZ `cdlaZY\Z lVh WZ^c\ \V^cZY! l^i] bdgZ WZcZÒi id ]jbVc^in! i]Vc ^c i]Z ZVga^Zg b^hh^dch# I]Z aVhi i]gZZ 6edaad b^hh^dch

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

63

C6H6

HeZX^Va YZa^kZgn I]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ :cYZVkdjg HIH"&&-! 6j\jhi '%%, YZa^kZg^c\ V i]^gY hiVgWdVgY igjhh hZ\bZci! H*! hjeea^Zh ^ch^YZ i]Z HE68:=67 bdYjaZ XZciZg d[ eVnadVY WVn VcY i]Z ZmiZgcVa hidlV\Z eaVi[dgb ( id i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc#

jhZY V ajcVg gdkZg kZ]^XaZ id igVkZa ^c i]Z k^X^c^in d[ i]Z aVcY^c\ h^iZ# I]Vi h^\c^ÒXVcian ^cXgZVhZY i]Z hX^Zci^ÒX gZijgc [gdb ]jbVc^inÉh Òghi kZcijgZh id i]Z bddc# 7n i]Vi i^bZ! ]dlZkZg! i]Z ViiZci^dch d[ bVcn 6bZg^XVch ]VY ijgcZY VlVn [gdb i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb! VcY 6edaad ldjaY cZkZg VX]^ZkZ i]Z \dVa d[ &% bddc aVcY^c\h dg^\^cVaan eaVccZY# EZg]Veh i]Z dcZ \ddY i]^c\ id gZhjai lVh i]Z H`naVW egd\gVb# 7j^ai l^i]^c i]Z i]^gY hiV\Z d[ dcZ d[ i]Z i]gZZ aZ[idkZg HVijgc K WddhiZgh! H`naVW lVh Vc dgW^i^c\ aVWdgVidgn l^i] Vc ^ciZg^dg kdajbZ ZfjVa id i]Vi d[ V hbVaa ]djhZ# 6higdcVjih XdjaY XdcYjXi ZmeZg^bZcih ^c a^[Z hX^ZcXZ! ZVgi] hX^ZcXZ VcY hdaVg e]nh^Xh l^i] H`naVWÉh 6edaad iZaZhXdeZ bdjci# H`naVW gdVgZY Vad[i VWdVgY V HVijgc K dc BVn &)! &.,(! VcY gZVX]ZY i]Z YZh^gZY dgW^i Vi ',% b^aZh VWdkZ :Vgi]# =dlZkZg! i]Z hiVi^dcÉh b^XgdbZiZdgd^Y h]^ZaY ]VY g^eeZY d[[ Yjg^c\ i]Z g^YZ ^cid dgW^i! iV`^c\ dcZ d[ i]Z hdaVg eVcZah l^i] ^i! VcY igVee^c\ i]Z di]Zg V\V^chi i]Z h^YZ d[ i]Z aVW l^i] YZWg^h# L^i] a^iiaZ ZaZXig^XVa edlZg VcY iZbeZgVijgZh Xa^bW^c\ ^ch^YZ i]Z aVW id &(% YZ\gZZh! H`naVW lVh Yn^c\# 6higdcVjih EZiZ 8dcgVY! ?dhZe] @Zgl^c VcY EVja LZ^io lZgZ hje" edhZY id [daadl i]Z aVW ^cid dgW^i dc BVgX] &*! Wji cdl i]Zn hiVnZY dc i]Z \gdjcY l^i] C6H6 Zc\^cZZgh! YZiZgb^c^c\ ]dl id Òm i]Z egdWaZbh#

ÆI]Z H`naVW egdWaZb lVh i]Z hjegZbZ iZhi [dg i]Z Zc\^cZZg^c\ iZVb!Ç @Zgl^c hV^Y nZVgh aViZg ^c V C6H6 dgVa ]^hidgn ^ciZgk^Zl# Æ7di] i]Z Xdc" igVXidgh VcY i]Z X^k^a hZgkVcih _d^cZY id\Zi]Zg Vh dcZ! VcY i]Zn Ò\jgZY dji l]Vi i]Z egdWaZb lVh! VcY i]Zn YZkZadeZY i]gZZ Y^[[ZgZci hdaji^dch id i]Z egdWaZb! ^c iZgbh d[ l]Vi XVc lZ Wg^c\ je i]Vi i]Z XgZl XVc YZ" eadn dkZg i]Z lVgb h^YZ d[ H`naVW id Xdda ^i Ydlc hd i]Vi lZ XVc \Zi dc l^i] i]Z b^hh^dc! 6# 6cY! 7! ]dl XVc lZ \Zi i]Vi hdaVg eVcZa jchijX`4Ç I]Z VchlZg id 6 lVh i]gZZ Y^[[ZgZci hjch]^ZaYh YZkZadeZY id WZ YZ" eadnZY ^c heVXZ! ZVX] jh^c\ Y^[[ZgZci hnhiZbh id higZiX] V e^ZXZ d[ >cXdcZa i]Z \daY [d^a"a^`Z bViZg^Va i]Vi XdViZY i]Z djih^YZ d[ i]Z YZhXZci hiV\Z d[ i]Z 6edaad ajcVg bdYjaZ dkZg i]Z aVW XdbeVgibZci# I]Z hdaji^dc id 7 lVh ÆV egZiin ZXaZXi^X XdaaZXi^dc d[ Vajb^cjb edaZh i]Vi XdjaY WZ Xdc" cZXiZY id\Zi]Zg! VcY V Hdji]lZhiZgc 7Zaa IZaZe]dcZ 8d# igZZ"adeeZg l^i] Wgdlc gdeZh id deZc VcY XadhZ i]Z _Vlh!Ç @Zgl^c hV^Y# I]Z WVX`je XgZl ]VY ig^ZY ZVX] d[ i]Z hdaji^dch ^c i]Z CZjigVa 7djnVcXn H^bjaVidg Vi BVgh]Vaa HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg ^c 6aVWVbV VcY [djcY i]Zb [ZVh^WaZ# I]Z b^hh^dc aVjcX]ZY dc BVn '*! &.,(! VcY Yjg^c\ Vc ^c^i^Va Ón" VgdjcY! LZ^io hZci iZaZk^h^dc ^bV\Zh WVX` id b^hh^dc Xdcigda id h]dl i]Z egdWaZb l^i] i]Z hdaVg eVcZa#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

65

C6H6 C6H6 C6H6

6[iZg V hd[i YdX`^c\ l^i] H`naVW! i]Z XgZl jcYdX`ZY! YZegZhhjg" ^oZY VcY deZcZY i]Z 6edaadÉh ]ViX] id bV`Z i]Z Òghi ViiZbei id [gZZ i]Z hdaVg eVcZa# LZ^io hiddY ^c i]Z deZc ]ViX] VcY ]dd`ZY i]Z YZWg^h l^i] V Æh]Ze]ZgYh Xgdd`Ç l]^aZ @Zgl^c ]ZaY ]^h Vc`aZh# ÆP8dcgVY ldjaYR Ón ^i je l^i]^c V XdjeaZ d[ [ZZi d[ i]Z hdaVg eVcZa!Ç @Zgl^c gZXVaaZY aViZg! ÆVcY EVja ldjaY eji ]^h h]Ze]ZgYÉh Xgdd` dji i]ZgZ VcY \Zi ^i ]dd`ZY jcYZg i]Z [gZZ ZY\Z# =ZÉY ejaa WVX`! VcY i]Z ild heVXZXgV[i ldjaY XdbZ id\Zi]Zg! VcY i]ZgZ ldjaY WZ _Zi Òg^c\h ZkZgnl]ZgZ# 8dcgVY ldjaY hVn! ÈD] bn <dY#É LZ cZkZg Xdaa^YZY dg Vcni]^c\! Wji ^i lVh [V^gan hedgi^c\#Ç Ign^c\ id Xji i]Z higVe igVee^c\ i]Z hdaVg eVcZa Y^YcÉi ldg` Z^" i]Zg# I]ZgZ h^bean lVhcÉi Zcdj\] aZkZgV\Z# 6[iZg \^k^c\ je dc EaVc 6! i]Z^g ViiZbei id ]VgY YdX` l^i] H`naVW [V^aZY# I]Z XgZl ]VY id YZegZhhjg^oZ i]Z 6edaadÉh XVW^c VcY bV`Z gZeV^gh id i]Z ]ViX] WZ[dgZ WVX`^c\ d[[ VcY hjXXZhh[jaan YdX`^c\# 9Zeadn^c\ i]Z hdaVg h]^ZaY lVh! Wn XdcigVhi! gZaVi^kZan h^beaZ# =djhZY ^c V XVhZ Wj^ai id YZeadn V hX^ZcXZ ZmeZg^bZci i]gdj\] V ]ViX] dc i]Z aVW! i]Z >cXdcZa hdaVg h]^ZaY ldg`ZY Vabdhi eZg[ZXian! l^i] dcan dcZ d[ [djg hi^[[ZcZgh [V^a^c\ id XdbeaZiZan YZeadn# >bbZY^ViZan! iZbeZgVijgZh ^c i]Z aVW WZ\Vc id [Vaa# I]Z cZmi [Zl YVnh lZgZ heZci hZii^c\ je Zfj^ebZci VcY \Zii^c\ i]Z hiVi^dc je VcY gjcc^c\# Dc ?jcZ ,! @Zgl^c VcY 8dcgVY eZg" [dgbZY i]Z heVXZlVa` id gZaZVhZ i]Z hdaVg eVcZa! Zm^i^c\ i]Z hiVi^dc l^i] i]Z igZZ adeeZg ViiVX]ZY id i]Z ZcY d[ V '*"[ddi edaZ# 6[iZg hZk" ZgVa VWdgi^kZ ViiZbeih id Xji i]Z Vajb^cjb higVe e^cc^c\ i]Z hdaVg eVcZa h]ji l]^aZ iZi]ZgZY id i]Z hiVi^dc! i]Zn hediiZY Vc ZnZWdai XadhZg id i]Z eVcZa# @Zgl^c i^ZY ]^bhZa[ ^c id i]Z ZnZWdai VcY \di Zcdj\] aZkZgV\Z id Xji i]Z higVe# I]Zc! i]Z ild ]VY id lg^\\aZ jc" YZg V gdeZ 8dcgVY ]VY g^\\ZY VcY hiVcY je id WgZV` addhZ V [gdoZc ]^c\Z# L]Zc ^i \VkZ! i]Z ild lZgZ XViVejaiZY ÆVhh dkZg iZV`ZiiaZ ^cid djiZg heVXZ!Ç Vh @Zgl^c eji ^i# ;dgijcViZan! Wdi] lZgZ hi^aa iZi]ZgZY id i]Z hiVi^dc# I]Z i]gZZ VhigdcVjih ]VY XVgg^ZY dji i]Z Òghi ^cheZXi^dc$gZeV^g b^hh^dc ^c heVXZ! hVk^c\ H`naVW id bV`Z V ]dhi d[ Xdcig^Wji^dch id ]jbVc `cdlaZY\Z# C6H6 ZciZgZY V cZl ZgV ^c ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i ^c &.-& l]Zc i]Z Òghi heVXZ h]jiiaZ gZVX]ZY dgW^i# L^i] bjX] ejWa^X ZmX^iZbZci! 8d" ajbW^V! i]Z Òghi dgW^iZg i]Vi XdjaY WZ Ódlc ^c heVXZ! a^[iZY d[[ [gdb @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg! ;aV#! dc 6eg^a &'! &.-&# I]Z Ó^\]i idd` eaVXZ h^m nZVgh V[iZg i]Z aVhi 6bZg^XVc VhigdcVji ]VY gZijgcZY id dgW^i [daadl^c\ i]Z XddeZgVi^kZ J#H#$J#H#H#G# 6edaad"Hdnjo IZhi Egd_ZXi ^c &.,*# 6[iZg (+ dgW^ih Yjg^c\ ild YVnh ^c heVXZ! 8dajb" W^V aVcYZY a^`Z Vc V^gXgV[i Vi :YlVgYh 6^g ;dgXZ 7VhZ ^c 8Va^[dgc^V! hjXXZhh[jaan VXXdbea^h]^c\ i]Z Òghi hjX] aVcY^c\ d[ Vc dgW^iVa kZ" ]^XaZ ^c ]^hidgn# I]Z h]jiiaZ \gZVian ZmeVcYZY i]Z deedgijc^in [dg ]jbVc heVXZ" Ó^\]i# 6[iZg V XgZl d[ i]gZZ [dg 6edaad b^hh^dch! i]Z h]jiiaZ gdj" i^cZan ÓZl hZkZc! VcY C6H6 ^cVj\jgViZY V egd\gVb id Ón ^cY^" k^YjVah VhhdX^ViZY l^i] heZX^ÒX eVnadVYh VcY ZmeZg^bZcih# C6H6 lVh VWaZ id ZmeVcY i]Z VhigdcVji XdbeaZbZci id cdc"e^adih VcY id ldbZc VcY b^cdg^i^Zh Yjg^c\ i]Z h]jiiaZ ZgV! VcY Wn ;ZWgjVgn '%%-! i]Z cjbWZg d[ 6bZg^XVch Ódlc hiddY Vi '*. bZc VcY (. ldbZc# >c ?jcZ &.-(! HVaan G^YZ WZXVbZ i]Z Òghi 6bZg^XVc ldb" Vc id Ón ^c heVXZ! VWdVgY HIH",! VcY ^c 6j\jhi &.-(! <j^dc 7aj[dgY WZXVbZ i]Z Òghi 6[g^XVc"6bZg^XVc VhigdcVji id Ón ^c heVXZ Yjg^c\ HIH"-# 6ahd! :aa^hdc Dc^oj`V WZXVbZ i]Z Òghi 6h^Vc"6bZg^XVc id Ón ^c heVXZ dc i]Z HIH"*&"8 b^hh^dc ^c ?VcjVgn &.-*! VcY ;gVc`a^c

Adhi ]ZgdZh BZbWZgh d[ i]Z i]gZZ VhigdcVji XgZlh l]dhZ hVXg^ÒXZ l^aa ValVnh WZ ]dcdgZY Wn i]Z bZc VcY ldbZc d[ C6H6# Ide! aZ[i id g^\]i/ 6edaad & XgZl bZbWZgh0 :YlVgY L]^iZ! <jh <g^hhdb! VcY Gd\Zg 8]V[[ZZ# 8ZciZg! aZ[i id g^\]i/ I]Z HIH"*&A 8]VaaZc\Zg XgZl bZbWZgh0 :aa^hdc Dc^oj`V! B^`Z Hb^i]! 8]g^hiV BX6ja^[[Z! 9^X` HXdWZZ! <gZ\ ?Vgk^h! Gdc BXCV^g VcY ?jYn GZhc^`# 6WdkZ! aZ[i id g^\]i/ HeVXZ h]jiiaZ 8dajbW^V HIH"&%, XgZl bZbWZgh0 9Vk^Y 7gdlc! G^X` =jhWVcY! AVjgZa HVaidc 8aVg`! @VaeVcV 8]VlaV! B^X]VZa 6cYZghdc! L^aa^Z BX8dda VcY >aVc GVbdc#

8]Vc\"9^Vo WZXVbZ i]Z Òghi =^heVc^X"6bZg^XVc ^c heVXZ dc i]Z HIH"+&"8 b^hh^dc ^c ?VcjVgn &.-+# >c VYY^i^dc! VhigdcVjih [gdb hZkZgVa di]Zg cVi^dch ÓZl VWdVgY i]Z h]jiiaZ#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

67

www.egginc.com 301.258.6566

MEETING THE DEMANDS OF TODAY AND THE CHALLENGES OF TOMORROW

C6H6 C6H6

IgV^aWaVoZgh >c heVXZ h]jiiaZ b^hh^dch Yjg^c\ i]Z &.-%h XadX`l^hZ [gdb ide aZ[i HVaan G^YZ! <jn 7aj[dgY! :aa^hdc Dc^oj`V VcY ;gVc`a^c 8]Vc\"9^Vo WZXVbZ i]Z Òghi ldbVc! 6[g^XVc"6bZg^XVc! 6h^Vc" 6bZg^XVc VcY =^heVc^X"6bZg^XVc VhigdcVjih id Ón ^c heVXZ#

I]Z h]jiiaZ jcYZgidd` V gVc\Z d[ cZl VcY Y^[[ZgZci VXi^k^i^Zh! aVjcX]^c\ ^ih Òghi ild XdbbZgX^Va Xdbbjc^XVi^dc hViZaa^iZh dc i]Z HIH"* b^hh^dc ^c CdkZbWZg &.-'! VcY YZ" eadnZY ') VYY^i^dcVa Xdbbjc^XVi^dc hViZaa^iZh i]gdj\] &.-*# 6i i]Z i^bZ d[ i]Z adhh d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ 8]VaaZc\Zg! C6H6 ]VY V WVX`" ad\ d[ )) dgYZgh [dg XdbbZgX^Va aVjcX]Zh# 7ji i]dhZ b^hh^dch Y^Y cdi ValVnh \d Vh eaVccZY# Dc HIH")&7 ^c &.-)! i]Z Wddhi Zc\^cZh d[ Wdi] hViZaa^iZh [V^aZY id ÒgZ XdggZXian! aZVk^c\ i]Z EVaVeV"7' VcY LZhiVg"+ Xdbbjc^XVi^dch hViZaa^iZh ^c jhZaZhh adl :Vgi] dgW^ih# ;dgij" cViZan! i]Z h]jiiaZ d[[ZgZY Vcdi]Zg jc^fjZ XVeVW^a^in Ä dcZ i]Vi XdjaY cdi WZ bViX]ZY Wn Vc ZmeZcYVWaZ kZ]^XaZ Ä [dg gZig^Zk^c\ i]dhZ hViZaa^iZh# >c CdkZbWZg &.-)! jcYZg XdcigVXi id ^chjgVcXZ XdbeVc^Zh! i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ 9^hXdkZgn gZig^ZkZY EVaVeV"7' VcY LZhiVg"+ VcY gZijgcZY i]Zb id :Vgi]# I]Z ^chjgVcXZ XdbeVc^Zh VagZVYn ]VY eV^Y [dg i]Z adhh d[ i]Z hViZaa^iZh! hd Wdi] lZgZ gZ[jgW^h]ZY VcY gZhdaY id cZl XjhidbZgh# I]^h XVeVW^a^in! Vh lZaa Vh di]Zgh hjX] Vh ^c"dgW^i gZeV^g VcY gZYZ" eadnbZci! X]Vc\ZY i]Z cVijgZ d[ heVXZÓ^\]i#

I]Z igV\^X adhh d[ 8]VaaZc\Zg Yjg^c\ ^ih aVjcX] dc ?Vc# '-! &.-+! l]Zc V aZV` ^c dcZ d[ i]Z ild hda^Y gdX`Zi WddhiZgh YZidcViZY i]Z bV^c a^fj^Y [jZa iVc`! X]Vc\ZY ZkZgni]^c\# HZkZc XgZl bZbWZgh Ä ;gVcX^h HXdWZZ! B^" X]VZa Hb^i]! ?jY^i] GZhc^`! GdcVaY BXCV^g! :aa^hdc Dc^oj`V! <gZ\dgn ?Vgk^h VcY 8]g^hiV BX6ja^[[Z Ä Y^ZY ^c i]^h VXX^YZci# I]Z h]jiiaZ egd\gVb lZci ^cid V (%" bdci] ]^Vijh l]^aZ C6H6 gZYZh^\cZY i]Z ]VgYlVgZ VcY i]Z h]jiiaZÉh bVcV\ZbZci higjXijgZ# L]Zc i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ gZijgcZY id Ó^\]i l^i] i]Z aVjcX] d[ 9^hXdkZgn dc HZei# '.! &.--! ^i lVh V hV[Zg egd\gVb i]Vc WZ[dgZ# 9Zhe^iZ i]Z gZbdkVa d[ XdbbZg" X^Va VcY 9ZeVgibZci d[ 9Z[ZchZ eVnadVYh! i]Z h]jiiaZ ]VY V hjgeg^h^c\an Wjhn aVjcX] hX]ZYjaZ V[iZglVgY# CjbZgdjh ^cXgZVh^c\an hde]^hi^XViZY b^hh^dch [daadlZY i]gdj\]dji i]Z &..%h# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! i]Z [djg =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZ" hXdeZ hZgk^X^c\ b^hh^dch egdkZY ZmXZe" i^dcVaan Y^[ÒXjai Wji lZgZ ^begZhh^kZan ZmZ" XjiZY# 6[iZg =jWWaZ lVh aVjcX]ZY ^c &..%! bVcn WZa^ZkZY i]Vi V he]Zg^XVa VWZggVi^dc

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

69

C6H6

6aa ^c V YVn h ldg` 6higdcVji HXdii EVgVonch`^ Yjg^c\ ]^h YVg^c\ ,"]djg! &."b^cjiZ heVXZlVa` id gZeV^g i]Z hdaVg VggVn dc i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc Yjg^c\ i]Z HIH"&'% b^hh^dc dc Cdk# (! '%%,#

^c i]Z b^ggdg d[ i]Z iZaZhXdeZ ldjaY Xg^eeaZ ^i# 7ZXVjhZ d[ i]Z Y^[Ò" Xjai^Zh! ^c 9ZXZbWZg &..(! C6H6 aVjcX]ZY h]jiiaZ :cYZVkdjg dc V YgVbVi^X gZeV^g b^hh^dc id ^chZgi cZl XdbedcZcih id XdggZXi [dg i]Z VWZggVi^dc VcY hZgk^XZ ^ih di]Zg ^chigjbZcih# 9jg^c\ V lZZ`adc\ b^hh^dc! :cYZVkdjgÉh VhigdcVjih XdcYjXiZY ÒkZ heVXZlVa`h VcY hjXXZhh[jaan XdbeaZiZY Vaa egd\gVbbZY gZeV^gh id i]Z heVXZXgV[i# I]Z Òghi gZedgih [gdb i]Z =jWWaZ heVXZXgV[i V[iZglVgY h]dlZY i]Z ^bV\Zh lZgZ bdgZ i]Vc Vc dgYZg d[ bV\c^ijYZ Xg^heZg i]Vc i]dhZ dWiV^cZY WZ[dgZ# ;dg i]^h djihiVcY^c\ Z[[dgi! C6H6Éh =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ GZXdkZgn IZVb gZXZ^kZY i]Z GdWZgi ?# 8daa^Zg Igde]n [dg ÆdjihiVcY^c\ aZVYZgh]^e! ^cigZe^Y^in VcY i]Z gZcZlVa d[ ejWa^X [V^i] ^c 6bZg^XVÉh heVXZ egd\gVb Wn i]Z hjXXZhh[ja dgW^iVa gZXdkZgn VcY

70

NASA

gZeV^g d[ i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ#Ç I]gZZ VYY^i^dcVa hZgk^X^c\ b^hh^dch ZmiZcYZY i]Z XVeVW^a^i^Zh d[ i]Z iZaZhXdeZ WZndcY i]Z Òghi YZXVYZ d[ i]Z '&hi XZcijgn! VcY Vcdi]Zg b^hh^dc ^c '%%- lVh hX]ZY" jaZY id ZmiZcY i]Z a^[Z d[ i]Z iZaZhXdeZ nZi Vcdi]Zg YZXVYZ# 6h d[ ;ZWgjVgn '%%-! i]ZgZ ]VkZ WZZc &'& heVXZ h]jiiaZ b^hh^dch!

VcY i]Z ZmiZci d[ VXi^k^i^Zh dc ZVX] ]Vh WZZc ^begZhh^kZ# I]Zn ]VkZ ^cXajYZY >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc XdchigjXi^dc VcY ad\^hi^Xh b^h" h^dch! ejgZ hX^ZcXZ b^hh^dch! cVi^dcVa hZXjg^in b^hh^dch! XdaaVWdgV" i^kZ Ó^\]ih l^i] Gjhh^Vc XdhbdcVjih VcY hViZaa^iZ YZeadnbZcih! gZ" ig^ZkVah VcY gZeV^gh# :VX] d[ i]Z h]jiiaZÉh Ó^\]ih ]Vh jcYZgiV`Zc hdbZ hX^Zci^ÒX Zm" eZg^bZcih! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z YZeadnbZci d[ ^bedgiVci heVXZ egdWZh id

Harris Corporation: a trusted supplier of communications sytems for all NASA human spaceflight programs.

Since the earliest beginnings of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Harris Corporation has been a leader in providing communications and telemetry systems and solutions to support NASA’s human-spaceflight missions (Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Shuttle, International Space Station) and numerous science endeavors.

Harris salutes NASA on its 50th anniversary and looks forward to continuing to support Constellation and NASA science programs with world-class communications products and solutions.

www.harris.com Government Communications Systems t Defense Communications and Electronics t Broadcast Communications t Harris Stratex Networks

AdX`]ZZY BVgi^c

di]Zg eaVcZih! eZg^dY^X Ó^\]ih d[ i]Z :jgdeZVc"Wj^ai ÆHeVXZaVWÇ hX^" ZcXZ bdYjaZ! VcY V YgVbVi^X hZi d[ :Vgi] dWhZgkVi^dch [dg bdgZ i]Vc '* nZVgh# DcZ hijcc^c\ hX^ZcXZ ZmeZg^bZci dXXjggZY l^i] i]Z Ó^\]i d[ i]Z H]jiiaZ GVYVg Ided\gVe]n B^hh^dc ^c '%%%# I]^h VWdVgY :cYZVkdjg dWiV^cZY ZaZkVi^dc YViV dc V cZVg"\adWVa hXVaZ id \ZcZgViZ i]Z bdhi XdbeaZiZ ]^\]"gZhdaji^dc Y^\^iVa ided\gVe]^X YViV ZkZg XgZViZY# K^gijVaan i]Z Zci^gZ aVcY hjg[VXZ WZilZZc eajh dg b^cjh +% YZ\gZZh aVi^ijYZ lVh bVeeZY# >i ]Vh WZZc Vc Zcdgbdjhan h^\c^ÒXVci YViV hZi [dg hX^Zci^hih# I]Z h]jiiaZ Vahd YZa^kZgZY hViZaa^iZh [dg :Vgi] dWhZgkVi^dc VcY WZ" ndcY# H^cXZ i]Z 8]VaaZc\Zg VXX^YZci ^c &.-+ i]ZgZ ]VkZ WZZc hZkZc bV_dg hX^Zci^ÒX eVnadVYh i]Vi gZfj^gZY i]Z jc^fjZ XVeVW^a^i^Zh d[ i]Z h]jiiaZ# >i aVjcX]ZY i]Z BV\ZaaVc heVXZXgV[i id KZcjh! i]Z <Va^aZd heVXZXgV[i id ?je^iZg VcY i]Z JanhhZh heVXZXgV[i id hijYn i]Z hjc# I]Z h]jiiaZ Vahd YZeadnZY i]Z 8dbeidc <VbbV GVn DWhZgkVidgn! i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ! i]Z JeeZg 6ibdhe]ZgZ GZhZVgX] HViZaa^iZ VcY i]Z 8]VcYgV M"gVn IZaZhXdeZ# >c VYY^i^dc! &+ HeVXZaVW VcY HE68:=67 b^hh^dch XdjaY cdi ]VkZ WZZc XdcYjXiZY Wn Vcn di]Zg heVXZXgV[i# I]ZhZ h]jiiaZ Ó^\]ih Va" adlZY h^\c^ÒXVci hX^Zci^ÒX ldg` id WZ VXXdbea^h]ZY! VcY h]jiiaZ VYkdXViZh d[iZc X^iZ i]ZhZ VXi^k^i^Zh Vh ^bedgiVci Xdcig^Wji^dch i]Vi _jhi^ÒZY i]Z Xdhi d[ i]Z egd\gVb# HeVXZaVW! V hde]^hi^XViZY aVW" dgVidgn Wj^ai Wn i]Z :jgdeZVc HeVXZ 6\ZcXn! Òi ^cid i]Z h]jiiaZÉh XVg\d WVn VcY ZcVWaZY V XdbeaZm VggVn d[ hX^Zci^ÒX ZmeZg^bZcih id WZ XdbeaZiZY# Di]Zgh cdiZ i]Vi bdgZ i]Vc '!%%% a^[Z hX^ZcXZh ZmeZg^bZcih ]VkZ Ódlc VWdVgY i]Z h]jiiaZ! Vh lZaa Vh cjbZgdjh di]Zg hX^ZcXZ VXi^k^i^Zh ^c dgW^i# L^i]dji fjZhi^dc! [gdb i]Z Òghi Ó^\]i id i]Z egZhZci! i]Z h]jiiaZ ]Vh WZZc Vc ^bedgiVci XdbedcZci d[ C6H6Éh ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i Z[" [dgi! VcY gZXd\c^oZY Vh hjX] Wn i]Z 6bZg^XVc eZdeaZ VcY i]Z aVg\Zg ^ciZgcVi^dcVa Xdbbjc^in# >ih ÒcVa hZi d[ b^hh^dch ]Vh ^ckdakZY i]Z XdchigjXi^dc d[ i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc VcY ^ih eZg^dY^X gZ" hjeean# I]Z Òghi ild heVXZ hiVi^dc XdbedcZcih! i]Z OVgnV VcY Jc^in bdYjaZh! lZgZ aVjcX]ZY VcY _d^cZY id\Zi]Zg ^c dgW^i ^c aViZ &..- Yjg^c\ i]Z HIH"-- b^hh^dc# I]gdj\] ;ZWgjVgn '%%-! ') h]jiiaZ b^h" h^dch ]VkZ Ódlc id i]Z hiVi^dc# Dc DXi# (&! '%%%! i]Z Òghi XgZl id dXXjen i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc ^cVj\jgViZY V cZl ZgV ^c heVXZ ]^hidgn# L]Zc 6bZg" ^XVc VhigdcVji 7^aa H]Ze]ZgY VcY Gjhh^Vc XdhbdcVjih Njg^ <^Y" oZc`d VcY HZg\Z^ @g^`VaZk a^[iZY d[[ ^c V Gjhh^Vc Hdnjo heVXZXgV[i

When … Bill Shepherd, Yuri Gidzenko and Sergei Krikalev lifted off ... it represented the last day in which there were no humans in space. [gdb i]Z 7V^`dcjg 8dhbdYgdbZ ^c @VoV`]hiVc! ^i gZegZhZciZY i]Z aVhi YVn ^c l]^X] i]ZgZ lZgZ cd ]jbVch ^c heVXZ# H]Ze]ZgY lVh XdbbVcYZg d[ i]Z i]gZZ"eZghdc :meZY^i^dc DcZ XgZl! i]Z Òghi d[ hZkZgVa XgZlh id a^kZ VWdVgY i]Z heVXZ hiVi^dc [dg eZg^dYh d[ VWdji [djg bdci]h# Dc ;ZW# &! '%%(! igV\ZYn higjX` V\V^c! Vh h]jiiaZ 8dajbW^V VcY ^ih XgZl G^X` =jhWVcY! L^aa^Z BX8dda! 9Vk^Y 7gdlc! AVjgZa 8aVg`!

B^X]VZa 6cYZghdc! @VaeVcV 8]VlaV VcY >aVc GVbdc! lZgZ adhi ^c

7g^Y\Z id i]Z [jijgZ I]Z Dg^dc XgZl ZmeadgVi^dc kZ]^XaZ l^aa WZ\^c hZcY^c\ XgZlh id i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc Wn i]Z b^YYaZ d[ i]Z cZmi YZXVYZ#

V gZ"Zcign VXX^YZci b^cjiZh [gdb idjX]Ydlc# C6H6 \gdjcYZY i]Z h]jiiaZ ÓZZi V[iZg i]Z VXX^YZci! Wji lVciZY id gZijgc id Ó^\]i Vh hddc Vh edhh^WaZ! VcY Y^Y hd ^c ?jan '%%*# 6h '%%* ZcYZY! bdhi XdcXZgch dkZg i]Z [jijgZ d[ i]Z h]jiiaZ hZZbZY hZiiaZY# H^cXZ 8dajbW^V! i]Z h]jiiaZ egd\gVb ]Vh Ódlc h^m b^hh^dch! [djg d[ l]^X] Xdci^cjZY XdchigjXi^dc d[ i]Z heVXZ hiVi^dc# DcZ d[ i]Z bdhi ^bedgiVci ^c YZbdchigVi^c\ C6H6Éh Æ]jbVc [VXidgÇ lVh i]Z HIH"&'% b^hh^dc# 6[iZg dcZ d[ i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dcÉh hdaVg VggVnh lVh YVbV\ZY l]^aZ WZ^c\ gZadXViZY [gdb i]Z ide d[ i]Z hiVi^dc id i]Z [Vg edgi ZcY d[ i]Z bV^c igjhh! gZeV^gh ]VY id WZ bVYZ id i]Z idgc hdaVg eVcZah# 6higdcVji HXdii EVgVonch`^! eZgX]ZY egZXVg^djhan Vi i]Z kZgn ZcY d[ i]Z hlVn^c\ dgW^iZg Wddb ]VY id Xji VlVn i]Z Vg" gVn \j^YZl^gZ VcY ^chiVaa ÒkZ *"[ddi ÆXj[Ó^c`hÇ VXgdhh i]Z iZVgh ^c i]Z hdaVg VggVn# EVgVonch`^Éh heVXZlVa` idd` eaVXZ [Vgi]Zg [gdb i]Z hiVi^dc i]Vc Vcn egZk^djh heVXZlVa` ZkZg ViiZbeiZY# =^h iddah VcY bZiVa _d^cih ^c ]^h heVXZhj^i lZgZ lgVeeZY ^c ^chjaVi^c\ iVeZ! VcY [Zaadl VhigdcVjih EVbZaV BZagdn VcY 9dj\ L]ZZadX` lViX]ZY ]^h XaZVgVcXZh [gdb i]Z a^kZ ZaZXig^XVa X^gXj^ih# 6[iZg V ,"]djg! &."b^cjiZ heVXZlVa`! i]Z Vg" gVn lVh gZYZeadnZY hjXXZhh[jaan! i]Z dcan XVhjVain WZ^c\ V eV^g d[ cZZYaZ"cdhZ ea^Zgh adhi ^c :Vgi] dgW^i# 6c 6k^Vi^dc LZZ` VcY HeVXZ IZX]cdad\n Vgi^XaZ eaVXZY i]Z VX]^ZkZbZci dc V eVg l^i] i]Z 6edaad &( VcY H`naVW gZeV^g b^hh^dch# IdYVn! C6H6 ^h eaVcc^c\ [dg i]Z gZi^gZbZci d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ V[iZg '* nZVgh d[ dgW^iVa b^hh^dch! VcY Wj^aY^c\ i]Z Dg^dc XgZl ZmeadgV" i^dc kZ]^XaZ! l]^X] l^aa WZ edlZgZY Wn i]Z 6gZh > aVjcX]Zg# C6H6Éh ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i Z[[dgi ^h [Vhi Xdb^c\ id V XgdhhgdVYh Vh ^i igVch^i^dch [gdb i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ id Dg^dc# 6[iZg *% nZVgh d[ hijcc^c\ hjXXZhh! bjX] ]Vh WZZc VXXdbea^h]ZY! VcY bjX] gZbV^ch id WZ YdcZ# I]Z cZmi *% nZVgh l^aa WZ _jhi Vh ZmX^i^c\ Vh l]Vi ]Vh \dcZ WZ[dgZ#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

73

Djiedhih dc i]Z Bddc! ;ddieg^cih dc BVgh/ C6H6Éh ;jijgZ :meadgVi^dc EaVch

G

^X` <^aWgZX] \di ]dd`ZY dc C6H6 Vh V hZkZc"nZVg"daY ^c i]Z hjbbZg d[ &.+.# Æ7Z[dgZ i]Vi! > lVciZY id WZ V fjVgiZgWVX` [dg i]Z 9VaaVh 8dlWdnh!Ç ]Z hV^Y# ÆI]Zc bn YVY `Zei jh je id lViX] CZ^a 6gbhigdc\ eji i]Z Òghi [ddieg^cih dc i]Z bddc! VcY > YZ" X^YZY > lVh \d^c\ id WZ Vc VhigdcVji# I]ViÉh ]dl i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb X]Vc\ZY bn a^[Z#Ç 6 ]ZVgi bjgbjg ZcYZY ]^h YgZVb d[ _d^c^c\ i]Z VhigdcVji Xdgeh! Wji ^i XdjaY cdi hide ]^b [gdb WZXdb^c\ V gdX`Zi hX^Zci^hi# 6[iZg V &+"nZVg C6H6 XVgZZg i]Vi ^cXajYZY i]gZZ hi^cih Vi i]Z HiZcc^h HeVXZ 8ZciZg ^c B^hh^hh^ee^! l]ZgZ Zc\^cZh [dg V cZl [Vb^an d[ bddc gdX`Zih VgZ WZ^c\ iZhiZY! <^aWgZX] cdl aZVYh C6H6Éh :meadgVi^dc HnhiZbh B^hh^dc 9^gZXidgViZ# =Z ine^ÒZh C6H6 eZdeaZ l]d VgZ ldg`^c\ id VX]^ZkZ i]Z cVi^dcÉh \dVa d[ gZijgc^c\ ]jbVch id i]Z bddc Wn '%'%# Egd_ZXi 6edaadÉh heZXiVXjaVg b^hh^dch ^che^gZY ^che^gZY i]Z^g YgZVbh Vh `^Yh VcY bdi^kViZ i]Z^g VX]^ZkZbZcih Vh VYjaih# I]ZhZ aZVYZgh VgZ djiÒii^c\ V cZl \ZcZgVi^dc d[ ajcVg Zmeadg" Zgh l^i] heVXZh]^eh! aVcYZgh! gdkZgh! a^[Z hjeedgi VcY Vaa i]Z di]Zg iZX]cdad\^XVa cZXZhh^i^Zh [dg V adc\ hiVn# ÆDjg _dW ^h id hZi C6H6 dc V eVi] id Wj^aY idlch dc i]Z bddc VcY eji [ddieg^cih dc BVgh!Ç hV^Y <^aWgZX]! i]Z VhhdX^ViZ VYb^c^higVidg [dg ZmeadgVi^dc#

By Beth DICKEY

>i lVh i]Z c^\]i WZ[dgZ 8]g^hibVh ^c &.+- l]Zc i]Z XgZl d[ 6edaad - egZhZciZY i]Z Òghi a^kZ WgdVYXVhi [gdb dgW^i VgdjcY i]Z bddc# HZk" Zc"nZVg"daY ?Z[[ =VcaZn hVi igVchÒmZY Wn i]Z iZaZk^h^dc Vh i]gZZ Vh" igdcVjih h]dlZY i]Z Òghi e^XijgZh d[ :Vgi] [gdb YZZe heVXZ VcY idd` ijgch gZVY^c\ [gdb i]Z 7^WaZÉh 7dd` d[ <ZcZh^h# =Z `cZl i]Zc i]Vi ]Z lVciZY id \d id i]Z bddc! idd# L]Zc ]^h ZnZh^\]i Y^Y cdi bZZi C6H6Éh VhigdcVji b^c^bjb nZVgh aViZg! =VcaZn deiZY [dg V XVgZZg ^c b^hh^dc Xdcigda# =Z ]VY WZZc \j^Y^c\ dgW^i^c\ heVXZXgV[i [gdb i]Z hVbZ ]^hidg^X Xdcigda gddbh l]ZgZ ]^h egZYZXZhhdgh `Zei lViX] dkZg 6edaad XVehjaZh VcY ]VY g^hZc id i]Z edhi d[ X]^Z[ Ó^\]i Y^gZXidg l]Zc V\ZcXn aZVYZgh iVeeZY ]^b ^c '%%* id bVcV\Z C6H6Éh 8dchiZaaVi^dc Egd\gVb# =VcaZn ]ZVYh V cVi^dcl^YZ iZVb YZkZade^c\ V cZl heVXZ igVchedgiVi^dc hnhiZb i]Vi WaZcYh i]Z WZhi d[ ]Zg^iV\Z iZX]cdad\n l^i] i]Z aViZhi VYkVcXZbZcih ^c egdejah^dc! Vk^dc^Xh! VZgdheVXZ bV" iZg^Vah VcY XdbejiZg"V^YZY YZh^\c# ÆId bZ! i]Z bdhi \gVi^[n^c\ i]^c\ ^h id hZZ C6H6 YgVl [gdb V iVaZci WVhZ Vi Vaa &% d[ ^ih ÒZaY XZciZgh id \Zi i]^h YdcZ!Ç ]Z hV^Y#

C6H6

GZijgc id i]Z bddc 6c Vgi^hiÉh XdcXZei d[ V ajcVg djiedhi VcY ajcVg gdkZg# 6higdcVjih VgZ YZe^XiZY djih^YZ ]VW^iVi bdYjaZh i]Vi egdk^YZ heVXZ [dg i]Z VhigdcVjih id a^kZ VcY ldg`# HdaVg VggVnh edlZg i]Z djiedhi#

74

NASA

IV`^c\ XjZh [gdb V '%%) 7jh] VYb^c^higVi^dc Y^gZXi^kZ VcY i]Z '%%* C6H6 6ji]dg^oVi^dc 6Xi! C6H6 ]Vh WZ\jc i]Z ldg` id Wj^aY i]Z heVXZXgV[i! aVjcX] kZ]^XaZh VcY heVXZ hnhiZbh! VcY YZÒcZ i]Z ZmeadgVi^dc higViZ\n i]Vi l^aa ZcVWaZ i]Z ZhiVWa^h]bZci d[ V ajcVg djiedhi hdbZi^bZ ^c i]Z cZmi '% nZVgh# C6H6 l^aa ]dcdg ^ih Xdbb^i" bZci id ^ih eVgicZgh VcY Òc^h] VhhZbWan d[ i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc Òghi! i]Zc gZi^gZ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ Wn i]Z ZcY d[ '%&%# 6 cZl heVXZ igVchedgiVi^dc hnhiZb [dg ]jbVch l^aa bV`Z ^ih Òghi Ó^\]i Ä id i]Z heVXZ hiVi^dc Ä Wn '%&* VcY Òghi b^hh^dc id i]Z bddc Wn '%'%# EaVch VgZ iV`^c\ h]VeZ [dg i]Z Ó^\]ih [gdb :Vgi]! i]Z ajcVg djiedhi VcY ajcVg hjg[VXZ deZgVi^dch# Dg^dc! i]Z kZ]^XaZ i]Vi l^aa XVggn i]Z ZmeadgZgh! VcY 6gZh >! i]Z gdX`Zi i]Vi l^aa aVjcX] i]Zb! VagZVYn VgZ jcYZg XdcigVXi# C6H6 l^aa Y^hi^c\j^h] ^ih *%i] nZVg Wn ÒcVa^o^c\ Dg^" dcÉh YZh^\c! XdcYjXi^c\ i]Z Òghi iZhih d[ Dg^dcÉh aVjcX] VWdgi hV[Zin hnhiZbh VcY 6gZh >Éh gdX`Zi Zc\^cZ! VcY aVjcX]^c\ i]Z Òghi b^hh^dc d[ i]Z bdYZgc bddc egd\gVb# I]Z AjcVg GZXdccV^hhVcXZ DgW^iZg VcY AjcVg 8gViZg DWhZgkVi^dc VcY HZch^c\ HViZaa^iZ l^aa aVjcX] Vide V h^c\aZ 6iaVh K gdX`Zi [gdb 8VeZ 8VcVkZgVa! ;aV#! id bVe i]Z hjg[VXZ VcY ]Zae [jgi]Zg i]Z hZVgX] [dg edhh^WaZ lViZg# Jca^`Z i]Z 8daY LVg i]Vi egdbeiZY C6H6Éh [dgbVi^dc ^c i]Z aViZ &.*%h! i]Z X]^Z[ XViVanhi [dg i]^h '&hi XZcijgn VXi^k^in lVh i]Z h]jiiaZ 8dajbW^V Y^hVhiZg ^c '%%(# 6XX^YZci ^ckZhi^\Vidgh XdcXajYZY C6H6 cZZYZY V cZl \dVa! VcY i]Z egZh^YZci VcY 8dc\gZhh ZbWgVXZY i]Z gZXdbbZcYVi^dc# L]Vi ^h Y^[[ZgZci VWdji i]Z cZl bddc b^hh^dc4 C6H6 ^h YZkZade^c\ i]Z ^c[gVhigjXijgZ id gZijgc id i]Z bddc [dg adc" \Zg eZg^dYh d[ i^bZ VcY XdcYjXi hjhiV^cZY gZhZVgX] b^hh^dch# C6H6 ^h ldg`^c\ l^i] ^ih ^cYjhign eVgicZgh! i]Z XdbbZgX^Va heVXZ hZXidg VcY ediZci^Va ZmeadgVi^dc eVgicZgh [gdb i]Z \adWVa Xdbbjc^in id ^c" XdgedgViZ i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb ^cid :Vgi]Éh ZXdcdb^X he]ZgZ# >c i]Z cZl heVXZ ZXdcdbn! hV^Y C6H6 6Yb^c^higVidg B^X]VZa <g^[Òc! ÆZkZgn VheZXi d[ ]jbVc `cdlaZY\Z l^aa WZ iZhiZY VcY VYkVcXZY/ e]nh^Xh! X]Zb^hign! W^dad\n! VcY i]Z^g egVXi^XVa Veea^XVi^dch ^c Zc\^cZZg^c\! bZY^X^cZ! bViZg^Vah hX^ZcXZ! XdbejiZg hX^ZcXZ! gdWdi^Xh! Vgi^ÒX^Va ^ciZaa^\ZcXZ! edlZg VcY bVcn di]Zg ÒZaYh Ä VcY lZ ]VkZcÉi ZkZc bZc" i^dcZY gdX`Zi hX^ZcXZ# I]^h ^h V aZ\VXn i]Z XgZl d[ 8dajbW^V ldjaY WZ egdjY id `cdl lZ ]VY XVgg^ZY [dglVgY#Ç I]Z dgYZg ^h iVaa/ YZkZade V egd\gVb i]Vi XVc ZcYjgZ VXgdhh bja" i^eaZ eda^i^XVa VYb^c^higVi^dch VcY WZ XVgg^ZY dji l^i]dji bV_dg ^c" XgZVhZh ^c C6H6Éh VccjVa WjY\Zi! l]^X] ^h egdedhZY ^c ;N '%%. [dg &,#+ W^aa^dc# C6H6 bjhi VXXdbea^h] i]Z ZmeadgVi^dc b^hh^dc Vb^Y XdbeZi^c\ cVi^dcVa eg^dg^i^Zh jcYZg V i^\]i WjY\Zi VcY ^c V ldgaY l^i]dji i]Z eda^i^XVa ^beZgVi^kZ i]Vi egdeZaaZY Egd_ZXi 6edaad#

EVOLUTIONARY THINKING ;dg C6H6! i]Z Òghi bV_dg hiZe ^c ^beaZbZci^c\ ^ih cZl ZmeadgV" i^dc X]VaaZc\Z lVh id YZh^\c 6bZg^XVÉh cZmi \ZcZgVi^dc d[ heVXZ" XgV[i! aVjcX] kZ]^XaZh VcY hjeedgi^c\ hnhiZbh! i]Zc id VlVgY Xdc" igVXih [dg i]Z^g YZa^kZgn# 6[iZg ZmiZch^kZan hijYn^c\ bVcn edhh^WaZ XdcÒ\jgVi^dch! V iZVb aZY Wn hdbZ d[ C6H6Éh ide hX^Zci^hih VcY Zc\^cZZgh XgZViZY Vc ZmeadgVi^dc hnhiZbh VgX]^iZXijgZ Ä V higViZ\n [dg bdk^c\ [dglVgY dc i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ igVchedgiVi^dc hnhiZbh VcY hjg[VXZ ^c[gVhigjXijgZ# I]^h XdbegZ]Zch^kZ eaVc l^aa ]Zae C6H6 gZijgc id i]Z bddc l^i] i]Z ]^\]Zhi bVg\^ch d[ hV[Zin! Vi i]Z hddcZhi edhh^WaZ i^bZ! VcY l^i]^c i]Z WjY\Zi i]Z V\ZcXn eaVch id ]VkZ [dg i]Z [dgZhZZVWaZ [jijgZ#

I]Z heVXZXgV[i VcY hnhiZbh C6H6 l^aa jhZ id ZhiVWa^h] V [ddi]daY ^c djg XdgcZg d[ i]Z Xdhbdh l^aa Wj^aY jedc i]Z [djcYVi^dc d[ egdkZc YZ" h^\ch VcY iZX]cdad\^Zh jhZY ^c i]Z 6edaad VcY heVXZ h]jiiaZ egd\gVbh! l]^aZ ]Vk^c\ [Vg \gZViZg XVeVX^in VcY XVeVW^a^in# Id \Zi XgZl VcY XVg\d heVXZXgV[i ^cid dgW^i VcY dc i]Z^g lVn id eaVXZh l]ZgZ VhigdcVjih XVc ZmeadgZ ZmiZch^kZan! C6H6 ^h Wj^aY^c\ cZl kZgh^dch d[ hjX] [Vb^a^Vg heVXZ h]jiiaZ hnhiZbh Vh i]Z ZmiZgcVa iVc` VcY hda^Y gdX`Zi WddhiZgh# I]Z V\ZcXn Xdch^YZgZY ZkZgn XdcXZ^kVWaZ YZh^\c [dg i]Z heVXZXgV[i i]Vi l^aa iV`Z VhigdcVji ZmeadgZgh ^cid ajcVg dgW^i! i]Zc id i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ# I]Zn XdcXajYZY i]Z e]nh^Xh ]VkZ cdi X]Vc\ZY! VcY i]Z Zc\^" cZZgh l]d YZh^\cZY i]Z 6edaad XdbbVcY VcY ajcVg bdYjaZh lZgZ dc iVg\Zi ^c i]Z^g eaVch# 6XXdgY^c\an! C6H6 l^aa ^cXdgedgViZ i]Z WVh^X YZ" h^\ch d[ i]Z 6edaad heVXZXgV[i ^c ^ih cZmi ZmeadgVi^dc hiZeh Ä Vj\bZci" ^c\ i]Z YZh^\ch l^i] bdYZgc iZX]cdad\n VcY i]Z VW^a^in id ^cXdgedgViZ ZkZc cZlZg ^ccdkVi^dch dkZg i^bZ# 9Zhe^iZ ^cZk^iVWaZ i^Zh id i]Z YVnh d[ daY! C6H6Éh bddc b^hh^dc ^h Vaa cZl# I]^h i^bZ! ZmeadgZgh VgZ \d^c\ WVX` id hiVn# I]Zn l^aa Wj^aY Vc djiedhi ^c l]^X] i]Zn l^aa a^kZ d[[ i]Z aVcY a^`Z igjZ e^dcZZgh VcY ldg` [dg bdci]h Vi V i^bZ! \Vi]Zg^c\ ZmeZg^ZcXZ id \j^YZ V [jijgZ \ZcZgV" i^dc dc i]Z lVn id BVgh# ÆI]^h ^hcÉi i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ! VcY ^iÉh cdi 6edaad# >iÉh i]Z cZmi hiZe ^c hZcY^c\ bdgZ eZdeaZ [Vgi]Zg ^cid heVXZ! l^i] bdgZ XVeVW^a^in i]Vc ZkZg WZ[dgZ# >iÉh V \gZViZg X]VaaZc\Z!Ç hV^Y 9dj\ 8dd`Z Ä nZi Vcdi]Zg ^c C6H6Éh gVc`h l]d V^bZY [dg V hZVi dc ide d[ i]Z gdX`Zi Wji ^chiZVY [djcY hVi^h[VXi^dc dc i]Z \gdjcY# =Z ]Vh WZZc dc i]Z \gdjcY Óddg d[ ZkZgn dcZ d[ C6H6Éh ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i Z[[dgih h^cXZ 6edaad! l^i] Vabdhi (* nZVgh d[ ZmeZg^ZcXZ VcY XgjX^Va YZkZadebZci VcY bVcV\ZbZci gdaZh ^c i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ! heVXZ hiV" i^dc VcY ZmeadgVi^dc egd\gVbh# HV^Y 8dd`Z! cdl <^aWgZX]Éh YZejin VhhdX^ViZ VYb^c^higVidg/ Æ>c Wj^aY^c\ i]Z cZl hnhiZbh lZÉaa ^cXdged" gViZ bZVhjgZh i]Vi ]VkZ ^begdkZY i]Z^g gZa^VW^a^in VcY hV[Zin! VcY lZÉaa WZ VWaZ id `ZZe i]djhVcYh d[ eZdeaZ egdYjXi^kZan ZbeadnZY hjeedgi" ^c\ ajcVg YZkZadebZci! iZhi^c\ VcY [jijgZ deZgVi^dch Vh C6H6 l^cYh Ydlc i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ egd\gVb#Ç ;dg b^hh^dch id i]Z bddc! C6H6 l^aa jhZ V eV^g d[ gdX`Zih! 6gZh > [dg XgZl VcY 6gZh K [dg XVg\d# 6gZh K l^aa YZa^kZg id adl :Vgi] dgW^i i]Z :Vgi] YZeVgijgZ hiV\Z VcY i]Z ajcVg bdYjaZ i]Vi l^aa XVggn Zm" eadgZgh Ydlc id i]Z hjg[VXZ# Dg^dc! id WZ aVjcX]ZY Vide 6gZh >! l^aa YdX` l^i] i]Z ajcVg bdYjaZ ^c :Vgi] dgW^i! VcY i]Z :Vgi] YZeVgijgZ hiV\Z! cVbZY 6aiV^g! l^aa egdeZa Wdi] dc i]Z^g _djgcZn id i]Z bddc# DcXZ ^c ajcVg dgW^i! Vaa [djg VhigdcVjih l^aa jhZ i]Z ajcVg aVcY^c\ XgV[i id igVkZa id i]Z hjg[VXZ! l]^aZ i]Z Dg^dc heVXZXgV[i hiVnh ^c ajcVg dgW^i# L]Zc i]Z VhigdcVjih Òc^h] i]Z^g ldg` dc i]Z bddc! i]Zn l^aa gZijgc id i]Z dgW^i^c\ Dg^dc kZ]^XaZ jh^c\ V ajcVg VhXZci bdYjaZ# I]Z XgZl l^aa jhZ i]Z hZgk^XZ bdYjaZ bV^c Zc\^cZ id WgZV` dji d[ ajcVg dgW^i VcY ]ZVY WVX` id :Vgi]# 6gZh > VcY 6gZh K Ä i]Z^g GdbVc cjbZgVah eVn ]dbV\Z id i]Z HVijgc > VcY HVijgc K gdX`Zih d[ 6edaad Ä Zbeadn kVg^Vcih d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZÉh hda^Y gdX`Zi WddhiZgh VcY ZmiZgcVa [jZa iVc` [dg a^[i" d[[ i]gjhi# I]Z Dg^dc XgZl ZmeadgVi^dc kZ]^XaZ gZhZbWaZh i]Z XdcZ" h]VeZY XVehjaZh i]Vi XVgg^ZY ]jbVch id i]Z bddc ^c i]Z aViZ &.+%h VcY ZVgan &.,%h# ÆHdbZ i]^c\h l^aa add` a^`Z 6edaad dc i]Z djih^YZ Wji dc i]Z ^ch^YZ l^aa WZ kZgn cZl! kZgn bdYZgc!Ç =VcaZn hV^Y# I]ZgZ l^aa WZ bVcn ^begdkZbZcih id C6H6Éh cZl heVXZXgV[i# 6bdc\ i]Zb VgZ/ >cXgZVh^c\ i]Z cjbWZg d[ XgZl bZbWZgh l]d XVc aVcY dc i]Z bddc [gdb ild id [djg#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

75

C6H6 C6H6

6YY^c\ i]Z VW^a^in id aVcY VcY XdcYjXi ZmeadgVi^dc VXi^k^i^Zh Vcn" l]ZgZ dc i]Z bddc! ^cXajY^c\ dc i]Z [Vg h^YZ VcY ^c i]Z edaVg gZ" \^dch0 i]Z hdji] edaZ bVn XdciV^c aVg\Z Vbdjcih d[ lViZg ^XZ VcY di]Zg gZhdjgXZh i]Z VhigdcVjih XdjaY jhZ id a^kZ d[[ i]Z aVcY# 8gZVi^c\ iZX]cdad\^Zh i]Vi l^aa bV`Z i]ZhZ heVXZXgV[i Xdch^YZg" VWan hV[Zg! bdgZ gZa^VWaZ VcY VWaZ id Yd bdgZ i]^c\h i]Vc i]Z 6edaad heVXZXgV[i# C6H6 X]dhZ id Wdggdl VcY Wj^aY dc Zm^hi^c\ iZX]cdad\n id ZchjgZ i]Z hV[Zin VcY gZa^VW^a^in d[ i]Z kZ]^XaZh VcY i]Z hjhiV^cVW^a^in VcY V[[dgYVW^a^in d[ i]Z ZmeadgVi^dc b^hh^dc# ÆLZ VgZ iV`^c\ kZgn Zkdaj" i^dcVgn hiZeh# LZÉgZ cdi gZVX]^c\ idd [Vg WZndcY djg iZX]cdad\n!Ç hV^Y <^aWgZX]# C6H6 ]Vh WZ\jc V igZbZcYdjh Vbdjci d[ ldg` h^cXZ ^i Òc^h]ZY i]Z :meadgVi^dc HnhiZbh 6gX]^iZXijgZ HijYn ^c '%%*# 7n 9ZXZb" WZg '%%,! ^i ]VY VlVgYZY XdcigVXih [dg YZh^\c! YZkZadebZci! iZhi VcY ZkVajVi^dc d[ Dg^dc VcY Vaa i]Z bV_dg eVgih d[ Dg^dcÉh WddhiZg! 6gZh ># Dg^dc VcY 6gZh XdbedcZcih! hjX] Vh aVcY^c\ hnhiZbh VcY i]ZgbVa egdiZXi^dc bViZg^Vah! VgZ jcYZg\d^c\ iZhih ^c kVXjjb X]VbWZgh VcY l^cY ijccZah VcY dc egdk^c\ \gdjcYh VXgdhh i]Z Xdjcign# I]Z iZhih l^aa aZVY id gZÒcZY YZh^\ch i]Vi l^aa ^begdkZ i]Z heVXZXgV[ihÉ eZg[dgbVcXZ# ?VcjVgn '%%- bVg`ZY i]Z hiVgi d[ iZhih dc i]Z edlZgeVX`! dg [jZa ejbeh! d[ i]Z ?"'M Zc\^cZ i]Vi l^aa ]Zae edlZg 6gZh > ^cid dgW^i# ;Vaa '%%- l^aa hZZ i]Z Òghi ^c V hZg^Zh d[ iZhih d[ Dg^dcÉh aVjcX] VWdgi hnhiZb# I]Z aVjcX] h^iZ [dg i]dhZ iZhih ^h jcYZg XdchigjXi^dc Vi C6H6Éh L]^iZ HVcYh IZhi

EdlZg^c\ 8dchiZaaVi^dc 6 XdcXZei ^bV\Z! ide! h]dlh i]Z 6gZh > XgZl aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ! aZ[i! VcY 6gZh K XVg\d aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ! `Zn XdbedcZcih d[ C6H6Éh 8dchiZaaVi^dc Egd\gVb id YZkZade cZl J#H# heVXZXgV[i VcY gZaViZY hnhiZbh VcY iZX]cdad\^Zh [dg ZmeadgVi^dc d[ i]Z bddc VcY di]Zg YZhi^cVi^dch# 6gZh > l^aa XVggn i]Z Dg^dc XgZl ZmeadgVi^dc kZ]^XaZ id heVXZ# 6gZh K l^aa hZgkZ Vh i]Z V\ZcXnÉh eg^bVgn kZ]^XaZ [dg YZa^kZgn d[ XVg\d VcY ]VgYlVgZ id heVXZ# 8djciYdlc id idbdggdl Ldg` dc i]Z 8dchiZaaVi^dc Egd\gVb VagZVYn ^h jcYZg lVn! ^cXajY^c\ iZhi^c\ Vi i]Z HiZcc^h HeVXZ 8ZciZgÉh 6"& IZhi HiVcY d[ i]Z ?"'M Zc\^cZ! VWdkZ! i]Vi l^aa edlZg jeeZg hiV\Zh d[ i]Z 6gZh > VcY 6gZh K gdX`Zih#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

77

;VX^a^in Vi i]Z J#H# 6gbnÉh L]^iZ HVcYh B^hh^aZ GVc\Z ^c CZl BZm^Xd# I]Z Òghi Ó^\]i iZhi d[ 6gZh >! XVaaZY 6gZh >"M! l^i] V Yjbbn jeeZg hiV\Z VcY Yjbbn XgZl bdY" jaZ! ^h hX]ZYjaZY [dg b^Y"'%%. Vi C6H6Éh @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg ^c ;adg^YV# 6gZh >"M l^aa jhZ V [djg"hZ\bZci heVXZ h]jiiaZ hda^Y gdX`Zi WddhiZg Vh ^ih Òghi hiV\Z# DcXZ XdchigjXi^dc d[ i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc ^h XdbeaZiZ VcY i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ ^h gZi^gZY ^c '%&%! [jcYh l^aa WZ [gZZY je ^c C6H6Éh WjY\Zi dWa^\Vi^dch id Vaadl i]Z V\ZcXn id gZk je YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z W^\\Zg hnhiZbh Ä i]Z 6gZh K XVg\d gdX`Zi! V ajcVg aVcYZg i]Z h^oZ d[ V ild"hidgn ]djhZ! VcY i]Z hjg[VXZ hnhiZbh i]Vi l^aa WZ eaVXZY dc i]Z bddc# ÆC6H6Éh \di V Òc^iZ Vbdjci d[ bdcZn! hd lZÉgZ \d^c\ Vh lZ XVc eVn!Ç hV^Y =VcaZn# Æ>iÉh V adc\"gVc\Z higViZ\n! V \ZcZgV" i^dcVa egd\gVb# 6 X]VaaZc\Z#Ç

78

NASA

BUILDING A HOME ?jhi a^`Z i]Z heVXZXgV[i i]Vi l^aa iV`Z Vhigd" cVjih WVX` id i]Z bddc! C6H6Éh WajZeg^cih [dg Vc djiedhi i]ZgZ VgZ h]Ve^c\ je# I]Z V\ZcXnÉh AjcVg 6gX]^iZXijgZ IZVb ]Vh WZZc ]VgY Vi ldg` add`^c\ Vi XdcXZeih [dg ]VW^iV" i^dc! gdkZgh VcY heVXZhj^ih# C6H6 l^aa gZijgc VhigdcVjih id i]Z bddc Wn '%'% jh^c\ i]Z 6gZh VcY Dg^dc heVXZXgV[i VagZVYn jcYZg YZkZadebZci# 6higdcVjih l^aa hZi je V ajcVg djiedhi Ä edhh^Wan cZVg V hdji] edaZ h^iZ XVaaZY H]VX`aZidc 8gViZg Ä l]ZgZ i]Zn l^aa XdcYjXi hX^Zci^ÒX gZhZVgX] Vh lZaa Vh iZhi iZX]cdad\^Zh VcY iZX]c^fjZh [dg edh" h^WaZ ZmeadgVi^dc d[ BVgh VcY di]Zg YZhi^cV" i^dch# I]Z ajcVg djiedhi ^h h^b^aVg ^c XdcXZei id i]Z gZhZVgX] djiedhih dc 6ciVgXi^XV! l]ZgZ hX^Zci^hih \d [dg bdci]h Vi V i^bZ id hijYn# :kZc i]dj\] H]VX`aZidc 8gViZg Zci^XZh

C6H6 hX^Zci^hih VcY Zc\^cZZgh! i]Zn Yd cdi lVci id a^b^i i]Z^g dei^dch# Id egdk^YZ [dg bVm^bjb ÓZm^W^a^in! C6H6 ^h YZh^\c^c\ ]VgY" lVgZ i]Vi ldjaY ldg` Vi Vcn cjbWZg d[ h^iZh dc i]Z bddc# 9ViV [gdb i]Z AjcVg GZXdccV^h" hVcXZ DgW^iZg! i]Z bddc"bVee^c\ b^hh^dc hZi id aVjcX] Wn i]Z ZcY d[ '%%-! b^\]i hj\\Zhi i]Vi Vcdi]Zg ajcVg h^iZ ldjaY WZ WZhi hj^iZY [dg i]Z djiedhi# I]Z AjcVg GZXdccV^hhVcXZ DgW^iZg l^aa YZkZade V ]^\]"gZhdaji^dc! i]gZZ" Y^bZch^dcVa! \adWVa bVe d[ i]Z bddc VcY Vh" hZhh i]Z cVijgVa gZhdjgXZh VcY Zck^gdcbZci ^c i]Z bddcÉh edaVg gZ\^dch# L^i] V heZXiVXj" aVg Xdaa^h^dc ^cid V YZZe! YVg`! eZgbVcZcian h]VYdlZY XgViZg! i]Z AjcVg 8gViZg DWhZgkV" i^dc VcY HZch^c\ HViZaa^iZ l^aa add` [dg lViZg ^XZ dc i]Z bddc# 6higdcVjih dc i]Z bddc l^aa cZZY hdbZ" eaVXZ id a^kZ# C6H6 ]VY WZZc add`^c\ Vi ]Vk^c\ [jijgZ bddclVa`Zgh Wg^c\ hbVaaZg

C6H6

HZkZci] XgZl I]Z hZkZci] XgZl id ZmeadgZ i]Z bddc l^aa Vgg^kZ dc i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ Wn '%'%#

ZaZbZcih id i]Z bddc VcY VhhZbWaZ i]Zb dc h^iZ# 7ji i]Z AjcVg 6gX]^iZXijgZ IZVb [djcY i]Vi hZcY^c\ aVg\Zg bdYjaZh V]ZVY d[ i^bZ dc V XVg\d aVcYZg ldjaY ]Zae i]Z dji" edhi \Zi je VcY gjcc^c\ bdgZ fj^X`an# I]Z iZVb Vahd ^h Y^hXjhh^c\ i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ V bdW^aZ ]VW^iVi bdYjaZ i]Vi ldjaY Vaadl dcZ eVgi d[ i]Z djiedhi id gZadXViZ id di]Zg ajcVg YZhi^cVi^dch Vh b^hh^dc cZZYh Y^XiViZ# C6H6 Vahd ^h Xdch^YZg^c\ hbVaa! egZhhjg" ^oZY gdkZgh i]Vi XdjaY WZ `Zn id egdYjXi^kZ deZgVi^dch dc i]Z bddcÉh hjg[VXZ# :c\^cZZgh Zck^h^dc gdkZgh i]Vi ldjaY igVkZa ^c eV^gh Ä ild VhigdcVjih ^c ZVX] gdkZg Ä VcY XdjaY WZ Yg^kZc cZVgan &'* b^aZh VlVn [gdb i]Z djiedhi id XdcYjXi hX^ZcXZ dg di]Zg VXi^k^" i^Zh# >[ dcZ gdkZg ]VY bZX]Vc^XVa egdWaZbh! i]Z VhigdcVjih XdjaY g^YZ ]dbZ ^c i]Z di]Zg# 6higdcVjih ^ch^YZ i]Z gdkZgh ldjaY cdi cZZY id lZVg heVXZhj^ih WZXVjhZ i]Z egZhhjg^oZY gdkZgh ldjaY WZ YZh^\cZY id egdiZXi XgZl bZbWZgh ^c V h]^gi"haZZkZ Zck^gdcbZci h^b^" aVg id i]Z egdiZXi^dc d[[ZgZY VWdVgY i]Z >ciZg" cVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc# HeVXZhj^ih ldjaY WZ ViiVX]ZY id i]Z ZmiZg^dg d[ i]Z gdkZg# C6H6Éh ajcVg VgX]^iZXih VgZ XVaa^c\ i]Zb ÆhiZe ^cÇ heVXZhj^ih WZXVjhZ VhigdcVjih XdjaY XgVla Y^gZXian [gdb i]Z gdkZgh ^cid i]Z hj^ih id WZ" \^c V bddclVa`# C6H6 ^h add`^c\ id ^cYjhign [dg egdedhVah [dg V cZmi"\ZcZgVi^dc heVXZhj^i# I]Z V\ZcXn ]deZh id ]VkZ V XdcigVXidg gZVYn id WZ\^c ldg` Wn b^Y"'%%-# DcZ d[ i]Z ajX`n [Zl l]d ]Vh VXijVaan bVYZ ^i id heVXZ Y^gZXih gZhZVgX] VcY iZX]cdad\n

ldg` [dg i]Z ZmeadgVi^dc Z[[dgih# ÆDcZ d[ i]Z `Znh id djg hjXXZhh[ja VcY hjhiV^cVWaZ egd" \gVb ^h id gZYjXZ g^h` VcY Xdhi VcY ^cXgZVhZ XVeVW^a^i^Zh i]gdj\] djg iZX]cdad\n egd\gVb! VcY lZÉkZ ]VY hdbZ \gZVi Òghih ^c i]^h gZ" \VgY!Ç hV^Y 8Vga LVao! V kZiZgVc d[ [djg h]jiiaZ Ó^\]ih VcY V gZXdgY"hZii^c\ hi^ci VWdVgY i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc# LVao dkZghZZh gZhZVgX] VcY iZX]cdad\n YZkZadebZci [dg i]Z ZmeadgVi^dc b^hh^dc! ^cXajY^c\ hijY^Zh V^bZY Vi YZkZade^c\ VcY kVa^YVi^c\ cdkZa iZX]cdad\^Zh i]Vi l^aa hZgkZ id gZYjXZ i]Z bZY^XVa g^h`h VhhdX^" ViZY l^i] a^k^c\ VcY ldg`^c\ heVXZ# C6H6 Xdci^cjZh id aZkZgV\Z i]Z b^Xgd\gVk^in Zck^gdcbZci d[ i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc id XdcYjXi a^[Z VcY b^Xgd\gVk^in hX^ZcXZ gZhZVgX] VcY YZbdchigViZ Xdjc" iZgbZVhjgZh id bV^ciV^c ]jbVc ]ZVai] VcY eZg[dgbVcXZ# I]Z a^hi d[ C6H6Éh iZX]cdad\^XVa VXXdb" ea^h]bZcih [dg ZmeadgVi^dc ^cXajYZh/ :migVXi^dc d[ dmn\Zc ^c hbVaa Vbdjcih [gdb h^bjaViZY ajcVg hd^a# Ild XdcXZei kZ]^XaZh i]Vi XVc ]Vja Zfj^e" bZci dg Yg^aa [dg hjWhjg[VXZ ^XZ dc i]Z bddc! iZhi"Yg^kZc ^c :Vgi] Zck^gdcbZcih i]Vi h^bjaViZ i]Z bddc# 6c ^cÓViVWaZ ]VW^iVi! YZa^kZgZY id 6ci" VgXi^XV id \Vi]Zg YViV [dg YZkZade^c\ ajcVg ]VW^iVih# 6 gVY^Vi^dc YZh^\c idda! egdYjXZY id ]Zae Dg^dcÉh YZh^\cZgh ^begdkZ gVY^V" i^dc h]^ZaY^c\ ^c i]Z heVXZXgV[i#

Oerlikon Space the former Contraves Space Over 40 years ago we entered the Space arena by developing the structure of the first European scientific satellite ESRO-1 that was launched in 1968.

Building on this success we have been shaping Space history in Europe and elsewhere.

Credit: ESA

The spectacular success of the Cassini/ Huygens mission in 2005 was made possible by our multifunctional separation mechanisms. After a journey of seven years through the solar system they separated the two spacecraft exactly as predicted.

Since 1990 the Hubble Space Telescope has provided us with unprecedented views of the Universe. Our Primary Solar Array Deployment Mechanisms provided the release of the Solar Arrays that made these outstanding discoveries of Hubble possible. Today Oerlikon Space is the No.1 in Europe for Solar Array Drive Mechanisms.

We are also No. 1 for payload fairings in Europe and are proud that we supplied the fairing for the “New Horizons” spacecraft on top of the American Atlas V-551 Launcher.

C6H6

Oerlikon Space AG Schaffhauserstrasse 580 CH-8052 Zurich, Switzerland www.oerlikon.com/space

9ZhZgi iZhi^c\ \gdjcY C6H6 bVcV\Zgh ;gVc` 9Za\VYd VcY ?dZ @dhbd d[ ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg Y^hXjhh ZmeZg^bZci deZgVi^dch [dg [jijgZ ajcVg ZmeadgVi^dc Vh iZX]c^X^Vch egZeVgZ V gdkZg VcY ild hj^iZY hjW_ZXih [dg V iZhi Yjg^c\ C6H6Éh 9ZhZgi G6IH GZhZVgX] VcY IZX]cdad\n HijY^Zh VXi^k^in ^c 6g^odcV ^c HZeiZbWZg '%%*#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

79

C6H6

;jijgZ gdkZg 6c Vgi^hiÉh XdcXZei d[ V gdkZg id XVggn VhigdcVjih id kVg^djh YZhi^cVi^dch dc i]Z bddc# >c i]^h XdcXZei! i]Z VhigdcVjih XVc Yg^kZ i]Z gdkZg l]^aZ hiVcY^c\ ^c i]Z^g heVXZhj^ih dg ZciZg i]Z egZhhjg^oZY XVehjaZ dc i]Z gdkZg VcY cVk^\ViZ ^c i]Z gddb iZbeZgVijgZ Zck^gdcbZci ^ch^YZ#

6YkVcXZY \j^YVcXZ hZchdgh [dg gZbdiZan XdcigdaaZY dg Vjidcd" bdjh gZcYZokdjh VcY YdX`^c\ d[ heVXZXgV[i! YZbdchigViZY ^c heVXZ# I]gdiia^c\ [dg V ajcVg aVcYZg Zc\^cZ! YZbdchigViZY dc i]Z \gdjcY# C6H6 ^h Wjhn Xdbbjc^XVi^c\ i]Z ldg` d[ i]Z AjcVg 6gX]^iZX" ijgZ IZVb id ediZci^Va eVgicZgh Ä i]Z VZgdheVXZ Xdbbjc^in! ^c" Yjhign VcY ^ciZgcVi^dcVa heVXZ V\ZcX^Zh Ä id \Zi kVajVWaZ [ZZYWVX` i]Vi l^aa ]Zae C6H6 [jgi]Zg gZÒcZ eaVch [dg i]Z bddc djiedhi# I]Z V\ZcXnÉh \dVa ^h id ]VkZ ÒcVa^oZY eaVch Wn '%&' id \Zi ÆWddih dc i]Z bddcÇ Wn '%'%#

SWITCHING GEARS C6H6 ^h hig^k^c\ id ZchjgZ V hZVbaZhh igVch^i^dc [gdb i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ ZgV id i]Z cZmi \ZcZgVi^dc d[ ]jbVc ZmeadgVi^dc# I]Z 8dc" hiZaaVi^dc Egd\gVbÉh Z[[dgih id aZkZgV\Z VcY jeYViZ ]Zg^iV\Z iZX]cdad" \^Zh! jhZ VcY je\gVYZ Zm^hi^c\ [VX^a^i^Zh VcY Zfj^ebZci! VcY gZiV^c ^ih \gZViZhi gZhdjgXZ Ä ^ih eZdeaZ Ä VgZ `Zn# I]Z igVch^i^dc ^ckdakZh gdj\]an &,!%%% X^k^a hZgkVci VcY XdcigVXidg ZbeadnZZh! bdgZ i]Vc &!*%% hjeea^Zgh! bdgZ i]Vc +*% [VX^a^i^Zh VcY VWdji V b^aa^dc ineZh d[ ]VgYlVgZ# 6bdc\ i]Z [VX^a^i^Zh VcY ]VgYlVgZ VagZVYn igVch^i^dcZY VgZ ;^g^c\ Gddb & ^c i]Z AVjcX] 8dcigda 8ZciZg! i]Z DeZgVi^dch VcY

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

81

8]ZX`dji 7j^aY^c\ VcY dcZ d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZÉh bdW^aZ aVjcX] eaVi" [dgbh Vi C6H6Éh @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg! VcY i]Z 6"& iZhi hiVcY Vi C6H6Éh HiZcc^h HeVXZ 8ZciZg cZVg 7Vn Hi# Adj^h! B^hh# C6H6 ]Vh hdbZ d[ i]Z XdjcignÉh bdhi ]^\]an"h`^aaZY! bdi^kViZY ZbeadnZZh Ä X^k^a hZgk^XZ VcY XdcigVXi ldg`Zgh l]d VgZ Xdbb^iiZY id heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc VcY 6bZg^XVÉh aZVYZgh]^e ^c heVXZ# <j^Y^c\ i]Z jc^fjZ ldg`[dgXZ i]gdj\] i]Z igVch^i^dc ^h i]Z h^c\aZ aVg\Zhi bVcV\Z" bZci X]VaaZc\Z [VX^c\ i]Z V\ZcXn# 6i C6H6Éh Y^hedhVa VgZ V ]dhi d[ ]jbVc gZhdjgXZ iddah! hjX] Vh/ H]Vg^c\ ldg`Zgh Vbdc\ bjai^eaZ egd\gVbh# BVee^c\ ldg`[dgXZ h`^aah [gdb XjggZci id [jijgZ egd\gVbh id ^YZci^[n eVi]lVnh id i]Z 8dchiZaaVi^dc Egd\gVb# I^b^c\ XdcigVXi VlVgYh id WVaVcXZ i]Z ldg`[dgXZ cZZYh d[ Wdi] i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ VcY 8dchiZaaVi^dc egd\gVbh# HigZc\i]Zc^c\ i^Zh l^i] XdbbZgX^Va heVXZ XdbeVc^Zh id ZchjgZ i]Z [jaa heZXigjb d[ i]Z J#H# VZgdheVXZ ldg`[dgXZ ^h gdWjhi# AZVY^c\ i]Z igVch^i^dc [dg C6H6Éh :meadgVi^dc HnhiZbh B^hh^dc 9^gZXidgViZ ^h ?d]c Dahdc! l]d Ä a^`Z ]^h XdaaZV\jZh <^aWgZX]! =Vc" aZn VcY 8dd`Z Ä a^kZh i]Z VhigdcVjiÉh a^[Z k^XVg^djhan i]gdj\] i]Z cZl bddc b^hh^dc# DahdcÉh \j^Y^c\ eg^cX^eaZh [dg i]Z igVch^i^dc VgZ hV[Zin! Z[ÒX^ZcXn VcY ZXdcdbn! VXXdbeVc^ZY Wn V W^\ YdhZ d[ Xdb" eVhh^dc# ÆLZÉgZ hig^k^c\ id egdk^YZ deZc VcY ]dcZhi ^c[dgbVi^dc ^c V i^bZan bVccZg hd hjeZgk^hdgh VcY ^cY^k^YjVa ldg`Zgh XVc eaVc i]Z^g [jijgZh!Ç ]Z hV^Y# Id Dahdc! i]Z h]jiiaZ"id"8dchiZaaVi^dc igVch^i^dc ^h V ÆdcXZ ^c V \Zc" ZgVi^dcÇ deedgijc^in Vh V XViVanhi [dg edh^i^kZ X]Vc\Z# ÆIgVch^i^dc ^h VWdji Zkdak^c\ djg eZdeaZ! djg egdeZgin VcY djg egdXZhhZh Vh lZ gZ^c" k^\dgViZ VcY gZ^ckZci C6H6 [dg aZVYZgh]^e VcY gdWjhi XddeZgVi^dc ^c heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc ^c i]Z cZmi *% nZVgh!Ç ]Z hV^Y#

NARROWING THE GAP I]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ l^aa Ón ^ih aVhi b^hh^dc ^c '%&%# I]Z Òghi Ó^\]ih d[ Dg^dc VcY 6gZh b^\]i cdi iV`Z eaVXZ jci^a '%&*# C6H6 ^h ldg`^c\ id b^c^" b^oZ i]Z Vci^X^eViZY \Ve ^c J#H# ]jbVc VXXZhh id heVXZ i]gdj\] Vc jc" egZXZYZciZY ^ckZhibZci ^c XdbbZgX^Va heVXZ igVchedgiVi^dc hZgk^XZh# I]Z V\ZcXn ^h ^ckZhi^c\ VWdji *%% b^aa^dc l^i] ^cYjhign eVgicZgh id ]Zae [jcY i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ gZa^VWaZ! Xdhi"Z[[ZXi^kZ VXXZhh id adl

“We don’t see this as a competition. We went to the moon. We want to go back there and stay for the long haul.” – Rick Gilbrech :Vgi] dgW^i# C6H6 ^h jh^c\ ^ih HeVXZ 6Xi Vji]dg^in id [VX^a^iViZ i]Z YZbdchigVi^dc d[ kZ]^XaZh! hnhiZbh VcY deZgVi^dch cZZYZY id hje" edgi i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc# I]Z YZbdchigVi^dch l^aa WZ" \^c ^c '%%. VcY! jai^bViZan! l^aa ^cXajYZ hV[Z Y^hedhVa dg gZijgc d[ V heVXZXgV[i i]Vi hjXXZhh[jaan YdX`h Vi i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc VcY YZa^kZgh XVg\d# DcXZ i]Z cZZYZY XVeVW^a^i^Zh VgZ YZbdchigViZY! C6H6 ]deZh id WZXdbZ dcZ d[ bVcn XjhidbZgh [dg V cZl! dji"d["i]^h" ldgaY YZa^kZgn hZgk^XZ# I]^h kZcijgZ! i]Z 8dbbZgX^Va DgW^iVa IgVchedgiVi^dc HZgk^XZh Egd_ZXi! Vahd `cdlc Vh 8DIH! bVg`h V WgZV` l^i] igVY^i^dc# >i ^h i]Z Òghi deedgijc^in C6H6 ]Vh iV`Zc id Zc\V\Z ZcigZegZcZjgh ^c V lVn i]Vi Vaadlh i]Z V\ZcXn id hVi^h[n ^ih cZZYh VcY aZi XdbbZgX^Va ^cYjh" ign \V^c V [ddi]daY! VcY ^i XdjaY ]VkZ egd[djcY ^beVXih dc ]dl C6H6

YdZh Wjh^cZhh# JhjVaan! i]Z V\ZcXn ^hhjZh YZiV^aZY gZfj^gZbZcih VcY heZX^ÒXVi^dch [dg ^ih Ó^\]i ]VgYlVgZ VcY ^i iV`Zh dlcZgh]^e d[ Vcn kZ" ]^XaZh VcY VhhdX^ViZY ^c[gVhigjXijgZ i]Vi V XdcigVXidg egdYjXZh# ;dg 8DIH! C6H6 heZX^ÒZY dcan ]^\]"aZkZa \dVah VcY dW_ZXi^kZh VcY aZ[i ^ih ^cYjhign eVgicZgh gZhedch^WaZ [dg YZX^h^dch VWdji YZh^\c! YZkZade" bZci! XZgi^ÒXVi^dc VcY deZgVi^dc d[ i]Z igVchedgiVi^dc hnhiZb# I]Z V\ZcXn ^h eVn^c\ ^ih ^cYjhign eVgicZgh dcan ^[ i]Zn hjXXZZY# EVnbZcih VgZ ^cXgZbZciVa VcY WVhZY dc egd\gZhh V\V^chi V hX]ZYjaZ d[ eZg" [dgbVcXZ b^aZhidcZh iV^adgZY id ZVX] eVgicZg# 7ZXVjhZ C6H6 ]VY V a^b^iZY Vbdjci d[ bdcZn id ^ckZhi! ^i ZcXdjgV\ZY i]Z eVgicZgh id dW" iV^c eg^kViZ ÒcVcX^c\ [dg i]Z^g egd_ZXih VcY aZ[i i]Zb [gZZ id bVg`Zi i]Z cZl heVXZ igVchedgiVi^dc hZgk^XZh id di]Zgh# C6H6 ZmeZXih id jhZ i]^h bdYZa bdgZ VcY bdgZ dkZg i^bZ Vh i]Z ZmeadgVi^dc egd\gVb jc[daYh! ediZci^Vaan ZmiZcY^c\ ^i id i]Z egdk^h^dc d[ edlZg! Xdbbjc^" XVi^dch VcY ]VW^iVi^dc [VX^a^i^Zh Wn XdbbZgX^Va Zci^i^Zh# C6H6 ZmeZXih i]Vi ejgX]Vh^c\ XdbbZgX^Va heVXZ igVchedgiVi^dc hZgk^XZh [dg gZhjeean^c\ i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc l^aa WZ bdgZ ZXdcdb^XVa i]Vc YZkZade^c\ \dkZgcbZci hnhiZbh d[ XdbeVgVWaZ XVeVW^a" ^in# I]^h XdjaY [gZZ je VYY^i^dcVa gZhdjgXZh [dg ajcVg b^hh^dch VcY di]Zg VXi^k^i^Zh WZndcY adl :Vgi] dgW^i# 6cdi]Zg ^bedgiVci WZcZÒi d[ i]Z Vc" i^X^eViZY Xdhi hVk^c\h ^h i]Z deZc^c\ d[ cZl bVg`Zih [dg Vc ZbZg\^c\ ^cYjhign# 8dhi"Z[[ZXi^kZ heVXZ VXXZhh XdjaY aZVY id cZl bVg`Zih [dg W^d" iZX]cdad\n! b^Xgd\gVk^in gZhZVgX]! bVcj[VXijg^c\ VcY idjg^hb#

GLOBAL TEAMING 6ai]dj\] i]^h '&hi XZcijgn ZmeadgVi^dc egd\gVb l^aa gZan dc C6H6Éh aZVYZgh]^e! ^i l^aa ^ckdakZ ZmiZch^kZ XddeZgVi^dc l^i] bVcn cVi^dch VcY Zc\V\Z i]Z ZcigZegZcZjg^Va ZcZg\^Zh d[ i]Z eg^kViZ hZXidg# ÆLZ YdcÉi hZZ i]^h Vh V XdbeZi^i^dc# LZÉkZ WZZc id i]Z bddc!Ç hV^Y G^X` <^aWgZX]! l]dhZ eZghdcVa \dVa ^h id bV`Z hjgZ C6H6 `ZZeh i]Z bddc ^c b^cY [dg ZkZgni]^c\ ^i YdZh# ÆLZ lVci id \d WVX` i]ZgZ VcY hiVn [dg i]Z adc\ ]Vja#Ç C6H6 VcY &( heVXZ V\ZcX^Zh [gdb VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY WZ\Vc Zc\V\^c\ ^c \adWVa ZmeadgVi^dc higViZ\n Y^hXjhh^dch ^c '%%+# >i Vaa hiVgiZY l^i] ild fjZhi^dch/ ÆL]n h]djaY lZ gZijgc id i]Z bddc4Ç VcY ÆL]Vi Yd lZ ]deZ id VXXdbea^h] i]gdj\] ajcVg ZmeadgVi^dc4Ç C6H6 edhZY i]Z fjZhi^dc id bdgZ i]Vc &!%%% ^cY^k^YjVah [gdb VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY# HX^Zc" i^hih! Zc\^cZZgh! XdbbZgX^Va ZcigZegZcZjgh! heVXZ VYkdXViZh VcY i]Z \ZcZgVa ejWa^X Vaa egdk^YZY VchlZgh# ;gdb i]Z^g gZhedchZh XVbZ h^m ZmeadgVi^dc i]ZbZh VcY V higViZ\n i]Vi ZmeaV^ch l]n eZdeaZ VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY WZa^ZkZ lZ h]djaY ZmeadgZ heVXZ! ]dl heVXZ XVc WZcZÒi a^[Z dc :Vgi]! VcY ]dl ^i XVc eaVn V Xgj" X^Va gdaZ ^c djg ZmeadgVi^dc d[ i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb/ =jbVc X^k^a^oVi^dc Ä ZmiZcY ]jbVc egZhZcXZ id i]Z bddc id Zc" VWaZ ZkZcijVa hZiiaZbZci# HX^Zci^ÒX `cdlaZY\Z Ä ejghjZ hX^Zci^ÒX VXi^k^i^Zh i]Vi VYYgZhh [jcYVbZciVa fjZhi^dch VWdji i]Z ]^hidgn d[ :Vgi]! i]Z hdaVg hnh" iZb VcY i]Z jc^kZghZ Ä VcY VWdji djg eaVXZ ^c i]Zb# :meadgVi^dc egZeVgVi^dc Ä iZhi iZX]cdad\^Zh! hnhiZbh! Ó^\]i de" ZgVi^dch VcY ZmeadgVi^dc iZX]c^fjZh id gZYjXZ i]Z g^h`h VcY ^c" XgZVhZ i]Z egdYjXi^k^in d[ [jijgZ b^hh^dch id BVgh VcY WZndcY# <adWVa eVgicZgh]^eh Ä egdk^YZ V X]VaaZc\^c\! h]VgZY VcY eZVXZ[ja VXi^k^in i]Vi jc^iZh cVi^dch ^c ejghj^i d[ Xdbbdc dW_ZXi^kZh# :Xdcdb^X ZmeVch^dc Ä ZmeVcY :Vgi]Éh ZXdcdb^X he]ZgZ VcY Xdc" YjXi ajcVg VXi^k^i^Zh l^i] WZcZÒih id a^[Z dc i]Z ]dbZ eaVcZi#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

83

=ZVYa^cZ

C6H6

By Roger D. Launius

7dYn BVgi^Vc X]gdc^XaZh >c i]^h Vgi^hiÉh XdcXZei! ild VhigdcVjih ]VkZ ldg`ZY ]VgY id ZmigVXi Vc ^ciVXi XdgZ hVbeaZ [gdb i]Z BVgi^Vc hjg[VXZ# 6h i]Zn ZmVb^cZ i]Z hVbeaZ! i]Zn VgZ ^c XdchiVci gVY^d Xdbbjc^XVi^dc l^i] i]Z^g djiedhi id Y^hXjhh i]Z hiVijh d[ i]Z hVbeaZ l^i] i]Z^g di]Zg XgZlbZbWZgh VcY hX^Zci^hih dc :Vgi]# Id i]Z^g h^YZ hiVcYh i]Z^g Yg^aa VcY jcegZhhjg^oZY gdkZg gZVYn id ZmigVXi Vcdi]Zg hVbeaZ dg Yg^kZ i]Zb id i]Z^g cZmi YZhi^cVi^dc#

EjWa^X Zc\V\ZbZci Ä jhZ V k^WgVci heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc egd\gVb id Zc\V\Z i]Z ejWa^X! ZcXdjgV\Z hijYZcih VcY ]Zae YZkZade i]Z ]^\]"iZX] ldg`[dgXZ i]Vi l^aa WZ gZfj^gZY id VYYgZhh i]Z X]Va" aZc\Zh d[ idbdggdl# Hj\\Zhi^dch VWdji l]Vi id Yd dc i]Z bddc lZgZ eaZci^[ja# C6H6 jhZY i]Zb id Xdbe^aZ V YViVWVhZ d[ Vabdhi '%% ajcVg ZmeadgVi^dc dW_ZXi^kZh# I]Z dW_ZXi^kZh VgZ bZVci id XVeijgZ i]Z Zci^gZ hZi d[ VXi^k^i^Zh i]Vi Vcn" dcZ ^ckdakZY ^c ajcVg ZmeadgVi^dc bVn lVci id ejghjZ# I]ZhZ VXi^k^i^Zh XdjaY WZ XVgg^ZY dji Wn C6H6! Vcdi]Zg heVXZ V\ZcXn! V eg^kViZ XdbeVcn! V jc^kZgh^in! dg VcndcZ ZahZ l]d ^ckZhih ^c heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc# >c BVn '%%,! i]Z heVXZ V\ZcX^Zh gZaZVhZY i]Z aViZhi egdYjXi d[ i]Z^g Y^hXjhh^dch Ä V YdXjbZci XVaaZY ÆI]Z <adWVa :meadgVi^dc HigViZ\n/ I]Z ;gVbZldg` [dg 8ddgY^cVi^dc#Ç >i gZÓZXih V h]VgZY k^h^dc d[ i]Z bddc Vh V `Zn eVgi d[ [jijgZ heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc# I]Z [gVbZldg` YdXj" bZci! Vh ^i ^h `cdlc! hZih i]Z hiV\Z [dg i]Z cZmi hiZe/ ZhiVWa^h]bZci d[ V kdajciVgn! cdc"W^cY^c\ [dgjb ^c l]^X] heVXZ V\ZcX^Zh XVc ZmX]Vc\Z ^c[dgbVi^dc dc i]Z^g gZheZXi^kZ heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc eaVch# I]^h bZX]" Vc^hb l^aa eaVn V `Zn gdaZ ^c ]Zae^c\ eVgi^X^eVi^c\ V\ZcX^Zh ^YZci^[n \Veh! dkZgaVeh VcY hncZg\^Zh ^c i]Z^g heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc eaVch# I]Z [gVbZldg` YdXjbZci ^h Vc ^bedgiVci hiZe ^c Vc Zkdak^c\ egdXZhh idlVgY V \adWVa! higViZ\^X! XddgY^cViZY VcY XdbegZ]Zch^kZ VeegdVX] id heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc# I]Z [gVbZldg` YdXjbZci YdZh cdi XgZViZ Xdbb^ibZcih dc WZ]Va[ d[ Vcn d[ i]Z eVgi^X^eVcih! ^cXajY^c\ C6H6! cdg YdZh ^i cZXZhhVg^an gZÓZXi [dgbVa eda^Xn d[ ^cY^k^YjVa eVgi^X^eVi^c\ V\ZcX^Zh# C6H6 Vci^X^eViZh i]Vi XZgiV^c ide^Xh ^c i]Z [gVbZldg` YdXjbZci l^aa heVg` hZeVgViZ W^aViZgVa VcY bjai^aViZgVa Y^hXjhh^dch VcY! ediZci^Vaan! XddeZgVi^kZ V\gZZbZcih# 6 \gZVi eVgicZgh]^e d[ cVi^dch VcY ^cYjhign l^aa WZ cZZYZY id YZkZade XgjX^Va ^c[gVhigjXijgZ hjX] Vh ajcVg ]VW^iVih! edlZg hiVi^dch! hX^Zci^ÒX aVW" dgVidg^Zh VcY [VX^a^i^Zh! gVY^d VcY dei^XVa iZaZhXdeZh! ]jbVc VcY gdWdi^X hjg[VXZ gdkZgh! Vjidcdbdjh ad\^hi^Xh VcY gZhjeean kZ]^XaZh! Xdbbjc^XV" i^dc VcY cVk^\Vi^dc hnhiZbh! dc"h^iZ gZhdjgXZ ji^a^oVi^dc Zfj^ebZci! VcY

84

NASA

adc\"YjgVi^dc a^[Z hjeedgi hnhiZbh# C6H6 Zck^h^dch ^ciZgcVi^dcVa XgZlh dc i]Z bddc! ldg`^c\ id\Zi]Zg dc gZhZVgX] hiVi^dch d[ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa YZ" h^\c VcY XdchigjXi^dc! edhh^Wan ^c bjX] i]Z hVbZ [Vh]^dc Vh dXXjgh ^c 6ciVgXi^XV idYVn# Fj^iZ a^`Zan! i]ZhZ Z[[dgih l^aa WZ V^YZY Wn XdbbZgX^Va egdk^YZgh d[[Zg^c\ hZgk^XZ [dg V [ZZ0 l^i] i]Z g^\]i ^cXZci^kZh! i]^h XVc WZ bVYZ id ]VeeZc hddcZg gVi]Zg i]Vc aViZg# C6H6 6Yb^c^higVidg B^X]VZa <g^[Òc ]Vh ZmegZhhZY ]^h egZ[ZgZcXZ [dg XdbbZgX^Va d[[Zg^c\h gVi]Zg i]Vc i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ \dkZgcbZci"dcan hnhiZbh l]ZcZkZg edhh^WaZ# 6h i]Z bjai^eaZ i]ZbZh ZbZg\^c\ [gdb i]Z \adWVa ZmeadgVi^dc higVi" Z\n Y^hXjhh^dch gZkZVaZY! id [daadl ^c i]Z [ddihiZeh d[ i]Z Òghi ajcVg ZmeadgZgh bZVch Y^[[ZgZci i]^c\h id Y^[[ZgZci eZdeaZ# Id <^aWgZX]! ^i ^h Vaa VWdji bV^ciV^c^c\ 6bZg^XVÉh \adWVa aZVYZgh]^e ^c i]Z heVXZ VgZcV VcY bV^ciV^c^c\ V higViZ\^X XVeVW^a^in [dg i]Z cV" i^dc# ÆBdhi eZdeaZ YdcÉi \gVhe i]Vi dcan h^m"iZci]h d[ V eZccn d[ Zk" Zgn iVm YdaaVg ^h l]Vi lZÉgZ heZcY^c\ dc i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb!Ç ]Z hV^Y# ÆI]Z ejWa^X h]djaY WZ VlVgZ i]Vi ]jbVc ZmeadgVi^dc d[ i]Z bddc ^h ZcVWa^c\ V adi d[ iZX]cdad\n! V adi d[ hX^ZcXZ! V adi d[ VYkVcXZbZci#Ç Id ?Z[[ =VcaZn! ^i ^h Vaa VWdji BVgh# ÆH^cXZ i]Z YVnh d[ Egd_ZXi BZg" Xjgn VcY Egd_ZXi <Zb^c^ lZÉkZ WZZc Wj^aY^c\ djg XVeVW^a^in ^cXgZbZc" iVaan# I]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc ^h djg BZgXjgn# I]Z ajcVg dji" edhi ^h djg <Zb^c^!Ç ]Z dWhZgkZh# Æ6cY d[ XdjghZ! BVgh ^h i]Z jai^bViZ 6edaad [dg i]^h \ZcZgVi^dc# >iÉh i]Z jai^bViZ ed^ci d[ i]^h l]daZ a^iVcn d[ i]^c\h i]Vi lZÉkZ aV^Y dji ^c [gdci d[ jh id Yd# I]Z X]VaaZc\Z ^h ]dl id Yd ^i dc XdchigV^cZY WjY\Zih i]Vi 6edaad Y^YcÉi ]VkZ id YZVa l^i]#Ç DcZ i]^c\ bdhi ZkZgndcZ V\gZZh jedc! hV^Y 8dd`Z! Æ^h i]Vi hddc! heVXZ l^aa cd adc\Zg WZ V YZhi^cVi^dc k^h^iZY Wg^ZÓn VcY iZciVi^kZan# 8dc" hiZaaVi^dcÉh hnhiZbh l^aa WZiiZg 6edaad VcY i]Z h]jiiaZ Wn XVggn^c\ aVg\Zg VcY ]ZVk^Zg XVg\dZh VcY bdgZ eZdeaZ YZZeZg ^cid heVXZ [dg adc\Zg eZg^dYh d[ i^bZ#Ç I]gdj\] V Xdbb^iiZY Z[[dgi! i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh V\V^c l^aa \d WdaYan WZndcY :Vgi] dgW^i Ä i]^h i^bZ l^i] V k^\dgdjh! hjhiV^cZY VcY eZgbVcZci dW" _ZXi^kZ d[ ZmeadgVi^dc [dg i]Z WZcZÒi d[ ]jbVc`^cY#

C6H6

LZ HZkZc I]Z dg^\^cVa hZkZc BZgXjgn VhigdcVjih Yjg^c\ igV^c^c\ Vi i]Z AVc\aZn GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg# ;gdb aZ[i id g^\]i! WVX` gdl i]Zn VgZ 6aVc H]ZeVgY! <jh <g^hhdb VcY <dgYdc 8ddeZg0 [gdci gdl! LVaan HX]^ggV! 9Z`Z HaVnidc! ?d]c <aZcc VcY HXdii 8VgeZciZg#

86

NASA

6higdcVjih VcY I]Z^g Hjeedgi IZVbh

By Patty REINERT and J.R. WILSON

H

LZ VgZ cdi ^c V h^bjaVidg Vcn bdgZ É I]ZgZ ^h _jhi i]^h Zm]^aVgVi^c\ edlZg VcY VXXZa" ZgVi^dc!Ç ]Z gZXVaaZY aViZg VWdji ]^h Òghi aVjcX] ^c &..-# ÆL]Zc > add`ZY dji i]Z l^cYdl! > hVl i]Z XjgkVijgZ d[ i]Z :Vgi] VcY i]Z XdVhi" a^cZ [gdb heVXZ# >i lVh _jhi WZVji^[ja# Ndj _jhi iV`Z V b^cjiZ id VeegZX^ViZ i]Z

cZVg b^gVXaZ ^i ^h i]Vi ]jbVch XVc Ón ^c heVXZ# Ndj iV`Z ^c i]Z lVn i]Z ldgaY add`h Vh ^i eVhhZh WZcZVi] ndj!Ç ]Z hV^Y# Æ>i ^h V [jccn [ZZa^c\ id WZ i]ZgZ! add`^c\ WVX` Vi ndjg ]dbZ VcY i]^c`^c\! È:kZgnWdYn > `cdl ^h Ydlc i]ZgZ VcY > Vb je ]ZgZ#É > ]VY id [dgXZ bnhZa[ id add` WVX` ^ch^YZ VcY \d WVX` id ldg`#Ç

C6H6

^ii^c\ dc i]Z aVjcX] eVY Vi i]Z @Zc" cZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg! HXdii 6aibVc! V CVkn iZhi e^adi ijgcZY VhigdcVji! [dXjhZY dc i]Z XdjciYdlc/ Æ6i I b^cjh + hZXdcYh! i]Z Zc\^cZh XdbZ dc VcY ndj VgZ hiVgi^c\ id [ZZa i]^h h]V`^c\# 6i I b^cjh oZgd! Wddb! ZkZgni]^c\ ^h gdX`" ^c\ VcY h]V`^c\ VcY ndjÉgZ hVn^c\! ÈLdl

Bjai^"cVi^dcVa! bjai^"XjaijgVa 6h YZbdchigViZY Wn i]Z HIH"&&+ VcY :meZY^i^dc &) XgZlh ^c 9ZXZbWZg '%%+! idYVnÉh VhigdcVjih XdbZ [gdb bVcn cVi^dch VcY XjaijgZh# ;gdb i]Z aZ[i [gdci gdl VgZ HIH"&&+ XgZl bZbWZgh 7^aa DZ[ZaZ^c! ?dVc =^\\^cWdi]Vb! I]dbVh GZ^iZg <ZgbVcn # ;gdb i]Z aZ[i XZciZg gdl VgZ HIH"&&+ XgZl bZbWZgh BVg` EdaVch`n! GdWZgi 8jgWZVb! C^X]daVh EVig^X` VcY 8]g^hiZg ;j\aZhVc\ HlZYZc # ;gdb i]Z aZ[i WVX` gdl VgZ :meZY^i^dc &) XgZl bZbWZgh XdhbdcVji B^`]V^a Injg^c Gjhh^V VcY VhigdcVjih B^X]VZa AdeZo"6aZ\g^V VcY Hjc^iV L^aa^Vbh#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

87

88

NASA

H^cXZ C6H6 ^cigdYjXZY i]Z dg^\^cVa BZg" Xjgn HZkZc VhigdcVjih id i]Z ldgaY ^c 6eg^a &.*.! i]Z ZmXajh^kZ XajW d[ 6bZg^XVc heVXZ Ó^Zgh ]Vh \gdlc id bdgZ i]Vc (%%! l^i] .% VhigdcVjih dc i]Z VXi^kZ Ó^\]i a^hi VcY Vcdi]Zg YdoZc dg hd hX]ZYjaZY id WZ hZaZXiZY ^c '%%.#

>c i]Z eVhi ]Va["XZcijgn! VhigdcVjih ]VkZ aVcYZY dc i]Z bddc VcY ZmeadgZY ^ih hjg[VXZ! Ódlc bdgZ i]Vc V ]jcYgZY b^hh^dch VWdVgY i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ! VcY a^kZY VWdVgY i]Z >ciZgcV" i^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc# I]Zn ]VkZ eZg[dgbZY cj" bZgdjh heVXZlVa`h id aVjcX] hViZaa^iZh! ^chiVaa

C6H6

GZYjXZY \gVk^in iZhi 6higdcVji 9dii^Z BZiXVa[" A^cYZcWjg\Zg! i]Zc Vc VhigdcVji XVcY^YViZ! ZmeZg^ZcXZh V bdbZci d[ gZYjXZY \gVk^in l]^aZ Ón^c\ ^c V @8"&(* V^gXgV[i dkZg i]Z <ja[ d[ BZm^Xd ^c '%%)# 6hh^hi^c\ BZiXVa["A^cYZcWjg\Zg ^h GZYjXZY <gVk^in D[ÒXZ aZVY iZhi Y^gZXidg ?d]c NVc^ZX# >c i]Z WVX`\gdjcY VgZ 9dii^ZÉh [Zaadl VhigdcVji XVcY^YViZh GVcYn 7gZhc^` VcY ?dhZ =ZgcVcYZo! cdl C6H6 VhigdcVjih#

hiVi^dc ]VgYlVgZ VcY gZeV^g i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ! l]^X] Xdci^cjZh id hZcY ]dbZ heZX" iVXjaVg ^bV\Zh d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ VcY ]Vh gZlg^i" iZc Vhigdcdbn iZmiWdd`h# I]^h \gdje d[ e^dcZZgh ^h egZhh^c\ V]ZVY# >c i]Z cZmi YZXVYZ! i]Z h]jiiaZ ÓZZi l^aa WZ

gZi^gZY VcY cZl heVXZXgV[i VcY aVjcX] hnh" iZbh l^aa WZ Wj^ai l^i] i]Z \dVa d[ gZijgc^c\ ZmeadgZgh id i]Z bddc Wn '%'% VcY! ZkZcij" Vaan! hZcY^c\ i]Zb dc id BVgh# ÆLZÉkZ XdbZ V adc\ lVn VcY >Éb cdi hjgZ eZdeaZ VeegZX^ViZ dg jcYZghiVcY ^i Vi Vaa#

I]Zn YdcÉi eVn bjX] ViiZci^dc Vcn bdgZ! jcaZhh lZ ]VkZ Vc VXX^YZci!Ç hV^Y B^X]VZa 8dVih! V h]jiiaZ kZiZgVc l]d Y^gZXih ?d]c" hdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg ^c =djhidc! ]dbZ d[ i]Z VhigdcVji Xdgeh VcY B^hh^dc 8dcigda 8Zc" iZg# Æ7ji lZÉkZ gZVaan aZVgcZY ]dl id ldg` ^c heVXZ VcY > i]^c` i]Z cZmi *% nZVgh l^aa WZ ZkZc bdgZ b^cY"Wd\\a^c\#Ç I]Z BZgXjgn HZkZc lZgZ X]dhZc [gdb V \gdje d[ Za^iZ b^a^iVgn iZhi e^adih l]d ]VY egdkZc i]ZbhZakZh Ón^c\ V l^YZ kVg^Zin d[ V^gXgV[i# I]Zn g^h`ZY i]Z^g a^kZh id ejh] i]Z ZckZadeZ d[ hX^ZcXZ VcY iZX]cdad\n# C6H6 hi^aa eg^oZh b^a^iVgn Ó^\]i ZmeZg^ZcXZ! Wji ]Vh Wgdj\]i VWdVgY X^k^a^Vc hX^Zci^hih h^cXZ i]Z 6edaad ajcVg egd\gVb# 6 heVXZ h]jiiaZ Æb^hh^dc heZX^Va^hiÇ XViZ\dgn lVh XgZViZY ^c &.,-! deZc^c\ i]Z lVn id heVXZ [dg V [Vg aVg\" Zg hZ\bZci d[ i]Z edejaVi^dc! VcY i]Z h]jiiaZ Vahd XVgg^Zh ÆeVnadVY heZX^Va^hih!Ç dcZ"i^bZ Ó^Zgh l]d XdbZ VWdVgY id XdcYjXi gZhZVgX] ^c i]Z^g VgZVh d[ ZmeZgi^hZ# I]Z BZgXjgn HZkZc lZgZ gZaVi^kZan ndjc\ (. dg jcYZg # Bdhi VhigdcVjih idYVn VgZ ^c i]Z^g b^Y"(%h! Wji V\Z gZhig^Xi^dch ]VkZ WZZc VWVcYdcZY# 9Z`Z HaVnidc ÓZl Vh Vc Vhigd" cVji [dg i]Z Òghi i^bZ Vi V\Z *& V[iZg WZ^c\ \gdjcYZY Yjg^c\ BZgXjgn Wn Vc ^ggZ\jaVg ]ZVgiWZVi# =^h iZVbbViZ! ?d]c <aZcc! WZ" XVbZ i]Z daYZhi ]jbVc ^c heVXZ Vi V\Z ,,! Ón^c\ VWdVgY i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ Vh V eVnadVY heZX^Va^hi XdcYjXi^c\ V\Z"gZaViZY gZhZVgX] ^c &..-! bdgZ i]Vc (+ nZVgh V[iZg WZXdb^c\ i]Z Òghi 6bZg^XVc id dgW^i :Vgi]# I]Z Òghi VhigdcVjih HaVnidc! <aZcc! HXdii 8VgeZciZg! <dgYdc 8ddeZg! K^g\^a Æ<jhÇ <g^hhdb! LVaan HX]^ggV VcY 6aVc H]ZeVgY Vahd ]VY id WZ cd iVaaZg i]Vc *É&&Ç ^c dgYZg id Òi ^cid i]Z i^cn BZgXjgn XVehjaZh# IdYVnÉh heVXZ h]jiiaZ VhigdcVjih ldjaY idlZg dkZg i]Zb! l^i] ]Z^\]i gZhig^Xi^dch gV^hZY id +É)Ç VcY e^adih ]Vk^c\ b^c^bjb ]Z^\]i gZfj^gZ" bZcih ^c dgYZg id gZVX] Vaa d[ i]Z heVXZXgV[iÉh XdX`e^i Xdcigdah# I]Z hZaZXi^dc d[ VhigdcVjih ]Vh X]Vc\ZY Xdch^YZgVWan dkZg i]Z eVhi ÒkZ YZXVYZh# >c i]Z BZgXjgn ZgV! Vaa lZgZ bVaZ VcY l]^iZ# 7ji idYVn! ^c Vc Z[[dgi id XgZViZ Vc VhigdcVji Xdgeh i]Vi add`h bdgZ a^`Z 6bZg^XV! C6H6 VXi^kZan gZXgj^ih ldbZc VcY b^cdg^in e^adih VcY hX^Zci^hih# BVcn lZgZ ^che^gZY id ejghjZ V XVgZZg ^c heVXZ Wn e^dcZZgh a^`Z ?Zgg^Z 8dWW! l]d eVhhZY i]Z iZhi [dg i]Z BZgXjgn Egd\gVb ^c &.*. ^c ]deZh d[ WZXdb^c\ C6H6Éh Òghi ldb" Vc VhigdcVji# H]Z lVh cdi VaadlZY id Veean [dg

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

89

C6H6

H^bjaViZY heVXZlVa` 6higdcVjih IV`Vd 9d^ VcY L^chidc HXdii eVgi^X^eViZ ^c Vc jcYZglViZg h^bjaVi^dc d[ V hX]ZYjaZY heVXZlVa` [dg HIH"-, # I]Zn VgZ VXXdbeVc^ZY Wn Y^kZgh ^c i]Z CZjigVa 7jdnVcXn AVWdgVidgn Vi i]Z ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZgÉh Hdccn 8VgiZg IgV^c^c\ 8ZciZg#

i]Z VhigdcVji Xdgeh! ]dlZkZg! WZXVjhZ h]Z aVX`ZY b^a^iVgn _Zi e^adi ZmeZg^ZcXZ! V C6H6 gZfj^gZbZci i]Vi Za^b^cViZY Vaa ldbZc d[ ]Zg i^bZ# 6[g^XVc"6bZg^XVch :Y 9l^\]i! l]d lVh gZXdbbZcYZY [dg i]Z VhigdcVji igV^c^c\ egd\gVb Wn EgZh^YZci @ZccZYn! VcY GdWZgi AVlgZcXZ! Vc 6^g ;dgXZ VhigdcVji YZh^\cZZ l]d lVh `^aaZY ^c Vc V^gXgV[i igV^c^c\ ZmZgX^hZ ^c &.+,! Vahd eVkZY i]Z lVn# >c &.,-! C6H6 WZ\Vc iVee^c\ ldbZc VcY 6[g^XVc"6bZg^XVch Vh VhigdcVji XVcY^YViZh# I]Z Òghi ldbVc bZbWZg d[ i]Z &.,- XaVhh id Ón lVh e]nh^X^hi HVaan G^YZ HIH",! &.-( ! l]d ^c &.-, ]ZVYZY V eVcZa i]Vi egdk^YZY gZXdbbZcYVi^dch [dg C6H6Éh [jijgZ b^h" h^dch# =Zg XaVhh Vahd ^cXajYZY ZaZXig^XVa Zc\^cZZg ?jY^i] GZhc^`! l]d ÓZl dc 9^h" XdkZgnÉh bV^YZc Ó^\]i ^c &.-) VcY aViZg dc i]Z ^aa"[ViZY &.-+ 8]VaaZc\Zg b^hh^dc! VcY W^dX]Zb^hi H]Vccdc AjX^Y! l]d Òghi ÓZl ^c heVXZ ^c &.-* VcY aViZg heZci &,. YVnh dc i]Z Gjhh^Vc B^g heVXZ hiVi^dc# 6ahd ^c i]Vi VhigdcVji XaVhh lZgZ 6[g^XVc"6bZg^XVch <j^" dc Æ<jnÇ 7aj[dgY! ?g#! Gdc BXCV^g VcY ;gZY <gZ\dgn# 7aj[dgY! Vc 6^g ;dgXZ e^adi! ÓZl ^c &.-( dc 8]VaaZc\Zg Yjg^c\ i]Z h]jiiaZÉh

Òghi c^\]i aVjcX] VcY aVcY^c\# 6 kZiZgVc d[ [djg heVXZ b^hh^dch! 7aj[dgY lVh [daadlZY ^c &.-) Wn e]nh^X^hi BXCV^g l]d aViZg Y^ZY ^c i]Z 8]VaaZc\Zg VXX^YZci! VcY 6^g ;dgXZ e^adi <gZ\dgn! i]Z Òghi 6[g^XVc"6bZg^XVc h]jiiaZ XdbbVcYZg HIH"((! &.-. ! l]d hZgkZY [gdb '%%' id '%%* Vh C6H6Éh YZejin VYb^c" ^higVidg# >c '%%*! ]Z lVh Wg^ZÓn C6H6Éh VXi" ^c\ VYb^c^higVidg# 6bZg^XVÉh Òghi 6h^Vc"6bZg^XVc ^c heVXZ lVh 6^g ;dgXZ VZgdheVXZ Zc\^cZZg :aa^hdc Dc^oj`V! l]d ÓZl dc i]Z h]jiiaZÉh Òghi 9ZeVgibZci d[ 9Z[ZchZ b^hh^dc ^c &.-* VcY Y^ZY ^c i]Z 8]Va" aZc\Zg VXX^YZci# I]Z Òghi =^heVc^X heVXZ Zm" eadgZg lVh e]nh^X^hi ;gVc`a^c 8]Vc\"9^Vo Òghi Ó^\]i HIH +&"8 ^c &.-+ ! V cVi^kZ d[ 8dhiV G^XV! l]d ÓZl dc hZkZc h]jiiaZ b^hh^dch# I]Z Òghi ldbVc =^heVc^X VhigdcVji! ZaZXig^XVa Zc" \^cZZg :aaZc DX]dV Òghi Ó^\]i HIH"*+! &..( ! ^h XjggZcian YZejin Y^gZXidg d[ i]Z ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg# 6 bZbWZg d[ C6H6Éh '%%) XaVhh d[ VhigdcVjih! ZaZXig^XVa Zc\^cZZg ?dhZ =ZgcVcYZo lVh dcZ d[ [djg X]^aYgZc ^c V b^" \gVci [Vgb^c\ [Vb^an [gdb BZm^Xd# =ZgcVcYZo heZci bjX] d[ ]^h ndji] e^X`^c\ higVlWZgg^Zh VcY XjXjbWZgh dc 8Va^[dgc^V [Vgbh# =Z lVh

^che^gZY id ÆlVci id Ón ^c heVXZÇ V[iZg ]ZVg" ^c\ dc i]Z gVY^d VWdji ;gVc`a^c 8]Vc\"9^VoÉh hZaZXi^dc id i]Z VhigdcVji Xdgeh# 6 ÆheVXZÓ^\]i eVgi^X^eVciÇ egd\gVb bZVci id Vaadl cdc"VhigdcVjih id Ón ^c heVXZ lVh Y^hXdci^cjZY V[iZg i]Z 8]VaaZc\Zg VXX^YZci# IZVX]Zg 8]g^hiV BX6ja^[[Z lVh Vbdc\ hZkZc VhigdcVjih `^aaZY l]Zc i]Z h]jiiaZ ZmeadYZY h]dgian V[iZg aVjcX]# 7VgWVgV Bdg\Vc! Vc ZaZ" bZciVgn hX]dda iZVX]Zg l]d lVh BX6ja^[[ZÉh XdaaZV\jZ ^c i]Z heVXZÓ^\]i eVgi^X^eVci egd" \gVb! eVi^Zcian lV^iZY '& nZVgh [dg ]Zg Ó^\]i deedgijc^in# >i XVbZ dc i]Z HIH"&&- b^hh^dc 6j\# '%%, V Ó^\]i l]ZgZ h]Z lVh V [jaa" ÓZY\ZY b^hh^dc heZX^Va^hi# Di]Zg iZVX]Zgh l]d ]VkZ hjWhZfjZcian _d^cZY i]Z VhigdcVji Xdgeh VgZ cdl [jaan"fjVa^ÒZY b^hh^dc heZX^Va" ^hih l]d eZg[dgb Vaa i]Z Yji^Zh i]Z^g [Zaadl XgZl bZbWZgh eZg[dgb! ^c VYY^i^dc id jh^c\ i]Z^g ZYjXVi^dc WVX`\gdjcYh id ]Zae ^che^gZ 6bZg^XVÉh cZmi \ZcZgVi^dc d[ ZmeadgZgh# 9jVcZ Gdhh! V )%"nZVg C6H6 kZiZgVc l]d bVcV\Zh VhigdcVji XVcY^YViZ hZaZXi^dc VcY igV^c^c\ Vi ?H8! hV^Y VYkVcXZY YZ\gZZh VcY ide e]nh^XVa ÒicZhh Xdci^cjZ id \^kZ Veea^" XVcih Vc ZY\Z ^c i]Z XdbeZi^i^kZ hZaZXi^dc

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

91

C6H6 C6H6$GZcZZ 7djX]VgY

;gdb iZVX]Zg id VhigdcVji Ide/ 7VgWVgV Bdg\Vc! HIH"&&- b^hh^dc heZX^Va^hi! igV^c^c\ [dg ]Zg Ó^\]i! Vhh^hiZY Wn Jc^iZY HeVXZ 6aa^VcXZ eZghdccZa# =dbZ VlVn [gdb ]dbZ I]Z 7V^`dcjg 8dhbdYgdbZ ^c @VoV`]hiVc ^h l]ZgZ bVcn C6H6 VhigdcVjih igV^c VcY ldg` Vh i]Zn VlV^i Hdnjo aVjcX]Zh id i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc#

92

NASA

egdXZhh! Wji i]Z b^c^bjb fjVa^ÒXVi^dch [dg VhigdcVjih idYVn VgZ J#H# X^i^oZch]^e! \ddY ]ZVai]! V WVX]ZadgÉh YZ\gZZ ^c bVi]! hX^ZcXZ dg Zc\^cZZg^c\! VcY i]gZZ nZVgh d[ ldg` ZmeZg^ZcXZ# Æ6[iZg i]Vi! lZÉgZ add`^c\ [dg V \ddY b^m d[ i]^c\h!Ç ]Z hV^Y! ÆVXVYZb^Xh! ldg` ZmeZ" g^ZcXZ! djih^YZ VXi^k^i^Zh i]Vi ]Zae jh id hZZ l]Vi `^cY d[ eZghdc i]Zn VgZ! l]Zi]Zg i]Zn XVc VYVei id Y^[[ZgZci h^ijVi^dch! l]Zi]Zg i]Zn \^kZ hdbZi]^c\ WVX` id i]Z Xdbbjc^" in! VgZ c^XZ eZdeaZ! XVc ldg` Vh V bZbWZg d[ V iZVb VcY \Zi Vadc\ l^i] eZdeaZ#Ç Gdhh hV^Y ]Z ig^Zh id \^kZ VhigdcVji XVcY^" YViZh V igjZ e^XijgZ d[ l]Vi i]Z _dW ldjaY WZ a^`Z/ I]Z higZhh ^h ]^\]! i]Z igV^c^c\ ^ciZchZ! i]Z ]djgh adc\! l^i] eVn hiVgi^c\ VgdjcY .%!%%% V nZVg [dg bdhi VhigdcVjih# 6higd" cVjih igV^c^c\ [dg V heVXZ hiVi^dc b^hh^dc bjhi ZmeZXi eaZcin d[ igVkZa id Gjhh^V! VcY VhigdcVjih VcY i]Z^g [Vb^a^Zh bjhi WZ l^aa" ^c\ id WZ hZeVgViZY [dg je id h^m bdci]h Vi V i^bZ Vh hiVnh VWdVgY i]Z hiVi^dc \gdl adc\Zg VcY C6H6 V^bh [dg i]Z bddc VcY BVgh# 6cY l]^aZ i]Z ZVgan VhigdcVjih lZgZ ^c" hiVci XZaZWg^i^Zh VcY ]ZgdZh l]d gdYZ ^c i^X`ZgiVeZ eVgVYZh Ydlc LVaa HigZZi! bdhi bdYZgc"YVn VhigdcVjih id^a! ^c heVXZ dg dc i]Z \gdjcY! l^i] bjX] aZhh ejWa^X^in i]Vc i]Z^g [dgZWZVgZgh# Hi^aa! ZVX] i^bZ C6H6 gZ" Xgj^ih V cZl VhigdcVji XaVhh! '!*%% id (!%%% eZdeaZ Veean! Gdhh hV^Y# Dcan &%% dg hd bV`Z i]Z Òghi Xji VcY VgZ ^ck^iZY id ?H8 [dg V lZZ` d[ ^ciZch^kZ bZY^XVa VcY ehnX]dad\^" XVa iZhi^c\! dg^ZciVi^dc VcY ^ciZgk^Zlh# Æ>i XVc WZ V a^iiaZ dkZgl]Zab^c\!Ç Gdhh hV^Y d[ i]Z ^ciZgk^Zl egdXZhh WZ[dgZ i]Z &'"bZbWZg VhigdcVji hZaZXi^dc WdVgY# ÆLZ ign id bV`Z ^i Vh Xdb[dgiVWaZ VcY aV^Y WVX` Vh lZ XVc! Wji hdbZ eZdeaZ Wg^c\ fj^iZ V W^i d[ Vcm^Zin ^cid i]Z gddb l^i] i]Zb# > ValVnh iZaa i]Zb ^i iV`Zh &' d[ jh id XdbZ je l^i] fjZhi^dch [dg dcZ d[ i]Zb# 7ji i]ZgZ ^h gZVaan dcan dcZ hiVcYVgY fjZhi^dc lZ Vh`/ LZ hVn! ÈIV`Z jh WVX` id ndjg ]^\] hX]dda YVnh! l]Vi ndj Y^Y ^c ]^\] hX]dda VcY i]Zc Wg^c\ jh je id heZZY#ÉÇ >c i]Z ZcY! dcan VWdji V YdoZc eZdeaZ l^aa WZ d[[ZgZY i]Z _dW# ÆI]ZgZ ^h cd hi^\bV ^c cdi \Zii^c\ e^X`ZY!Ç hV^Y Gdhh# ÆLZ ZcXdjgV\Z [da`h id Veean V\V^c cZmi i^bZ VcY id `ZZe ign^c\# I]Z [VXi i]Vi i]Zn bVYZ ^i ^c i]Z Yddg ^h V adjY bZh" hV\Z i]Zn VgZ Yd^c\ hdbZi]^c\ g^\]i# >[ i]Zn VgZcÉi Za^b^cViZY Wn i]Z bZY^XVa iZhih! ^iÉh jhjVaan _jhi V bViiZg d[ cjbWZgh#Ç

?VcZi @VkVcY^! V X]Zb^hi VcY h]jiiaZ kZiZgVc l]d hZgkZh Vh YZejin X]^Z[ d[ i]Z VhigdcVji d[ÒXZ Vi ?H8! lVh hZaZXiZY dc ]Zg Òghi ign# H]Z ]VY WZZc hijccZY Wn i]Z fjVa^ÒXVi^dch d[ i]Z di]Zg XVcY^YViZh VcY Xdck^cXZY ]Zg ^ciZgk^Zl ^ck^iVi^dc ]VY WZZc V b^hiV`Z# ÆL]Zc i]Z XVaa XVbZ! i]Zn hV^Y! È6gZ ndj hi^aa ^ciZgZhiZY ^c Ón^c\ ^c heVXZ4ÉÇ h]Z gZXVaaZY# Æ6cY > hV^Y! ÈNdjÉgZ `^YY^c\!É VcY i]Zn hV^Y! ÈLZ VgZ cdi `^YY^c\#ÉÇ

“When the call came, they said, ‘Are you still interested in flying in space?’ And I said, ‘You’re kidding.’”

– Janet Kavandi DcXZ hZaZXiZY! VhigdcVjih gZedgi id =djhidc [dg je id ild nZVgh d[ XaVhhgddb ldg` VcY ^ciZch^kZ WVh^X igV^c^c\! ^cXajY" ^c\ Ón^c\ ^c i]Z I"(-! aVcY VcY lViZg hjg" k^kVa igV^c^c\ VcY H8J76 Y^k^c\ XZgi^ÒXV" i^dc id egVXi^XZ heVXZlVa`h ^c i]Z cZjigVa WjdnVcXn edda Vi ?H8# I]Zn Vahd igV^c ^c bdX`jeh VcY h^bjaVidgh d[ i]Z heVXZ h]ji" iaZ VcY hiVi^dc# DcXZ i]Zn VgZ Vhh^\cZY id V Ó^\]i! i]Z VhigdcVjih igV^c l^i] i]Z^g iZVb [dg i]Vi heZX^ÒX b^hh^dc [dg Vcdi]Zg &' id &- bdci]h# ÆI]ZgZÉh V adi d[ cZl ^c[dgbVi^dc VcY V l]daZ cZl aVc\jV\Z# LZ XVaa ^i Yg^c`" ^c\ [gdb V ÒgZ ]dhZ!Ç hV^Y ?dhZe] 6XVWV! V [dgbZg ;adg^YV bVi] VcY hX^ZcXZ iZVX]Zg l]d ^h VlV^i^c\ Vhh^\cbZci id ]^h Òghi Ó^\]i# ÆNdj ]VkZ id iV`Z Vaa i]Vi ^c! jc" YZghiVcY ^i! ZmZXjiZ egdXZYjgZh! eZg[dgb jcYZg higZhh[ja h^ijVi^dch! aZVgc ]dl id WZ V WVX`"hZViZg ^c V ]^\]"eZg[dgbVcXZ _Zi l]ZgZ i]^c\h ]VeeZc kZgn fj^X`an½ 6h > iZaa hijYZcih! ÈL]Zc ndj ldg` ]VgY [dg hdbZi]^c\ ndj adkZ id Yd! ^i YdZhcÉi hZZb a^`Z ldg`#ÉÇ 6aibVc! l]d ]Vh Ódlc i]gZZ h]jiiaZ b^hh^dch VcY ^h igV^c^c\ [dg V '%%- ig^e id gZeV^g =jWWaZ! hV^Y ]Z lVh bdhi ^b" egZhhZY Wn i]Z hjXXZhh"dg^ZciZY cVijgZ d[ i]Z igV^c^c\ egd\gVb# Æ>i lVh cdi XdbeZi^i^kZ!Ç ]Z hV^Y# ÆI]Zn ldjaY hVn! ÈLZÉgZ \d^c\ id XdkZg i]^h VcY ZkVajViZ ndj VcY ^[ ndj cZZY bdgZ ldg` lZÉaa hZZ i]Vi ndj \Zi ^i#É ÆI]ZgZ ^h _jhi hd bjX] ^c[dgbVi^dc id bVh" iZg VcY gZXVaa! id dg\Vc^oZ ^c ndjg dlc b^cY! id jcYZghiVcY l]ViÉh ]VeeZc^c\! l]ViÉh i]Z

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

93

95% OF FEDERAL AGENCIES CHOOSE DELL *( $)$)" 7 2$ $'$.3 1$.# .# ' . -. . #)*'*"3 '' 1$'' /$' .# -*'/.$*) .# . - %/-. ,$"#. !*, 3*/, " ) 3 )* ( .. , #*1 $" *, -( '' *, 1*,&'* ( ) " $'$.3 /-.*($4 *1 , " 6 - ,0 ,- 1$.# .# , '$ $'$.3 *! ). '5 *)5 ,* --*,- ) $ ,*-*!.5 $) *1- ,0 ,5 $)-. '' 3 '' !*, - *! +'*3( ). # '+- 3*/ ( & .# (*-. *! 3*/, */, $--$*) /, ,$*,$.3 ,) (*, *)'$) *, ''

# $

Most Reliable Windows-based Server, Redmond Magazine, 2007

" !

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

C6H6 C6H6

:Vgi] XgZl 6WdkZ/ 6higdcVjih l^i] ZYjXVi^dc WVX`\gdjcYh 9dii^Z BZiXVa["A^cYZcWjg\Zg! G^X`n 6gcdaY! VcY ?dZ 6XVWV l^i] b^Xgde]dcZ eVgi^X^eViZ ^c Vc :Vgi] 8gZl LZW XVhi Vi C6H6 =ZVYfjVgiZgh ^c '%%)# LZWXVhi bdYZgVidg 7^VcXV 7V`Zg aZ[i i]Zc"6hh^hiVci 6hhdX^ViZ 6Yb^c^higVidg [dg HeVXZ ;a^\]i Idb 8gZb^ch XZciZg VcY hijYZcih Vahd idd` eVgi# 86E8DB G^\]i/ I]Z kd^XZ d[ b^hh^dc Xdcigda idYVn WZadc\h id VhigdcVji @# BZ\Vc BX6gi]jg! Yjg^c\ i]Z ild lZZ` Ó^\]i d[ heVXZ h]jiiaZ 9^hXdkZgn HIH"&&+! 9ZX# '%%+ #

g^\]i VXi^dc id [daadl!Ç ]Z hV^Y# Æ>ÉkZ WZZc Yd" ^c\ i]^h &' nZVgh VcY >Éb hi^aa aZVgc^c\ i]^c\h > ldjaY hlZVg > cZkZg ]ZVgY WZ[dgZ#Ç 8dVih! V bZbWZg d[ i]Z Òghi h]jiiaZ XaVhh VcY V i]gZZ"i^bZ Ó^Zg! hV^Y i]Vi dkZg i]Z nZVgh! Vh b^hh^dch ]VkZ WZXdbZ bdgZ Xdb" eaZm! igV^c^c\ ]Vh \gdlc ÆbjX] bdgZ YZ" iV^aZY! lZaa i]dj\]i"dji VcY YZbVcY^c\ i]Vc l]Zc > lZci i]gdj\] ^i# ÆLZ Vahd cdl ]VkZ VhigdcVjih Vh ^chigjX" idgh! l]^X] WZ\Vc VWdji hZkZc nZVgh V\d! VcY i]Zn XVc WZ egZiin ]VgY dc ZVX] di]Zg!Ç ]Z hV^Y# I]ZgZ Vahd ]VkZ WZZc W^\ X]Vc\Zh ^c i]Z bZY^XVa VgZcV# ÆL]Zc > \di ]ZgZ ^c &.,,! i]Z gZaVi^dch]^eh WZilZZc i]Z 6edaad VhigdcVjih VcY Ó^\]i hjg" \Zdch lZgZ! id eji ^i eda^iZan! kZgn higV^cZY!Ç 8dVih hV^Y# Æ>c i]Z ZmigZbZ XdchZgkVi^hb d[ i]Z daY YVnh! V hcZZoZ Vi i]Z lgdc\ i^bZ b^\]i \Zi ndj \gdjcYZY! hd i]Z VhigdcVjih ig^ZY id Vkd^Y i]Z Ó^\]i hjg\Zdch l]Zc i]Zn XdjaY# 7ji i]Vi WZ\Vc X]Vc\^c\ VcY V adi d[ i]Z bZY^XVa ^hhjZh i]Zn ldjaY cdi ]VkZ ZkZc Wdi]ZgZY id ldg` (% nZVgh V\d Ä i]Zn _jhi

\gdjcYZY ndj Ä i]Zn cdl ldg` ZmiZch^kZan VcY Yd ZkZgni]^c\ i]Zn XVc id `ZZe ndj dc Ó^\]i hiVijh# IdYVn! > i]^c` i]Z VhigdcVjih WZa^ZkZ i]Z Ó^\]i hjg\Zdch VgZ i]ZgZ id ]Zae i]Zb VcY i]ViÉh V ]j\Z X]Vc\Z#Ç 9g# B^`Z 9jcXVc! X]^Z[ d[ i]Z heVXZ bZY^" X^cZ Y^k^h^dc Vi ?H8! hV^Y Ó^\]i hjg\Zdch id" YVn ]VkZ i]Z WZcZÒi d[ bjX] bdgZ YViV VWdji i]Z idaa heVXZÓ^\]i iV`Zh dc i]Z ]jbVc WdYn# I]Zn Vahd ]VkZ ldg`ZY ]VgY id Wj^aY igjhi l^i] i]Z^g VhigdcVji eVi^Zcih! ZkZc \d^c\ i]gdj\] igV^c^c\ ZmZgX^hZh l^i] i]Zb! Ón^c\ ^c i]Z I"(-h! VcY Y^k^c\ l^i] i]Zb id WZiiZg jcYZghiVcY l]Vi i]Zn l^aa WZ \d^c\ i]gdj\] e]nh^XVaan VcY bZciVaan Yjg^c\ heVXZlVa`h# Æ;an^c\ l^i] i]Zb! ndj \Zi id `cdl i]Zb ^c i]Z^g Zck^gdcbZci# NdjÉaa ]ZVg bdgZ [gdb V e^adi ^c i]Z XdX`e^i d[ Vc V^geaVcZ i]Vc ndj l^aa ZkZg ]ZVg ^c i]Z Xa^c^X!Ç ]Z hV^Y# ÆEVgi^X^eVi^c\ ^c igV^c^c\ l^i] i]Zb \dZh V adc\ lVn idlVgY Wj^aY^c\ i]Z gZaV" i^dch]^e! VcY Vahd \^kZh i]Z Ó^\]i hjg\Zdc V eZgheZXi^kZ# L]Zc i]Zn VgZ bdc^idg^c\ V heVXZlVa` [gdb i]Z XdchdaZ ^c i]Z Xdcigda XZciZg! i]Zn ]VkZ Vc ^YZV ]dl bjX] ldg` ^i

^h# I]Zn ]VkZ Vc ^YZV l]ViÉh \d^c\ dc l^i] i]Z VhigdcVji ^c heVXZ#Ç 6ahd bdc^idg^c\ ZkZgn bdkZ d[ i]Z Vhigd" cVjih VgZ! d[ XdjghZ! i]Z^g [Vb^a^Zh! VcY C6H6 egdk^YZh hjeedgi [dg i]Zb Vh lZaa! VchlZg^c\ fjZhi^dch i]Z VhigdcVjih bVn cdi ]VkZ i^bZ id YZVa l^i] Yjg^c\ i]Z ]ZXi^X lZZ`h aZVY^c\ je id V b^hh^dc#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

95

C6H6

6higdcVjih gVgZan ]VkZ i^bZ id ldggn! [dg ZmVbeaZ! VWdji i]Z ^c]ZgZci g^h`h i]Zn VgZ iV`^c\ Wn Ón^c\ ^cid heVXZ! @VkVcY^ hV^Y# Æ;dg i]Z [Vb^a^Zh! ]dlZkZg! ldggn VWdji g^h` VcY hV[Zin ^h ]^\]! hd lZ VggVc\Z Wg^ZÒc\h [dg i]Zb hZkZgVa bdci]h WZ[dgZ aVjcX] Ä V nZVg ^c VYkVcXZ [dg >HH b^hh^dch!Ç h]Z hV^Y# ÆLZ ZmeaV^c l]Vi ^h \d^c\ id ]VeeZc! \ZcZgVa egd" XZYjgZh VWdji i]Z i^b^c\ d[ ZkZcih0 lZ ign id bV`Z i]Zb VlVgZ d[ ZkZgni]^c\ hd i]Zn ldcÉi ]VkZ Vcn hjgeg^hZh#Ç C6H6 Vahd d[[Zgh ehnX]dad\^XVa hjeedgi id Vaa VhigdcVjih VcY i]Z^g [Vb^a^Zh! VcY ]Zaeh i]Zb `ZZe ^c idjX] Yjg^c\ ZmiZcYZY b^h" h^dch VWdVgY i]Z heVXZ hiVi^dc l^i] e]dcZ XVaah VcY k^YZd Xdc[ZgZcX^c\ hd VhigdcVjih XVc hZZ i]Z^g adkZY dcZh l]^aZ dc dgW^i# @VkVcY^ hV^Y i]Z XadhZ gZaVi^dch]^eh i]Z VhigdcVjih VcY i]Z^g hjeedgi iZVbh YZkZade dc i]Z \gdjcY VcY i]Z deedgijc^i^Zh i]Zn ]VkZ id ldg` l^i] ^ciZaa^\Zci eZdeaZ bV`Zh ldg`^c\ [dg C6H6 V _dn# ;an^c\ ^c heVXZ! l]^X] h]Z ]Vh YdcZ i]gZZ i^bZh! ^h ]Zg hZX" dcY"[Vkdg^iZ i]^c\! ZkZc i]dj\] h]Z ]Vh Va" lVnh WZZc [VhX^cViZY Wn i]Z hiVgh VcY heZci ]djgh h^ii^c\ djih^YZ l^i] ]Zg YVY Vh V `^Y! add`^c\ je Vi i]Z Wg^aa^Vci h`^Zh VWdkZ i]Z B^hhdjg^ [Vgb l]ZgZ h]Z \gZl je# Dc ]Zg Òghi h]jiiaZ Ó^\]i id i]Z Gjh" h^Vc heVXZ hiVi^dc B^g ^c &..-! Æ> gZbZb" WZg iZVgh higZVb^c\ Ydlc bn [VXZÇ dc i]Z aVjcX] eVY! h]Z hV^Y# Æ>i lVhcÉi WZXVjhZ > lVh hXVgZY# >i lVh _jhi i]Z Xjab^cVi^dc d[ Vaa i]dhZ YgZVbh dc i]Vi WVX` edgX] ^c B^hhdjg^ VcY i]Z gZVa^oVi^dc i]Vi > lVh VXijVaan \d^c\ ^cid heVXZ!Ç h]Z hV^Y# Æ> lVh _jhi dkZg_dnZY# >i lVh _jhi i]Z WZhi YVn#Ç A^`Z bdhi VhigdcVjih! h]Z adkZY add`^c\ Vi :Vgi] [gdb heVXZ VcY bVgkZaZY Vi hZZ^c\ i]Z BZY^iZggVcZVc HZV! bV`^c\ dji i]Z h]VeZ d[ >i" Van VcY lViX]^c\ a^\]ic^c\ hidgbh dkZg 6[g^XV# Æ>iÉh _jhi ^cYZhXg^WVWaZ! ]dl egZiin ^i ^h! ]dl jc^fjZ i]Z ^bV\Zh VgZ!Ç h]Z hV^Y# H]Z Vahd gZbZbWZgh hdbZ YZkVhiVi^c\ ^bV\Zh d[ YZ[dgZhiVi^dc VcY gjcd[[ ^c 6[g^XV VcY i]Z 6bVodc! VcY V^g edaaji^dc dkZg Hdji]" ZVhi 6h^V i]Vi dWhXjgZY ]Zg k^Zl d[ i]Z eaVcZiÉh hjg[VXZ# Æ>iÉh Y^hVeed^ci^c\ id hZZ i]ZhZ i]^c\h! Wji >Éb ]dcdgZY l^i] i]Z Ó^\]i id WZ dcZ d[ i]Z [Zl l]d \Zih id hZZ i]^h Òghi]VcY!Ç h]Z hV^Y# 7VX` dc i]Z \gdjcY! h]Z bV`Zh V ed^ci d[ h]Vg^c\ l]Vi h]Z ]Vh aZVgcZY l^i] di]Zg hX^Zci^hih# Æ> ign id ^begZhh jedc i]Zb! nZh! ^cYZZY! > hVl i]^h ZkZci ]VeeZc^c\# LZ VgZ egdWVWan \d^c\ idd [Vg l^i] i]^h dg i]Vi!Ç h]Z hV^Y#

;Vb^an i^Zh HeVXZ h]jiiaZ 9^hXdkZgn HIH"&%(! 9ZX# &... b^hh^dc heZX^Va^hi ?d]c <gjch[ZaY! l^i] ]^h l^[Z 8Vgda VcY i]Z^g X]^aYgZc! HVgV] VcY BVXZ! edhZ [dg i]Z XVbZgV dc i]Z gjclVn Vi EVig^X` 6^g ;dgXZ 7VhZ ^c 8dXdV 7ZVX]! ;aV#

6aibVc V\gZZY i]Z k^Zl [gdb heVXZ! l]Zi]Zg i]Z ^bV\Zh VgZ edh^i^kZ dg cZ\Vi^kZ! ^h ^cXgZY^Wan bdk^c\# 7ji ]^h W^\\Zhi hjgeg^hZ VWdVgY i]Z h]jiiaZ VcY hiVi^dc lVh VXijVaan bdk^c\ l]ZgZkZg ]Z eaZVhZY ^c i]Z lZ^\]i" aZhhcZhh d[ oZgd \gVk^in# ÆNdj i]^c` ndj XVc jcYZghiVcY l^i] ndjg b^cY! Wji ndj VgZ hd jhZY id ÈjeÉ VcY ÈYdlc#É >i lVh V \ddY [ZZa^c\ WZ^c\ VWaZ id jhZ i]^h ZmigV heVXZ! id ÓdVi dc i]Z XZ^a^c\!Ç ]Z hV^Y# ÆI]Z Òghi [djg ]djgh ndj VgZ V a^iiaZ hadl!

Wji i]Zc ^i [ZZah a^`Z ndjÉkZ WZZc je i]ZgZ ndjg l]daZ a^[Z#Ç ;dg 6aibVc! l]d YgZVbZY d[ WZ^c\ V e^adi [gdb i]Z i^bZ ]Z lVh ( nZVgh daY V[iZg lViX]" ^c\ IK gZgjch d[ H`n @^c\! Ón^c\ [VhiZg VcY

]^\]Zg Vh Vc VhigdcVji ^h i]Z i]g^aa d[ V a^[Z" i^bZ# ÆLZÉgZ dc i]Z ZY\Z d[ V kZgn ZmX^i^c\ i^bZ ^c heVXZ! VcY id hdbZ ZmiZci! > Zckn i]Z cZmi PVhigdcVjiR XaVhhZh!Ç ]Z hV^Y# Æ> i]^c` i]ZgZ VgZ eZdeaZ ]ZgZ cdl l]d l^aa Wg^Y\Z i]Z \Ve WZilZZc i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z h]jiiaZ VcY i]Z hiVgi d[ djg ajcVg b^hh^dch VcY > ldjaYcÉi b^cY WZ^c\ dcZ d[ i]Zb#Ç Gdhh hV^Y bVcn h]VgZ i]Vi Vii^ijYZ# ÆI]Z aVhi i^bZ lZ lZci id i]Z bddc lVh i]Z ZVgan È,%h! VcY V adi d[ [da`h ]ZgZ cdl lZgZ cdi ZkZc Wdgc i]Zc!Ç ]Z hV^Y# Æ>[ ndj Vh` Vcn VhigdcVji! i]Zn ldjaY Vaa hVn! È6WhdajiZan#É ÆI]Zn VgZ gZVYn id \d#Ç

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

97

Ldg`^c\ ^c V LZ^\]iaZhh LdcYZgaVcY

By Catherine E. RAGIN

BON APPETIT ‘SPACE STYLE’ ;ddY WZXdbZh V eg^dg^in l]Zc ^i ^h dcZ d[ i]Z [Zl XdccZXi^dch Vc Vh" igdcVji ]Vh id ]dbZ# 6ai]dj\] i]Z HeVXZ ;ddY HnhiZbh AVWdgVidgn Vi ?d]chdc [VXZh bVcn X]VaaZc\Zh! hjX] Vh `ZZe^c\ [ddY X]d^XZh kVg^ZY! iVhin

98

NASA

VcY [gZh] [dg i]Z VhigdcVjih! i]Zn VgZ aZVgc^c\ bdgZ V[iZg ZVX] adc\"YjgV" i^dc Ó^\]i# >i ^h Vaa VWdji `ZZe^c\ i]Z VhigdcVjih ]Veen l^i] i]Z^g bZcjh!

WZXVjhZ Vai]dj\] [ddY hZZbh hd WVh^X id i]Z dgY^cVgn eZghdc! ^i ^h bjX] bdgZ ^bedgiVci l]Zc ndj Yd cdi ]VkZ gZVYn VXXZhh id V \gdXZgn hidgZ# ÆIVhiZ ^h dcZ d[ i]Z Òghi hZchZh l^i] l]^X] lZ ZmeadgZ i]Z ldgaY!Ç hV^Y :bbn KZhi! [dgbZg ;ddY HZgk^XZh Y^gZXidg VcY ZmZXji^kZ X]Z[ Vi ?d]chdc# ÆI]ZgZ VgZ V adi d[ X]Zb^XVa gZVhdch [dg [ddY WZ^c\ V Xdb[dgi bZX]Vc^hb# =dlZkZg! djg eg^b^i^kZ WgV^c ^h ]VgYl^gZY id ZfjViZ [ddY l^i] ]dbZ VcY hV[Zin# L]Zc lZÉgZ ]jc\gn! lZÉgZ Vaa ' nZVgh daY#Ç I]Z [ddY aVW ]Vh bZVa eaVcc^c\ Ydlc id Vc Vgi [dgb# >iZbh hZci je [dg ZVX] b^hh^dc VgZ YZiZgb^cZY V]ZVY d[ i^bZ# BZcjh VgZ jhZY Vh V eaVcc^c\ idda [dg i]Z VhigdcVjih#

C6H6

>

i hZZbh ZkZgndcZ ^h ^cid ÆZmigZbZhÇ i]ZhZ YVnh! WZ ^i ZmigZbZ hedgih dg ZkZc bV`ZdkZgh# 7ji [dg i]Z Za^iZ VhigdcVji Xdgeh! l]d gdX`Zi ^cid heVXZ [dg hX^ZcXZ VcY Y^hXdkZgn! i]Z^g ldg` VcY ]dbZ Zck^gdcbZci ^h jca^`Z Vcn di]Zg# ÆLdg`^c\ XadhZan l^i] hdbZdcZ ^h V W^\ _jbe [gdb Vc VXfjV^ciVcXZ# A^k^c\ l^i] hdbZdcZ ^h V W^\ _jbe [gdb ldg`^c\ l^i] i]Zb# 6cY a^k^c\ VcY ldg`^c\ id\Zi]Zg l^i] dcan ild di]Zg eZdeaZ [dg hZkZgVa bdci]h ^h nZi Vcdi]Zg W^\ _jbe!Ç :meZY^i^dc ) ;a^\]i :c\^cZZg 9Vc 7jghX] hV^Y# Æ>[ ndj ]VkZ V WVY YVn! ndj XVcÉi _jhi \d [dg V lVa`#Ç ;dg h]jiiaZ VcY hiVi^dc b^hh^dch! VcY ZheZX^Vaan [jijgZ b^hh^dch YZZeZg ^cid i]Z Xdhbdh! ehnX]dad\^XVa hjeedgi ^h eVgVbdjci id b^hh^dc hjXXZhh# ÆI]Z adc\Zg ndj VgZ VlVn [gdb ndjg hjeedgi hnhiZb! i]Z ]VgYZg ^i ^h!Ç hV^Y 9g# :YcV ;^ZYaZg! a^V^hdc [dg =jbVc HnhiZbh >ciZ\gVi^dc VcY 7Z]Vk^dgVa =ZVai] VcY EZg[dgbVcXZ Vi C6H6 h ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8Zc" iZg# ÆDc i]Z deZgVi^dcVa h^YZ! PlZR ]VkZ hZi je V kZgn \ddY egd\gVb d[ Xdbbjc^XVi^dc l^i] i]Z \gdjcY VcY h^\c^ÒXVci di]Zgh! Wji i]Vi YdZhcÉi bZVc ^i ldcÉi WZ ]VgY#Ç Æ>iÉh ^bedgiVci id `ZZe Pi]Z VhigdcVjihR WVhZY! WZXVjhZ i]ZnÉgZ hi^aa È:Vgi] XgZVijgZh!ÉÇ hV^Y LVaiZg H^eZh! ?d]chdc h X]^Z[ d[ DeZgV" i^dcVa EhnX]dad\n# Id ]Zae XgZViZ V ]dbZn heVXZ Zck^gdcbZci! Æi]ZgZÉh V l]daZ Wj[[Zi d[ i]^c\h lZ hZcY i]Zb/ Z"Wdd`h! e]didh d[ i]Z [Vb^an! XVgZ eVX`V\Zh i]Vi i]Z [Vb^an XVc eji \ddY^Zh ^c VcY YZXdgVi^dch [dg i]Z ]da^YVnh!Ç H^eZh hV^Y# Æ>iÉh Vaa VWdji bV^ciV^c^c\ a^[Z Vh cdgbVa Vh edhh^WaZ#Ç ;daadl^c\ VgZ i]Z kVg^Zin d[ lVnh C6H6 ]Vh ZcYZVkdgZY id bV`Z heVXZ Vc ZmigZbZ Wji Xdb[n Æ]dbZ VlVn [gdb ]dbZ#Ç

BVgVi]dc ldbVc :meZY^i^dc &) Ó^\]i Zc\^cZZg Hjc^iV A# L^aa^Vbh X^gXaZY i]Z :Vgi] Vabdhi i]gZZ i^bZh Vh h]Z eVgi^X^eViZY ^c i]Z '%%, 7dhidc BVgVi]dc 6eg^a &+ ^c gZVa i^bZ# L^aa^Vbh gVc dc V igZVYb^aa Vi V gViZ d[ + b^aZh eZg ]djg l]^aZ Ón^c\ bdgZ i]Vc * b^aZh ZVX] hZXdcY# L^aa^VbhÉ gVXZ i^bZ lVh [djg ]djgh! '( b^cjiZh VcY &% hZXdcYh#

ÆLZ Yd egdk^YZ V Xden d[ i]Z bZcj id i]Zb# LZ eji ^i ^c V XdciV^cZg l^i] i]Z [ddY! Wji i]Zn YdcÉi cZXZhhVg^an ZVi ^i ^c i]Z dgYZg i]Vi lZÉkZ eaVccZY ^i!Ç hV^Y K^X`n @adZg^h! ?d]chdc bVcV\Zg d[ HeVXZ ;ddY HnhiZbh# ;ddY X]d^XZ ^h ZmigZbZan ^bedgiVci! VcY i]Z adc\Zg i]Z b^hh^dc! i]Z bdgZ h^\c^ÒXVci i]dhZ X]d^XZh WZXdbZ# BZVah VgZ hidlZY eVc" ign"hinaZ! Vaadl^c\ XgZl bZbWZgh id ZVi [ddY ^iZbh ^c Vcn dgYZg i]Zn l^h]# >[ XgZl bZbWZgh lVci id ]VkZ X]^X`Zc i]gZZ c^\]ih ^c V gdl! i]Zn XVc Yd i]Vi# I]Z HeVXZ ;ddY HnhiZbh AVWdgVidgn ig^Zh id kVgn i]Z bZcjh Wn Vaadl^c\ i]Z XgZl id iV`Z Wdcjh XdciV^cZgh ^cid heVXZ! ^c l]^X] i]Zn

XVc gZfjZhi heZX^Va! d[["i]Z"bZcj [ddY ^iZbh# I]ZhZ ^iZbh jhjVaan ^c" XajYZ XdbbZgX^Vaan VkV^aVWaZ XVcYn WVgh! Xdd`^Zh dg XgVX`Zgh Ä Vcn" i]^c\ l^i] V adc\ h]Za[ a^[Z# L^i] [ddY X]d^XZh a^`Z idgi^aaVh Vc VhigdcVji [Vkdg^iZ WZXVjhZ i]Zn Yd cdi \^kZ d[[ XgjbWh ! hVahV! hegVn"Yg^ZY dgVc\Z _j^XZ! XdWWaZg! WgZVY ejYY^c\ VcY ZkZc kZ\ZiVg^Vc id[j! VhigdcVjih hi^aa \Zi V kVg^Zin d[ ^iZbh ^c i]Z^g Y^Zi# I]Z dcan Y^[[ZgZcXZ ^h i]Vi! jca^`Z \gdjcY" WVhZY [ddY VcY Yg^c`h! i]Z^g bZVah VgZ eVX`ZY ^c gZidgi edjX] iZX]" cdad\n! l]^X] lVh ^c^i^Vaan YZkZadeZY Wn i]Z b^a^iVgn [dg i]Z BZVah! GZVYn"id":Vi egd\gVb#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

99

HOME SWEET HOME 6ai]dj\] i]Z heVXZ hiVi^dc hZgkZh Vh V hX^ZcXZ aVWdgVidgn! ^i Vahd ]Vh \^kZc XgZlh hdbZi]^c\ bdgZ ^bedgiVci Ä V ]dbZ VlVn [gdb ]dbZ# L^i] bdgZ gddb i]Vc V XdckZc" i^dcVa i]gZZ"WZYgddb ]djhZ! i]Z heVXZ hiV" i^dc V[[dgYh bVcn d[ i]Z Xdb[dgih dcZ ÒcYh dc :Vgi]# >c i]Z heVXZ hiVi^dc! XgZl bZbWZgh ]VkZ V a^iiaZ bdgZ heVXZ i]Vc dc i]Z h]jiiaZ! ZkZc i]dj\] bdhi d[ ^i ^h iV`Zc je Wn ZmeZg^" bZcih# I]Z OkZoYV hZgk^XZ bdYjaZ ^h i]Z eg^bVgn a^k^c\ fjVgiZgh [dg i]Z VhigdcVjih VcY ]djhZh i]Z \VaaZn! gZ[g^\ZgVidg VcY [gZZoZg! ZmZgX^hZ Zfj^ebZci! haZZe^c\ XVW^c! id^aZi! lVh]WVh^c VcY `^iX]Zc iVWaZ# I]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ ]Vh i]gZZ YZX`h/ i]Z Ó^\]i YZX`! i]Z b^Y"YZX` VcY V a^[Z hjeedgi VcY ]djhZ`ZZe^c\ YZX`# I]Z b^Y"YZX` ^h l]ZgZ i]Z XgZl ZVih! haZZeh! WVi]Zh VcY eaVnh# I]Z VgZV ]Vh V id^aZi! V lVh]WVh^c! V \VaaZn l^i] Vc dkZc! adX`Zgh! Wjc` WZYh VcY Vc V^gadX` i]Vi aZVYh id i]Z XVg\d WVn# AdX`Zgh ]djhZ i]Z VhigdcVjihÉ eZghdcVa WZ" adc\^c\h! ^cXajY^c\ eZghdcVa ]n\^ZcZ ^iZbh! Xadi]^c\! Wdd`h! 89h VcY Vcni]^c\ ZahZ i]Zn Wgdj\]i [dg i]Z ig^e#

C6H6

PEAK PERFORMANCE 6higdcVjih VgZ gZfj^gZY id ZmZgX^hZ ild ]djgh eZg YVn! jh^c\ i]Z igZVYb^aa dg hiVi^dc" Vgn W^XnXaZ! id Vkd^Y i]Z WdcZ VcY bjhXaZ YZ" iZg^dgVi^dc i]Vi dXXjgh ^c oZgd \gVk^in# L^i]" dji i]^h ZmZgX^hZ! VhigdcVjih ldjaY WZ jcVWaZ

id lVa` dg hiVcY l]Zc i]Zn gZijgc id :Vgi] V[iZg bdci]h d[ ÓdVi^c\ ^c heVXZ# 7ji [dg hdbZ! ZmZgX^hZ ^h bdgZ i]Vc V cZ" XZhh^in Ä ^i ^h V eVhh^dc VcY V lVn id `ZZe i]Z b^cY VcY WdYn eZg[dgb^c\ Vi eZV` aZkZah# I]^h ^h ZheZX^Vaan ^bedgiVci l]Zc ^c heVXZ! l]ZgZ VhigdcVjih [VXZ bVcn iZY^djh VcY X]Va" aZc\^c\ iVh`h ^c i]Z^g YV^an gdji^cZ# :meZY^i^dc &) ;a^\]i :c\^cZZg Hjc^ L^a" a^Vbh idd` ]Zg igV^c^c\ id V l]daZ cZl aZkZa l]Zc h]Z XdbeaZiZY i]Z 7dhidc BVgVi]dc l]^aZ dgW^i^c\ :Vgi] VWdVgY i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc# LZVg^c\ W^W cjbWZg &)!%%%! hZci ZaZXigdc^XVaan id C6H6 [gdb i]Z 7dhidc 6i]aZi^X 6hhdX^Vi^dc! h]Z X^gXaZY i]Z eaVcZi cZVgan i]gZZ i^bZh Yjg^c\ i]Z '+#'"b^aZ gVXZ! ad\\^c\ V XdbeaZi^dc i^bZ d[ )/'(/&%# H]Z lVh X]ZZgZY dc Wn ]Zg XgZlbViZh! l]d [ZY ]Zg dgVc\Z ha^XZh Yjg^c\ i]Z gVXZ# L^aa^Vbh! Vc VXXdbea^h]ZY bVgVi]dcZg! hV^Y h]Z ]deZY ]Zg jc^fjZ gjc ldjaY hZgkZ Vh Vc ^che^gVi^dc# Æ> ZcXdjgV\Z `^Yh id hiVgi bV`^c\ e]nh^" XVa ÒicZhh eVgi d[ i]Z^g YV^an a^kZh!Ç L^aa^Vbh hV^Y# Æ> i]^c` V W^\ \dVa a^`Z V bVgVi]dc l^aa ]Zae \Zi i]^h bZhhV\Z dji i]ZgZ#Ç

CELESTIAL SOUNDS Bjh^X ^h Vc ^ciZ\gVa eVgi d[ Vcn _djgcZn! l]Zi]Zg V gdVY ig^e dg V ig^e Ydlc bZbdgn aVcZ# Hd ^i ^h dcan Òii^c\ i]Vi bjh^X VXXdbeV" c^Zh i]Z VhigdcVjih dc i]Z jai^bViZ _djgcZn ^cid heVXZ# ÆL]Zc lZ ]ZVg Y^[[ZgZci e^ZXZh d[ bjh^X! ^i ig^\\Zgh bZbdg^Zh VcY bddYh!Ç H^eZh hV^Y#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

101

E L E C T RO - E X P U L S I V E D E - I C I N G S YS T E M ( E E D S )

L]Vi h dc i]Z bZcj4 HeVXZ h]jiiaZ 9^hXdkZgn HIH"&'&! ?jan! '%%+ XdbbVcYZg HZkZc L# A^cYhVn ]daYh V idgi^aaV! Vc VhigdcVji [Vkdg^iZ! dc i]Z b^Y"YZX` d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ 9^hXdkZgn#

IMS, Inc. is proud to be a n early member of the NASA Ames Technology Commercialization Center (ATCC), a NASA funded organization.

The ATCC is the primary organization responsible for the Commercialization of NASA technology through the process of business incubation and new venture assistance. IMS was issued a Patent License in 1995 to design, manufacture and sell the Electro-Expulsive De-icing System as covered by a NASA Patent.

This License was amended by Modification No. 1 in 2001. IMS is currently in production on governmental and experimental platforms.

Program: Sky Warrior UAV

ȱ¢ ǰ ǰȱ ȱ ¢Ƿ IMS-ESS, I NC . www.ims-ess.com 42136 Sarah Way Te m e c u l a C A 9 2 5 9 0 (951) 676-2751

NASA did not select or approve this adveriser and does not endorse and is not responsible for the views or statements contained in this advertisement.

l]Zc eVgi d[ V EVja BX8VgicZn XdcXZgi lVh a^c`ZY je id i]Z hiVi^dc ^c CdkZbWZg '%%*# BVcn bdgZ VhigdcVji"bjh^X^Vch ]VkZ Wgdj\]i i]Z^g eZghdcVa ^chigjbZcih ^cid :Vgi] dgW^i# :meZY^i^dc ) ;a^\]i :c\^cZZg 8Vga LVao Wgdj\]i V `ZnWdVgY l^i] ]^b! l]^X] ]Vh WZZc Zc_dnZY Wn hZkZgVa hiVi^dc XgZlh# >i ZkZc egdk^YZY i]Z lZYY^c\ bjh^X [dg :meZY^" i^dc , 8dbbVcYZg Njg^ BVaZcX]Zc`dÉh adc\" Y^hiVcXZ cjei^Vah# I]Vi ^h _jhi i]Z i^e d[ i]Z ^XZWZg\# 6i dcZ ed^ci! Vc 6jhigVa^Vc VWdg^\^cVa l^cY ^chigj" bZci XVaaZY V Y^Y\Zg^Ydd lVh VWdVgY i]Z hiV" i^dc# 6higdcVji :aaZc DX]dV! V XaVhh^XVa bjh^" X^Vc! Wgdj\]i ]Zg ÓjiZ Vh V eZghdcVa ^iZb dc ]Zg HIH"*+ b^hh^dc# 6cY l]d XVc [dg\Zi i]Z lV`Z"je hdc\h4 H]jiiaZ XgZlh VgZ ^c heVXZ [dg h]dgiZg b^h" h^dch! hd i]Zn ]VkZ aZhh [gZZ i^bZ ^c heVXZ# I]Z^g YV^an YdhZ d[ bjh^X ^h ^c i]Z [dgb d[ lV`Z"je hdc\h# I]Z hdc\h! hZaZXiZY Wn i]Z XgZl d[ÒXZ! jhjVaan gZegZhZci hdbZi]^c\ d[ h^\c^ÒXVcXZ id i]Z XgZl bZbWZgh#

7ZVji^[ja cd^hZ :meZY^i^dc , 6eg^a"DXi# '%%( >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc hX^ZcXZ d[ÒXZg VcY Ó^\]i Zc\^cZZg :YlVgY I# Aj Vi V `ZnWdVgY YZa^kZgZY id i]Z >HH Wn VhigdcVji 8Vga LVao h]VgZh V a^\]i bdbZci l^i] :jgdeZVc HeVXZ 6\ZcXn VhigdcVji EZYgd 9jfjZ HeV^c Yjg^c\ Vc d[["h]^[i i^bZ ^c i]Z heVXZ hiVi^dcÉh 9Zhi^cn aVWdgVidgn#

H^eZh VcY ]^h iZVb `ZZe i]Z XgZl ^c" [dgbZY VcY ZciZgiV^cZY Wn ZaZXigdc^XVaan hZcY^c\ je cZlheVeZgh! bdk^Zh VcY [Vkdg^iZ hdc\h# Bjh^X bVn WZ _jhi dcZ idda ^c H^eZhÉ `^i! Wji ^i ^h Vc ^bedgiVci dcZ# Jca^`Z di]Zg [dgbh d[ ZciZgiV^cbZci! bjh^X ]Vh cd k^hjVa ZaZbZci! [gZZ^c\ i]Z b^cY id e^XijgZ l]Vi ^i l^aa VcY \d l]ZgZ ^i lVcih# 6c VhigdcVji XVc Zc_dn Vc deZgV l]^aZ X]ZX`^c\ dji i]Z heZX" iVXjaVg k^Zl djih^YZ i]Z heVXZXgV[i# 6cY! Vh

102

NASA

bVcn ZVgi]WdjcY ZmZgX^hZgh `cdl! bjh^X Vahd XVc WZ V \gZVi bdi^kVidg id \Zi bdk^c\ ^c i]Z bdgc^c\# ÆI]Z eaVXZ > a^hiZcZY i]Z bdhi lVh ^c i]Z cdYZ dc i]Z gZh^hi^kZ ZmZgX^hZ YZk^XZ l]^aZ > lVh ldg`^c\ dji!Ç hV^Y :meZY^i^dc && ;a^\]i :c\^cZZg ?d]c E]^aa^eh# =dlZkZg! bjh^X ]Vh WZZc Zc_dnZY ^c heVXZ ^c bVcn bdgZ [dgbh# :meZY^i^dc &' ]VY i]Z ]dcdg d[ gZXZ^k^c\ V heZX^Va a^kZ eZg[dgbVcXZ

A^k^c\ VcY ldg`^c\ ^c heVXZ bV`Zh ZkZc i]Z h^beaZhi d[ i]^c\h gZfj^gZ bdgZ Z[[dgi VcY eaVcc^c\# OZgd \gVk^in VcY V hjcg^hZ ZkZgn .% b^cjiZh XVc Y^hgjei Vc VhigdcVjiÉh ]ZVai]!

Wdi] e]nh^XVaan VcY bZciVaan# I]Z XgZl bjhi XdbWVi bdi^dc h^X`cZhh! XaVjhigde]dW^V VcY ]dbZh^X`cZhh ZkZgn YVn# I]Zn Vahd ValVnh bjhi WZ VaZgi id bZY^XVa ZbZg\ZcX^Zh i]Vi XdjaY Vg^hZ# L]^aZ VhigdcVjih Yd cdi ]VkZ id ldggn VWdji \Zgbh Vh i]Zn Yd dc :Vgi] i]Z dcan \Zgbh VWdVgY VgZ i]Z \Zgbh i]Zn iV`Z l^i] i]Zb ! i]Vi YdZh cdi bZVc i]Zn l^aa cdi \Zi h^X`# OZgd \gVk^in XVjhZh WdY^an Ój^Yh id g^hZ id dcZÉh ]ZVY! l]^X] [ZZah a^`Z V Xdc" hiVci ]ZVY XdaY# HaZZe Vahd gZfj^gZh bdgZ XddgY^cVi^dc# 6higdcVjih ine^XVaan \Zi Z^\]i ]djgh d[ haZZe eZg &+"]djg b^hh^dc YVn# :kZc ^c heVXZ! Vh" igdcVjih ]VkZ YgZVbh VcY hcdgZ# =dlZkZg! ZmX^iZbZci! Vcm^Zin! bdi^dc h^X`cZhh VcY cd^hZ XVc Y^hgjei haZZe^c\ eViiZgch! bV`^c\ ^i bdgZ Y^[ÒXjai id \Zi gZhi# :VX] VhigdcVji \Zih V haZZe bVh` VcY ZVg eaj\h id WadX` cd^hZ VcY a^\]i# 6cY! d[ XdjghZ! i]Zn bjhi WZ higVeeZY ^cid i]Z^g WZY# ;adVi^c\ VgdjcY i]Z ^ciZg^dg d[ i]Z XgV[i ldjaY bV`Z ^i Vl[jaan ]VgY id [Vaa ^cid V c^XZ hajbWZg# =n\^ZcZ ^h cdi [dg\diiZc! ZkZc ^c i]Z bdhi ZmigZbZ XdcY^i^dch# 6higdcVjih iV`Z hedc\Z

C6H6

BACK TO BASICS

A half century of partnership From the structural analysis for the very first TelStar satellite, to the nanotechnology research helping to design the James Webb Space Telescopeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s microshutter system, Lehigh continues to contribute crucial technical expertise to the success of NASA missions.

For more on Lehighâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s exciting partnership with NASA, see the feature story in Resolve magazine at www.lehigh.edu/resolve.

P.C. Rossin College of Engineering and Applied Science

Congratulations on 50 years of exploration& discovery!

=da^YVn \gZZi^c\h :meZY^i^dc &' XgZl bZbWZgh XdhbdcVji KVaZgn Id`VgZk VcY VhigdcVji L^aa^Vb BX6gi]jg edhZ [dg V ]da^YVn e]did ^c i]Z OkZoYV hZgk^XZ bdYjaZ d[ i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc#

8VgZ eVX`V\Zh iV`Z dc ZmigV h^\c^ÒXVcXZ Yjg^c\ i]Z ]da^YVnh! l]Zc i]Zn d[iZc Xdc" iV^c [Zhi^kZ! eZghdcVa^oZY 8]g^hibVh hidX`" ^c\h [dg ZVX] XgZl bZbWZg# L]^aZ i]Z Cd" bZm! ÒgZ"gZh^hiVci hidX`^c\h VgZ XZgiV^can `ZZehV`Zh! ^i _jhi ldjaY cdi WZ g^\]i id hZcY i]Zb ^cid heVXZ Zbein# I]Z iZVb hij[[h i]Zb l^i] hbVaa igZVih VcY \^[ih! ^cXajY^c\ ^iZbh [gdb i]Z VhigdcVjihÉ [Vb^a^Zh# 6higdcVjih VcY XdhbdcVjih Vahd YZX` i]Z Æ]VaahÇ d[ i]Z heVXZ hiVi^dc l^i] V Xjh" idb"YZh^\cZY! ÒgZ"gZh^hiVci CdbZm 8]g^hi" bVh igZZ! l]^X] lVh YZa^kZgZY Wn HIH"&&' VcY ^h gZjhZY ZVX] nZVg# I]Z \^[ih bVn Vgg^kZ i]gdj\] Vc V^gadX` ^chiZVY d[ V X]^bcZn! Wji i]Z he^g^i gZbV^ch i]Z hVbZ# I]Z hVbZ egZhZci"deZc^c\ gjaZh Veean! idd# ÆLZ eji V cdiZ dc i]Zb i]Vi hVnh! È9dcÉi deZc i^aa 8]g^hibVh!ÉÇ 6k^cV hV^Y# Æ=deZ[jaan i]Zn ldcÉi eZZ`#Ç

C6H6

NO ‘I’ IN TEAM I]Z bdhi ^bedgiVci VheZXi d[ ldg`^c\ VcY a^k^c\ l]^aZ XddeZY"je ^c V heVXZXgV[i ldjaY ]VkZ id WZ iZVbldg`# 6 ]Veen XgZl ^h V egdYjXi^kZ XgZl# ÆNdj cZZY XdbeZiZci eZdeaZ id ldg` i]Z Zfj^ebZci# 7ji [gdb V ehnX]dad\^XVa ed^ci

d[ k^Zl! ndj XVc ]VkZ XdbeZiZci eZdeaZ! Wji i]Zn Vahd ]VkZ id ldg` lZaa Vh V iZVb!Ç H^eZh hV^Y# HigZhh WZilZZc Xdldg`Zgh hi^aa Zm^hih ^c heVXZ# I]Z dcan Y^[[ZgZcXZ ^h i]Vi l]^aZ :Vgi]a^c\h XVc iV`Z V YZZe WgZVi] VcY lVa` VlVn [gdb i]Z egdWaZb! VhigdcVjih VgZ hijX` l]ZgZ i]Zn VgZ# I]Z aVX` d[ hfjVgZ [ddiV\Z [dgXZh XgZlh id ldg` dji i]Z^g Y^[[ZgZcXZh VcY cjVcXZh Vi i]Z Òghi h^\c d[ iZch^dc# Æ> ]VkZ XdbZ id VXXZei i]Vi Vaa d[ jh l^aa ]VkZ! VcY ]VkZ ]VY! \ddY YVnh VcY WVY YVnh!Ç 7jghX] hV^Y# Æ;gVc` 8jaWZgihdc idaY jh hdbZ \ddY VYk^XZ# HdbZ YVnh ndj _jhi cZZY Èid aZi \d#ÉÇ 8ZgiV^can \ddY VYk^XZ! l]Zi]Zg ndj VgZ ]jgia^c\ i]gdj\] adl :Vgi] dgW^i dg h^ii^c\ ^c V XjW^XaZ# 6i C6H6! djg i^\]i"`c^i heVXZ Xdbbjc^" in ^h i^ZY id\Zi]Zg l^i] i]Z Xdbbdc \dVa d[ Zmeadg^c\ i]Z Xdhbdh VcY Yd^c\ ^i hjXXZhh" [jaan# LZ Vaa dlc V e^ZXZ d[ i]Z ZmeadgVi^dc ejooaZ! ZkZc ^[ lZ VgZ cdi a^[i^c\ d[[ dc i]Z cZmi heVXZ h]jiiaZ# =dlZkZg! ZVX] iZVb bZbWZg XVc iV`Z eg^YZ ^c `cdl^c\ i]Vi ^[ ndj VgZ dc :Vgi] dg cdi! i]Z ]Vee^cZhh d[ i]Z \^Vci C6H6 iZVb ^h l]Vi bV`Zh jh bdk" Zgh VcY h]V`Zgh ^c i]Z [jijgZ d[ djg jc^kZghZ#

As the developer of yogurt for consumption in space and the makers of these fine earth-bound products, we’re proud to be a partner.

www.arlafoodsusa.com 50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

105

>ciZgk^Zl/ H]Vccdc AjX^Y

By Edward S. GOLDSTEIN

Among a select group of space travelers, Shannon Lucid has amassed more than her share of frequent flyer miles. A veteran of five shuttle missions and 179 days aboard the Russian Mir space station in 1996, Lucid discussed what it is like to live and work in space.

F# Dc 6edaad -! l]^aZ Zc gdjiZ id i]Z bddc! ?^b AdkZaa bjhZY! Æ>[ >Éb hdbZ adcZan igVkZaZg [gdb Vcdi]Zg eaVcZi! l]Vi > i]^c` VWdji i]Z :Vgi] Vi i]^h Va" i^ijYZ! P^hR l]Zi]Zg > i]^c` ^iÉY WZ ^c]VW" ^iZY dg cdi#Ç <^kZc ndjg ZmeZg^ZcXZh dc ÒkZ heVXZÓ^\]ih! Y^Y ndj ]VkZ dXXVh^dc

106

NASA

id k^Zl :Vgi] ^c V [gZh] a^\]i! gVi]Zg i]Vc _jhi hVn! ÆD]! ]ZgZÉh hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi > `cdl [gdb i]Z eZgheZXi^kZ d[ V [Vb^a^Vg aVcYhXVeZ dg XdVhia^cZ#Ç 6# LZaa! > cZkZg add`ZY Vi ^i a^`Z > lVh Vc Va^Zc# 7ji i]ZgZ VgZ V XdjeaZ d[ i]^c\h i]Vi gZVaan higjX` bZ# AZi bZ _jhi hVn g^\]i ]ZgZ

i]Vi eZdeaZ l]d `ZZe hVn^c\ ndj XVcÉi gZ" Vaan hZZ WdgYZgh [gdb heVXZ! i]Vi _jhi gZVaan ^g`h bZ! WZXVjhZ ndj XVc# I]ZgZ VgZ \Zd" ad\^XVa gZVhdch l]n ndj XVc hZZ i]Z Wdg" YZgh# Ndj XVc kZgn YZÒc^iZan hZZ i]Z Wdg" YZgh WZilZZc :\nei VcY >hgVZa WZXVjhZ d[ i]Z lVn i]Zn jhZ i]Z aVcY# I]ZgZ VgZ eaVXZh

C6H6

Bdk^c\ YVn 6higdcVji H]Vccdc L# AjX^Y l^i] XdhbdcVji 6aZmhVcYZg @VaZg^ egZeVgZ id bdkZ AjX^YÉh XdhbdcVji heVXZ hj^i [gdb Gjhh^VÉh B^g heVXZ hiVi^dc id i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ 6iaVci^h#

^c Hdji] 6[g^XV Pi]ViR [dg i]Z hVbZ gZVhdc ndj XVc hZZ i]Z WdgYZgh# 6 XdjeaZ d[ i]^c\h gZVaan higjX` bZ dc B^g PB^g"'& b^hh^dcR l]Zc ndj ]VY i]Z deedg" ijc^in id WZ Vi i]Z l^cYdl VcY add` Vh ndj lZci VgdjcY# > \jZhh \gdl^c\ je lZ i]dj\]i i]Vi i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh lVh i]Z XZciZg d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ VcY lZ lZgZ W^\# >i gZVaan higjX` bZ ]dl! ^c XdbeVg^hdc l^i] i]Z gZhi d[ i]Z ldgaY! lZ VgZ gZVaan hbVaa! WZXVjhZ ^i iV`Zh VWdji &% b^cjiZh id eVhh dkZg i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh VcY iV`Zh V adi adc\Zg id \d VXgdhh

:jgVh^V# I]Vi eji ^i ^c eZgheZXi^kZ i]Vi i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh ^hcÉi i]Z W^\\Zhi Xdjcign ^c i]Z ldgaY# I]ZgZÉh bjX] bdgZ# I]Z di]Zg i]^c\ i]Vi > gZVaan a^`ZY lViX]" ^c\ lVh \d^c\ dkZg i]Z :jgVh^Vc aVcYbVhh! VcY i]ZgZ lVh hd bjX] heVXZ i]Vi > ]VYcÉi WZZc id dg ]VYcÉi hZZc! VcY ^i _jhi bVYZ ndj ldcYZg l]Vi lVh \d^c\ dc l^i] i]Z eZdeaZ Ydlc i]ZgZ VcY \VkZ ndj i]^h jg\Z id \d VcY hZZ Vaa i]dhZ eaVXZh i]Vi ndjÉY cZkZg hZZc# >i Vahd higjX` bZ i]Vi l]Zc > lVh ndjc\" Zg VcY ]VY Òghi hiVgiZY Ón^c\ bn V^geaVcZ VgdjcY IZmVh VcY D`aV]dbV! ]dl ]VgY ^i ^h id ÒcY X^i^Zh VcY idlch! WZXVjhZ i]ZgZ ^h hd bjX] d[ i]Z VgZV i]Vi Y^YcÉi ]VkZ Vcn ]VW^" iVi^dc dg h^\ch d[ ]VW^iVi^dc# 6cY i]Z hVbZ lVn [gdb dgW^i/ I]ZgZÉh _jhi hd bjX] d[ l]Vi ndj VgZ Ón^c\ dkZg i]Vi lVh WVggZc VcY Zbe" in# I]ZgZ lVh _jhi hd bjX] i]Vi > ]VYcÉi hZZc VcY hd bjX] i]Vi > lVciZY id hZZ# L]Vi lVh i]Z bdhi WZVji^[ja i]^c\ ndj hVl [gdb VWdkZ4 DcZ i]^c\ > hVl i]Vi lVh Vgildg` ^c bd" i^dc lVh i]Vi l]Zc > \di je i]ZgZ ^i VeeZVgZY bdhi d[ i]Z cdgi]Zgc ]Zb^he]ZgZ lVh ^XZY dkZg VcY [gdoZc VcY l]^iZ# >i _jhi hZZbZY a^`Z dkZgc^\]i heg^c\ XVbZ VcY ZkZgni]^c\ ijgcZY \gZZc# Ndj XdjaY hZZ i]Z g^kZgh hiVgi" ^c\ id Ódl! VcY ndj XdjaY hZZ i]Z ^XZ gZigZVi! VcY ^i lVh _jhi \dg\Zdjh id hZZ XgZVi^dc# >i lVh Vabdhi a^`Z lViX]^c\ XgZVi^dc iV`Z eaVXZ g^\]i WZ[dgZ ndjg ZnZh# Dc ndjg B^g b^hh^dc > jcYZghiVcY ndj ]VY V bZbdgVWaZ XdckZghVi^dc l^i] ndjg XgZlbViZh Njg^ Dcj[g^nZc`d VcY Njgn JhVX]Zk VWdji ]dl ndj \gZl je ^c gjgVa D`aV]dbV! Dcj[g^nZc`d ^c V J`gV^c^Vc k^aaV\Z VcY JhVX]Zk ^c V Gjhh^Vc k^aaV\Z# I]ViÉh igjZ# LZ lZgZ _jhi ÓdVi^c\ VgdjcY VcY Y^hXjhh^c\ djg X]^aY]ddY# I]Zn lZgZ Wdi] Y^hXjhh^c\ ]dl V[gV^Y i]Zn lZgZ d[ i]Z 6bZg^XVc WdbWZgh i]Vi lZgZ \d^c\ id XdbZ id i]Z^g k^aaV\Z VcY Ygde i]Z Vidb^X WdbW dc i]Zb! VcY ^i _jhi gZVaan higjX` bZ Vh > lVh iZaa^c\ i]Zb i]Vi lVh djg W^\ [ZVg ^c 7Zi]Vcn! D`aV]dbV Å Vh lZ VWhdajiZan `cZl ^i lVh i]Z XZciZg d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ Å VcY i]Z Gjhh^Vch lZgZ \d^c\ id XdbZ VcY WdbW jh# 6cY lZ ZkZc ]VY Vidb^X WdbW Yg^aah l]ZgZ ndj ldjaY Vaa \Zi jcYZgcZVi] ndjg YZh`! l]^X] ^h hdgi d[ XgVon ^[ ndj i]^c` VWdji ^i# >i _jhi gZVaan higjX` bZ ]dl VWhdajiZan egZ" edhiZgdjh VcnWdYn ldjaY ]VkZ i]dj\]i ^i ldjaY ]VkZ WZZc i]Vi ZkZc ÒkZ nZVgh WZ[dgZ lZ lZgZ ]Vk^c\ i]^h XdckZghVi^dc! i]Vi lZ ldjaY WZ i]ZgZ! ild Gjhh^Vc Zc\^cZZgh VcY

dcZ 6bZg^XVc [ZbVaZ ÓdVi^c\ i]ZgZ ^c heVXZ Y^hXjhh^c\ i]Z^g X]^aY]ddY VcY ]dl ZVX] ]VY \gdlc je [ZVg^c\ ZVX] di]ZgÉh Xdjc" ig^Zh# 7ji i]ZgZ lZ lZgZ! a^k^c\ VcY ldg`^c\ id\Zi]Zg VcY ]Vk^c\ V \gZVi i^bZ# Ndj gZedgiZY ndj aVj\]ZY V adi dc i]Vi Ó^\]i# NZh! lZ Y^Y# LZaa! Vh ZkZgnWdYn `cdlh! >Éb cdi ZmVXian ÓjZci ^c Gjhh^Vc# Hd WZ[dgZ i]Z Ó^\]i > lVh gZVaan hdgi d[ ldcYZg^c\ i]Vi [djg bdci]h Å VcY i]Zc ^i ijgcZY ^cid h^m bdci]h Å XVc gZVaan WZ V adc\ i^bZ ^[ ndj XVcÉi iVa`

You could see the rivers starting to flow, and … the ice retreat. … It was almost like watching creation take place right before your eyes. l^i] eZdeaZ! WZXVjhZ > a^`Z id iVa`# 6cY l]Zc > iVa` > a^`Z id _d`Z VgdjcY VcY aVj\] VcY > lVh ldcYZg^c\ ]dl i]^h lVh \d^c\ id ldg`# Dc i]Z kZgn Òghi YVn > \di je i]ZgZ! lZ lZgZ ZVi^c\ VcY ÓdVi^c\ VgdjcY i]Z iVWaZ# Hd > lVh iVa`^c\! VcY > jhZ i]Vi iZgb addhZan! ^c l]Vi > Xdch^YZgZY ldcYZg[ja Gjhh^Vc# 6cY i]Zn lZgZ kZgn eda^iZan a^hiZc^c\# 6cY VXijVaan > hiVgiZY id _d`Z VgdjcY# 6cY i]Zn lZgZ aVj\]" ^c\ l^i] bZ! cdi Vi bZ! VcY cdi Vi bn Gjh" h^Vc# 6i i]Vi ed^ci > `cZl > lVh ]dbZ [gZZ VcY ^i lVh \d^c\ id WZ V \gZVi Ó^\]i# Ndj bVYZ V ed^ci ^c ndjg V[iZg"VXi^dc gZedgi i]Vi ndj ]VkZ id eVn ViiZci^dc id i]Z XdbeVi^W^a^in d[ i]Z XgZlh dc V adc\" iZgb Ó^\]i# L]Vi Yd ndj i]^c` aZVYh id XdbeVi^W^a^in4 I]ZgZ VgZ ild i]^c\h# :kZgndcZ lVcih id ]VkZ i]ZhZ ldcYZg[ja egd\gVbh l]ZgZ ndj XVc _jhi e^X` VWhdajiZan i]Z WZhi eZdeaZ VcY i]Z bdhi ehnX]dad\^XVaan XdbeVi^WaZ eZdeaZ# I]Z lVn > add` Vi ^i ½ i]ZgZÉh cd lVn lZ VgZ \d^c\ id YZkZade iZhih dg iddah i]Vi XVc l^i] &%% eZgXZci VXXjgVXn iZaa jh i]Vi i]^h ^h i]Z WZhi eV^g^c\ i]Vi i]ZgZ XVc edhh^Wan WZ# Hd l]Vi > i]^c` i]Vi ndj gZVaan cZZY id Yd ^h VX" XZei gZVa^in# LZÉgZ \d^c\ id ]VkZ bVcn Y^[[Zg" Zci eZdeaZ [gdb Y^[[ZgZci Xdjcig^Zh! Y^[[Zg" Zci XjaijgZh# 6cY [dg bVcn Y^[[ZgZci gZVhdch eZdeaZ VgZ \d^c\ id WZ Vhh^\cZY! WZXVjhZ d[ eda^i^XVa egZhhjgZ ½ dg XZgiV^c b^hh^dc gZfj^gZbZcih i]Vi gZfj^gZ XZgiV^c h`^aah# Hd i]Z `^cY d[ igV^c^c\ i]Vi eZdeaZ cZZY id \Zi ^h ]dl id \Zi Vadc\ l^i] eZdeaZ i]Vi VgZ V a^iiaZ Y^[[ZgZci! i]Vi VgZ cdi cZXZhhVg^an ndjg

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

107

C6H6 C6H6

>iÉh cVijgVa 6WdkZ! aZ[i/ AjX^Y l^i] i]Z \adkZWdm ^c i]Z B^g Eg^gdYV bdYjaZ# Eg^gdYV ^h i]Z Gjhh^Vc ldgY [dg cVijgZ# AZiÉh a^\]i i]^h XVcYaZ 6WdkZ! g^\]i/ 9jg^c\ ]Zg B^g b^hh^dc! AjX^Y dWhZgkZY V XVcYaZ ÓVbZ Wjgc^c\ dkZg i^bZ ^c b^Xgd\gVk^in! YZbdchigVi^c\ i]Vi i]Z XVcYaZ ÓVbZ Xdci^cjZh id \gdl VcY Zm]^W^ih aZhh hddi#

hdja bViZ# I]ViÉh l]Vi eZdeaZ cZZY id `cdl ]dl id Yd Ä id a^kZ VcY ldg` l^i] l]dZkZg i]Zn VgZ \^kZc# 6cY i]ViÉh ]dl ndj Wj^aY V XdbeVi^WaZ XgZl# ;daadl^c\ ndjg b^hh^dc dc B^g! ndj YZhXg^WZY ]dl i]Z XgZl gZeV^gZY WVa`n Zfj^ebZci l^i]dji \j^YVcXZ [gdb b^h" h^dc Xdcigda Z^i]Zg ^c HiVg 8^in dg ^c =djhidc# >c i]^h gZ\VgY! ndj ]VkZ hV^Y ^c i]Z [jijgZ! XgZlh bjhi WZ igZViZY bdgZ a^`Z aVWdgVidgn hX^Zci^hih l]d ]VkZ i]Z^g dlc ^c^i^Vi^kZ VcY [gZZYdb# <d^c\ id BVgh ^h \d^c\ id VWhdajiZan gZ" fj^gZ i]Vi lZ VgZ ^c i]Vi b^cYhZi VcY cdi ^c i]Z b^cYhZi i]Vi lZ VgZ ^c g^\]i cdl l]ZgZ i]Z \gdjcY Y^XiViZh VcY ^h ^c VWhdajiZ Xdc" igda# ;dg dcZ i]^c\! i]Z Xdbbjc^XVi^dch aV\ l^aa bZVc lZ ]VkZ id Yd i]Vi# >[ lZ ign id Yd ^i i]Z XjggZci lVn! ^iÉh _jhi cdi \d^c\ id ldg`# Dc ndjg &)"YVn h]jiiaZ Ó^\]i YZkdiZY id ]jbVc VcY a^[Z hX^ZcXZh HIH"*-! 8d" ajbW^V! &..( ! ZmeZg^bZcih lZgZ Xdc" YjXiZY dc ]jbVc VYVeiVi^dc id heVXZ# LZgZ ndj Vbdc\ i]dhZ hjhXZei^WaZ id bdi^dc h^X`cZhh4 LZaa! ^c i]Z Òghi eaVXZ! bdi^dc h^X`cZhh ^h V b^hcdbZg# >iÉh cdi bdi^dc h^X`cZhh a^`Z ndj i]^c` d[ bdi^dc h^X`cZhh Vh g^Y^c\ ^c V XVg dg Vc V^geaVcZ dg \d^c\ dc V bZggn"\d"gdjcY! ZiX# > \Zi bdi^dc"h^X` ^c XVgh! VcY > YdcÉi a^`Z id hl^c\ dg \d dc VbjhZbZci eVg` g^YZh dg bZggn"\d"gdjcYh WZXVjhZ ^i Wdi]Zgh bZ# 7ji > cZkZg l]VihdZkZg ]VY Vcn hnbeidbh d[ l]Vi i]Zn XVaa heVXZ VYVeiVi^dc hncYgdbZ# Hd ^[ ^iÉh V b^hcdbZg! l]Vi ^h ^i! VcY l]Vi VgZ lZ aZVgc^c\ VWdji ^i4 I]Zn YdcÉi `cdl ZmVXian l]Vi ^i ^h# >iÉh VYVei^c\ id i]Z b^Xgd\gVk^in Zck^gdcbZci#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

109

6cY ^i egdWVWan ]Vh hdbZi]^c\ id Yd l^i] i]Z cZgkZ kZhi^WjaVg hnhiZb# 7ji i]ZgZÉh cdi V XdggZaVi^dc WZilZZc eZdeaZ l]d \Zi V^g"h^X`!

XVg"h^X`! hZV"h^X` VcY eZdeaZ l]d VgZ hjhXZe" i^WaZ id i]Z heVXZ VYVeiVi^dc hncYgdbZ# 6[iZg ndjg B^g Ó^\]i! hdbZ d[ i]Z eg^c" X^eVa ^ckZhi^\Vidgh dc i]Z 8VcYaZ ;aVbZ ^c B^Xgd\gVk^in <adkZWdm :meZg^bZci

VeeaVjYZY ndj [dg dWhZgk^c\ hjWiaZ e]ZcdbZcV i]Vi V k^YZd dg hi^aa XVbZgV ldjaY b^hh# NZh! i]ViÉh igjZ# I]ZgZ lVh i]Vi dcZ VcY i]Z ZmeZg^bZci lZ ]VY l^i] a^fj^Yh ZcXadhZY ^c V XdciV^cZg! VcY i]Zn lZgZ \d^c\ id iV`Z Y^[" [ZgZci lVkZ [dgbh# 7ZXVjhZ > ]VY ZmigV i^bZ! > _jhi ÒYYaZY l^i] ^i VcY \di hdbZ lVkZ [dgbh

C6H6

Hdnjo Z\gZhh AjX^Y Yjg^c\ V lViZg hjgk^kVa igV^c^c\ hZhh^dc ^c Gjhh^V#

110

NASA

C6H6

i]Vi i]Zn cZkZg i]dj\]i ldjaY ]VkZ Zm^hiZY# L^i] i]Z XVcYaZ ZmeZg^bZci! l]Vi ]VeeZcZY PlVhR l]Zc > ig^ZY id iV`Z i]Z e^XijgZh a^`Z i]Z egdXZYjgZh XVaaZY [dg! cdi]^c\ XVbZ dji! VcY ndj XdjaYcĂ&#x2030;i \Zi ^i dc i]Z k^YZd# 6cY i]ViĂ&#x2030;h WZXVjhZ i]Z Ă&#x201C;VbZ lVh Wjgc^c\ Vi hjX] V adl aZkZa d[ ^ciZch^in i]Vi i]Z ]jbVc ZnZ XdjaY e^X` ^i je! Wji i]Z XVbZgVh lZ ]VY dc WdVgY XdjaYcĂ&#x2030;i# 6cY > ZcYZY je YgVl^c\ e^XijgZh d[ l]Vi lVh ]VeeZc^c\# 6XijVaan! > i]dj\]i i]Z XVbZgV ZmeZg^bZci lVh ZmigZbZan ^ciZgZhi" ^c\ WZXVjhZ i]Zn i]dj\]i ^i lVh _jhi V h^beaZ ZmeZg^bZci ½ Dc i]Z XVcYaZ lZ WVh^XVaan ZcY" ZY je l^i] bdgZ fjZhi^dch Vi i]Z ZcY i]Vc lZ ]VY Vi i]Z WZ\^cc^c\# D[ XdjghZ! i]ViĂ&#x2030;h kZgn \ddY hX^ZcXZ l]ZcZkZg ndj XVc ZcY je l^i] bdgZ fjZhi^dch# LZgZ i]ZgZ Vcn jc^fjZ YgZVbh ndj ]VY ^c heVXZ4 DcXZ l]Zc > lVh dc B^g! > YgZVbi i]Vi > lVh Vi =^\]lVn ( VcY C6H6 GdVY & ^c 8aZVg AV`Z 8^in! VcY > lVh ^c i]Z WVX` d[ bn 9Vihjc VcY i]ZgZ lZgZ hdbZ di]Zg eZdeaZ! > YdcĂ&#x2030;i `cdl l]d! ^c i]Z [gdci# > i]^c` lZ ]VY WZZc `^YcVeeZY dg hdbZi]^c\ VcY i]Zn lZgZ Yg^k" ^c\ Ydlc i]Z gdVY d[ =^\]lVn (! VcY i]Zc Vaa d[ V hjYYZc i]Z h^ijVi^dc VgdhZ i]Vi > _jhi Ă&#x201C;dViZY dji d[ i]Z WVX`hZVi VcY dkZgedlZgZY i]Z eZdeaZ i]Vi lZgZ Yg^k^c\ VcY `^YcVe" e^c\ VcY i]Zc Ă&#x201C;dViZY dji i]Z l^cYdl# > _jhi i]dj\]i i]Vi lVh hd ^ciZgZhi^c\ i]Vi > lVh YgZVb^c\ d[ V h^ijVi^dc dc :Vgi]! VcY i]Z lVn i]Vi > hdakZY i]Z Y^aZbbV dg i]Z egdWaZb lVh i]Vi > _jhi Ă&#x201C;dViZY VcY Y^Y ^i a^`Z ndj lZgZ ^c heVXZ# > i]dj\]i ^i lVh gZVaan ^ciZgZhi^c\ id b^m i]Z bZY^jb i]Vi > lVh dc :Vgi] ^c Vc ZVgi]an h^ijVi^dc! Wji gZVXiZY Wn Ă&#x201C;dVi^c\# >i Y^YcĂ&#x2030;i hig^`Z bZ dYY Vi Vaa i]Vi > _jhi Ă&#x201C;dViZY VcY idd` XVgZ d[ ZkZgni]^c\# L]n Y^Y ndj hVn dc B^g i]Vi ndj lZgZ gZVaan XgVk^c\ B BĂ&#x2030;HÂ&#x153;4 ;gVc`an! ndjg a^[Z ^h V a^iiaZ XdchigV^cZY a^k" ^c\ dc hiVi^dc0 i]ZgZĂ&#x2030;h V a^b^i id ]dl bVcn ZmX^i^c\ i]^c\h ndj XVc XdbZ je l^i] id iVa` VWdji ½ 6cY hd i]^h gZedgiZg Vh`ZY! Ă&#x2020;L]Vi Yd ndj b^hh4 L]Vi ldjaY ndj gZVaan a^`Z4Ă&#x2021; 6cY > _jhi lVh i]^c`^c\ i]gdj\] bn ]ZVY l]Vi ldjaY WZ Vc d`Vn i]^c\ id hVn# 6cY > ]VY _jhi Ă&#x2019;c^h]ZY je i]Z aVhi d[ i]Z B BĂ&#x2030;HÂ&#x153; i]Vi lZgZ dc dgW^i# Hd > hV^Y! Ă&#x2020;> ldjaY gZVaan a^`Z hdbZ B BĂ&#x2030;HÂ&#x153;#Ă&#x2021; >i _jhi idd` V a^[Z d[ ^ih dlc [gdb i]ZgZ dc# L]Vi lVh hd [jccn lVh bn hdc l]d lVh ^c XdaaZ\Z Vi i]Z i^bZ Z"bV^aZY bZ VcY hV^Y! Ă&#x2020;Bdb! l]n Y^Y ndj Vh` [dg B BĂ&#x2030;HÂ&#x153;4 L]n Y^YcĂ&#x2030;i ndj Vh` [dg V 8dgkZiiZ dg hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi ldjaY Vi aZVhi WZ jhZ[ja4Ă&#x2021;

;^ih a^`Z V \adkZ AjX^Y VcY XdhbdcVjih Njgn JhVX]Zk VcY Njg^ Dcj[g^nZc`d ^c [gdci d[ i]Z B^g b^Xgd\gVk^in \adkZWdm#

Dc ndjg Ă&#x2019;ghi b^hh^dc HIH"()! 6iaVc" i^h! &.-. ! l]Vi Yd ndj gZbZbWZg VWdji i]Z a^\]ic^c\ ZmeZg^bZci i]Z XgZl Xdc" YjXiZY4 I]Z a^\]ic^c\ ^h egZiin VbVo^c\ Vh ndj Ă&#x201C;n dkZg Ă&#x2026; ZheZX^Vaan dkZg 6[g^XV Ă&#x2026; VcY i]Zn ]VY W^\ i]jcYZghidgbh# Ndj XVc _jhi hZZ i]Z a^\]ic^c\! VcY ^i hZZbh id \d VXgdhh i]Z l]daZ Xdci^cZci# Dc ndjg [djgi] Ă&#x201C;^\]i HIH"*-! 8dajb" W^V! &..( ! ndjg [Zaadl XgZlbViZh lZgZ i]Z Ă&#x2019;ghi id Y^hhZXi gVih [dg W^dad\^XVa gZ" hZVgX]# 9^Y ndj ]VkZ V gdaZ l^i] i]Vi4 > Y^Y Vaa i]Z igV^c^c\ VcY ZkZgni]^c\# 6cY > Y^Y Vaa i]Z gVi ldg` l]ZgZ ndj eji >Kh ^c i]Z gViĂ&#x2030;h iV^a kZ^ch# I]Vi lVh gZVaan cZVi! WZXVjhZ > ]VY ldg`ZY l^i] gdYZcih V adi WZ[dgZ# > lVh gZVaan \ddY Vi i]Vi# 9^Y ndj hZZ Xdhb^X gVnh l]Zc ndjg ZnZh lZgZ XadhZY4 > hVl i]Zb dcXZ dc i]Z h]jiiaZ dc i]Z Ă&#x2019;ghi Ă&#x201C;^\]i# Dc B^g! > hVl i]Zb [V^gan d[iZc ^[ > Y^YcĂ&#x2030;i [Vaa VhaZZe ^bbZY^ViZan l]Zc > XadhZY bn ZnZh# Dc B^g! > cdi^XZY i]ZgZ lZgZ ild Y^[[ZgZci `^cYh# I]ZgZ lZgZ hdbZ i]Vi XVbZ a^`Z hbVaa a^iiaZ a^cZVg Wg^\]i higZV`h VcY hdbZ i]Vi add`ZY a^`Z a^iiaZ i^cn a^\]i WjaWh# I]Zn lZgZ hiVgi^c\ VcY ]VY V a^iiaZ \adl# 9^Y i]Zn ]VkZ V Xdadg id i]Zb4 DgVc\Z^h]! VcY i]Z higZV`h lZgZ bdgZ nZaadl#

9^Y ndj ]VkZ V [Vkdg^iZ hjchZi dg hjc" g^hZ dg Y^Y i]Zn WZXdbZ Xdbbdc4 Cd! > ValVnh Zc_dnZY lViX]^c\ i]Z hjcg^hZh VcY i]Z hjchZih l]ZcZkZg ndj ]VY i]Z deedg" ijc^in# 6cY > ValVnh Zc_dnZY hZZ^c\ i]Z c^\]i" i^bZ XdbZ VXgdhh i]Z [VXZ d[ i]Z :Vgi]# >[ ndj lZgZ \^kZc i]Z deedgijc^in jcYZg djg cZl ZmeadgVi^dc eaVch! l]ZgZ ldjaY ndj gVi]Zg \d/ id i]Z bddc dg BVgh4 >[ > ]VY i]Z deedgijc^in id Yd Z^i]Zg! > ldjaY gVi]Zg \d id BVgh# 7ji > i]^c` \d^c\ id i]Z bddc ^h i]Z g^\]i i]^c\ hd lZ XVc \d id BVgh# L]ZgZ ldjaY ndj a^`Z id \d dc BVgh4 D]! ZkZgnl]ZgZ# > i]^c` ^i ldjaY WZ gZVa ^ciZgZhi^c\ id WZ Vi i]Z _jcXi^dc d[ i]Z ^XZ XVeh# > _jhi i]^c` ^i ldjaY WZ gZVaan cZVi id \d id BVgh# >c &.**! [dg Vc Z^\]i] \gVYZ Vhh^\c" bZci VWdji! Ă&#x2020;L]Vi > lVci id Yd l]Zc > \gdl je!Ă&#x2021; ndj lgdiZ i]Vi ndj lVciZY id WZ V Ă&#x2020;gdX`Zi hX^Zci^hi VcY \d ZmeadgZ i]Z jc^kZghZ!Ă&#x2021; VcY ndjg iZVX]Zg i]dj\]i ndj lZgZ bV`^c\ [jc d[ i]Z Vhh^\cbZci# 6]! i]ViĂ&#x2030;h igjZ# > hi^aa ]VkZ i]Z eVeZg > lgdiZ# 6XijVaan ^iĂ&#x2030;h egZiin \ddY# DcZ i]^c\ lVh lZ lZgZ hjeedhZY id Ă&#x2019;cY V gZ[ZgZcXZ# 6cY > i]dj\]i! i]^h ^h eZg[ZXi! > XVc bV`Z je Vcn gZ[ZgZcXZ > lVci# Hd > XVc _jhi bV`Z je l]Vi > lVci VWdji i]Z fjVa^" [^XVi^dch#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

111

A^[Z HX^ZcXZh

By Robert ZIMMERMAN

The question always has been the same: Can human life survive in the alien environment of space? As Wernher von Braun wrote in 1952, “Some medical men are concerned at the prospect of permanent weightlessness, not because of any known danger, but because of the unknown possibilities.” There were even fears that the launch into space might itself be lethal. Dr. Heinz Haber of the U.S. Air Force’s Department of Space Medicine wrote in 1952, “Some pessimists maintain that the crew members of a rocket ship would not live to experience space, because they wouldn’t even survive the tremendous stresses placed upon them during the powered ascent.” ;daadl^c\ Hejic^` VcY i]Z VYkZci d[ i]Z heVXZ gVXZ! i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh VcY i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc [ZgkZcian gVXZY id ÒcY dji i]Z VchlZg id i]ZhZ fjZhi^dch! hZcY^c\ Yd\h! bdc`Znh! [gd\h VcY kVg^djh di]Zg a^[Z [dgbh ^cid heVXZ# KZgn fj^X`an Wdi] Xdjcig^Zh aZVgcZY i]Vi i]Z ldghi [ZVgh lZgZ jc[djcYZY! VcY i]Vi adlZg [dgbh d[ a^[Z XdjaY gZVY^an hjg" k^kZ Wdi] aVjcX] VcY lZ^\]iaZhhcZhh# 8djaY ]jbVch a^kZ ^c heVXZ! ]dlZkZg! VcY [dg ]dl adc\4 DcXZ V\V^c i]Z heVXZ gVXZ egdk^YZY i]Z VchlZg# I]gdj\]dji i]Z &.+%h! C6H6 VcY ^ih XdbeZi^idgh ^c i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc ÓZl ^cXgZVh^c\an XdbeaZm bVccZY b^hh^dch id ÒcY dji i]Z a^b^ih d[ ]jbVc ZcYjgVcXZ ^c heVXZ# >c Ó^\]ih aVhi^c\ Vcnl]ZgZ [gdb V [Zl dgW^ih id hZkZgVa YVnh! VhigdcVjih VcY Xdh" bdcVjih WgVkZY i]Z jc`cdlc Zck^gdcbZci d[ heVXZ id ÒcY dji ^[ ]j" bVch XdjaY l^i]hiVcY ^ih Z[[ZXih! VcY ^[ hd! ]dl ^i ldjaY X]Vc\Z i]Zb# 6i i]Z i^bZ! i]Z egdWaZb [dg hX^Zci^hih lVh Vh bjX] Ò\jg^c\ dji ]dl id bdc^idg i]Z a^[Z h^\ch d[ i]Z^g W^dad\^XVa heZX^bZch! l]Zi]" Zg ]jbVc dg Vc^bVa! Vh ^i lVh ign^c\ id jcYZghiVcY i]Z Z[[ZXih d[ lZ^\]iaZhhcZhh ^ihZa[# C6H6 hX^Zci^hih YZkZadeZY V kVg^Zin d[ gZ" bdiZ hZch^c\ YZk^XZh id bdc^idg ]ZVgi gViZ! WgZVi]^c\! iZbeZgV" ijgZ! WaddY egZhhjgZ VcY di]Zg k^iVa a^[Z h^\ch# IdYVn i]ZhZ ZhdiZg^X

112

NASA

bZY^XVa YZk^XZh VgZ [djcY ZkZgnl]ZgZ ^c YV^an bZY^XVa egVXi^XZ dc :Vgi]! l]ZgZ i]Z^g jhZ ^c ^ciZch^kZ VcY XVgY^VX XVgZ! [dg ZmVbeaZ! ]Vh ]ZaeZY gZYjXZ YZVi] gViZh Wn (% id +% eZgXZci# Di]Zg bZY^XVa iZX]cdad\^Zh i]Vi lZ cdl iV`Z [dg \gVciZY! hjX] Vh eVXZbV`Zgh VcY di]Zg b^c^Vijg^oZY hnhiZbh! dg^\^cViZY [gdb i]Z cZZY id bdc^idg VhigdcVjih ^c heVXZhj^ih [gdb adc\ Y^hiVcXZh# >c heVXZ! ]dlZkZg! i]Z ^c^i^Va gZedgih [gdb VhigdcVjih VWdji i]Z Z[[ZXih d[ b^Xgd\gVk^in lZgZ b^mZY# Gjhh^Vc XdhbdcVjih gZedgiZY heVXZ id WZ Vc jcXdb[dgiVWaZ eaVXZ# <]ZgbVc I^idk dc Kdhid` '! [dg ZmVbeaZ! [Zai a^`Z ]Z lVh ]Vc\^c\ jeh^YZ Ydlc Yjg^c\ ]^h Zci^gZ YVnadc\ b^hh^dc! Vc ZmeZg^ZcXZ i]Vi Vi dcZ ed^ci bVYZ ]^b [ZZa hd h^X` i]Vi ]Z lVciZY i]Z Ó^\]i Xji h]dgi# >c XdcigVhi! ZVgan 6bZg^XVc VhigdcVjih [djcY heVXZ id WZ V \ZcZg" Vaan WZc^\c eaVXZ! i]dj\] fj^iZ Va^Zc# 9jg^c\ i]Z Zci^gZ BZgXjgn VcY

C6H6

7gZVi]Z YZZean 8VcVY^Vc HeVXZ 6\ZcXn VhigdcVji 9V[nYY G# Æ9VkZÇ L^aa^Vbh egdk^YZh YViV dc i]Z Vjidcdb^X cZgkdjh hnhiZb l]^aZ jh^c\ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZÉh AdlZg 7dYn CZ\Vi^kZ EgZhhjgZ YZk^XZ! l]^X] h^bjaViZh i]Z ejaa d[ \gVk^in#

<Zb^c^ egd\gVbh i]ZgZ lZgZ cd gZedgih d[ Vcn VhigdcVji [ZZa^c\ h^X` dg cVjhZdjh# >chiZVY! VhigdcVjih lZgZ hjgeg^hZY Wn ]dl i]Z^g eZgXZe" i^dch d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ VgdjcY i]Zb X]Vc\ZY# L]Zc ?^b BX9^k^ii ig^ZY id gZcYZokdjh l^i] i]Z heZci i]^gY hiV\Z d[ i]Z gdX`Zi i]Vi Wgdj\]i ]^b ^cid dgW^i! ]Z [djcY ^i Vabdhi ^bedhh^WaZ id _jY\Z Y^hiVcXZ VcY bdi^dc XdggZXian# BZVcl]^aZ! <dgYdc 8ddeZg lVh Vhidc^h]ZY Vi i]Z b^cjiZ YZiV^ah ]Z XdjaY bV`Z dji dc :Vgi]Éh hjg[VXZ# Æ> XdjaY YZiZXi ^cY^k^YjVa ]djhZh VcY higZZih ^c i]Z adl ]jb^Y^in VcY XadjYaZhh VgZVh hjX] Vh i]Z =^bVaVnVc bdjciV^c VgZV!Ç ]Z gZedgi" ZY# Æ> hVl l]Vi > idd` id WZ V kZ]^XaZ Vadc\ V gdVY# > XdjaY hZZ i]Z Yjhi Wadl^c\ d[[ i]Z gdVY! i]Zc XdjaY hZZ i]Z gdVY XaZVgan! VcY l]Zc i]Z a^\]i lVh g^\]i! Vc dW_ZXi i]Vi lVh egdWVWan V kZ]^XaZ#Ç

7n i]Z b^Y"&.+%h C6H6 ]VY [dg\ZY V]ZVY ^c i]Z heVXZ gVXZ! aVjcX]" ^c\ V hZg^Zh d[ adc\Zg b^hh^dch ^c <Zb^c^ VcY 6edaad XVehjaZh i]Vi YZbdchigViZY jcZfj^kdXVaan i]Vi ]jbVch XdjaY hjgk^kZ ^c heVXZ [dg eZg^dYh Vh adc\ Vh ild lZZ`h# I]Z bZY^XVa YViV [gdb i]ZhZ Ó^\]ih Vahd hj\\ZhiZY i]Vi ZmiZcYZY lZ^\]iaZhhcZhh b^\]i ]VkZ hZg^djh adc\"iZgb XdchZfjZcXZh [dg i]Z ]jbVc WdYn# Dc i]Z [djg"YVn <Zb^c^ >K b^hh^dc! [dg ZmVbeaZ! VhigdcVjih BX9^k^ii VcY :Y L]^iZ hjhiV^cZY WdcZ adhh d[ WZilZZc - id &% eZgXZci! V adhh hd h^\c^ÒXVci i]Vi ^i XdjaY hZg^djhan i]gZViZc i]Z ]ZVai] d[ Vc VhigdcVji dc V ild"lZZ` ajcVg b^hh^dc# I]ZhZ adc\Zg b^hh^dch egdk^YZY XdcÓ^Xi^c\ YViV! ]dlZkZg# ;dg Zm" VbeaZ! ^c &.+* i]Z VhigdcVjih d[ <Zb^c^ K>>! ;gVc` 7dgbVc VcY ?^b AdkZaa! heZci &) YVnh ^c dgW^i VcY i]jh egdkZY i]Vi bVccZY b^hh^dch id

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

113

C6H6

@ZZe iZhi^c\ H]jiiaZ VhigdcVjih 7dcc^Z 9jcWVg VcY AVggn 9ZAjXVh XdcYjXi i]Z AdlZg 7dYn CZ\Vi^kZ EgZhhjgZ ZmeZg^bZci ^ch^YZ i]Z HeVXZaVW hX^ZcXZ bdYjaZÉh B^Xgd\gVk^in AVWdgVidgn# I]Z aVWdgVidgn egdk^YZY gZhZVgX] deedgijc^i^Zh ^c bViZg^Va hX^ZcXZh! Ój^Y YncVb^Xh! W^diZX]cdad\n XgnhiVa \gdli] VcY XdbWjhi^dc hX^ZcXZ#

VcY [gdb i]Z bddc lZgZ edhh^WaZ# >c VYY^i^dc! YZhe^iZ WZ^c\ XdcÒcZY id\Zi]Zg ^c V heVXZ cd aVg\Zg i]Vc V XdbeVXi XVg! Wdi] XVbZ i]gdj\] ^c ZmXZaaZci XdcY^i^dc# I]dj\] i]Z VhigdcVjih h]dlZY hdbZ WdcZ adhh! VcY i]ZgZ lVh Zk^YZcXZ d[ X]Vc\Z id i]Z^g XVgY^dkVhXjaVg VcY bjhXjaVg hnh" iZbh! cdcZ d[ i]Z X]Vc\Zh lZgZ Vh hZkZgZ Vh BX9^k^iiÉh VcY L]^iZÉh# >i lVhcÉi jci^a C6H6Éh i]gZZ H`naVW b^hh^dch ^c &.,("&.,) i]Vi hX^" Zci^hih lZgZ VWaZ id \Zi i]Z^g Òghi ^c"YZei] VcY YZÒc^i^kZ `cdlaZY\Z d[ i]Z adc\"iZgb Z[[ZXih d[ lZ^\]iaZhhcZhh dc i]Z ]jbVc WdYn# I]gZZ XgZlh d[ i]gZZ bZc ZVX] hiVnZY dc H`naVW V idiVa d[ &,& YVnh! l^i] i]Z adc\Zhi b^hh^dc aVhi^c\ -) YVnh# Jca^`Z i]Z BZgXjgn! <Zb^c^ VcY 6edaad XVehjaZh! H`naVW lVh W^\! VcY i]jh i]Z hZXdcY VcY i]^gY XgZlh ]VY id YZVa l^i] cVjhZV VcY heVXZ h^X`cZhh Vh i]Zn VYVeiZY id lZ^\]i" aZhhcZhh! l]^aZ i]Z Òghi XgZl cdi^XZY ]dl i]Z Ój^Yh ^c i]Z^g WdYn WZ" XVbZ gZY^hig^WjiZY! l^i] WaddY bdk^c\ je [gdb i]Z^g aZ\h idlVgY i]Z^g ]ZVYh# Jedc gZijgc Vaa i]gZZ XgZlh ZmeZg^ZcXZY WVX` eV^c! h^\c^ÒXVci bjhXaZ hdgZcZhh VcY lZV`cZhh! WVaVcXZ ^hhjZh VcY WdcZ adhh# Id b^i^\ViZ i]Z bjhXaZ adhh! i]Z YV^an ZmZgX^hZ gZ\^bZc [dg ZVX] XgZl lVh ^cXgZVhZY [gdb (% id +% VcY ÒcVaan id .% b^cjiZh V YVn# I]dj\] i]ZhZ YV^an ldg`djih Y^Y cdi hide bjhXaZ adhh! i]Zn hjXXZZYZY ^c gZYjX^c\ ^i Zcdj\] i]Vi i]Z i]^gY XgZl lVh VWaZ id gZXdkZg Vabdhi Zci^gZan l^i]^c ') ]djgh jedc gZijgc# 6aa hjWhZfjZci adc\"iZgb Ó^\]ih id ZkZgn heVXZ hiVi^dc h^cXZ ]VkZ [daadlZY i]^h gZ\^bZc# I]Z WdcZ adhh Y^hXdkZgZY dc H`naVW lVh d[ \gZViZg XdcXZgc# DkZgVaa i]Z adhh ^c i]Z lZ^\]i"WZVg^c\ WdcZh VkZgV\ZY WZilZZc %#( id %#) eZgXZci eZg bdci]! l^i] i]Z gViZ [dg hdbZ ^cY^k^YjVah WZ^c\ bjX] ]^\]Zg# I]Vi hdbZ VhigdcVjih b^\]i adhZ Vh bjX] Vh & eZgXZci eZg bdci] Yjg^c\ Vc &-" id"(+ bdci] BVgh b^hh^dc bZVci i]Vi hjX] ^ciZgeaVcZiVgn _djgcZnh h^b" ean b^\]i cdi WZ edhh^WaZ# Id XdcYjXi VYY^i^dcVa gZhZVgX] lVh ZhhZci^Va#

114

NASA

L^i] i]Z ZcY d[ H`naVW! C6H6Éh ]jbVc a^[Z hX^ZcXZh egd\gVb ^c heVXZ h]^[iZY id V hZg^Zh d[ h]dgi YjgVi^dc h]jiiaZ b^hh^dch! aVhi^c\ ild lZZ`h dg aZhh# Æ>c i]Z ZVgan &..%h! lZ ÓZl HeVXZaVW a^[Z hX^ZcXZh b^h" h^dch dc i]Z h]jiiaZ i]Vi ]ZaeZY YZÒcZ i]Z ]jbVc gZhedchZ id h]dgi YjgVi^dc!Ç ZmeaV^cZY 9g# 8]jX` HVl^c! V C6H6 XdchjaiVci VcY [dgbZg ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg A^[Z HX^ZcXZh X]^Z[ hX^Zci^hi# ÆHdbZ di]Zg ^b" edgiVci HeVXZaVW b^hh^dch lZgZ Ódlc Wn i]Z :jgdeZVch! ZheZX^Vaan i]Z <ZgbVc 9"& VcY 9"' b^hh^dch#Ç 6 bjai^ijYZ d[ ZmeZg^bZcih lZgZ eZg[dgbZY dc i]ZhZ h]jiiaZ Ó^\]ih# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! ^c Vc Z[[dgi id jcYZghiVcY l]n ild"i]^gYh d[ Vaa VhigdcVjih ZmeZg^ZcXZY WVX` eV^c Yjg^c\ VcY V[iZg i]Z^g Ó^\]ih! Vh" igdcVjih `Zei XVgZ[ja bZVhjgZbZcih d[ Vcn X]Vc\Zh id i]Z^g he^cZh! XdcÒgb^c\ i]Vi i]Z he^cZ aZc\i]ZcZY VcY higV^\]iZcZY l]^aZ ^c heVXZ# DcZ VhigdcVji! G^X]VgY =^ZW! [djcY i]Vi ]^h ]Z^\]i ^cXgZVhZY Wn & ^cX] Yjg^c\ ]^h ild"lZZ` Ó^\]i# Di]Zg hijY^Zh igVX`ZY i]Z X]Vc\Zh ^c i]Z XVgY^dkVhXjaVg hnhiZb VcY i]Z h]^[i^c\ d[ Ój^Yh [gdb i]Z aZ\h ^cid i]Z jeeZg WdYn# KVg^djh ZmeZg^" bZcih [djcY i]Vi ^cXgZVhZY hVai ^ciV`Z XdbW^cZY l^i] [djg"]djg hi^cih ^c V adlZg"WdYn egZhhjgZ YZk^XZ! l]^X] [dgXZh WdYn a^fj^Yh WVX` ^cid i]Z aZ\h! ]Zaeh b^i^\ViZ i]Z Z[[ZXi d[ b^Xgd\gVk^in jedc gZijgc id :Vgi]# I]ZhZ C6H6 h]jiiaZ b^hh^dch hijY^ZY bdgZ i]Vc i]Z ]jbVc WdYn# :meZg^bZcih lZgZ XdcYjXiZY jh^c\ gVih! _ZaanÒh]! [gd\h! eaVcih! h]g^be VcY V ]dhi d[ di]Zg a^[Z [dgbh# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! dc HIH"*- ^c &..(! VhigdcVji VcY kZiZg^cVg^Vc BVgi^c ;ZiibVc Y^Y i]Z Òghi ^c"heVXZ Y^hhZXi^dch! egZ" hZgk^c\ i]Z heaZZc! WdcZ bVggdl! l]daZ WaddY VcY di]Zg i^hhjZh [gdb h^m gVih# I]Z YViV [gdb i]ZhZ hVbeaZh h]dlZY cd i^hhjZ YVbV\Z! ^cY^XVi" ^c\ i]Vi bVcn d[ i]Z ]Vgb[ja Z[[ZXih d[ heVXZÓ^\]i [djcY egZk^djhan ^c di]Zg hVbeaZh V[iZg i]Z^g gZijgc id :Vgi] XVbZ cdi [gdb lZ^\]iaZhhcZhh

C6H6

6higdcVji VfjVcVjih EVgi^X^eVcih ^c i]Z &(i] C6H6 :migZbZ :ck^gdcbZci B^hh^dc DeZgVi^dch C::BD egd_ZXi ^c CD66Éh 6fjVg^jh JcYZglViZg AVWdgVidgn! ^cXajY^c\ i]gZZ VhigdcVjih! edhZ [dg V \gdje e]did Vi i]Z^g ]VW^iVi adXViZY d[[ i]Z XdVhi d[ @Zn AVg\d! ;aV# I]Z XgZl heZci &% YVnh ^c V hijYn d[ VYVeiVi^dc iZX]c^fjZh [dg ZmigZbZ Zck^gdcbZcih#

C6H6

Wji [gdb i]Z k^daZci higZhh d[ gZ"Zcign# H^b^aVgan! VhigdcVjih dc HIH"), ^c &..' hijY^ZY i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ [Zgi^a^oZY [gd\ Z\\h ^c heVXZ# L]^aZ i]Z Z\\h [Zgi^a^oZY ^c dgW^i YZkZadeZY cdgbVaan! iVYedaZh i]Vi ]VY WZZc ]ViX]ZY dc :Vgi] WZ]VkZY VWcdgbVaan dcXZ ^c heVXZ! l^i] bdgZ i]Vc ]Va[ Yn^c\# I]^h dcXZ V\V^c hj\\ZhiZY i]Vi ^i lVh i]Z higV^c d[ igVkZa^c\ id VcY [gdb dgW^i i]Vi XVjhZY bVcn d[ i]Z egdWaZbh# IdYVn! a^[Z hX^ZcXZh gZhZVgX] Vi C6H6 bdkZh [dglVgY dc bVcn [gdcih! Wdi] ^c heVXZ VcY dc :Vgi]# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! WZY gZhi! Yjg^c\ l]^X] ^cVXi^k^in XVjhZh adhh d[ bjhXaZ dg WdcZ bVhh! VcY XVhih! l]^X] XVjhZ bjhXaZ Vigde]n Wn ^bbdW^a^oVi^dc! ]VkZ WZZc jhZY [dg YZXVYZh id b^b^X i]Z VWhZcXZ d[ \gVk^in#

;^h] iVaZ AVWdgVidgn iZX]c^X^Vch ZmVb^cZ hldgYiV^a Òh] M^e]de]dgjh ]ZaaZg^ ! a^`Z i]dhZ i]Vi lZgZ eVgi d[ i]Z CZjgdaVW eVnadVY dc heVXZ h]jiiaZ b^hh^dc HIH".% 6eg^a"BVn! &..- # CZjgdaVW b^hh^dc ^ckZhi^\Vi^dch [dXjhZY dc i]Z Z[[ZXih d[ b^Xgd\gVk^in dc i]Z cZgkdjh hnhiZb#

Æ6i i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ IZmVh"<VakZhidc! lZ ]VkZ VWdji &% eZdeaZ ^c WZY! Vi +"YZ\gZZ ]ZVY Ydlc WZY gZhi! Vh Vc VcVad\ [dg heVXZÓ^\]i!Ç cdiZY @ZccZi] 6# HdjoV! C6H6 XdchjaiVci VcY [dgbZg hZc^dg hiV[[ hX^Zci^hi ^c a^[Z hX^ZcXZh Vi 6bZh GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg# ÆLZ egZk^djhan YZiZgb^cZY i]Vi Pi]^h edh^i^dcR \^kZh i]Z e]nh^dad\^XVa gZhedchZ Xadh" Zhi id heVXZÓ^\]i#Ç HjX] hijY^Zh cdi dcan gZea^XViZ i]Z Z[[ZXih d[ b^Xgd\gVk^in! i]Zn Vahd egdk^YZ XgjX^Va ^c[dgbVi^dc dc i]Z YZW^a^iVi^c\ Z[[ZXih d[ WZY gZhi dc ^aa eVi^Zcih# 8Zcig^[j\Zh! l]^X] h^bjaViZ ]^\] \gVk^iVi^dcVa [dgXZh Wn he^cc^c\ i]Z hjW_ZXi Vi ]^\] gViZh d[ heZZY! VcY cZjigVa WjdnVcXn hjheZch^dc ^c lViZg Vahd Xdci^cjZ id eaVn V gdaZ# 8Zcig^[j\Z hijY^Zh l^i] i]Z 6^g ;dgXZ! [dg ZmVbeaZ! YZbdchigViZY i]Z cZZY [dg V Y^[[ZgZci `^cY d[ Vci^"\ egZhhjgZ hj^i [dg VhigdcVjih i]Vc i]dhZ ldgc Wn _Zi e^adih! l]d XVc WZ hjW_ZXiZY id kZgn ]^\] \ [dgXZh [dg h]dgi YjgVi^dch l]^aZ bV`^c\ ]^\]"heZZY bVcZjkZgh# >c i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ! i]dhZ [dgXZh Yd cdi ZmXZZY ( \! Wji XVc aVhi je id '% b^cjiZh# 7ZXVjhZ ]jbVc WaddY kdajbZ XVc YZXgZVhZ Wn je id &* eZgXZci Yjg^c\ heVXZÓ^\]i! ^i lVh Vaa i]Z bdgZ ^bedgiVci id YZkZade V hj^i i]Vi ldjaY egZkZci WaddY [gdb edda^c\ ^c i]Z adlZg ZmigZb^i^Zh# I]Z C6H6 :migZbZ :ck^gdcbZci B^hh^dc DeZgVi^dch C::BD egd_ZXi egdk^YZh dcZ d[ i]Z V\ZcXnÉh cZjigVa WjdnVcXn gZhZVgX] XV" eVW^a^i^Zh# I]Z CVi^dcVa DXZVc^X VcY 6ibdhe]Zg^X 6Yb^c^higVi^dc CD66 6fjVg^jh JcYZglViZg AVWdgVidgn! adXViZY VWdji +% [ZZi WZ" adl i]Z hjg[VXZ hdbZ (#* b^aZh d[[ @Zn AVg\d ^c i]Z ;adg^YV @Znh CVi^dcVa BVg^cZ HVcXijVgn! ^h V [gZfjZci YZhi^cVi^dc [dg C::BD Vh" igdcVjih! bdhi gZXZcian iZhi^c\ ajcVg ZmeadgVi^dc XdcXZeih VcY V hj^iZ d[ adc\"YjgVi^dc heVXZÓ^\]i bZY^XVa dW_ZXi^kZh#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

115

H^cXZ i]Z aViZ &.,%h! C6H6Éh a^[Z hX^ZcXZh egd\gVb Vahd ]Vh ^cXajYZY _d^ci gZhZVgX] l^i] i]Z Gjhh^Vch! WZ\^cc^c\ l^i] i]Z^g gZXdkZgVWaZ jc" bVccZY 7^dc XVehjaZ! Ón^c\ V bZcV\Zg^Z d[ a^[Z [dgbh "" ^cXajY^c\ bdc" `Znh! gVih! Ó^Zh! cZlih! Òh]! Vcih VcY ldgbh Ä dc Ó^\]ih aVhi^c\ [gdb ÒkZ id &) YVnh# L]^aZ i]Z gZhjaih [gdb i]ZhZ jcbVccZY b^hh^dch hj\\ZhiZY i]Vi b^Xgd\gVk^in lVh ]Vgb[ja id a^[Z! i]Z h]jiiaZ YViV bZci^dcZY VWdkZ V\V^c ^cY^XViZY i]Vi i]ZhZ cZ\Vi^kZ hnbeidbh lZgZ XVjhZY cdi Wn i]Z Zck^gdcbZci d[ heVXZ Wji Wn i]Z higZhh d[ aVjcX] VcY aVcY^c\# I]Z 7^dc egd\gVb ZcYZY ^c &..+ l^i] i]Z VXX^YZciVa YZVi] d[ V bdc`Zn dcZ YVn V[iZg ^ih gZijgc Yjg^c\ Vc deZgVi^dc id dWiV^c i^hhjZ VcY WdcZ hVbeaZh# NZi ZkZc i]Vi ZkZci bVn hVkZ VhigdcVji a^kZh ^c i]Z adc\ gjc# ÆLZ Vahd aZVgcZY i]Vi e]nh^dad\n ^h Xdbegdb^hZY Wn Ó^\]i! XgZVi" ^c\ V \gZViZg hZch^i^k^in id hdbZ VcZhi]Zi^Xh!Ç HVl^c ZmeaV^cZY# ÆHd ^i lVhcÉi V [V^ajgZ Ä ^i aZY id X]Vc\Zh ^c egdXZYjgZh dc i]^c\h lZ Vaadl id WZ YdcZ dc VhigdcVjih#Ç C6H6Éh eVgicZgh]^e l^i] Gjhh^V igjan bVijgZY l^i] i]Z^g ldg` id" \Zi]Zg dc B^g# 6[iZg H`naVW! i]Z Gjhh^Vch idd` i]Z aZVY ^c gZhZVgX]" ^c\ i]Z adc\"iZgb Z[[ZXih d[ b^Xgd\gVk^in dc i]Z ]jbVc WdYn l^i] i]Z^g HVanji VcY B^g heVXZ hiVi^dch! hZcY^c\ XdhbdcVjih dc Ó^\]ih aVhi^c\ [gdb &% id &) bdci]h VcY egdk^c\ i]Vi ]jbVch XVc hjgk^kZ ^c heVXZ [dg i]Vi adc\# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! i]Z Gjhh^Vc Ó^\]ih h]dlZY i]Vi l^i] egdeZg ZmZgX^hZ i]Z gViZ d[ WdcZ adhh XdjaY WZ hiVW^a^oZY Xdch^h" iZcian Vi VWdji %#* eZgXZci eZg bdci]# >c i]Z &..%h! i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh _d^cZY i]Z Z[[dgi# ;gdb &..* id &..,! C6H6 ÓZl V hZg^Zh d[ ZmiZcYZY bVccZY b^hh^dch id B^g! i]Z adc\Zhi WZ^c\ H]Vccdc AjX^YÉh i]Zc"gZXdgY"hZii^c\ &,."YVn hiVn dc

“We need more experiments in radiation studies to identify what the risks are and what we can do about them.” – Kenneth Souza i]Z Gjhh^Vc [VX^a^in# 9jg^c\ i]ZhZ Ó^\]ih 6bZg^XVc VhigdcVjih cdi dcan hijY^ZY i]Z adc\"iZgb Z[[ZXih d[ lZ^\]iaZhhcZhh dc i]Z^g WdY" ^Zh! i]Zn Vahd ViiZbeiZY id \gdl i]Z Òghi Xgdeh ^c heVXZ# 6c ViiZbei id egdYjXZ l]ZVi gZhjaiZY ^c ]ZVai]n add`^c\ eaVcih Wji cd hZZYh WZXVjhZ d[ ^bejg^i^Zh ^c i]Z Vibdhe]ZgZ d[ B^g# 6 aViZg Z[[dgi Wn VhigdcVji B^X]VZa ;dVaZ id \gdl bjhiVgY eaVcih [gdb hZZY id hZZY! ]dlZkZg! lVh bdgZ hjXXZhh[ja# ;dVaZÉh Z[[dgi egdYjXZY i]Z Òghi k^" VWaZ hZZYh \gdlc [gdb hZZYh eaVciZY VcY cjgijgZY ^c heVXZ! egdk^c\ i]Vi eaVci gZegdYjXi^dc ^h edhh^WaZ ^c lZ^\]iaZhhcZhh# Dc i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc! i]Z XddeZgVi^dc l^i] Gjhh^V ]Vh Xdci^cjZY# ÆDcZ i]^c\ lZÉkZ WZZc ign^c\ VcY WZZc egZiin hjXXZhh[ja l^i] dc i]Z >HH! ldg`^c\ l^i] i]Z Ó^\]i hjg\Zdch VcY i]Z Gjhh^Vch Vh V _d^ci egd_ZXi! ^h l]Vi XVc WZ YdcZ l^i] jaigVhdjcY gZbdiZan id hjeedgi XgZl ]ZVai]!Ç HVl^c hV^Y# ÆHdbZ d[ i]Vi ]Vh ]VY egVXi^XVa he^cd[[h! hjX] Vh gZVa"i^bZ hjeedgi [dg ^c_jgn VcVanh^h [dg Vi]aZiZh#Ç I]^h XddeZgVi^dc dc i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc ZmeVcYZY l^i] i]Z VYY^i^dc d[ i]Z :jgdeZVc HeVXZ 6\ZcXnÉh 8dajbWjh bdYjaZ dc i]Z HIH"&'' b^hh^dc ^c ;ZWgjVgn '%%-! VcY l^aa [jgi]Zg egd\gZhh l^i] i]Z VYY^i^dc d[ i]Z ?VeVcZhZ @^Wd bdYjaZ! i]ZgZWn bV`^c\ i]Z heVXZ hiVi^dc V [jaa [jcXi^dc^c\ aVWdgVidgn! l^i] a^[Z hX^ZcXZh Vh dcZ d[ ^ih eg^bVgn [dXjhZh# C6H6Éh a^[Z hX^ZcXZh gZhZVgX] Vahd ]Vh WZcZÒiZY [gdb ^ih adc\"hiVcY^c\ XdaaVWdgVi^dch l^i] cjbZgdjh di]Zg \dkZgcbZci V\ZcX^Zh! eVgi^XjaVgan

i]Z CVi^dcVa >chi^ijiZh d[ =ZVai] VcY i]Z 9ZeVgibZci d[ :cZg\n# I]Z gZ" hjaih d[ i]dhZ Z[[dgih ]VkZ V[[ZXiZY V [Vg aVg\Zg edejaVi^dc i]Vc VhigdcVjih! l^i] hdbZ d[ i]Z Zfj^ebZci YZkZadeZY [dg i]dhZ ZmeZg^bZcih ÒcY^c\ iZg" gZhig^Va Veea^XVi^dch# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! i]Z W^dgZVXidg i]Vi lVh YZkZadeZY Wn C6H6 id ZcVWaZ XZaa XjaijgZh id WZ \gdlc VcY hijY^ZY ^c V b^Xgd\gVk^in Zc" k^gdcbZci! `ZZe^c\ XZaa XjaijgZh hjheZcYZY gVi]Zg i]Vc hZiia^c\! ]Vh WZZc VYdeiZY V\\gZhh^kZan# ÆH^m i]djhVcY d[ i]dhZ jc^ih VgZ cdl ^c gZhZVgX] aVWh ldgaYl^YZ!Ç HVl^c cdiZY! ÆWZXVjhZ i]Zn Vaadl XZaah id WZ \gdlc ^c lVnh i]Vi ZbjaViZ i]Z WdYn! l]^X] ]Zaeh XVcXZg gZhZVgX]Zgh hijYn XZaah ^c lVnh i]Zn XVccdi ^c V ]jbVc#Ç Di]Zg ZmVbeaZh d[ a^[Z hX^ZcXZh gZhZVgX] Vi C6H6 cdl WZcZÒi^c\ hdX^Zin ^cXajYZ/ heZX^Va iZX]cdad\^Zh [dg bZVhjg^c\ ]jbVc WdcZ YZch^i^Zh0 b^XgdZaZXigdbZX]Vc^XVa hnhiZbh B:BH ! b^XgdhXde^X YZk^XZh i]Vi XVc \gZVian Zc]VcXZ i]Z XVeVW^a^i^Zh d[ b^XgdX]^eh0 hd[ilVgZ YZkZadeZY id XgZViZ i]gZZ"Y^bZch^dcVa ^bV\Zh d[ i]Z ^ccZg ZVg VcY aViZg Veea^ZY id ("9 gZXdchigjXi^dch d[ XdbejiZY Vm^Va idbd\gVe]n 8I hXVch VcY bV\cZi^X gZhdcVcXZ ^bV\^c\ BG>h ! Vaadl^c\ YdXidgh id eaVc hjg\Zg^Zh WZ[dgZ hiVgi^c\ Vc de" ZgVi^dc VcY \gZVian gZYjXZ i]Z Vbdjci d[ i^bZ V eVi^Zci bjhi heZcY jcYZg VcZhi]Zh^V0 VcY a^\]i"Zb^ii^c\ Y^dYZh A:9h ! YZkZadeZY [dg eaVci ]VW^iVih [dg VY" kVcXZY a^[Z hjeedgi hnhiZbh! cdl WZ^c\ Veea^ZY id eZdeaZ l^i] WgV^c ijbdgh ^c l]Vi ^h XVaaZY Æa^\]i i]ZgVen#Ç L^i] i]Z VYkZci d[ C6H6Éh eaVc id gZijgc VhigdcVjih id i]Z bddc VcY ZkZcijVaan hZcY ]jbVch id BVgh! i]Z [dXjh d[ a^[Z hX^ZcXZh gZ" hZVgX] ]Vh h]^[iZY ZkZc bdgZ id i]Z hijYn d[ ]jbVc ]ZVai] dc ZmiZcY" ZY b^hh^dch ^c heVXZ# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! i]ZgZ ^h i]Z ^hhjZ d[ egdiZXi^c\ VhigdcVjih [gdb i]Z ]Vgh] gVY^Vi^dc ^c ^ciZgeaVcZiVgn heVXZ# ÆLZ cZZY bdgZ ZmeZg^bZcih ^c gVY^Vi^dc hijY^Zh id ^YZci^[n l]Vi i]Z g^h`h VgZ VcY l]Vi lZ XVc Yd VWdji i]Zb!Ç HdjoV cdiZY# ÆPGVi]Zg i]VcR iV`Z idch d[ h]^ZaY^c\ id i]Z bddc ½ i]ZgZ bVn WZ di]Zg lVnh id b^i^" \ViZ i]Z Z[[ZXih d[ gVY^Vi^dc! l]Zi]Zg W^dad\^XVa! X]Zb^XVa dg e]nh^XVa#Ç H^b^aVgan! i]Z dc\d^c\ gZhZVgX] d[ WdcZ adhh ^c lZ^\]iaZhhcZhh ^h d[ XgjX^Va ^bedgiVcXZ# Cdi dcan ^h ^i ZhhZci^Va id gZYjXZ i]Z YZXa^cZ ^c WdcZ YZch^in ^c dgYZg id bV`Z i]Z ild"id"i]gZZ"nZVg ig^eh id BVgh edhh^WaZ! Vcn `cdlaZY\Z \V^cZY ^c i]^h VgZV XdjaY aZVY id ^begdkZY igZVibZcih [dg dhiZdedgdh^h dc :Vgi]# Id ]Zae Wg^c\ id\Zi]Zg Vaa i]Vi ]Vh WZZc aZVgcZY! l]Vi ^h WZ^c\ ejghjZY VcY l]Vi ^h nZi gZfj^gZY! ^c '%%+ C6H6 XgZViZY i]Z Æ7^dVhigdcVji^Xh GdVYbVe/ 6 G^h` GZYjXi^dc HigViZ\n [dg =jbVc HeVXZ :meadgVi^dc#Ç ÆI]Z gdVYbVe ^h i]Z egdYjXi d[ h^m dg hZkZc nZVgh ldg` Wn *% id +% Xdcig^Wjidgh! Xdbe^a^c\ i]Z XjggZci hiViZ d[ `cdlaZY\Z ^c i]Z e]nh^dad\n d[ heVXZÓ^\]i VcY i]Z fjZhi^dch cZZY^c\ VchlZgh id bdkZ V]ZVY ^c hje" edgi d[ [jijgZ b^hh^dch!Ç HVl^c hV^Y# Æ>i ]Vh ]ZaeZY XaVg^[n VcY eg^dg^i^oZ djg ^hhjZh! ZheZX^Vaan i]Z bdhi ^bedgiVci Ä gVY^dad\^XVa! bjhXaZ! WdcZ#Ç 6h i]Z ]jbVc gVXZ bdkZh dji ^cid i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb ^c i]Z Xdb^c\ nZVgh id ZhiVWa^h] i]Z Òghi eZgbVcZci hZiiaZbZcih dc di]Zg ldgaYh! a^[Z hX^ZcXZh gZhZVgX] l^aa WZ XgjX^Va id ZcVWa^c\ i]Vi ZmeadgVi^dc# 6cY Vh ^i ]Vh YdcZ [dg i]Z eVhi *% nZVgh! a^[Z hX^ZcXZh l^aa cdi dcan iZVX] jh ]dl id dkZgXdbZ i]Z ]dhi^aZ Zc" k^gdcbZci d[ heVXZ VcY bV`Z ^i Waddb l^i] a^[Z! ^i l^aa h]dl jh bVcn cZl VcY ldcYZg[ja iZX]c^fjZh [dg bV`" ^c\ djg a^kZh WZiiZg ]ZgZ dc :Vgi]# Lg^iZg ?#G# L^ahdc Vahd Xdcig^WjiZY id i]^h Vgi^XaZ#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

117

8gZY^i/

C6H6

:meadgVi^dc Vi ^ih \gZViZhi <Zdad\^hi"VhigdcVji ?VX` HX]b^ii hiVcY^c\ cZmi id V ]j\Z! hea^i WdjaYZg Yjg^c\ i]Z 6edaad &, ZmeadgVi^dc d[ i]Z IVjgjh"A^iigdl aVcY^c\ h^iZ ^c 9ZXZbWZg &.,'# HX]b^ii VcY <ZcZ 8ZgcVc lZgZ i]Z aVhi ild VhigdcVjih id ZmeadgZ i]Z bddc ^c i]Z '%i] XZcijgn#

118

NASA

AjcVg :meadgVi^dc/

EVhi VcY ;jijgZ

By Paul D. SPUDIS, Lunar and Planetary Institute

The moon has held our imaginations for millennia, yet it is only in modern times that we have visited this body, first with robotic machines and then with astronauts. Exploration of the moon has taught us much about the evolution of the solar system and ourselves. We’ve known for centuries about the effects on tides and biological cycles from a waxing and waning moon. But it took space-age exploration to show us how the moon is connected to human existence on a very fundamental level.

8gZY^i/

THE SPACE AGE ARRIVES: ROBOTS TO THE MOON L^i] i]Z h]dX`^c\ aVjcX] d[ Hejic^` & ^c DXidWZg &.*,! i]Z bddc X]Vc\ZY [gdb V Y^hiVci h^akZg Y^h` ^c i]Z h`n id V gZVa eaVXZ! V egdWVWaZ YZhi^cVi^dc [dg egdWZh VcY eZdeaZ# I]Z Hdk^Zih higjX` Òghi! Ón^c\ AjcV & Wn i]Z bddc ^c ?VcjVgn &.*.# I]Zn [daadlZY i]^h hjXXZhh l^i] V cjbWZg d[ di]Zg gdWdi^X egdWZh! Xjab^cVi^c\ aVi" Zg i]Z hVbZ nZVg l^i] AjcV (! l]^X] e]did\gVe]ZY i]Z [Vg h^YZ d[ i]Z bddc! cZkZg k^h^WaZ [gdb :Vgi]# ;gdb i]ZhZ ZVgan! eddg fjVa^in ^bV\Zh! lZ Y^hXdkZgZY i]Vi i]Z [Vg h^YZ ]Vh hjgeg^h^c\an a^iiaZ d[ i]Z YVg`! hbddi] bVgZ eaV^ch i]Vi XdkZg VWdji V i]^gY d[ i]Z cZVg h^YZ# Di]Zg hjgeg^hZh ldjaY hddc [daadl# >c gZhedchZ id i]Z &.+& Ó^\]i d[ Hdk^Zi XdhbdcVji Njg^ <V\Vg^c! EgZh^YZci ?d]c ;# @ZccZYn Xdbb^iiZY i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh id aVcY^c\ V bVc dc i]Z bddc Wn i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z YZXVYZ# I]Z 6edaad egd\gVb \gZVian VXXZa" ZgViZY ^ciZgZhi ^c Zmeadg^c\ i]Z bddc# Id ZchjgZ i]Vi ]jbVc XgZlh XdjaY hV[Zan aVcY VcY YZeVgi [gdb i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ! ^i lVh ^bedgiVci id jcYZghiVcY ^ih Zck^" gdcbZci! hjg[VXZ VcY egdXZhhZh# 6i i]Z hVbZ i^bZ! i]Z gdWdi^X egZXjghdgh ldjaY XdaaZXi kVajVWaZ ^c[dgbVi^dc!

Xdchi^iji^c\ i]Z Òghi hX^Zci^ÒX ZmeadgVi^dc d[ Vcdi]Zg eaVcZiVgn WdYn#

6bZg^XVÉh Òghi hiZe lVh i]Z GVc\Zg hZg^Zh d[ ]VgY aVcY" Zgh# I]ZhZ egdWZh lZgZ YZh^\cZY id e]did\gVe] i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ Vi ^cXgZVh^c\ aZkZah d[ YZiV^a WZ[dgZ XgVh]^c\ ^cid i]Z hjg[VXZ# 6[iZg hZkZgVa ]ZVgiWgZV`^c\ [V^ajgZh! GVc\Zg , hjXXZZYZY ^c hZcY^c\ WVX` YZiV^aZY iZaZk^h^dc e^XijgZh d[ BVgZ CjW^jb HZV d[ 8adjYh ^c ?jan &.+)# ;gdb i]Z GVc\Zg egdWZh! lZ Y^hXdkZgZY i]Vi XgViZgh! i]dhZ higVc\Z ]daZh i]Vi eZeeZg i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ! gVc\Z Ydlc ^c h^oZ id i]Z kZgn a^b^ih d[ gZhdaji^dc# B^XgdbZiZdg^iZ WdbWVgY" bZci ]Vh \gdjcY je i]Z hjg[VXZ gdX`h! XgZVi^c\ V ÒcZ edlYZg XVaaZY gZ\da^i] # Ild bdgZ GVc\Zg heVXZXgV[i ÓZl id i]Z bddc! Xjab^cVi^c\ l^i] i]Z &.+* A^kZ ;gdb i]Z Bddc iZaZk^h^dc ^bV\Zh [gdb GVc\Zg .! XVgZZc^c\ ^cid i]Z heZXiVXjaVg ajcVg XgViZg 6ae]dchjh# LZ \di V bjX] XadhZg add` Vi i]Z bddcÉh hjg[VXZ ^c ZVgan &.++# 6\V^c! i]Z J#H#H#G# aZY i]Z lVn Wn hV[Zan hd[i" aVcY^c\ i]Z gdWdi^X AjcV . heVXZXgV[i dc i]Z bVgZ eaV^c!

DXZVcjh EgdXZaaVgjb# >i [djcY i]Z hjg[VXZ id WZ edlYZgn Y^gi higZlc l^i] V [Zl gdX`h! Wji higdc\ Zcdj\] id hjeedgi i]Z lZ^\]i d[ V aVcYZY heVXZXgV[i# >c BVn &.++! i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh [daadlZY l^i] i]Z aVcY^c\ d[ i]Z XdbeaZm gdWdi^X heVXZXgV[i! HjgkZndg &# >i hZci iZaZk^h^dc e^XijgZh WVX` id :Vgi]! h]dl^c\ i]Z hjg[VXZ VcY ^ih e]nh^XVa egdeZgi^Zh ^c YZiV^a# AViZg HjgkZndg b^hh^dch ÒkZ ^c Vaa ! XdaaZXiZY e]nh^XVa YViV dc hd^a egdeZgi^Zh! ^cXajY^c\ ^ih X]Zb^XVa Xdbedh^i^dc# 6cVanh^h d[ i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ h]dlZY i]Vi

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

119

C6H6

i]Z YVg` bVg^V ]VY V Xdbedh^i^dc h^b^aVg id iZggZhig^Va WVhVai! V YVg` ^gdc"g^X] aVkV! l]^aZ i]Z ]^\]aVcYh cZVg i]Z kZgn [gZh] gVnZY XgViZg InX]d lZgZ a^\]iZg ^c Xdadg VcY higVc\Zan Zc" g^X]ZY ^c Vajb^cjb# I]^h aZY id Vc Vhidc^h]^c\ gZkZaVi^dc VWdji i]Z bddcÉh ZVgan ]^hidgn V[iZg i]Z Òghi e]nh^XVa hVbeaZh lZgZ aViZg gZijgcZY id :Vgi] Wn i]Z 6edaad && XgZl# I]Z ÒcVa gdWdi^X b^hh^dch bVeeZY i]Z Zc" i^gZ bddc [gdb dgW^i [dg i]Z Òghi i^bZ VcY dW" iV^cZY ZmigZbZan ]^\] gZhdaji^dc e^XijgZh d[ ediZci^Va aVcY^c\ h^iZh! XZgi^[n^c\ i]Z^g hV[Zin [dg i]Z 6edaad b^hh^dch id [daadl# I]^h J#H# AjcVg DgW^iZg hZg^Zh XdcYjXiZY ÒkZ bVe" e^c\ b^hh^dch! l]ZgZWn WdjaYZgh Vh hbVaa Vh V XdjeaZ d[ bZiZgh XdjaY WZ hZZc# I]Zn Vahd dWiV^cZY VbVo^c\ k^Zlh d[ hX^Zci^ÒXVaan ^ciZgZhi^c\ iVg\Zih! hjX] Vh i]Z Òghi Æe^adiÉh ZnZÇ k^Zl d[ i]Z aVg\Z! Wg^\]ian gVnZY XgViZg 8deZgc^Xjh! YjWWZY i]Z Æe^XijgZ d[ i]Z XZc" ijgnÇ Wn cZlh gZedgiZgh# BdgZ Æe^XijgZh d[ i]Z XZcijgnÇ lZgZ hddc id WZ dWiV^cZY Wn eZdeaZ lVa`^c\ dc i]Z bddc# ;gdb i]ZhZ gdWdi^X b^hh^dch! lZ aZVgcZY i]Vi i]Z bddc lVh XgViZgZY VcY e^iiZY Vi Vaa hXVaZh# I]Z hjg[VXZ lVh edlYZgn Yjhi Wji higdc\ Zcdj\] id hjeedgi i]Z lZ^\]i d[ eZd" eaZ VcY bVX]^cZh# I]Z bddc ]VY cd \adWVa bV\cZi^X ÒZaY dg Vibdhe]ZgZ VcY lVh bVYZ je d[ Xdbbdc gdX` ineZh! h^b^aVg id i]dhZ [djcY dc :Vgi]# Cdl i]Z hiV\Z lVh hZi [dg i]Z cZmi \^Vci aZVe ^c jcYZghiVcY^c\ ajcVg VcY eaVcZiVgn ]^hidgn#

APOLLO: THE HUMANS FOLLOW 6edaad lVh i]Z ÒcZhi ]djg d[ 6bZg^XVÉh heVXZ egd\gVb# >c _jhi Z^\]i nZVgh! lZ ]VY \dcZ [gdb oZgd ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i XVeVW^a^in id aVcY^c\ bZc dc i]Z hjg[VXZ d[ i]Z bddc# ;gdb i]ZhZ b^hh^dch! hX^Zci^hih YZkZadeZY V cZl k^Zl d[ i]Z dg^\^c VcY Zkdaji^dc d[ i]Z eaVcZih VcY d[ a^[Z dc :Vgi]# I]Z &.+- 8]g^hibVhi^bZ Ó^\]i d[ 6edaad - lVh V b^aZhidcZ Ä ]jbVch aZ[i adl :Vgi] dgW^i VcY gZVX]ZY i]Z bddc! X^gXa^c\ ^i [dg Vabdhi V YVn# ;dg i]Z Òghi i^bZ! eZdeaZ \VoZY dc i]Z bddc [gdb dgW^i# I]Zn [djcY ^i YZhdaViZ VcY \gVn! Wji hVl cdi]^c\ id egZkZci _djgcZn^c\ i]Z ÒcVa +' b^aZh id i]Z hjg[VXZ# >c BVn d[ &.+.! 6edaad &% dgW^iZY i]Z bddc! iZhi^c\ i]Z ajcVg aVcYZg# >i lVh V YgZhh gZ]ZVghVa [dg i]Z bVccZY aVcY^c\ id XdbZ# :VX] d[ i]Z 6edaad b^hh^dch Ä VcY i]Z VhigdcVjih l]d gZbV^cZY ^c i]Z dgW^i^c\ 8dbbVcY BdYjaZ Yjg^c\ i]Z hjWhZfjZci aVcYZY b^hh^dch Ä idd` ]jcYgZYh

GdWdi^X egZXjghdgh ;gdb ide id Wdiidb i]Z GVc\Zg! HjgkZndg VcY AjcVg DgW^iZg heVXZXgV[i VcY i]Z ^bV\Zh i]Zn egdk^YZY d[ i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ#

d[ ]^\]"gZhdaji^dc e]did\gVe]h d[ i]Z bddcÉh hjg[VXZ# I]Z^g k^hjVa dWhZgkVi^dch VYYZY id i]Z Wjg\Zdc^c\ `cdlaZY\Z d[ ajcVg \Zdad\n# >c V ]Vggdl^c\ YZhXZci bVg`ZY Wn egd" \gVb VaVgbh [gdb Vc dkZgadVYZY XdbejiZg VcY [gZZo^c\ [jZa a^cZh! CZ^a 6gbhigdc\ VcY 7joo 6aYg^c ^c 6edaad && hV[Zan aVcYZY ^c BVgZ IgVcfj^aa^iVi^h HZV d[ IgVcfj^a^in dc ?jan '%! &.+.# I]Zn lVa`ZY dc i]Z bddc [dg dkZg ' ]djgh! XdaaZXi^c\ gdX`h VcY hd^a VcY aVn^c\ dji ZmeZg^bZci eVX`V\Zh# ;gdb i]Z 6edaad && hVbeaZh! lZ aZVgcZY i]Vi i]Z YVg` bVg^V VgZ VcX^Zci kdaXVc^X aVkVh! ]Vk^c\ XgnhiVaa^oZY dkZg (#+ W^aa^dc nZVgh V\d# AjcVg hVbeaZh VgZ h^b^aVg ^c X]Zb^XVa Xdbedh^i^dc id :Vgi] gdX`h Wji ZmigZbZan Ygn! l^i] cd Zk^YZcXZ [dg Vcn h^\c^ÒXVci lViZg dc i]Z bddc! eVhi dg egZh" Zci# HbVaa W^ih d[ l]^iZ gdX` lZgZ [djcY ^c i]Z hd^a! WaVhiZY id i]Z h^iZ [gdb Y^hiVci ]^\]aVcYh# 8dbW^cZY l^i] i]Z ZVga^Zg gZhjaih d[ i]Z Hjg" kZndg , X]Zb^XVa VcVanh^h Vi i]Z XgViZg InX]d! hX^Zci^hih gZVhdcZY i]Vi i]Z VcX^Zci bddc ]VY WZZc cZVgan XdbeaZiZan bdaiZc! XdkZgZY ^c

V aVnZg d[ a^fj^Y gdX`# I]^h ^YZV d[ Vc ZVgan ÆbV\bV dXZVcÇ ]Vh h^cXZ WZZc Veea^ZY id Vaa i]Z gdX`n eaVcZih# B^XgdbZiZdg^iZ Wdb" WVgYbZci \gdjcY je i]Z WZYgdX` VcY \VhZh [gdb i]Z hjc lZgZ ^beaVciZY dc i]Z hjg[VX" Zh d[ i]Z ajcVg Yjhi \gV^ch# L]^aZ egZhZgkZY dc i]Z bddc! bdhi d[ i]^h VcX^Zci! h]VgZY ]^hidgn ]Vh WZZc adhi dc djg \Zdad\^XVaan VX" i^kZ :Vgi]# >c CdkZbWZg &.+.! 6edaad &' idjX]ZY Ydlc ^c DXZVcjh EgdXZaaVgjb DXZVc d[ Hidgbh ! cZVg i]Z egZk^djhan aVcYZY HjgkZn" dg ( heVXZXgV[i# I]^h b^hh^dc YZbdchigViZY djg VW^a^in id egZX^hZan aVcY dc i]Z bddc! V h`^aa Xg^i^XVa [dg cVk^\Vi^c\ id [jijgZ h^iZh ^c i]Z ]^\]aVcYh VcY gj\\ZY VgZVh# 6higdcVjih EZiZ 8dcgVY VcY 6aVc 7ZVc ZmeadgZY i]Z h^iZ ^c ild bddclVa`h# I]Zn XdaaZXiZY dkZg ,* edjcYh d[ hVbeaZh VcY YZeadnZY V cjXaZVg" edlZgZY ZmeZg^bZci eVX`V\Z# AVkVh [gdb i]^h aVcY^c\ h^iZ VgZ ha^\]ian ndjc\Zg i]Vc i]dhZ d[ 6edaad &&! Wji hi^aa dkZg (#& W^aa^dc nZVgh daY# I]Z ]^\]aVcY XdbedcZci ]ZgZ ^h

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

121

ZZZ GDOVD FRP

)DVFLQDWLRQ LW¡V ZKDW XQLWHV XV LQ RXU TXHVW WR HQYLVLRQ ZKDW H[LVWV EH\RQG RXU RZQ ZRUOG ,Q WKH WZLQ 0DUV 5RYHUV VXFFHVVIXOO\ ODQGHG RQ 0DUV DQG EHJDQ EHDPLQJ WR HDUWK WKH PRVW YLVXDOO\ VWXQQLQJ LPDJHV HYHU WDNHQ IURP WKH VXUIDFH RI DQRWKHU SODQHW '$/6$ LV H[WUHPHO\ SURXG WR KDYH EXLOW WKH LPDJH VHQVRU FKLSV IRU WKLV PLVVLRQ DQG WR EH D SDUW RI \HDUV RI H[SORUDWLRQ DQG GLVFRYHU\

50 Years of Space Exploration SPACE FLORIDA SALUTES NASA ON ITS 50TH ANNIVERSARY

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Americaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Historic Gateway to Spaceâ&#x20AC;?

For more information visit: www.spaceflorida.gov or call: 321.730.5301 Photos courtesy of NASA

C6H6

JcYZg i]Z b^XgdhXdeZ GZijgcZY 6edaad ajcVg hVbeaZh ^cXajYZ/ ide aZ[i! V hadlan XddaZY ^\cZdjh gdX` [gdb IVjgjh"A^iigdl kVaaZn 6edaad &, # 7diidb aZ[i! V bVgZ WVhVai aVkV [gdb i]Z DXZVc d[ Hidgbh 6edaad &' # Ide g^\]i! hd^a [gV\bZcih [gdb i]Z HZV d[ IgVcfj^a^in 6edaad && # 7diidb g^\]i! ZbZgVaY \gZZc \aVhh kdaXVc^X Vh] [gdb =VYaZn G^aaZ 6edaad &* #

Y^[[ZgZci [gdb i]Vi d[ i]Z Òghi aVcY^c\0 ^i ]Vh Vc jcjhjVa Zcg^X]bZci ^c gVY^dVXi^kZ VcY gVgZ"ZVgi] ZaZbZcih! hj\\Zhi^c\ i]Vi i]Z bddcÉh Xgjhi ^h aViZgVaan kVg^VWaZ VcY XdbeaZm# 6h V Wdcjh! i]Z XgZl Vahd gZijgcZY V a^\]i XdadgZY hd^a! edhh^Wan eVgi d[ V ÆgVnÇ XVhi"d[[ VcY Ójc\ djilVgY Yjg^c\ i]Z [dgbVi^dc d[ i]Z Y^hiVci XgViZg 8deZgc^Xjh Ä &-+ b^aZh cdgi] d[ i]Z aVcY^c\ h^iZ# 9Vi^c\ d[ \aVhh [gdb i]^h hd^a hj\\Zhih i]Vi 8deZgc^Xjh ^h ÆdcanÇ .%% b^aa^dc nZVgh daY! VcX^Zci Wn :Vgi] hiVcYVgYh Wji dcZ d[ i]Z ndjc\Zhi bV_dg [ZVijgZh dc i]Z bddc# I]Z Zmeadh^dc d[ Vc dmn\Zc iVc` dc 6edaad &( egZkZciZY ^i [gdb aVcY^c\ dc i]Z bddc# I]Z i]gZZ"bVc XgZl gZijgcZY hV[Zan id :Vgi] Å V bZbdgVWaZ hV\V XadhZan [daadlZY VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY# 6edaad &) lVh hZci id V ]^\]aVcYh h^iZ ZVhi d[ 6edaad &'! cZVg i]Z VcX^Zci XgViZg ;gV BVjgd# I]^h h^iZ lVh X]dhZc id XdaaZXi gdX`h WaVhiZY dji [gdb YZZe l^i]^c i]Z bddc Wn i]Z [dgbVi^dc d[ i]Z \^Vci >bWg^jb ^beVXi WVh^c! V XgViZg dkZg +'% b^aZh ^c Y^VbZiZg VcY h^ijViZY (!,'( b^aZh cdgi] d[ i]Z aVcY" ^c\ h^iZ# 6higdcVjih 6aVc H]ZeVgY VcY :Y\Vg B^iX]Zaa XdcYjXiZY ild bddclVa`h dc i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ# Idl^c\ V ejaa"XVgi ÒaaZY l^i] iddah! i]Zn gZijgcZY dkZg .* edjcYh d[ gdX` VcY hd^a# HVbeaZh [gdb i]Z ;gV BVjgd ]^\]aVcYh VgZ WgZXX^Vh XdbeaZm b^mijgZh d[ VcX^Zci gdX`h ! Wgd" `Zc VcY Xgjh]ZY Wn i]Z \^Vci ^beVXi i]Vi XgZViZY i]Z >bWg^jb WVh^c# ;gdb i]ZhZ hVbeaZh! hX^Zci^hih aZVgcZY i]Z >bWg^jb ^beVXi dXXjggZY bdgZ i]Vc (#- W^aa^dc nZVgh V\d! WZ[dgZ i]Z YVg` bVgZ aVkVh ÓddYZY i]Z bddcÉh hjg[VXZ Wji lZaa V[iZg i]Z [dgbVi^dc d[ i]Z bddcÉh Xgjhi dkZg )#) W^aa^dc nZVgh V\d# 6[iZg i]^h i]^gY aVcY^c\! V cZl e^XijgZ d[ ajcVg Zkdaji^dc lVh ZbZg\^c\# I]Z bddc lVh cdi V h^beaZ ajbe d[ XdaY bZ" iZdg^iZ cdg lVh ^i Vc VXi^kZ kdaXVc^X ^c[Zgcd! Wji V eaVcZiVgn WdYn l^i] ^ih dlc XdbeaZm! hjWiaZ ]^hidgn#

>c ?jan &.,&! l^i] 6edaad &*! C6H6 WZ\Vc i]Z Òghi d[ i]gZZ l]Vi lZgZ iZgbZY ? b^hh^dch Ä adc\ YjgVi^dc hiVnh dc i]Z bddc l^i] V \gZViZg [dXjh dc hX^ZcXZ i]Vc ]VY WZZc edhh^WaZ egZk^djhan# 6edaad &*! l]dhZ ajcVg bdYjaZ ;VaXdc heZci i]gZZ YVnh dc i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ! lVh i]Z Òghi b^hh^dc id jhZ V ajcVg gdkZg Å V hbVaa ZaZXig^X XVgi i]Vi VaadlZY i]Z XgZl id igVkZa bVcn `^adbZiZgh VlVn [gdb i]Z^g aVcY^c\ XgV[i# Dc i]gZZ ajcVg gdkZg ZmXjgh^dch 9VkZ HXdii VcY ?^b >gl^c Zm" eadgZY i]Z WZVji^[ja =VYaZn"6eZcc^cZ aVcY^c\ h^iZ Å V kVaaZn Vi i]Z WVhZ d[ i]Z bV^c g^b d[ i]Z ]j\Z >bWg^jb WVh^c i]Vi ^cXajYZY Wdi] bVgZ VcY ]^\]aVcY gdX`h# I]Z XgZl gZijgcZY i]Z Æ<ZcZh^h GdX`!Ç XdbedhZY Vabdhi Zci^gZan d[ V h^c\aZ b^cZgVa eaV\^dXaVhZ [ZaYheVg ! gZegZhZci^c\ i]Z bdhi VcX^Zci XgjhiVa gdX`h dc i]Z bddc# I]Zn Vahd [djcY hbVaa [gV\bZcih d[ Vc ZbZgVaY \gZZc \aVhh! [dgbZY l]Zc bV\bV [gdb i]Z YZZe bVciaZ Zmeadh^kZan ZgjeiZY i]gdj\] i]Z Xgjhi ^c V hegVn d[ aVkV# I]Zn hVbeaZY i]Z bVgZ WZYgdX` Vi i]Z ZY\Z d[ =VYaZn G^aaZ! V \^Vci XVcndc VcY VcX^Zci aVkV X]VccZa! [dgbZY dkZg (#( W^aa^dc nZVgh V\d# I]Z 6edaad &* b^hh^dc dWiV^cZY dkZg -% `^ad\gVbh d[ hVbeaZh VcY ^ih XdbbVcY bdYjaZ XVgg^ZY X]Zb^XVa hZchdgh VcY XVbZgVh i]Vi bVeeZY Vabdhi '% eZgXZci d[ i]Z bddcÉh hjg[VXZ [gdb dgW^i# 6edaad &+ lVh hZci id i]Z VcX^Zci XgViZg 9ZhXVgiZh! YZZe ^c i]Z ajcVg ]^\]aVcYh ^c 6eg^a &.,'# 6higdcVjih ?d]c Ndjc\ VcY 8]Vga^Z 9j`Z heZci i]gZZ YVnh Zmeadg^c\ i]Z h^iZ# I]Zn igVkZaZY dkZg &- b^aZh VcY XdaaZXiZY bdgZ i]Vc '%+ edjcYh d[ hVbeaZh# I]Zn YZeadnZY VcY deZgViZY i]Z Òghi Vhigdcdb^XVa iZaZhXdeZ dc i]Z bddc# I]Z ]^\]aVcYh gdX`h! Vabdhi Vaa WgZXX^Vh! ViiZhi id V adc\ VcY Xdbea^XViZY ]^hidgn d[ gZeZViZY ^b" eVXih [gdb heVXZ# 6cX^Zci XgjhiVa gdX`h! h^b^aVg id i]Z <ZcZh^h GdX` d[ 6edaad &*! lZgZ Vahd [djcY# DcZ ejooa^c\ dWhZgkVi^dc Wn i]Z XgZl lVh

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

123

Òghi egd[Zhh^dcVa \Zdad\^hi hZci id i]Z bddc heZci i]gZZ YVnh i]dgdj\]an Zmeadg^c\ i]Z IVjgjh"A^iigdl kVaaZn# I]Zn gZijgcZY dkZg ')' edjcYh d[ hVbeaZh VcY YZeadnZY V hZi d[ cZl hjg[VXZ ZmeZg^bZcih# I]Zn bVYZ hiVg" ia^c\ VcY h^\c^ÒXVci Y^hXdkZg^Zh# I]Z XgZl [djcY (#+"W^aa^dc"nZVg daY dgVc\Z kdaXVc^X Vh]# ;gdb i]Z bdjciV^ch! i]Zn gZijgcZY XgjhiVa gdX`h VcY XdbeaZm WgZXX^Vh XgZViZY Yjg^c\ i]Z ^beVXi i]Vi [dgbZY i]Z HZgZc^iVi^h WVh^c Vabdhi (#. W^aa^dc nZVgh V\d# AVkVh Vi i]^h h^iZ VgZ dkZg (#+ W^aa^dc nZVgh daY! YdXjbZci^c\ Vi aZVhi V ,%%"b^aa^dc"nZVg heVc d[ aVkV ÓddY^c\ dc i]Z bddc#

I]Z 6edaad b^hh^dch gZkdaji^dc^oZY eaVc" ZiVgn hX^ZcXZ# I]Z ZVgan hdaVg hnhiZb lVh dcZ d[ Xdaa^Y^c\ eaVcZih! bZaiZY hjg[VXZh VcY ZmeadY^c\ kdaXVcdZh Å V XdbeaZm VcY k^daZci \Zdad\^X b^mijgZ# I]Z XdcXZei d[ Vc ÆZVgan WdbWVgYbZciÇ (#. W^aa^dc nZVgh V\d ^h cdl l^YZan VXXZeiZY [dg Vaa i]Z eaVcZih! Wji i]Z VXijVa Zk^YZcXZ XdbZh [gdb hijYn d[ i]Z ajcVg hVbeaZh# I]Z XdchiVci gV^c d[ b^XgdbZiZdg^iZh \g^cYh VlVn Vaa V^gaZhh eaVcZiVgn hjg[VXZh! VaWZ^i i]^h hVcYWaVhiZg ^h ZmigZbZan hadl i]Z bddc ZgdYZh Vi V gViZ d[ gdj\]an & b^aa^bZiZg eZg b^aa^dc nZVgh# L]^aZ 6edaad Y^Y V bV\c^ÒXZci _dW

C6H6

i]Z bZVhjgZbZci d[ V kZgn higdc\ bV\cZi^X ÒZaY dc i]Z hjg[VXZ# :kZc i]dj\] i]Z bddc ]Vh cd \adWVa bV\cZi^X ÒZaY! hdbZ ajcVg hVb" eaZh ]VkZ gZbcVci bV\cZi^hb! hj\\Zhi^c\ i]Vi i]Zn XddaZY ^c i]Z egZhZcXZ d[ higdc\ ÒZaYh# 6ai]dj\] lZ hi^aa Yd cdi jcYZghiVcY ajcVg bV\" cZi^hb! l^i] i]Z Ó^\]i d[ AjcVg EgdheZXidg '+ nZVgh aViZg! i]Z 6edaad &+ gZhjai ldjaY WZXdbZ V a^iiaZ XaZVgZg# I]Z aVhi ]jbVc b^hh^dc id i]Z bddc id YViZ! 6edaad &,! lVh hZci id i]Z ZY\Z d[ BVgZ HZgZc^iVi^h HZV d[ HZgZc^in "" Vcdi]Zg Xdb" W^cVi^dc bVgZ$]^\]aVcY h^iZ "" ^c 9ZXZbWZg &.,'# <ZcZ 8ZgcVc VcY ?VX` HX]b^ii i]Z

C6H6

Gdk^c\ =VYaZn 9ZaiV 6WdkZ/ 6edaad &* VhigdcVji 9Vk^Y G# HXdii hijY^Zh V WdjaYZg dc i]Z hadeZ d[ =VYaZn 9ZaiV Yjg^c\ dcZ d[ i]gZZ adc\ ZmXjgh^dch jh^c\ i]Z ajcVg gdkZg ^c ?jan"6j\jhi &.,&# AjcVg egdheZXi^c\ 7Zadl/ HVbeaZh d[ hdbZ *% ajcVg bZiZdg^iZh `cdlc id ]VkZ higjX` :Vgi]#

124

NASA

EVja HejY^h! AjcVg VcY EaVcZiVgn >chi^ijiZ

;jaa bddc Ide/ Ided\gVe]^X bVe d[ i]Z bddcÉh cZVg VcY [Vg h^YZh dWiV^cZY Wn 8aZbZci^cZ ^c &..)# AjcVg egdheZXi^c\ 6WdkZ/ I]Z AjcVg EgdheZXidg b^hh^dc ^c &..- e^ced^ciZY XdcXZcigVi^dch d[ i]Z ZaZbZci i]dg^jb#

d[ djia^c^c\ ajcVg ]^hidgn! bdgZ hjgeg^hZh lZgZ lV^i^c\ id WZ jckZ^aZY#

THE ROBOTS RETURN: CLEMENTINE AND LUNAR PROSPECTOR >c i]Z &..%h! ild hbVaa gdWdi^X b^hh^dch lZgZ hZci id i]Z bddc# ;dg ,& YVnh ^c &..)! i]Z _d^ci C6H6"HigViZ\^X 9Z[ZchZ >c^i^V" i^kZ Dg\Vc^oVi^dc 8aZbZci^cZ b^hh^dc dg" W^iZY i]Z bddc! iZhi^c\ hZchdgh YZkZadeZY [dg heVXZ"WVhZY b^hh^aZ YZ[ZchZ! Vh lZaa Vh bVee^c\ i]Z Xdadg VcY h]VeZ d[ i]Z bddc# ;gdb 8aZbZci^cZ! lZ YdXjbZciZY i]Z Zcdgbdjh hdji] edaZ"6^i`Zc ^beVXi WVh^c!

V ]daZ ^c i]Z bddc &! +&+ b^aZh VXgdhh VcY dkZg - b^aZh YZZe# I]^h WVh^c ^h hd aVg\Z! ^i bVn ]VkZ ZmXVkViZY i]Z Zci^gZ Xgjhi Ydlc id i]Z bVciaZ# I]Z Xdadg YViV [gdb 8aZb" Zci^cZ! XdbW^cZY l^i] 6edaad hVbeaZ ^c[dg" bVi^dc! Vaadlh jh id bVe gZ\^dcVa Xdbed"

h^i^dch! XgZVi^c\ i]Z Òghi igjZ ÆgdX` bVeÇ d[ i]Z bddc# ;^cVaan! 8aZbZci^cZ \VkZ jh V iVciVa^o^c\ ]^ci i]Vi eZgbVcZcian YVg` VgZVh cZVg i]Z hdji] edaZ d[ i]Z bddc bVn XdciV^c [gdoZc lViZg YZedh^iZY dkZg b^a" a^dch d[ nZVgh Wn ^beVXi^c\ XdbZih# Hddc V[iZg 8aZbZci^cZ! i]Z AjcVg Egdh" eZXidg heVXZXgV[i bVeeZY i]Z bddcÉh hjg" [VXZ [gdb dgW^i Yjg^c\ ^ih b^hh^dc ^c &..- VcY &...# I]ZhZ YViV! XdbW^cZY l^i] i]dhZ [gdb 8aZbZci^cZ! \VkZ hX^Zci^hih \adWVa Xdbedh^i^dcVa bVeh h]dl^c\ i]Z Xdbea^" XViZY Xgjhi d[ i]Z bddc# AjcVg EgdheZXidg Vahd bVeeZY i]Z hjg[VXZ bV\cZi^X ÒZaYh [dg i]Z Òghi i^bZ# I]Z YViV h]dlZY i]Vi i]Z 6edaad &+ 9ZhXVgiZh ]^\]aVcYh ^h dcZ d[ i]Z higdc\Zhi bV\cZi^X VgZVh dc i]Z bddc! Zm" eaV^c^c\ i]Z hjg[VXZ bZVhjgZbZcih bVYZ Wn ?d]c Ndjc\ ^c &.,'# I]Z b^hh^dc Vahd [djcY Zc]VcXZY fjVci^i^Zh d[ ]nYgd\Zc Vi Wdi] edaZh! VYY^c\ id i]Z a^kZan XdcigdkZghn dkZg i]Z lZaXdbZ egdheZXi [dg ajcVg ^XZ#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

125

NASA and Old Dominion University Partners in a Spirit of Adventurous Intellect

The College of Sciences, the Frank Batten College of Engineering and Technology and the Virginia Modeling, Analysis and Simulation Center congratulate NASA on its 50th anniversary.

We are shaping the future through our partnerships in research and development, such as: • Astrobiological Exploration on Mars • Climate Change and Ocean Productivity • “Superboom” Mitigation through Computational Engineering • High-Performance Wireless Mesh Networks

VMASC demonstration at a national conference Above left: The 12-Tesla magnet for COSMIC’S mass spectrometer

• Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport on Virginia’s Eastern Shore

Left: E.V. Williams Engineering and Computational Sciences Building

• Aerodynamic Testing at the Full-Scale Wind Tunnel • Production of O2 from CO2 on Mars

w w w.odu.edu

C6H6

H]VX`aZidc XgViZg djiedhi 6WdkZ VcY g^\]i/ ;jijgZ ajcVg ZmeadgZgh l^aa a^`Zan Wj^aY Vc djiedhi dc i]Z g^b d[ H]VX`aZidc XgViZg cZVg i]Z bddcÉh hdji] edaZ#

THE MOON THROWS STONES AT US: LUNAR METEORITES >c &.-'! lZ bVYZ V hiVgia^c\ Y^hXdkZgn# 6 bZiZdg^iZ [djcY ^c 6ci" VgXi^XV! 6A=6 -&%%*! ^h [gdb i]Z bddc I]Z gdX` ^h V XdbeaZm gZ\d" a^i] WgZXX^V! h^b^aVg id i]dhZ gZijgcZY Wn i]Z 6edaad &+ b^hh^dc ^c &.,'# LZ ]VkZ h^cXZ [djcY dkZg *% bZiZdg^iZh i]Vi! Vh YZiZgb^cZY [gdb i]Z^g jc^fjZ X]Zb^XVa Xdbedh^i^dc! XdbZ [gdb i]Z bddc# I]ZhZ gdX`h lZgZ WaVhiZY d[[ i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ Wn ^beVXih! i]Zc XVeijgZY VcY hlZei je Wn :Vgi] Vh ^i bdkZh i]gdj\] heVXZ# I]Z ajcVg bZiZ" dg^iZh XdbZ [gdb gVcYdb eaVXZh Vaa dkZg i]Z bddc VcY i]Zn egdk^YZ YViV XdbeaZbZciVgn id i]Z 6edaad hVbeaZh VcY i]Z \adWVa bVeh d[ Xdbedh^i^dc dWiV^cZY Wn 8aZbZci^cZ VcY AjcVg EgdheZXidg#

THE FUTURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF LUNAR EXPLORATION Cdl lZ VgZ egZeVg^c\ [dg ]jbVc^inÉh gZijgc id i]Z bddc# DkZg i]Z cZmi XdjeaZ d[ nZVgh! Vi aZVhi [djg ^ciZgcVi^dcVa gdWdi^X b^hh^dch l^aa dgW^i i]Z bddc! bV`^c\ \adWVa bVeh d[ jchjgeVhhZY fjVa^in# LZ l^aa hd[i aVcY dc i]Z bddc! eVgi^XjaVgan i]Z bnhiZg^djh edaVg gZ\^dch! id bVe i]Z hjg[VXZ! ZmVb^cZ i]Z kdaVi^aZ YZedh^ih VcY X]VgVXiZg^oZ i]Z jcjhjVa Zck^gdcbZci i]ZgZ# Jai^bViZan! eZdeaZ l^aa gZijgc id i]Z bddc# I]Z \dVah d[ ajcVg gZijgc i]^h i^bZ VgZ cdi id egdkZ i]Vi lZ XVc Yd ^i Vh 6edaad Y^Y Wji id aZVgc ]dl id jhZ i]Z bddc id hjeedgi V cZl VcY \gdl^c\ heVXZ[Vg^c\ XVeVW^a^in# Dc i]Z bddc! lZ l^aa aZVgc i]Z h`^aah VcY YZkZade i]Z iZX]cdad\^Zh cZZYZY id a^kZ VcY ldg` dc Vcdi]Zg ldgaY# LZ l^aa jhZ i]^h `cdlaZY\Z VcY iZX]cdad\n id deZc i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb [dg ]jbVc ZmeadgVi^dc# I]Z hidgn d[ i]Z bddcÉh ]^hidgn VcY egdXZhhZh ^h ^ciZgZhi^c\ ^c ^ih dlc g^\]i! Wji ^i ]Vh Vahd hjWian h]^[iZY eZgheZXi^kZh dc djg dlc

dg^\^ch# DcZ d[ i]Z bdhi h^\c^ÒXVci Y^hXdkZg^Zh d[ i]Z &.-%h lVh i]Z \^Vci ^beVXi +* b^aa^dc nZVgh V\d ^c BZm^Xd i]Vi aZY id i]Z Zmi^cX" i^dc d[ i]Z Y^cdhVjgh! Vaadl^c\ i]Z hjWhZfjZci g^hZ d[ bVbbVah# I]^h Y^hXdkZgn bVYZ edhh^WaZ Wn gZXd\c^o^c\ VcY ^ciZgegZi^c\ i]Z iZaaiVaZ X]Zb^XVa VcY e]nh^XVa h^\ch d[ ]neZgkZadX^in ^beVXi XVbZ Y^gZXian [gdb i]Z hijYn d[ ^beVXi gdX`h VcY aVcY[dgbh hi^bjaViZY Wn 6edaad# HX^Zci^hih cdl i]^c` i]Vi ^beVXih VgZ gZhedch^WaZ [dg bVcn! ^[ cdi bdhi! Zmi^cXi^dc ZkZcih ^c i]Z ]^hidgn d[ a^[Z dc :Vgi]# I]Z bddc gZiV^ch i]^h gZXdgY VcY lZ l^aa gZVY ^i ^c YZiV^a jedc djg gZijgc# 7n \d^c\ id i]Z bddc! lZ Xdci^cjZ id dWiV^c cZl ^ch^\]ih ^cid ]dl i]Z jc^kZghZ ldg`h VcY djg dlc dg^\^ch# AjcVg ZmeadgVi^dc gZkdaji^dc" ^oZY jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z Xdaa^h^dc d[ hda^Y WdY^Zh# I]^h egdXZhh! egZk^" djhan i]dj\]i id WZ W^oVggZ VcY jcjhjVa! ^h cdl k^ZlZY Vh [jcYVbZciVa id eaVcZiVgn dg^\^c VcY Zkdaji^dc Ä Vc jcZmeZXiZY XdccZXi^dc# 7n gZijgc^c\ id i]Z bddc! lZ Vci^X^eViZ aZVgc^c\ ZkZc bdgZ VWdji djg eVhi! VcY ZfjVa" an ^bedgiVcian! dWiV^c^c\ V \a^behZ ^cid djg [jijgZ#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

127

C6H6Éh EaVcZi FjZhi

By Edward S. GOLDSTEIN

C6H6

EaVcZiVgn [Vb^an e]did 6 bdciV\Z d[ ^bV\Zh iV`Zc Wn C6H6 heVXZXgV[i d[ i]Z eaVcZih# ;gdb ide id Wdiidb/ BZgXjgn BVg^cZg &% !

KZcjh BV\ZaaVc ! :Vgi] <Va^aZd VcY bddc !

BVgh K^`^c\ ! VcY ?je^iZg! HVijgc! JgVcjh VcY CZeijcZ KdnV\Zg #

128

NASA

Think about how you first learned the names of the planets closest to Earth and the phrase, “My very educated mother just served us nine pizzas,” may come to mind. What you learned, though, may not be correct – because new discoveries are reshaping ideas about our solar system.

Id VeegZX^ViZ i]^h ed^ci! hdbZ bZciVa i^bZ igVkZa^c\ ^h ^c dgYZg# Æ>[ ndj a^kZY ^c i]Z &-*%h VcY ndj ejaaZY dji V a^WgVgn Wdd` dc i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb ^i idaY ndj VWdji '( eaVcZih! WZXVjhZ i]Zn lZgZ Òghi Y^hXdkZg^c\ dW_ZXih ^c i]Z VhiZgd^Y WZai i]Vi lZgZ ^c^i^Vaan aVWZaZY Vh eaVcZih!Ç cdiZY ?VbZh <gZZc! C6H6Éh EaVcZiVgn HX^ZcXZ egd\gVb Y^gZXidg# AViZg! VhigdcdbZgh gZXd\c^oZY i]Vi bVcn d[ i]ZhZ WdY^Zh lZgZ idd hbVaa id WZ XVaaZY eaVcZih! aZVk^c\ i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb l^i] _jhi i]Z c^cZ eaVcZih l^i] l]^X] lZ VgZ hd [Vb^a^Vg# 7ji cdl! hV^Y 6aVc HiZgc! C6H6Éh VhhdX^ViZ VYb^c^higVidg [dg HeVXZ HX^ZcXZ! ^[ ndj VYY i]Z eaVcZi"h^oZY aVg\Z VhiZgd^Yh VcY i]Z gZXZcian Y^hXdkZgZY eaVc" Zi"h^oZY @j^eZg 7Zai dW_ZXih! VcY egZY^XiZY cjbWZgh d[ eaVcZi"h^oZY dW_ZXih ^c i]Z hi^aa bdgZ Y^hiVci Ddgi 8adjY! i]Z cjbWZg d[ WdY^Zh XVaaZY eaVcZih bVn idiVa bdgZ a^`Z .%% i]Vc c^cZ# L]ViZkZg cjbWZg d[ dW_ZXih igjan fjVa^[n Vh eaVcZih! i]^h bjX] ^h XZgiV^c/ L]Vi ]jbVc^in `cdlh idYVn VWdji i]Z [VhX^cVi^c\ WdY^Zh ^c djg XdgcZg d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ ^h aVg\Zan YjZ id ^c\Zc^djh gdWdi^X Zmeadg" Zgh Ä dgW^iZgh! egdWZh VcY gdkZgh Ä VWan \j^YZY Wn C6H6 hX^Zci^hih VcY Zc\^cZZgh# C6H6Éh Yg^kZ id ZmeadgZ i]Z eaVcZih ]Vh aZY id bdbZcih d[ ]^\] YgVbV Ä gZXVaa i]Z Vcm^djh bdbZcih WZ[dgZ i]Z BVgh :meadgVi^dc GdkZg He^g^i hV[Zan WdjcXZY id V hjXXZhh[ja aVcY^c\ dc i]Z GZY EaVcZiÉh hjg[VXZ ^c ?VcjVgn '%%) Ä VcY d[ hjWa^bZ bdbZcih d[ VlZ ZkZgn i^bZ bnhiZg^djh! YncVb^X ldgaYh lZgZ hZZc je XadhZ [dg i]Z Òghi i^bZ# ÆDjg aZkZa d[ `cdlaZY\Z d[ i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb ^c &.*, lVh hd eg^b^i^kZ Wn idYVnÉh hiVcYVgYh i]Vi ^i ^h Vabdhi ^cXdbegZ]Zch^WaZ ]dl [Vg ^i ]Vh XdbZ!Ç hV^Y HiZgc# Æ>iÉh bdgZ i]Vc _jhi c^\]i VcY YVn# >i ^h Vh ^[ ndj \gZl je dc V YZhZgi ^haVcY VcY hdbZWdYn idd` ndj dc V ldgaY idjg#Ç 6YYZY HiZgc! ÆLZ Y^Y cdi `cdl! [dg ZmVbeaZ! l]Vi i]Z VeeZVgVcXZh d[ bdhi d[ i]Z eaVcZih VcY i]Z^g hViZaa^iZh lZgZ# LZ Y^YcÉi `cdl i]Vi ldgaYh ^c i]Z djiZg hdaVg hnhiZb ldjaY WZ Y^kZghZ# LZ Y^YcÉi gZVa^oZ i]Vi i]ZgZ VgZ cjbZgdjh dXZVch ^c i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb l^i] bdhi d[ i]Zb dc i]Z ^ch^YZ d[ eaVcZih# LZ Y^YcÉi `cdl i]Vi i]Z i]^gY odcZ d[ i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb! i]Z @j^eZg 7Zaih! Zm^hih# LZ Y^YcÉi `cdl l]Vi XdbZih lZgZ# LZ Y^YcÉi `cdl i]Vi g^c\ hnhiZbh VgZ jW^fj^idjh VcY i]Vi i]Zn XdbZ VcY \d l^i] i^bZ# LZ Y^Y cdi `cdl i]Vi KZcjh ^h V idm^X lVhiZaVcY! ,%% YZ\gZZh @Zak^c# LZ Y^YcÉi `cdl i]Z ^bedgiVcXZ d[ \^Vci ^beVXih# 6cY lZ Y^YcÉi jcYZg" hiVcY i]Vi bdhi d[ i]Z hdaVg hnhiZbÉh eaVcZih VgZ ^c [VXi YlVg[ eaVcZih Ä a^`Z Eajid# LZ WVh^XVaan Y^YcÉi `cdl Vcni]^c\#Ç Adj^h ;g^ZYbVc! ZmZXji^kZ Y^gZXidg d[ i]Z EaVcZiVgn HdX^Zin! V [dgbZg C6H6 ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn ?EA egd_ZXi bVcV\Zg! dW" hZgkZY! Æ>iÉh kZgn bjX] a^`Z ^i bjhi ]VkZ WZZc a^`Z id a^kZ ^c :jgdeZ ^c i]Z &+i] VcY &,i] XZcijg^Zh Vh eZdeaZ WZ\Vc id \Zi Vc jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z l]daZ :Vgi] VcY i]Z Y^[[ZgZci Zmdi^X Xdjcig^Zh i]Vi lZgZ WZndcY :jgdeZÉh WdgYZgh VgdjcY i]Z \adWZ# LZ kZgn bjX] VgZ ^c i]Z hVbZ hdgi d[ i^bZ eZg^dY ^c l]^X] djg h^bea^hi^X k^Zlh cdl d[ Vc :Vgi] i]Vi Zm^hiZY VadcZ ^c i]Z jc^kZghZ Vh i]Z dcan ldgaY i]Vi lZ `cZl d[! VcY i]Z dcan eaVXZ i]Vi XdjaY ]VkZ WZZc ^bV\^cZY Vh ]VW^iVWaZ! V heZX^Va a^iiaZ odcZ ]Vh XdbZ ^cid fjZhi^dc# Cdl lZ hZZ V hdaVg hnhiZb i]Vi ^h X]dX` [jaa d[ ldgaYh! l^i] V a^fj^Y dXZVc dc ?je^iZgÉh bddc :jgdeV! V ]nYgdXVgWdc Vibdhe]ZgZ hjggdjcY^c\ HVijgcÉh bddc I^iVc½Ç 6YYZY ;g^ZYbVc! ÆI]Z Y^hXdkZg^Zh d[ KZcjh VcY BVgh eVgi^XjaVgan! Wji di]Zg

eaVcZih Vh lZaa Ä ]VkZ egdk^YZY i]Z h^c\aZ W^\\Zhi WZcZÒi d[ i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb# I]Zn ]VkZ \^kZc jh V cZl jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ djg ]dbZ eaVcZi# LZ cZkZg ]ZVgY d[ V gjcVlVn \gZZc]djhZ PZ[[ZXiR WZ[dgZ lZ lZci id KZcjh# Cdl lZ `cdl ^i ^h dcZ d[ i]Z \gZViZhi i]gZVih id djg eaVcZi# LZ cZkZg `cZl d[ i]Z Z[[ZXi d[ Xa^bViZ X]Vc\Z [gdb hjX] i]^c\h Vh VZgdhdah VcY Yjhi eVgi^XaZh ^c i]Z Vibdhe]ZgZ jci^a lZ add`ZY Vi di]Zg eaVcZih# I]dhZ VgZ ^cXgZY^Wan ^bedgiVci egdWaZbh id jh cdl#Ç I]^h Wdjcin d[ `cdlaZY\Z lVh cdc"Zm^hiZci ÒkZ nZVgh ^cid i]Z HeVXZ 6\Z! l]Zc V CZlhlZZ` XdkZg hidgn DXi# -! &.+' [ZVijgZY i]Z `cdlc eaVcZih VcY i]Z^g dgW^ih VgdjcY i]Z hjc# 6i i]Vi i^bZ cdcZ d[ i]Zb ]VY nZi id WZ hZZc je XadhZ Wn gdWdi^X Zb^hhVg^Zh [gdb :Vgi]# I]Z C6H6 ?EA iZVb! aZY Wn CZl OZVaVcY"Wdgc ?EA Y^gZXidg L^aa^Vb E^X`Zg^c\! jcYZg dgYZgh h^cXZ &.*. [gdb C6H6 =ZVYfjVgiZgh id \^kZ eg^dg^in id ajcVg ^beVXiZgh Egd_ZXi GVc\Zg ! lVh VWdji id X]Vc\Z i]^h hiViZ d[ V[[V^gh# Dc 9ZX# &)! &.+'! i]Z BVg^cZg ' heVXZXgV[i ÓZl Wn KZcjh# ÆI]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh ]VY Vi aZVhi PaVhiR WZViZc i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc ^c hXdg^c\ V heZXiVXjaVg VcY ^begZhh^kZ Òghi ^c i]Z heVXZ gVXZ!Ç lgdiZ I]Z CZl Ndg` I^bZh# Id ]dcdg i]Z VX]^ZkZbZci! E^X`Zg" ^c\ lVh cVbZY <gVcY BVgh]Vaa d[ i]Z &.+( IdjgcVbZci d[ GdhZh eVgVYZ# =Z i]Zc hZi ]^h h^\]ih dc BVgh! l]^X] BVg^cZg ) ÓZl Wn dc ?jan &)! &.+)# E^X`Zg^c\Éh adc\"iZgb \dVa lVh id bdjci V b^hh^dc ^ckdak^c\ Vc Æ^ciZgeaVcZiVgn kZ]^XaZ! l]^X] XdjaY \^kZ Vc VchlZg id i]Z fjZhi^dc d[ a^[Z dc BVgh#Ç

“Our level of knowledge of the solar system in 1957 was so primitive by today’s standards that it is almost incomprehensible how far it has come.” – Alan Stern ;daadl^c\ i]ZhZ ZVgan ig^jbe]h C6H6 ]Vh aZY i]Z lVn ^c VYkVcX^c\ `cdlaZY\Z VWdji ZkZgn eaVcZi [gdb BZgXjgn gZXZcian ZmeadgZY Wn i]Z B:HH:C<:G heVXZXgV[i dc ?Vc# &)! '%%- id CZeijcZ VcY bjai^eaZ dW_ZXih ^c WZilZZc# Cdl l^i] i]Z CZl =dg^odch gdWdi^X heVXZXgV[i dc i]Z lVn id V '%&* XadhZ ÓnWn d[ Eajid VcY ^ih hnhiZb d[ bddch! lZ l^aa hddc aZVgc VWdji XdbeaZiZan cZl `^cYh d[ WdY^Zh ^c i]Z @j^eZg 7Zai# L]^aZ [Vg VlVn! i]Z @j^eZg 7Zai dW_ZXih bVn ]daY k^iVa XajZh id ]dl a^[Z Òghi [dgbZY dc :Vgi]! VcY i]ZgZ[dgZ bVn WZ dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi Zc" i^X^c\ iVg\Zih [dg [jijgZ ZmeadgVi^dc# ?VbZh <gZZc ed^ciZY dji i]Vi hdbZ hX^Zci^hih WZa^ZkZ VcY hdbZ XdbejiZg bdYZah hj\\Zhi i]Vi ^c :Vgi]Éh ^c[VcXn! djg ]dbZ eaVcZi lVh WdbWVgYZY Wn bViZg^Va [gdb i]Z @j^eZg 7Zai! XdbedhZY d[ [gdoZc kdaVi^aZh hjX] Vh bZi]VcZ! Vbbdc^V VcY lViZg! l]^X] bVn ]VkZ ÆgV^cZY ^c djg jeeZg Vibdhe]ZgZ! Wg^c\" ^c\ V h^\c^ÒXVci Vbdjci d[ lViZg ½ bVnWZ Zcdj\] id edejaViZ i]Z dXZVch# I]ZhZ dW_ZXih bVn ]VkZ WZZc [jcYVbZciVa id Wg^c\^c\ lViZg id :Vgi] Vi V hiV\Z l]ZgZ a^[Z XdjaY ZkdakZ#Ç L]^aZ i]^h ^hhjZ ^h hi^aa V hjW_ZXi d[ YZWViZ ^c i]Z hX^Zci^ÒX Xdbbjc^in! hdbZ hX^Zci^hih WZa^ZkZ i]Vi Y^hXdkZg^c\ i]Z daYZhi ^XZh ^c djg hdaVg hnhiZb bVn WZ i]Z `Zn id jcYZghiVcY^c\ i]Z W^gi] d[ djg dlc dXZVch! l]ZgZ a^[Z Vh lZ `cdl ^i bVn ]VkZ WZZc ^c^i^ViZY cZVgan ) W^aa^dc nZVgh V\d#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

129

C<7D3@A7BG =4 13<B@/: 4:=@72/ Â&#x2019; =@:/<2= Â&#x2019; 1=::353 =4 3<57<33@7<5 1=;>CB3@ A173<13

Reaching for the stars.

And grabbing them.

C14 1]ZZSUS ]T 3\UW\SS`W\U O\R 1][^cbS` AQWS\QS V]\]`a OZc[\W 0WZZ >O`a]\a RW`SQb]` ]T </A/ 9S\\SRg A^OQS 1S\bS` O\R :SaO @]S RW`SQb]` ]T </A/ :O\UZSg @SaSO`QV 1S\bS` AW\QS '$& C14 O\R </A/ VOdS PSS\ ORdO\QW\U SfQSZZS\QS W\ SRcQObW]\ O\R `SaSO`QV O\R T]c\RSR bVS 4Z]`WRO A^OQS 7\abWbcbS b] VSZ^ Tcbc`S OS`]a^OQS ZSORS`a `SOQV T]` bVS abO`a

eee QSQa cQT SRc

C14

AbO\Ra 4]` =^^]`bc\Wbg C14 B6/<9A 7BA /3@=A>/13 >/@B<3@A :=196332 ;/@B7< 0=37<5 6/@@7A @/GB63=< A73;3<A /<2 <=@B6@=> 5@C;;/<

</A/ RWR \]b aSZSQb ]` O^^`]dS bVWa ORdS`bWaS` O\R R]Sa \]b S\R]`aS O\R Wa \]b `Sa^]\aWPZS T]` bVS dWSea ]` abObS[S\ba Q]\bOW\SR W\ bVWa ORdS`bWaS[S\b

C6H6

6h V gZhjai d[ je XadhZ eaVcZiVgn ZmeadgVi^dc! VcY Wj^aY^c\ dc i]Z ldg` d[ :Vgi]"WVhZY VcY dgW^i^c\ iZaZhXdeZh! lZ cdl `cdl i]Vi KZcjh!

BVgh! ?je^iZg! HVijgc! JgVcjh VcY CZeijcZ ]VkZ h^\c^ÒXVci VcY YncVb" ^X Vibdhe]ZgZh# LZ ]VkZ [djcY Zk^YZcXZ d[ i]Z Zm^hiZcXZ d[ V Æ[gdoZc ^c hidcZÇ dg Æ[dhh^aÇ g^kZg YZaiV '* YZ\gZZh hdji] d[ i]Z BVgi^Vc ZfjVidg YVi^c\ [gdb V i^bZ l]Zc a^fj^Y lViZg eZgh^hiZY dc i]Z BVgi^Vc hjg[VXZ! Vh lZaa Vh Zk^YZcXZ [dg h]Vaadl hVain hZVh VcY aV`Zh ^c i]Z GZY EaVcZiÉh ]^hidgn# C6H6 heVXZXgV[i ]VkZ XVeijgZY hijcc^c\ e^XijgZh d[ kdaXVc^X Zgjei^dch dc ?je^iZgÉh bddc >d! V \ZnhZg heZl^c\ lViZg ^XZ [gdb i]Z hdji] edaZ d[ HVijgcÉh bddc :cXZaVYjh! VcY XgndkdaXVc^X \ZnhZgh dc CZeijcZÉh bddc Ig^idc# 6ahd egdk^c\ id WZ ^ck^i^c\ iVg\Zih [dg [jijgZ b^hh^dch id hZVgX] [dg Zk^YZcXZ d[ W^dad\n WZndcY :Vgi] VgZ ?je^iZgÉh bddc :jgdeV! l^i] V hbddi]! Wg^\]i! h]^cn hjg[VXZ i]Vi b^\]i lZaa WZ V lViZg ^XZ b^mijgZ XdkZg^c\ V ediZci^Vaan a^fj^Y dXZVc! VcY HVijgcÉh bddc I^iVc! l]^X] bVn ]VkZ ]nYgdXVgWdc hZVh dg aV`Zh! h^b^aVg id i]dhZ i]Vi bVn ]VkZ Zm^hiZY dc i]Z ZVgan :Vgi]# ÆI]ZgZ ^h V gZkdaji^dc \d^c\ dc ^c eaVcZiVgn hX^ZcXZ i]Vi ^h V^YZY igZbZcYdjhan Wn C6H6Éh b^hh^dch VcY Y^hXdkZg^Zh!Ç hV^Y <gZZc# ÆLZÉgZ [daadl^c\ je dc i]ZhZ Y^hXdkZg^Zh VcY lZÉgZ bV`^c\ \gVi^[n^c\ egd\gZhh#Ç

REACHING OUT TO VENUS AND MARS HdaVg hnhiZb ZmeadgVi^dc Y^Y cdi iV`Z eaVXZ Wn bV\^X# >i gZfj^gZY k^h^dcVgn aZVYZgh]^e! higdc\"l^aaZY bVcV\ZbZci! VcY eZghZkZg^c\ ZmZXji^dc# I]Z jhZ d[ V heVXZXgV[i id ZmeadgZ V eaVcZi VXijVaan egZ" YViZY C6H6# I]Z Òghi 6bZg^XVc hViZaa^iZ! :meadgZg & ?Vc# (&! &.*- XdciV^cZY ?VbZh KVc 6aaZcÉh b^XgdbZiZdg^iZ YZiZXidg VcY Xdhb^X gVn ZmeZg^bZci l]^X] Y^hXdkZgZY i]Z gZ\^dc d[ X]Vg\ZY eVgi^XaZ gVY^V" i^dc igVeeZY Wn :Vgi]Éh bV\cZi^X ÒZaY# L^i] i]Z ]Zae d[ KVc 6aaZc l]d Xdch^hiZcian VYkdXViZY i]Vi C6H6 eaVXZ \gZViZg Zbe]Vh^h dc gdWdi^X ZmeadgVi^dc ^chiZVY d[ bV`^c\ ]j" bVc heVXZ Ó^\]i ^ih ide eg^dg^in VcY di]Zg hX^Zci^hih! i]Z [djcYVi^dc [dg jh^c\ heVXZXgV[i"WdgcZ ^chigjbZcih id ZmeadgZ di]Zg eaVcZih lVh aV^Y ^c i]Z &.+%h# >c VYY^i^dc id ?EA! C6H6Éh <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg! 6bZh VcY AVc\aZn GZhZVgX] 8ZciZgh ]VkZ Wj^ai VcY bVcV\ZY hde]^hi^XViZY eaVcZiVgn b^hh^dch# DkZg i]Z nZVgh! C6H6Éh eaVcZiVgn iZVbh ]VkZ YZkZadeZY ^c\Zc^djh bZi]dYh id jhZ i]Z \gVk^iVi^dcVa ^c" ÓjZcXZ d[ eaVcZih id ha^c\h]di heVXZXgV[i id bdgZ Y^hiVci iVg\Zih! VcY id dWiV^c gZVbh d[ YViV VXgdhh b^aa^dch d[ b^aZh dcXZ i]dhZ iVg\Zih VgZ gZVX]ZY! d[iZc l^i]^c hZXdcYh d[ i]Z^g egZY^XiZY Vgg^kVa i^bZ# KZcjh lVh i]Z eg^oZ ^c i]Z Òghi ^ciZgeaVcZiVgn gVXZ WZilZZc i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh VcY i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc# Djih^YZ d[ i]Z egZhi^\Z ^bea^XVi^dch d[ \Zi" i^c\ i]ZgZ Òghi! hX^Zci^hih ^c Wdi] Xdjcig^Zh hVl i]Z ViigVXi^dc d[ hijYn^c\ V eaVcZi h]gdjYZY ^c V bnhiZg^djh XadV` d[ XadjYh eZgbVcZcian ]^Y^c\ i]Z hjg[VXZ [gdb k^Zl# Dc 9ZX# &)! &.+'! i]Z BVg^cZg ' heVXZXgV[i h`^giZY Wn i]Z eaVcZi Vi V Y^hiVcXZ d[ '&!+)& b^aZh# >i egdWZY i]Z XadjYh! Zhi^bViZY eaVcZiVgn iZbeZgVijgZh! bZVhjgZY i]Z X]Vg\ZY eVgi^XaZ Zck^gdcbZci! VcY add`ZY [dg V bV\cZi^X ÒZaY h^b^aVg id :Vgi]Éh bV\cZidhe]ZgZ Wji [djcY cdcZ # >c &.+,! BVg^cZg * WZ\Vc ^ckZhi^\Vi^c\ KZcjhÉ bVhh^kZ Vi" bdhe]ZgZ# I]Z Ó^\]i YZbdchigViZY i]Vi KZcjh lVh V kZgn ^c]dhe^iVWaZ eaVXZ [dg a^[Z id Zm^hi! YZiZgb^c^c\ i]Vi i]Z Zci^gZ eaVcZiÉh hjg[VXZ lVh V [V^gan jc^[dgb -%% YZ\gZZh ;V]gZc]Z^i! i]jh ZcY^c\ i]Z egdWVW^a^in i]Vi a^[Z Ä Vi aZVhi Vh ]jbVch jcYZghiddY ^i Ä Zm^hiZY dc KZcjh# 9jg^c\ i]^h ]ZVYn i^bZ V ndjc\ VhigdcdbZg cVbZY 8Vga HV\Vc XdggZXian heZXjaViZY i]Vi KZcjhÉ ]^\] iZbeZgVijgZh XdjaY WZ ZmeaV^cZY Wn ^ih i]^X` XVgWdc Y^dm^YZ"ÒaaZY Vibdhe]ZgZ XVjh^c\ V gjcVlVn Æ\gZZc]djhZ Z[[ZXi#Ç

H^hiZg eaVcZi KZcjh! WaVc`ZiZY Wn V i]^X` kZ^a d[ XadjYh bVYZ je d[ hja[jg^X VX^Y VcY lViZg kVedg! ^bV\ZY Wn BVg^cZg &% ^c &.,)#

;dg V\Zh i]Z dW_ZXi d[ hX^Zci^ÒX ^cfj^gn VcY a^iZgVgn heZXjaVi^dc Z#\# =#<# LZaahÉ LVg d[ i]Z LdgaYh ! BVgh lVh i]Z cZmi iVg\Zi [dg C6H6Éh ViiZci^dc# >c ?jan &.+* BVg^cZg ) ÓZl Wn BVgh! iV`^c\ '& XadhZ"je e^XijgZh l^i] ^ih VYkVcXZY Y^\^iVa k^h^dc XVbZgV hnhiZb! gZkZVa^c\ V BVgh ^c i]Z hdji]Zgc ]^\]aVcYh i]Vi lVh ajcVg"a^`Z! gVi]Zg i]Vc i]Z :Vgi]"a^`Z ldgaY i]Vi ]VY WZZc ^bV\^cZY WZXVjhZ d[ :Vgi]"WVhZY iZaZhXde^X dWhZgkVi^dch# BVg^cZgh + VcY ,! aVjcX]ZY ^c ;ZWgjVgn VcY BVgX] &.+.! ZVX] eVhhZY BVgh ^c 6j\jhi &.+.! hijYn" ^c\ ^ih Vibdhe]ZgZ VcY hjg[VXZ id aVn i]Z \gdjcYldg` [dg Vc ZkZcijVa aVcY^c\ dc i]Z eaVcZi# I]Z^g e^XijgZh [jgi]Zg kZg^ÒZY i]Z bddc"a^`Z VeeZVgVcXZ d[ BVgh VcY \VkZ cd ]^ci i]Vi i]Z BVgi^Vc aVcYhXVeZ lVh ]dhe^iVWaZ id a^[Z# BVg^cZgh + VcY , Vahd h]dlZY i]ZgZ lZgZ a^cZVg [ZVijgZh dc ^ih hjg[VXZ gZhZbWa^c\ iZXidc^X XgVX`h! Wji cd XVcVah! Vh ]VY WZZc i]Z hjW_ZXi d[ egZk^djh heZXjaVi^dc# BVg^cZg .! C6H6Éh Òghi eaVcZiVgn dgW^i^c\ b^hh^dc! hiVgiZY X^g" Xa^c\ i]Z GZY EaVcZi ^c i]Z BVgi^Vc hjbbZg d[ &.,& dcan id ÒcY V gVe^Yan hegZVY^c\ V cZVg \adWVa Yjhi hidgb l]^X] ZkZcijVaan dW" hXjgZY i]Z Zci^gZ eaVcZiÉh hjg[VXZ# BVg^cZg .Éh Òghi e^XijgZh h]dlZY V [ZVijgZaZhh Y^h`! bVggZY dcan Wn V \gdje d[ WaVX` hedih ^c V gZ\^dc `cdlc Vh C^m Danbe^V Hcdlh d[ Danbejh # 6[iZg i]Z Yjhi hidgb ÒcVaan hjWh^YZY bdci]h aViZg! i]Z [djg hedih ZbZg\ZY dji d[ i]Z Yjhi ÆkZ^aÇ id WZXdbZ i]Z ided\gVe]^X ZmegZhh^dc d[ \^Vci Zmi^cXi kdaXV" cdZh YlVgÒc\ Vcni]^c\ `cdlc dc i]Z :Vgi]# Danbejh Bdch! i]Z aVg\Zhi d[ i]Z [djg! lVh )%% b^aZh VXgdhh Vi i]Z WVhZ l^i] V hjbb^i XgViZg )* b^aZh l^YZ! h^b^aVg id hbVaaZg ÆXVaYZgVhÇ dc aVg\Z iZggZh" ig^Va kdaXVcdZh hjX] Vh =VlV^^Éh BVjcV AdV# G^h^c\ '% b^aZh [gdb i]Z hjggdjcY^c\ eaV^ch! Danbejh Bdch lVh [djcY id WZ i]gZZ i^bZh i]Z ]Z^\]i d[ Bdjci :kZgZhi# AViZg e^XijgZh [gdb BVg^cZg .Éh Y^\^iVa XVbZgV h]dlZY V XVcndc! KVaaZh BVg^cZg^h! '!*%% b^aZh adc\ VcY Ve" egdm^bViZan (#* b^aZh YZZe dc VkZgV\Z # 6h i]Z Yjhi [jgi]Zg hZiiaZY! bZVcYZg^c\ Æg^kZgÇ X]VccZah lZgZ hediiZY ^cY^XVi^c\ i]Vi! Vi hdbZ Y^hiVci i^bZ! Ój^Y ]VY ÓdlZY dc BVghÉ hjg[VXZ# BVg^cZg . [jgi]Zg [djcY Zk^YZcXZ d[ l^cY VcY lViZg Zgdh^dc VcY YZedh^i^dc! lZVi]Zg [gdcih! VcY [d\h# HjYYZcan! BVgh lVh dcXZ V\V^c Vc dW_ZXi d[ [VhX^cV" i^dc# BVg^cZg . Vahd YdXjbZciZY i]Z hZVhdcVa XVgWdc Y^dm^YZ Æ[gdhiÇ i]Vi [dgbh ^c i]Z BVgi^Vc ]^\]"aVi^ijYZh! VcY bVcn di]Zg Zc^\bVi^X [ZVijgZh! egdk^Y^c\ higdc\ ^beZijh [dg [jijgZ gdWdi^X aVcY^c\h#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

131

JcYZg hVabdc h`^Zh I]Z K^`^c\ ' heVXZXgV[iÉh k^Zl ^c &.,+ d[ i]Z WdjaYZg"higZlc ÒZaY d[ gZY gdX`h dc BVghÉ Jide^Vc EaV^c#

>c 6bZg^XVÉh W^XZciZcc^Va nZVg! C6H6Éh Òghi BVgh aVcYZgh! K^`^c\ > VcY >>! egdk^YZY ^bedgiVci hX^Zci^ÒX YViV VWdji BVghÉ hjg[VXZ VcY Vibd" he]Zg^X Xdbedh^i^dc# H^\c^ÒXVcian! i]Z K^`^c\ aVcYZgh XdcYjXiZY W^dad\^" XVa ZmeZg^bZcih! YZh^\cZY Wn iZVbh aZY Wn egd_ZXi hX^Zci^hi <ZgVaY Hd[" [Zc! id YZiZXi ZmiVci dg YdgbVci a^[Z ^c i]Z BVgi^Vc hd^a ^[ ^i Zm^hiZY# L]^aZ dcZ ZmeZg^bZci egdYjXZY gZhjaih i]Vi id V [Zl hj\\ZhiZY i]Z YZiZXi^dc d[ a^[Z"gZaViZY X]Zb^XVa bZiVWda^X egdXZhhZh! Vaa di]Zg a^[Z"gZaViZY ZmeZg^" bZcih [V^aZY id gZkZVa Vcn Zk^YZcXZ d[ :Vgi]"a^`Z a^[Z! ^cXajY^c\ dg\Vc^X bdaZXjaZh ^c i]Z hd^a# 8dchZfjZcian! bdhi hX^Zci^hih WZXVbZ Xdck^cXZY i]Vi i]Z ^ciZgZhi^c\ gZhjaih lZgZ a^`Zan XVjhZY Wn cdcW^dad\^XVa X]Zb^" XVa gZVXi^dch gZhjai^c\ [gdb ]^\]an dm^Y^o^c\ hd^a XdcY^i^dch i]Vi lZgZ Y^hXdkZgZY VcY jcVci^X^eViZY # DcZ d[ i]Z \gZVi eg^oZh [gdb K^`^c\ lVh V hijcc^c\ e]did\gVe] d[ i]Z hjc hZii^c\ i]gdj\] i]Z eaVcZiÉh hVabdc XdadgZY Vibdhe]ZgZ# L]^aZ i]Z K^`^c\ aVcYZgh gZkdaji^dc^oZY djg jc" YZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z bVgi^Vc cZVg"hjg[VXZ VcY ^ih ]VoVgYh! i]Z il^c K^`^c\ dgW^iZgh egdYjXZY i]Z Òghi \adWVa! gZbdiZ"hZch^c\ YViVhZih [dg i]Z GZY EaVcZi! ^cXajY^c\ V heZXiVXjaVg Y^\^iVa ^bV\Z bdhV^X i]Vi `Zei i]Z BVgh hX^ZcXZ Xdbbjc^in bdk^c\ [dglVgY [dg '% nZVgh# 6ai]dj\] hjXXZhh ^h `cdlc id ]VkZ V i]djhVcY [Vi]Zgh! V [Zl ^cY^" k^YjVah hiVcY dji ^c i]Z K^`^c\ hV\V! VcY di]Zg ig^jbe]h ^c C6H6Éh

132

NASA

eaVcZiVgn ZmeadgVi^dc Yjg^c\ i]^h eZg^dY# CdZa =^ccZgh! hZgk^c\ Vh VhhdX^ViZ VYb^c^higVidg [dg i]Z V\ZcXnÉh D[ÒXZ d[ HeVXZ HX^ZcXZ VcY 6eea^XVi^dch [gdb &.,) id &.,.! VcY [gdb &.-' id &.-, Vh Y^gZXidg d[ i]Z <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg! ^h XgZY^iZY Wn XjggZci <dYYVgY X]^Z[ hX^Zci^hi ?VbZh <Vgk^c l^i] Vaadl^c\ i]Z V\ZcXn id ÆaZkZgV\Z i]Z XVeV" W^a^i^Zh d[ 6edaad id ZcVWaZ V ]ZnYVn d[ gdWdi^X eaVcZiVgn ZmeadgVi^dc# ½ =^ccZgh ^cÓjZcXZY V \ZcZgVi^dc d[ eaVcZiVgn ZmeadgVi^dc b^hh^dch [gdb K^`^c\ id BV\ZaaVc VcY dc id i]Z Òghi ZkZg hVbeaZ gZijgc b^h" h^dc [gdb i]Z hdaVg l^cY P<ZcZh^hR VcY V XdbZi PHiVgYjhiR#Ç I]dbVh 6# BjiX] lVh i]Z aZVYZg d[ i]Z K^`^c\ ^bV\^c\ iZVb! l]dhZ adkZ d[ VYkZcijgZ aZY id ]^h jci^bZan YZVi] ^c V =^bVaVnVc bdjciV^c Xa^bW^c\ VXX^YZci ^c &.-%# >c ]^h ]dcdg C6H6 gZcVbZY i]Z K^`^c\ & AVcYZg ^c 8]gnhZ EaVc^i^V i]Z I]dbVh BjiX] BZbdg^Va HiVi^dc# I]Z K^`^c\ ' AVcYZg lVh Vahd gZcVbZY! V[iZg i]Z aViZ <ZgVaY Hd[[Zc# 6cdi]Zg BVgh ZmeadgVi^dc ]Zgd ^h hi^aa"VXi^kZ B^X]VZa BVa^c! eaVcZiVgn ZmeadgVi^dcÉh dcan BVX6gi]jg ;Zaadl! l]dhZ WdaY Y^hXdkZg^Zh VWdji BVgi^Vc aVcY" hXVeZh WZ\^cc^c\ ^c i]Z &.,%h gZkdaji^dc^oZY i]^c`^c\ VWdji i]Z GZY EaVcZi! Xjab^cVi^c\ ^c ]^h ]nedi]Zh^h i]Vi a^fj^Y lViZg ]Vh WZZc Ódl" ^c\ Vi i]Z BVgi^Vc hjg[VXZ ^c i]Z bdYZgc ZgV [gdb nZVghÉ ldgi] d[ dgW^i^c\ XVbZgV dWhZgkVi^dch#

F

ifty years of unveiling the past and pioneering the future, thank you NASA for inspiring us all.

TELESCOPES • SKYSCOUT • SPOTTING SCOPES • BINOCULARS • MICROSCOPES ™

www.celestron.com NASA did not select or approve this advertiser and does not endorse and is not responsible for the views or statements contained in this advertisement.

C6H6

8adhZ ZcXdjciZg l^i] >d 9jg^c\ ^ih XadhZhi VeegdVX] -&!%%% b^aZh id ?je^iZgÉh bddc >d dc ?jan (! &...! i]Z <Va^aZd heVXZXgV[i VXfj^gZY i]^h ]^\] gZhdaji^dc ^bV\Z#

134

NASA

C6H6 =ZVYfjVgiZgh " <GZViZhi >bV\Zh d[ C6H6 C6H6"=F"<G>C

C6H6

THE VOYAGERS AND THE GRAND TOURS I]Z [Vgi]Zhi igVkZa^c\ bVc"bVYZ dW_ZXih [gdb :Vgi] VgZ i]Z Kdn" V\Zg & VcY ' heVXZXgV[i! aVjcX]ZY ^c &.,, id iV`Z VYkVciV\Z d[ V gVgZ Va^\cbZci ^c i]Z dgW^ih d[ ?je^iZg! HVijgc! JgVcjh VcY CZeijcZ# I]^h Va^\cbZci VaadlZY Wdi] heVXZXgV[i id jhZ i]Z \gVk^in d[ ZVX] d[ i]Z [djg eaVcZih id Wddhi i]ZbhZakZh dc idlVgY i]Z cZmi eaVcZi id Vaadl ÓnWn gZXdccV^hhVcXZ d[ i]Z \Vh \^Vcih VcY i]Z^g Zc^\bVi^X ^Xn bddch# ;daadl" ^c\ i]Z &.,' i]gdj\] &.,) ^c^i^Va gZXdccV^hhVcXZ d[ ?je^iZg Wn E^dcZZgh &% VcY &&! i]Z KdnV\ZghÉ <gVcY Idjg XdaaZXiZY V lZVai] d[ ^c[dgbVi^dc VWdji Vaa i]Z \^Vci eaVcZih! Y^hXdkZg^c\ bddch! g^c\h ^cXajY^c\ V g^c\ VgdjcY ?je^iZg ! Vibdhe]Zg^X Xdbedh^i^dch VcY bV\cZi^X ÒZaYh# Æ> ]VY cd ^YZV i]ZgZ ldjaY WZ hd bjX] Y^hXdkZgn dc i]^h b^hh^dc!Ç hV^Y KdnV\" Zg egd_ZXi hX^Zci^hi VcY aViZg ?EA 9^gZXidg :YlVgY 8# HidcZ# ÆLZ `cZl i]ZgZ lVh \d^c\ id WZ V adi d[ Y^hXdkZgn! Wji l]Vi lZ aZVgcZY lVh i]Vi cVijgZ ^h bjX] bdgZ egda^ÒX i]Vc djg ^bV\^cVi^dc# L]Vi lZ Y^hXdkZgZY ^h V gZbVg`VWaZ Y^kZgh^in d[ dW_ZXih ^c i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb#Ç Cdl ]ZVY^c\ idlVgY ^ciZghiZaaVg heVXZ! KdnV\Zg & Vh d[ ?Vc# (%! '%%-! VWdji .#- W^aa^dc b^aZh [gdb i]Z hjc! ^h cdl ^c i]Z ]Za^dh]ZVi]! i]Z ÒcVa WdjcYVgn d[ i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb# KdnV\Zg & ^h ZmeZXiZY id Xgdhh ^cid ^ciZghiZaaVg heVXZ hdbZ i^bZ VgdjcY '%&)# I]Z KdnV\Zgh Xdci^cjZ id egdk^YZ YViV! gjcc^c\ dc gVY^VXi^kZ \ZcZgVidgh i]Vi egdYjXZ aZhh i]Vc (%% lViih d[ edlZg! i]Z Vbdjci cZZYZY id a^\]i je V Wg^\]i a^\]i WjaW# 7di] heVXZXgV[i XVggn \daYZc Y^hXh eg^b^i^kZ 9K9h XgZViZY Wn V iZVb ]ZVYZY Wn 8Vga HV\Vc# I]Zn XdciV^c hdjcYh VcY ^bV\Zh edg" igVn^c\ i]Z Y^kZgh^in d[ a^[Z VcY XjaijgZ dc :Vgi]# EZg]Veh )%!%%% nZVgh [gdb cdl! l]Zc i]Z KdnV\Zg heVXZXgV[i XdbZ l^i]^c i]Z k^X^c^in d[ cZVgWn hiVgh! i]ZhZ gZXdgYh l^aa WZ Y^hXdkZgZY VcY eaVnZY Wn ^ciZaa^" \Zci Va^Zc WZ^c\h! ^[ hjX] Zm^hi# 9jg^c\ i]Z ]ZnYVn d[ i]Z KdnV\Zgh! dc i]Z iZaZk^h^dc egd\gVb HVijgYVn C^\]i A^kZ! XdbZY^Vc HiZkZ BVgi^c WgZVi]aZhhan VccdjcXZY i]Vi ZmigViZggZhig^Vah ]VY gZXdkZgZY dcZ gZ" XdgY VcY hZci WVX` i]Z bZhhV\Z! ÆHZcY bdgZ 8]jX` 7Zggn#Ç

THE DAWN OF A NEW AGE IN SPACE SCIENCE >c i]Z aViZ &.-%h V cZl ZgV d[ eaVcZiVgn ZmeadgVi^dc WZ\Vc! aZVY^c\ id cZl Y^hXdkZg^Zh VcY egdbei^c\ cZl hX^Zci^ÒX YZWViZh# I]Z BV\Za" aVc b^hh^dc id KZcjh egdk^YZY h^\c^ÒXVci hX^Zci^ÒX YViV VcY gV^hZY cZl fjZhi^dch VWdji djg h^hiZg ldgaY# 6XXdgY^c\ id ?VbZh <Vgk^c! X]^Z[ hX^" Zci^hi Vi <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg! BV\ZaaVcÉh ÒcY^c\h Æd[ YgVbVi^X kdaXVc^X aVcYhXVeZh VhhdX^ViZY l^i] kdaXVcdZh Vh lZaa Vh Zmdi^X [ZVijgZh gZaViZY id KZcjh^Vc ÈXdci^cZcih!É l^i] i]Z^g dlc jc^fjZ YZ[dgbVi^dc ]^hidg^Zh ½ ViiZhi id V bjX] bdgZ \Zdad\^XVaan VXi^kZ eaVcZi i]Vc ZkZg i]dj\]i WZ[dgZ! eZg]Veh YjZ id bVhh^kZ Vbdjcih d[ kdaXVc^hb! V ediZc" i^Va dc\d^c\ hdjgXZ d[ ZcZg\n VcY ZkZc lViZg Vh kVedg idYVn # BV\Za" aVcÉh Y^hXdkZg^Zh ]VkZ YgVlc jh Vaa id i]Z jg\Z id k^h^i KZcjhÉ hjg[VXZ id aZVgc VWdji ^ih X]Zb^XVa ]^hidgn VcY l]Zi]Zg Vcn h^\cVijgZ d[ i]Z ]^hidgn d[ lViZg Vh VcX^Zci dXZVch XVc WZ Y^hXdkZgZY#Ç I]Z <Va^aZd b^hh^dc! aVjcX]ZY ^c &.-. lVh i]Z Òghi heVXZXgV[i id dgW^i ?je^iZg# Eg^dg id gZVX]^c\ ^ih YZhi^cVi^dc ^c &..*! <Va^aZd ]VY WZ" XdbZ V hdjgXZ d[ \gZVi XdcXZgc id Wdi] C6H6 VcY ejWa^X d[ÒX^Vah WZ" XVjhZ cdi Vaa d[ ^ih hnhiZbh lZgZ ldg`^c\ egdeZgan ^#Z#! ^ih aVg\Z ]^\]" \V^c iZaZXdbbjc^XVi^dch VciZccV [V^aZY id jc[jga Vh ^ciZcYZY ! Wji dcXZ ^i Vgg^kZY Vi ?je^iZg VcY XVgg^ZY dc ^ih b^hh^dc i]gdj\] '%%(! ^i gZijgcZY h^\c^ÒXVci hX^Zci^ÒX YViV! ^cXajY^c\ Zk^YZcXZ d[ hjW"XgjhiVa dXZVch dc :jgdeV! ?je^iZgÉh aVg\Z ^XZ"gdX` bddc# 6bdc\ <Va^aZdÉh

6 bdci] VlVn I]^gin"h^m YVnh VcY &'#) b^aa^dc b^aZh [gdb gZVX]^c\ HVijgc! i]Z 8Vhh^c^ heVXZXgV[i gZijgcZY i]^h ^bV\Z d[ i]Z eaVcZi VcY ^ih g^c\h dc BVn &+! '%%)#

di]Zg hjXXZhhZh lVh XVeijg^c\ ^bV\Zgn d[ XdbZi H]dZbV`Zg"AZkn .Éh Xdaa^h^dc l^i] ?je^iZg ^c &..)! Y^hXdkZg^c\ V ijgWjaZci ?dk^Vc Vi" bdhe]ZgZ! XdbeaZiZ l^i] a^\]ic^c\ VcY i]jcYZghidgbh V i]djhVcY i^bZh i]Z h^oZ d[ i]dhZ dc :Vgi]! VcY XdcYjXi^c\ XadhZ"je ^cheZX" i^dch d[ i]Z ?dk^Vc bddch <VcnbZYZ! 8Vaa^hid VcY >d# L]^aZ eVhh^c\ Wn i]Z aViiZg bddc! <Va^aZd dWhZgkZY Zgjei^dch d[ >dÉh Ad`^ kdaXVcd! i]Z aVg\Zhi VcY bdhi edlZg[ja XjggZcian `cdlc ^c i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb# <Va^aZd Vahd hZci V egdWZ ^cid ?je^iZgÉh Vibdhe]ZgZ! l]dhZ ÒcY^c\h! lgdiZ ]^hidg^Vc B^X]VZa BZaoZg! ÆbVYZ ^i cZXZhhVgn [dg hX^Zci^hih id gZk^h^i bVcn d[ i]Z^g WZa^Z[h VWdji i]Z [dgbVi^dc VcY Zkdaji^dc d[ djg hdaVg hnhiZbÉh \^Vci \VhZdjh eaVcZih# BZVhjgZbZcih d[ Vibdhe]Zg^X Xdbedh^i^dc! l^cY kZadX^i^Zh! iZbeZgVijgZh! XadjY X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh! ZaZXig^XVa hidgbh VcY ZaZbZciVa VcY bdaZXjaVg VWjcYVcXZh eV^ciZY V kZgn Y^[[ZgZci e^XijgZ d[ ?je^iZg [gdb l]Vi lVh ZmeZXiZY#Ç ;daadl^c\ V '& nZVg ]^Vijh! i]Z hjg[VXZ d[ BVgh lVh k^h^iZY V\V^c dc i]Z )i] d[ ?jan! &..,! l^i] i]Z Vgg^kVa d[ i]Z BVgh EVi]ÒcYZg# >ih hbVaa! '("edjcY gdWdi^X gdkZg! cVbZY Hd_djgcZg! YZeVgiZY i]Z bV^c aVcYZg l^i] V gZbdiZ ^bV\^c\ VcY X]Zb^XVa VcVanh^h hnhiZb! l]^aZ i]Z EVi]ÒcYZg aVcYZg Xdci^cjZY id gZXdgY lZVi]Zg eViiZgch! Vibdhe]Zg^X deVX^in! VcY i]Z X]Zb^XVa Xdbedh^i^dc d[ gdX`h lVh]ZY Ydlc ^cid i]Z 6gZh KVaa^h ÓddY eaV^c! Vc VcX^Zci djiÓdl X]VccZa ^c BVghÉ cdgi]Zgc ]Zb^he]ZgZ# 6[iZg (% YVnh d[ deZgVi^dch dc i]Z hjg[VXZ! EVi]ÒcYZg ]VY XVeijgZY [Vg bdgZ YViV dc i]Z Vibdhe]ZgZ! lZVi]Zg! VcY \Zdad\n d[ BVgh i]Vc hX^Zci^hih ]VY ZmeZXiZY# >c Vaa! i]Z EVi]ÒcYZg b^hh^dc gZ" ijgcZY bdgZ i]Vc &#' \^\VW^ih &#' W^aa^dc W^ih d[ YViV VcY dkZg &%!%%% iVciVa^o^c\ e^XijgZh d[ i]Z BVgi^Vc aVcYhXVeZ# EVi]ÒcYZg Vahd YZbdc" higViZY i]Vi V cZl VeegdVX] id aVcY^c\ eVnadVYh dc BVgh! k^V iZgb^cVa" YZhXZci V^gWV\h! lVh Xdhi"Z[[ZXi^kZ! ZkZc [dg hZch^i^kZ aVcYZY eVnadVYh# ;^cVaan! EVi]ÒcYZg egdkZY id WZ dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi [daadlZY ZkZcih dc i]Z edejaVg cZl Xdbbjc^XVi^dch bZY^jb `cdlc Vh i]Z >ciZgcZi# 6 cZl edgigV^i d[ i]Z BVgi^Vc Zck^gdcbZci WZ\Vc id ZbZg\Z ^c i]Z nZVgh h^cXZ EVi]ÒcYZg Vh V XdchZfjZcXZ d[ V hjXXZhh^dc d[ heVXZXgV[i VcY i]Z^g cZl YViV gZaVi^c\ id i]Z YncVb^X \Zdad\n! lZVi]Zg eViiZgch!

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

135

C6H6$?EA$IZmVh 6 B$8dgcZaa

9^hiVci hjchZi I]Z BVgh :meadgVi^dc GdkZg He^g^iĂ&#x2030;h k^Zl d[ i]Z hjc VeeZVg^c\ '$( i]Z h^oZ lZ hZZ dc :Vgi] hZii^c\ WZadl i]Z g^b d[ <jhZk 8gViZg dc BVn &.! '%%*! He^g^iĂ&#x2030;h )-.i] BVgi^Vc YVn! dg hda#

^XZ XVeh! VcY i]Z X]Zb^XVa Xdbedh^i^dc d[ i]Z BVgi^Vc hjg[VXZ# >cYZZY! BVgh <adWVa HjgkZndg! l]^X] WZ\Vc dgW^i^c\ VcY bVee^c\ i]Z eaVcZiĂ&#x2030;h hjg[VXZ ^c BVgX] &..-! ^bV\ZY \jaa^Zh dc Xa^[[h VcY XgViZg lVaah VcY hj\" \ZhiZY i]Vi a^fj^Y lViZg ]Vh hZZeZY dcid i]Z hjg[VXZ ^c i]Z \Zdad\^XVaan gZXZci eVhi id [dgb i]ZhZ cdl jW^fj^idjh [ZVijgZh# HjX] \jaa^Zh lZgZ jc`cdlc eg^dg id i]Z ^bV\^c\ dWhZgkVi^dch d[ i]Z <adWVa HjgkZndg! VcY i]Zn gZVlV`ZcZY ^ciZgZhi ^c i]Z W^dad\^XVa ediZci^Va d[ BVgh# I]^h lVh Vbea^Ă&#x2019;ZY Wn BVgh DYnhhZn '%%&! Vcdi]Zg C6H6 dgW^iZg l^i] V Y^[[ZgZci hZi d[ hZch^i^kZ ^chigjbZcih! l]^X] [djcY i]Vi ]nYgd\Zc"g^X] gZ\^dch VgZ adXViZY ^c ]^\]"aVi^ijYZ VgZVh cZVgan '* eZgXZci d[ i]Z eaVcZi ! l]ZgZ lViZg ^XZ h]djaY WZ hiVWaZ# I]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc ]^\] ]nYgd\Zc XdciZci l^i] gZ\^dch d[ egZY^XiZY ^XZ hiVW^a^in aZY hX^Zci^hih id XdcXajYZ i]Vi i]Z ]nYgd\Zc ^h! ^c [VXi! ^c i]Z [dgb d[ lViZg ^XZ Vh V Ydb^cVci Xdchi^ijZci ^c i]Z jeeZg"bdhi hjg[VXZ# Dcan i^bZ VcY bdgZ gZhZVgX] l^aa iZaa ^[ i]ZhZ Ă&#x2019;cY^c\h YZbdchigViZ i]Vi BVgh ]VgWdgh V bVhh^kZ lViZg ^XZ gZhZgkd^g! eVgi^Vaan ]^YYZc WZcZVi] i]Z Yjhi VcY hd^ah d[ i]Z ]^\]"aVi^ijYZ gZ\^dch dc i]Z eaVcZi! Vh V ediZci^Va gZ[j\Z [dg bdYZgc ZgV a^[Z# BdgZ gZXZcian! i]Z il^c BVgh :meadgVi^dc GdkZgh He^g^i VcY Deedg" ijc^in i]Vi aVcYZY ^c ?VcjVgn '%%) ]VkZ \gZVian Zc]VcXZY `cdlaZY\Z d[ i]Z GZY EaVcZi l^i] hjg[VXZ b^hh^dch i]Vi ]VkZ kVhian ZmXZZYZY i]Z^g .% YVn ZmeZXiZY a^[Zi^bZ# 6bdc\ i]Z gdkZghĂ&#x2030; bdhi h^\c^Ă&#x2019;XVci Ă&#x2019;cY^c\h lZgZ i]Z e]did\gVe]h VcY YViV dWiV^cZY Wn Deedgijc^in ^c ;ZWgjVgn

136

NASA

VcY BVgX] '%%) d[ V higVi^Ă&#x2019;ZY eViiZgc l^i] Xgdhh WZYY^c\ ^c i]Z gdX`h d[ Vc djiXgde ^ch^YZ V XgViZg ^c BZg^Y^Vc^ EaVcjb! hj\\Zhi^c\ i]Vi lV" iZg egZk^djhan Ă&#x201C;dlZY i]ZgZ! eZg]Veh Vi i]Z bVg\^c d[ V aV`Z dg hZV# I]Z jcZkZc Y^hig^Wji^dc d[ i]Z X]Zb^XVa ZaZbZcih X]adg^cZ VcY Wgdb^cZ Y^hXdkZgZY Wn Deedgijc^in Vahd hj\\Zhih i]Vi i]Z h^iZ lVh dcXZ i]Z h]dgZa^cZ d[ Vc VcX^Zci hVain hZV! l]^X] hjWhZfjZcian ZkVedgViZY dg hjWa^bZY# L^i] Deedgijc^in! l]^X] ^h i]Z Ă&#x2019;ghi gdkZg id igVkZghZ bdgZ i]Vc hZkZc b^aZh dc i]Z BVgi^Vc hjg[VXZ! cdl ]Vk^c\ kZcijgZY ^cid i]Z ]Va["b^aZ Y^VbZiZg K^Xidg^V 8gViZg! hX^Zci^hih VgZ ]deZ[ja [dg cZl Y^hXdkZg^Zh WZ[dgZ i]^h ]^hidg^X b^hh^dc ZcYh# I]Z BVgh :meadgVi^dc GdkZgh Vahd egdk^YZY YgVbVi^X Zk^YZcXZ d[ ]dl VYkVcXZY hjg[VXZ Zm" eadgVi^dc eg^dg id i]Z Vgg^kVa d[ ]jbVc ZmeadgZgh XVc Xdhi"Z[[ZXi^kZan egdk^YZ i]Z bZVch [dg deZc^c\ i]Z ZmX^i^c\ cZl BVgi^Vc [gdci^Zg! cdl WZ^c\ [jgi]Zg jckZ^aZY Wn bZVch d[ i]Z jcegZXZYZciZY dgW^iVa gZXdc" cV^hhVcXZ d[ i]Z BVgh GZXdccV^hhVcXZ DgW^iZg# GZegZhZci^c\ i]Z ^ciZgcVi^dcVa X]VgVXiZg d[ bVcn C6H6 eaVcZiVgn b^hh^dch! 8Vhh^c^"=jn\Zch! V _d^ci Z[[dgi d[ C6H6! i]Z :jgdeZVc HeVXZ 6\ZcXn VcY i]Z >iVa^Vc HeVXZ 6\ZcXn! ]Vh Vahd egdkZY id WZ Vc ^cXgZY" ^WaZ hjXXZhh# 8Vhh^c^ ^h i]Z Ă&#x2019;ghi heVXZXgV[i id dgW^i HVijgc! WZ\^cc^c\ ?jan &! '%%)! VcY id hZcY V egdWZ =jn\Zch id i]Z hjg[VXZ d[ HVijgcĂ&#x2030;h bddc I^iVc dc ?Vc# &)! '%%*# 7ji ZkZc WZ[dgZ ^ih HVijgc^Vc ZcXdjciZg! i]Z 8Vhh^c^ b^hh^dc VYkVcXZY hX^ZcXZ Wn Ă&#x2019;cY^c\ ^cY^k^YjVa hidgb XZaah

C6H6

d[ jelZaa^c\ Wg^\]i"l]^iZ XadjYh ^c YVg` ÆWZaihÇ ^c ?je^iZgÉh Vibdhe]ZgZ! VcY Wn XdcYjXi^c\ V gVY^d h^\cVa ZmeZg^bZci dc DXi# &%! '%%(! i]Vi hje" edgiZY :^chiZ^cÉh i]Zdgn d[ \ZcZgVa gZaVi^k^in# 6i HVijgc ^c '%%*! 8Vhh^c^ Y^hXdkZgZY i]gZZ cZl bddch BZi]dcZ! EVaaZcZ VcY EdanYZjXZh ! dW" hZgkZY lViZg ^XZ \ZnhZgh Zgjei^c\ [gdb i]Z hdji] edaZ d[ i]Z ^Xn bddc :cXZaVYjh! dWiV^cZY ^bV\Zh VeeZVg^c\ id h]dl aV`Zh d[ a^fj^Y ]nYgdXVg" Wdc hjX] Vh bZi]VcZ VcY Zi]VcZ ^c I^iVcÉh cdgi]Zgc aVi^ijYZh! VcY Y^hXdkZgZY V hidgb Vi i]Z hdji] edaZ d[ HVijgc l^i] V Y^hi^cXi ZnZ lVaa# 8Vhh^c^! a^`Z <Va^aZd Vi ?je^iZg! ]Vh YZbdchigViZY i]Vi ^Xn bddch dgW^i" ^c\ \Vh \^Vci eaVcZih VgZ ediZci^Va gZ[j\Zh d[ a^[Z! VcY ViigVXi^kZ YZhi^cV" i^dch [dg V cZl ZgV d[ gdWdi^X eaVcZiVgn ZmeadgVi^dc# A^`Zl^hZ! i]Z BVgh GZXdccV^hhVcXZ DgW^iZg BGD ^h l^icZhh^c\ BVgh Vi hXVaZh egZk^djhan dcan VXXZhh^WaZ [gdb bdgZ XdbeaZm aVcYZY b^hh^dch! i]ZgZWn eVk^c\ i]Z lVn [dg V WdaY gZijgc id i]Z BVgi^Vc hjg[VXZ Wn i]Z Òghi bdW^aZ VcVani^" XVa aVWdgVidgn ^c ]^hidgn! i]Z BVgh HX^ZcXZ AVWdgVidgn BHA ! haViZY [dg aVjcX] ^c '%%.# I]^h b^hh^dc l^aa WZ kVhian Zc]VcXZY Wn i]Z Vhh^hiVcXZ d[ BGD dWhZgkVi^dch! VcY l^aa WZ \j^YZY Wn V hj^iZ d[ hjeedgi^c\ hZc" hdgh id Wg^c\ jh Vaa Vadc\ [dg i]Z g^YZ jh^c\ ]^\]"gZhdaji^dc bdk^Zh#

GENESIS AND STARDUST Ild d[ C6H6Éh WdaYZhi b^hh^dch d[ aViZ! <ZcZh^h VcY HiVgYjhi! gZijgcZY id :Vgi] hVbeaZh d[ i]Z hdaVg l^cY VcY i]Z XdbZi L^aY ' gZheZXi^kZan# <ZcZh^h! aVjcX]ZY 6j\# -! '%%&! id XVeijgZ eVgi^XaZh d[ i]Z hdaVg l^cY dc jaigV"ejgZ lV[Zgh d[ \daY! hVee]^gZ! h^a^Xdc VcY Y^V" bdcY! gZijgcZY ]dbZ id :Vgi] id Vc VeeVgZci ^\cdb^c^djh ZcY ^c i]Z JiV] YZhZgi dc HZei# -! '%%)# 6 eVgVX]jiZ [V^ajgZ XVjhZY i]Z hVbeaZ gZijgc XVehjaZ id XgVh] ^cid i]Z \gdjcY Vi &.( b^aZh eZg ]djg# ;dgij" cViZan! i]Z <ZcZh^h hVbeaZ gZijgc XVehjaZ lVh YZh^\cZY id hjgk^kZ hjX] V aVcY^c\! VcY gZbV^c^c\ h]VgYh lZgZ hZci id C6H6Éh ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg [dg hijYn# HX^Zci^hih hijYn^c\ i]Z <ZcZh^h bViZg^Va ]VkZ VagZVYn bVYZ ^bedgiVci ÒcY^c\h! jh^c\ i]Z hdaVg l^cY id WZiiZg jc" YZghiVcY i]Z Zkdaji^dc d[ i]Z bddc# I]Z HiVgYjhi b^hh^dc id XdaaZXi V Xdhb^X Yjhi hVbeaZ lVh aVjcX]ZY ild nZVgh WZ[dgZ <ZcZh^h! Wji idd` ild bdgZ nZVgh id gZijgc id :Vgi]# 6[iZg ^ih ZcXdjciZg l^i] i]Z XdbZi L^aY ' dc ?Vc# '! '%%)! i]Z HiVgYjhi hVbeaZ gZijgc XVehjaZ ]VY V hjXXZhh[ja hd[i aVcY^c\ ^c JiV]Éh <gZVi HVai AV`Z YZhZgi dc ?Vc# &*! '%%+# HiVgYjhi Eg^cX^eVa >ckZhi^\Vidg 9dc 7gdlcaZZ gZedgiZY i]Vi i]Z gZijgcZY bViZg^Vah XdciV^c bVcn hjgeg^hZh! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z ÒcY^c\ i]Vi i]Z XdbZiÉh gdX`n bViZg^Vah Æ[dgbZY ^c i]Z ]di ^ccZg gZ\^dch d[ i]Z ndjc\ hdaVg hnhiZb VcY lZgZ i]Zc igVchedgiZY Vaa i]Z lVn id WZndcY i]Z dgW^i d[ CZeijcZ# ½ I]Z ^ccZg hdaVg hnhiZb XVc WZ i]dj\]i d[ Vh V [VXidgn egdYjX^c\ gdX`n bViZg^Vah i]Vi lZgZ Y^hig^WjiZY djilVgYh id Vaa i]Z WdY^Zh VcY gZ\^dch d[ i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb#Ç

LOOKING TOWARD THE FUTURE HXVcc^c\ i]Z cZVg ]dg^odc! C6H6Éh eaVcZiVgn egd\gVb Y^gZXidg ?VbZh <gZZc hZZh i]Z ediZci^Va [dg ^cXgZY^WaZ b^hh^dch i]Vi l^aa egd" k^YZ jh ÆV WZiiZg jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z dg^\^c VcY Zkdaji^dc d[ djg hdaVg hnhiZb VcY jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z XdciZmi i]Vi ]Vh VaadlZY a^[Z id Zm^hi ]ZgZ dc i]Z :Vgi] Wji cdi i]Vi lZ `cdl d[ dc BVgh VcY dc KZcjh! VcY l]n a^[Z b^\]i dXXjg dc eaVXZh a^`Z :jgdeV#Ç <gZZc ed^cih id V cjbWZg d[ dc\d^c\ VcY jeXdb^c\ b^hh^dch i]Vi VgZ ÆigZbZcYdjhan ZmX^i^c\! ]Vk^c\ Zcdgbdjh hX^Zci^ÒX ediZci^Va#Ç I]Z ^ciZgcVi^dcVa E]dZc^m b^h" h^dc l^aa aVcY ^c BVghÉ cdgi]Zgc ]^\] aVi^ijYZh dc BVn '*! '%%-! VcY

Eg^XZaZhh hVbeaZh 9dcVaY 7gdlcaZZ! HiVgYjhi eg^cX^eVa ^ckZhi^\Vidg l^i] i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ LVh]^c\idc! ÓVh]Zh V k^Xidgn h^\c V[iZg i]Z hjXXZhh[ja Vgg^kVa d[ HiVgYjhi bViZg^Va# 6ahd e^XijgZY VgZ ?H8Éh B^`Z OdaZch`n aZ[i !

XjgVidg VcY Xd"^ckZhi^\Vidg [dg i]Z egd_ZXi0 ;g^ZYg^X] =dgo! ?H8! VcY EZiZg Ihdj! ?EA#

jhZ V gdWdi^X Vgb id hZVgX] [dg V ]^hidgn d[ lViZg dg i]Z Zm^hiZcXZ d[ hjWhjg[VXZ a^fj^Y lViZg# >c '%&& i]Z B:HH:C<:G heVXZXgV[i l^aa dgW^i BZgXjgn id X]VgVXiZg^oZ i]Z eaVcZiÉh X]Zb^XVa Xdbedh^i^dc VcY \Zdad\^XVa ]^hidgn# I]Z 9Vlc b^hh^dc l^aa ZmeadgZ i]Z aVg\Z Wji Y^h" h^b^aVg bV^c"WZai VhiZgd^Yh KZhiV WZilZZc '%&& VcY '%&( VcY 8ZgZh '%&* # Eajid! VcY ^ih bddch 8]Vgdc! C^m! VcY =nYgV! VcY ediZci^Vaan dcZ dg bdgZ @j^eZg 7Zai dW_ZXih l^aa WZ dWhZgkZY [dg i]Z Òghi i^bZ Wn i]Z CZl =dg^odch heVXZXgV[i ^c '%&*# >c ;ZWgjVgn '%%,! CZl =dg^" odch ÓZl Wn ?je^iZg VcY dWhZgkZY i]Z heZXiVXjaVg Xdci^cjdjh Zgje" i^dc d[ i]Z \^\Vci^X IkVh]iVg kdaXVcd dc ?je^iZgÉh bddc >d# HaViZY id WZ aVjcX]ZY ^c jeXdb^c\ nZVgh VgZ i]Z BVgh HX^ZcXZ AVWdgVidgn! V b^hh^dc hX]ZYjaZY i]Vi l^aa aVcY V adc\"YjgVi^dc bdW^aZ VcVani^XVa aVW dc i]Z GZY EaVcZi id hijYn BVgi^Vc hjg[VXZ X]Zb^hign hZVgX] [dg gZYjXZY XVgWdc ^c V gZ\^dc i]Vi bVn ]VkZ WZZc V ]VW^iVi [dg VcX^Zci a^[Z! VcY eVkZ i]Z lVn [dg V [jijgZ hVbeaZ gZijgc b^hh^dc0 VcY ?jcd! V b^hh^dc i]Vi l^aa ^ckZhi^\ViZ ?je^iZgÉh ^ciZg^dg! VjgdgV! VcY bV\cZidhe]ZgZ VcY hZVgX] [dg XajZh VWdji i]Z [dgbVi^dc d[ eaVcZih ^c i]Z ZVgan hdaVg hnhiZb# Id C6H6Éh eaVcZiVgn hX^Zci^hih! i]ZgZ ^h cd ZcY d[ iVg\Zih id Zm" eadgZ ^c djg [VhX^cVi^c\ XdgcZg d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ# ÆLZÉgZ _jhi WZ\^c" c^c\!Ç cdiZY HidcZ# ÆLZÉkZ aVcYZY dcan V [Zl eaVXZh dc BVgh# 8Vc ndj ^bV\^cZ WZa^Zk^c\ ndj jcYZghiVcY i]Z :Vgi] [gdb aVcY^c\ V [Zl eaVXZh dc :Vgi]4Ç Add`^c\ id i]Z [jijgZ! HiZgc hV^Y! Æ> [jaan ZmeZXi i]Vi lZ l^aa ]VkZ V k^\dgdjh egd\gVb l^i] bdgZ VcY bdgZ Vjidcd" bdjh kZ]^XaZh# > ]deZ i]Vi lZ l^aa WZ VWaZ id eji dgW^iZgh VgdjcY ZVX] d[ i]Z \^Vci eaVcZih! gZijgc hVbeaZh [gdb BVgh dc bjai^eaZ dXXVh^dch! gZijgc hVbeaZh [gdb XdbZih! ]VkZ hjg[VXZ VcVanh^h d[ BZgXjgn VcY KZcjh! VcY eZg]Veh bdgZ ^b" edgiVcian Ä WZ\^c i]Z ]jbVc ZmeadgVi^dc d[ i]Z eaVc" Zih#Ç HjX] ^h l^i]^c i]Z gZVab d[ edhh^W^a^i^Zh Vh C6H6 bdkZh ^cid ^ih cZmi *% nZVgh d[ ZmeadgVi^dc#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

137

6higdcdbn

C6H6 h :nZh dc i]Z =ZVkZch

By Robert NAEYE

By the middle of the 20th century, astronomers had made enormous strides in understanding our universe. They had unlocked the secret of stars and discovered millions of galaxies – island realms unto themselves. They even had discovered that the universe is expanding.

7ji VhigdcdbZgh lZgZ b^hh^c\ dji dc hdbZ d[ i]Z bdhi ZmX^i^c\ VX" i^dc ^c djiZg heVXZ# I]Zn lZgZ Wa^hh[jaan jcVlVgZ d[ ZmeadY^c\ hiVgh iVee^c\ jc[Vi]dbVWaZ aZkZah d[ ZcZg\n# I]Zn ]VY cd ^YZV i]Vi Vi i]Z ]ZVgi d[ ZkZgn aVg\Z \VaVmn ajg`h V \^Vci kdgiZm l]ZgZ bViiZg eajc\Zh Ydlc i]Z jc^kZghZÉh jai^bViZ YgV^c# 6cY ZkZc i]Z^g WZhi iZaZhXdeZh lZgZ jcVWaZ id eZZg YZZe ^cid hiZaaVg cjghZg^Zh id lViX] cVhXZci hiVgh ^cXjWVi^c\ ^c XadjYh d[ \Vh VcY Yjhi# I]Zn lZgZ b^hh^c\ dji dc Vc Zci^gZ bVXgdXdhb l]ZgZ cVijgZ Y^heaVnh ]Zg bdhi heaZcY^Y XgZVi^k^in ½ VcY ]Zg [jgn# I]Z Y^hXdkZgn d[ i]^h jc^kZghZ ldjaY ]VkZ id lV^i [dg i]Z HeVXZ 6\Z! l]Zc ]jbVch XdjaY aVjcX] i]Z^g iZaZhXdeZh VcY YZiZXidgh VWdkZ :Vgi]Éh Vibdhe]ZgZ# 6h Vhigde]nh^X^hi :Y LZ^aZg! Y^gZXidg d[ C6H6Éh <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg! ZmeaV^cZY! ÆI]Z Vbdjci d[ a^\]i i]Vi gZVX]Zh i]Z \gdjcY ^h Vc ZmigZbZan i^cn edgi^dc d[ l]Vi hiVgh VcY \VaVm^Zh VXijVaan eji dji#Ç A^`Z V gVY^d gZXZ^kZg i]Vi XVc dcan e^X` je dcZ hiVi^dc! djg ZnZh VgZ ijcZY id V cVggdl ha^kZg d[ Vaa i]Z a^\]i i]Vi ^h Zb^iiZY ^c i]Z jc^kZghZ# LZ XVcÉi hZZ gVY^d lVkZh dg ^c[gVgZY a^\]i WZXVjhZ i]Z^g lVkZaZc\i]h VgZ idd adc\ id hi^bjaViZ i]Z X]Zb^XVa gZXZeidgh ^c djg gZi^cVh# Dc i]Z di]Zg ZcY! jaigVk^daZi a^\]i! M"gVnh VcY \VbbV gVnh ]VkZ lVkZaZc\i]h i]Vi VgZ idd h]dgi# DW_ZXih ^c heVXZ Zb^i Vaa i]ZhZ [dgbh d[ a^\]i! hd k^h^WaZ a^\]i eV^cih Vc ^cXdbeaZiZ e^XijgZ d[ l]Vi ^h dji i]ZgZ# 7ji bdhi d[ i]^h a^\]i XVccdi eZcZigViZ :Vgi]Éh Vibdhe]ZgZ# I]Z \VhZh lZ WgZVi]Z VWhdgW ^c[gVgZY a^\]i! jaigVk^daZi a^\]i! M"gVnh VcY \VbbV gVnh# Id hZZ i]ZhZ ^ck^h^WaZ [dgbh d[ a^\]i! VhigdcdbZgh bjhi ad[i i]Z^g iZaZhXdeZh ^cid heVXZ# 6 hZg^Zh d[ hjXXZhh[ja heVXZ iZaZ" hXdeZh ^c i]Z &.+%h VcY ,%h bdi^kViZY i]Z XdchigjXi^dc d[ C6H6Éh [djg <gZVi DWhZgkVidg^Zh/ i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ! i]Z 8dbe" idc <VbbV GVn DWhZgkVidgn! i]Z 8]VcYgV M"gVn DWhZgkVidgn VcY i]Z He^ioZg HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ# 6 ig^jbe] d[ Zc\^cZZg^c\ VcY ^c\Zcj^in! i]ZhZ dgW^i^c\ eaVi[dgbh ]VkZ jh]ZgZY ^c V cZl ZgV d[ hX^Zci^ÒX Y^hXdk" Zgn Wn igVch[dgb^c\ ]jbVc jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ#

138

NASA

I]Z heVXZ"Vhigdcdbn gZkdaji^dc WZ\Vc l^i] a^iiaZ [Vc[VgZ dc ?jcZ &-! &.+'# 6 hbVaa \gdje d[ hX^Zci^hih aZY Wn >iVa^Vc"6bZg^XVc e]nh^X^hi G^XXVgYd <^VXXdc^ \Vi]ZgZY Vi L]^iZ HVcYh! C#B#! id aVjcX] V hbVaa J#H# 6^g ;dgXZ hdjcY^c\ gdX`Zi ^cid heVXZ# I]Z gdX`Zi ldjaY heZcY _jhi V [Zl b^cjiZh VWdkZ i]Z Vibdhe]ZgZ WZ[dgZ eajbbZi^c\ WVX` id :Vgi]# 7ji i]dhZ [Zl egZ" X^djh b^cjiZh ^c heVXZ ldjaY [jcYVbZciVaan X]Vc\Z Vhigdcdbn# <^VXXdc^Éh gdX`Zi XVgg^ZY V hbVaa ^chigjbZci [dg YZiZXi^c\ M"gVnh# >i e^X`ZY je V \adl d[ M"gVnh Xdb^c\ [gdb Vaa Y^gZXi^dch! VcY Vc ^ciZchZ hdjgXZ d[ M"gVnh ^c i]Z XdchiZaaVi^dc HXdge^jh# Cd hX^Zci^hi ]VY egZY^XiZY i]Z Zm^hiZcXZ d[ Vc ÆM"gVn hiVgÇ \^k^c\ d[[ bdgZ ZcZg\n i]Vc V b^aa^dc hjch! VcY bVcn Y^YcÉi i]^c` i]Vi M"gVnh XdjaY WZ YZiZXiZY [gdb WZndcY djg hdaVg hnhiZb# 7n egdk^c\ i]Z h`Zei^Xh lgdc\! <^VXXdc^Éh ZmeZg^bZci deZcZY je V cZl l^cYdl id i]Z jc^kZghZ Ä V higVc\Z! jcZmeZXiZY Xdhbdh i]Vi WZX`dcZY [dg ZmeadgVi^dc# I]Z ZcYjg^c\ aZ\VXn d[ i]^h gdX`Zi ZmeZg^" bZci ZVgcZY <^VXXdc^ V h]VgZ d[ i]Z '%%' CdWZa Eg^oZ [dg E]nh^Xh# ÆI]^h ^c^i^Va Y^hXdkZgn d[ M"gVnh [gdb WZndcY i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb ZcXdjg" V\ZY di]Zgh id Xdci^cjZ VcY ZmiZcY i]Z^g Z[[dgih id deZc Vaa d[ i]ZhZ WVcYh l^i] dWhZgkVi^dch [gdb heVXZ!Ç hV^Y Vhigde]nh^X^hi =VgkZn IVcVcWVjb d[ i]Z =VgkVgY"Hb^i]hdc^Vc 8ZciZg [dg 6higde]nh^Xh# ÆBdgZdkZg! ^c i]Z cZmi YZXVYZ dg hd! lZ XVbZ id VeegZX^ViZ i]Z egZkVaZcXZ d[ Zmeadh^dch!

Xdaa^h^dch! VcY ZmigZbZ e]nh^XVa XdcY^i^dch i]gdj\]dji i]Z Xdhbdh#Ç 9jg^c\ i]Z gZbV^cYZg d[ i]Z &.+%h VhigdcdbZgh YZkZadeZY ^c" XgZVh^c\an hde]^hi^XViZY! nZi gZaVi^kZan adl"Xdhi! WVaaddc" VcY gdX`Zi" WdgcZ ZmeZg^bZcih id hZZ ^[ i]Z jc^kZghZ lVh ldgi] Zmeadg^c\ [gdb djiZg heVXZ# I]ZhZ Z[[dgih Xjab^cViZY ^c &.,%! l]Zc <^VXXdc^ VcY hZkZgVa XdaaZV\jZh aVjcX]ZY [dg C6H6 J]jgj i]Z HlV]^a^ ldgY [dg Æ[gZZYdbÇ ! i]Z Òghi M"gVn hViZaa^iZ# 6bdc\ i]Z hZkZgVa ]jcYgZY M"gVn dW_ZXih YZiZXiZY Wn J]jgj! ^i [djcY i]Z Òghi Xdck^cX^c\ WaVX` ]daZ XVc" Y^YViZh# ;jgi]Zg dWhZgkVi^dch gZkZVaZY i]Vi i]Z M"gVn hiVg ^c HXdge^jh lVh V cZjigdc hiVg! i]Z XdaaVehZY jaigVYZchZ gZbcVci d[ V bVhh^kZ hiVg# 7n gZkZVa^c\ cZl XaVhhZh d[ dW_ZXih ]^i]Zgid jc`cdlc id hX^ZcXZ! heVXZ Vhigdcdbn ]VY XdbZ d[ V\Z#

C6H6

C6H6

7^gi]eaVXZ d[ hiVgh 6 =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ ^bV\Z d[ V hiVg"[dgb^c\ gZ\^dc d[ ^ciZghiZaaVg ]nYgd\Zc \Vh VcY Yjhi ^c i]Z Æ:V\aZ CZWjaVÇ ,!%%% a^\]i"nZVgh VlVn ^c i]Z XdchiZaaVi^dc HZgeZch#

8ZciZg d[ i]Z \VaVmn I]Z XZcigVa ]^\]"ZcZg\n gZ\^dch d[ djg B^a`n LVn \VaVmn k^ZlZY ^c eVcdgVbV Wn i]Z 8]VcYgV M"gVn DWhZgkVidgn#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

139

)BSEXBSF 4PGUXBSF $BQBCJMJUJFT GPS .JTTJPO $SJUJDBM 4VDDFTT Madison Research Corporation has proudly supported NASA over 15 years in the areas of Avionics, Propulsion Technology, Hardware Development, Information Technology, and Test & Evaluation. Now, as part of Kratos Government Solutions, Inc., we are firmly positioned with expanded capabilities and a global reach to continue our premier support to NASAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Constellation Program carrying us back to the Moon and on to Mars.

Kratos Defense & Security Solutions, Inc. 401 Wynn Drive Huntsville, AL 35805

(256) 864-7200

Toll Free: (877) 556-4410 www.kratosdefense.com

C6H6 C6H6$?EA"8VaiZX]

C6H6Éh Bdjci Gjh]bdgZ d[ heVXZ dWhZgkVidg^Zh 8adX`l^hZ [gdb ide! aZ[i/ I]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ! i]Z 8dbeidc <VbbV GVn DWhZgkVidgn! i]Z He^ioZg HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ VcY i]Z 8]VcYgV M"gVn DWhZgkVidgn#

C6H6 _jbeZY dc i]Z WVcYlV\dc Wn YZZeZc^c\ ^ih ^ckdakZbZci VcY [jcY^c\# I]Z &.,%h ldjaY l^icZhh i]Z aVjcX]Zh d[ hjXXZhh[ja b^hh^dch hjX] Vh i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa JaigVk^daZi :meadgZg ^c &.,- VcY i]Z :^chiZ^c DWhZgkVidgn ^c &.,.# :^chiZ^c lVh i]Z Òghi M" gVn dWhZgkVidgn i]Vi XdjaY VXijVaan iV`Z M"gVn ^bV\Zh d[ dW_ZXih djih^YZ i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb! gZkZVa^c\ cZl YZiV^ah VWdji \^Vci Xajh" iZgh d[ \VaVm^Zh VcY hjeZgcdkV gZbcVcih Ä i]Z iViiZgZY gZbV^ch d[ ZmeadYZY hiVgh# C6H6 Xdci^cjZY ^ih hjXXZhhZh ^c i]Z &.-%h! l^i] V hZg^Zh d[ bdY" Zhi Wji hjXXZhh[ja b^hh^dch# EZg]Veh bdhi cdiVWaZ! i]Z 8dhb^X 7VX`" \gdjcY :meadgZg 8D7: hViZaa^iZ! aVjcX]ZY ^c &.-.! XdcÒgbZY i]Vi djg jc^kZghZ dg^\^cViZY [gdb Vc ZmeVcY^c\ ÒgZWVaa `cdlc Vh i]Z W^\ WVc\# Ild d[ 8D7:Éh aZVY^c\ hX^Zci^hih! ?d]c BVi]Zg d[ <dYYVgY VcY <Zdg\Z Hbddi d[ i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ 8Va^[dgc^V! 7Zg`ZaZn! h]VgZY i]Z '%%+ CdWZa Eg^oZ [dg E]nh^Xh# L^i] heVXZ Vhigdcdbn Ògban ZhiVWa^h]ZY Vh V bVijgZ ÒZaY Wn i]Z aViZ &.,%h! ^i lVh i^bZ id iV`Z ^i id i]Z cZmi aZkZa# HeVXZ iZaZhXdeZh ]VY gVX`ZY je V YVooa^c\ VggVn d[ VXXdbea^h]bZcih! Wji i]Zn hi^aa aV\\ZY [Vg WZ]^cY i]Z^g iZggZhig^Va XdjciZgeVgih ^c h^oZ VcY hde]^hi^XV" i^dc# I]^h lVh VWdji id X]Vc\Z# 8dchigjXi^dc d[ i]Z heVXZ iZaZhXdeZ i]Vi ldjaY WZXdbZ =jWWaZ XdbbZcXZY ^c i]Z aViZ &.,%h# I]Z XdcXZei lVh i]Z WgV^cX]^aY d[

Eg^cXZidc egd[Zhhdg AnbVc He^ioZg# 6h ZVgan Vh &.)+! He^ioZg XVaaZY [dg Vc ÆZmigV"iZggZhig^Va dWhZgkVidgnÇ id hijYn i]Z jc^kZghZ ^c k^h^WaZ a^\]i# :kZc i]dj\] k^h^WaZ a^\]i gZVX]Zh :Vgi]Éh hjg[VXZ! He^ioZg lVh `ZZcan VlVgZ i]Vi a^\]i [gdb Y^hiVci hiVgh VcY \VaVm^Zh igVkZah ig^aa^dch jedc ig^aa^dch d[ b^aZh VXgdhh heVXZ! dcan id WZ WajggZY Yjg^c\ i]Z ÒcVa &%%"b^aZ eVhhV\Z i]gdj\] djg eaVcZiÉh Vibdhe]ZgZ# 6 iZaZhXdeZ VWdkZ :Vgi]! He^ioZg XdggZXian gZVhdcZY! XdjaY egdWZ i]Z jc^kZghZ l^i] jc" egZXZYZciZY XaVg^in# 6higde]nh^X^hi 8]Vga^Z EZaaZg^c idd` He^ioZgÉh ^YZV V hiZe [jgi]Zg# =Z XdcXZ^kZY V Æ<gZVi DWhZgkVidg^ZhÇ egd\gVb! l]^X] ldjaY ^cXajYZ =jWWaZ# EZaaZg^c! l]d WZXVbZ C6H6Éh Y^gZXidg d[ Vhigde]nh^Xh ^c &.-(! Zck^h^dcZY i]Z XdchigjXi^dc d[ [djg aVg\Z heVXZ iZaZhXdeZh i]Vi ldjaY deZgViZ h^bjaiVcZdjhan id XdkZg V aVg\Z hlVi] d[ i]Z heZXigjb# ÆLZ lZgZ ign^c\ id hZaa i]Zb ^cY^k^YjVaan! Wji! Vaa WZ^c\ W^aa^dc"YdaaVg b^hh^dch! lZ lZgZcÉi ]Vk^c\ bjX] hjXXZhh!Ç gZXVaaZY LZ^aZg# Æ7ji EZaaZg^c XVbZ je l^i] V lVn id WjcYaZ i]Zb ^cid V h^c\aZ egd\gVb#Ç C6H6 VcY 8dc\gZhh Wdj\]i ^c id EZaaZg^cÉh YgZVb! jai^bViZan Xdb" b^ii^c\ W^aa^dch d[ YdaaVgh id ijgc ^i ^cid gZVa^in# C6H6 ldjaY \d dc id aVjcX] [djg heZXiVXjaVgan hjXXZhh[ja Vhigdcdb^XVa hViZaa^iZh jcYZg i]Z <gZVi DWhZgkVidg^Zh WVccZg! Vai]dj\] i]ZgZ lVh cZkZg V bdbZci l]Zc Vaa [djg deZgViZY h^bjaiVcZdjhan#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

141

C6H6

=jWWaZ e]did VaWjb 6 Æa^\]i ZX]dÇ ^aajb^cViZh Yjhi VgdjcY hjeZg\^Vci hiVg K-(- BdcdXZgdi^h#

Dc 6eg^a '*! &..%! VhigdcVjih VWdVgY C6H6Éh heVXZ h]jiiaZ 9^h" XdkZgn YZeadnZY =jWWaZ ^cid Vc dgW^i VWdji (+% b^aZh VWdkZ :Vgi]# I]Z iZaZhXdeZ lVh cVbZY [dg 6bZg^XVc VhigdcdbZg :Yl^c E# =jWWaZ &--."&.*( ! l]d ^c &.'( egdkZY i]Vi Y^hiVci Æhe^gVa cZWjaVZÇ VgZ \Va" Vm^Zh! VcY i]Vi djg B^a`n LVn ^h _jhi dcZ d[ W^aa^dch d[ \VaVm^Zh ^c V jc^kZghZ hd kVhi ^i YZÒZh ]jbVc XdbegZ]Zch^dc# =jWWaZÉh aViZg dWhZg" kVi^dch aZY id i]Z gZVa^oVi^dc i]Vi djg jc^kZghZ ^h ZmeVcY^c\# 6i Òghi! i]^c\h hZZbZY id WZ \d^c\ hbddi]an V[iZg i]Z heVXZ iZaZ" hXdeZÉh YZeadnbZci# <gdjcY XdcigdaaZgh ZhiVWa^h]ZY XdciVXi VcY edl" ZgZY je ^ih ZaZXig^XVa hnhiZbh# 7ji dkZg i]Z cZmi [Zl lZZ`h! Vhigdcd" bZgh gZVa^oZY hdbZi]^c\ lVh iZgg^Wan lgdc\/ :kZgn ^bV\Z VeeZVgZY Wajggn# =jWWaZÉh -"[ddi"l^YZ eg^bVgn b^ggdg ]VY WZZc Ò\jgZY id i]Z

142

NASA

lgdc\ XjgkVijgZ! a^`Z ZnZ\aVhhZh l^i] i]Z lgdc\ egZhXg^ei^dc# I]Z Ò\jgZ lVh d[[ Wn dcan dcZ"Ò[i^Zi] i]Z l^Yi] d[ V ]jbVc ]V^g! Wji i]Vi lVh Zcdj\] id YZgV^a bdhi d[ =jWWaZÉh eg^bVgn hX^ZcXZ dW_ZXi^kZh# I]Z egdheZXi d[ V '"W^aa^dc dgW^i^c\ ijg`Zn lVh V addb^c\ Y^hVhiZg [dg i]Z [jijgZ d[ heVXZ Vhigdcdbn# ;dgijcViZan! =jWWaZ lVh YZh^\cZY id WZ hZgk^XZY Wn h]jiiaZ Vhigd" cVjih# I]^h XVeVW^a^in ldjaY hVkZ i]Z iZaZhXdeZ VcY gZYZZb C6H6Éh gZejiVi^dc# 6higdcdbZgh ^YZci^ÒZY i]Z egdWaZb VcY YZkZadeZY V hdaj" i^dc# >c V YVg^c\ 9ZXZbWZg &..( b^hh^dc! [djg heVXZlVa`^c\ Vhigd" cVjih Hidgn Bjh\gVkZ! ?Z[[gZn =d[[bVc! I]dbVh 6`Zgh VcY @Vi]gnc I]dgcidc ^chiVaaZY XdggZXi^kZ dei^Xh# L^i]^c V bdci]! i]Z heVXZ iZaZ" hXdeZ lVh WZVb^c\ WVX` gVodg"h]Vge ^bV\Zh d[ hiVgh VcY \VaVm^Zh#

IdYVn! =jWWaZÉh ^bV\Zh ]VkZ hZZeZY ^cid edejaVg XjaijgZ! \gVX^c\ edhiZgh! I"h]^gih VcY hiVbeh# 7n XVeijg^c\ i]Z ^ciZgZhi d[ eZdeaZ ldgaY" l^YZ! =jWWaZ ]Vh WZXdbZ Vc ^Xdc d[ Vhigdcdbn# 6h Vhigde]nh^X^hi BVg^d A^k^d d[ i]Z HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ HX^ZcXZ >chi^ijiZ cdiZY! Æ=jWWaZ ]Vh YdcZ hdbZi]^c\ jc^fjZ/ >i ]Vh cdi dcan \^kZc hX^Zci^hih ^cXgZY^WaZ Y^hXdkZg" ^Zh! ^i ]Vh Wgdj\]i i]Z ZmX^iZbZci d[ i]dhZ Y^hXdkZg^Zh ^cid i]Z ]dbZh d[ eZdeaZ ldgaYl^YZ# 6h` Vcn eZghdc dc i]Z higZZi id cVbZ V eaVnlg^\]i VcY i]ZnÉaa hVn ÈH]V`ZheZVgZ#É ;dg i]Z cVbZ d[ V hX^Zci^hi! i]ZnÉaa hVn È:^chiZ^c#É ;dg i]Z cVbZ d[ V iZaZhXdeZ! i]ZnÉaa hVn È=jWWaZ#ÉÇ 7ji i]Z iZaZhXdeZÉh adc\ a^hi d[ hX^Zci^ÒX VXXdbea^h]bZcih l^aa WZ ^ih jai^bViZ aZ\VXn# =jWWaZ ^h Vg\jVWan i]Z bdhi ^bedgiVci Vhigdcdb^XVa ^chigjbZci h^cXZ i]Z \gZVi >iVa^Vc hX^Zci^hi <Va^aZd <Va^aZ^ Òghi V^bZY ]^h iZaZhXdeZ Vi i]Z ]ZVkZch ^c &+%.! Y^hXdkZg^c\ i]Z bddch d[ ?je^" iZg! bdjciV^ch dc i]Z bddc! hjchedih! VcY i]Z e]VhZh d[ KZcjh# =jW" WaZ ]Vh VX]^ZkZY Vaa d[ ^ih hX^Zci^ÒX dW_ZXi^kZh! VcY [Vg hjgeVhhZY i]Z ZmeZXiVi^dch d[ ^ih Wj^aYZgh# =jWWaZÉh ^bV\Zh VcY YViV ]VkZ idjX]ZY dc k^gijVaan ZkZgn Vhigdcdb^XVa ÒZaY d[ ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc! [gdb hijY^Zh d[ i]Z eaVcZih ^c djg dlc WVX`nVgY id \VaVm^Zh Vi i]Z ZY\Z d[ i]Z k^h^WaZ jc^kZghZ# Id YViZ! =jWWaZ ]Vh iV`Zc *%%!%%% ^bV\Zh! VcY hX^Zci^hih ]VkZ ejWa^h]ZY ,!%%% gZhZVgX] eVeZgh dc ^ih ÒcY^c\h# L]Zc hijYn^c\ dW_ZXih ^c djg hdaVg hnhiZb! =jWWaZ ]Vh \^kZc jh h]Vge k^Zlh d[ eaVcZih ZkZc ^[ cd heVXZXgV[i ^h eVn^c\ i]Zb V k^h^i# L]Zc '& [gV\bZcih d[ XdbZi H]dZbV`Zg"AZkn . gV^cZY Ydlc dc ?je^" iZg ^c &..)! =jWWaZ gZijgcZY i]Z h]VgeZhi e^XijgZh Ä gZkZVa^c\ idlZg" ^c\ eajbZh VcY YVg` headiX]Zh i]Z h^oZ d[ :Vgi]# L]Zc Ó^\]i Xdcigda" aZgh cZZYZY id `cdl lZVi]Zg XdcY^i^dch dc i]Z GZY EaVcZi eg^dg id i]Z aVcY^c\ d[ BVgh EVi]ÒcYZg ^c &..,! =jWWaZ e^XijgZh \VkZ i]Zb i]Z ^c[dgbVi^dc i]Zn cZZYZY# =jWWaZ ]Vh dWhZgkZY VjgdgVZ dc di]Zg eaVcZih! VcY Y^hXdkZgZY ild cZl bddch d[ Eajid# L]Zc =jWWaZ ijgch ^ih \VoZ ^cid djg B^a`n LVn \VaVmn! ^i \^kZh Vh" igdcdbZgh VbVo^c\ k^Zlh d[ hiVg XajhiZgh VcY i]Z \VhZdjh cjghZg^Zh ^c l]^X] i]Zn [dgb# >bV\Zh d[ i]Z bdhi [Vbdjh hiZaaVg cjghZgn d[ Vaa! i]Z Dg^dc CZWjaV! h]dl i]Vi ]Va[ d[ Vaa cZlWdgc hiVgh VgZ hjggdjcYZY Wn Y^h`h d[ \Vh VcY Yjhi Ä cVhXZci eaVcZiVgn hnhiZbh ^c i]Z egdXZhh d[ [dgbVi^dc# =jWWaZÉh ^bV\Z d[ i]Z :V\aZ CZWjaV ^h eZg]Veh i]Z bdhi [Vbdjh Vhigdcdb^XVa ^bV\Z d[ Vaa i^bZ! gZkZVa^c\ ÆE^aaVgh d[ 8gZVi^dcÇ l]ZgZ \Vh ^h XdcYZch^c\ ^cid cZl hiVgh# L^i] ^ih VW^a^in id eZZg YZZe ^cid i]Z XdgZh d[ di]Zg \VaVm^Zh! =jWWaZ ]Vh [djcY \Vh VcY hiVgh l]^ga^c\ Vi cZVgan a^\]i heZZY VgdjcY hZZb^c\" an cdi]^c\ Vi Vaa# 7ji hdbZi]^c\ Ä Vc ^ck^h^WaZ XdcXZcigVi^dc d[ bVhh Ä bjhi WZ VXXZaZgVi^c\ i]^h bViZg^Va id WgZV`cZX` heZZYh# I]Z bdhi a^`Zan ZmeaVcVi^dc ^ckdakZh dcZ d[ cVijgZÉh bdhi W^oVggZ XgZVi^dch/ WaVX` ]daZh# 7aVX` ]daZh VgZ dW_ZXih l]ZgZ cVijgZ XgVbh hd bjX] bVhh ^cid hjX] V hbVaa kdajbZ d[ heVXZ i]Vi \gVk^in ig^jbe]h dkZg Vaa di]Zg [dgXZh d[ cVijgZ# A^`Z Vc ZhXVeZ"egdd[ eg^hdc! Vcni]^c\ i]Vi [Vaah ^cid V WaVX` ]daZ! ^cXajY^c\ a^\]i! XVc cZkZg \Zi dji# Dcan bdchiZg WaVX` ]daZh l^i] i]Z \gVk^in d[ b^aa^dch dg W^aa^dch d[ hjch XVc VXXZaZgViZ bViiZg id i]Z ^cXgZY^WaZ heZZYh bZVhjgZY Wn =jWWaZ# :kZc bdgZ VbVo^c\! VhigdcdbZgh jh^c\ =jWWaZ VcY di]Zg iZaZhXdeZh ]VkZ Y^h" XdkZgZY i]Vi i]Z aVg\Zg i]Z ]dhi \VaVmn! i]Z aVg\Zg ^ih XZcigVa WaVX` ]daZ# ;dg gZVhdch i]Vi VhigdcdbZgh VgZ dcan cdl WZ\^cc^c\ id [Vi]db! i]Z WaVX` ]daZ hdbZ]dl Æ`cdlhÇ VWdji i]Z h^oZ d[ ^ih ]dhi \VaVmn# 7ji hdbZ d[ =jWWaZÉh bdhi Vhidc^h]^c\ ^bV\Zh VcY Y^hXdkZg^Zh ^c" kdakZ ^ih hijY^Zh d[ i]Z Y^hiVci jc^kZghZ# A^`Z Vaa iZaZhXdeZh! =jWWaZ ^h V i^bZ bVX]^cZ# H^cXZ a^\]i igVkZah Vi V Òc^iZ VaWZ^i kZgn [Vhi heZZY! i]Z [Vgi]Zg VlVn Vc dW_ZXi Zm^hih ^c heVXZ! i]Z [jgi]Zg WVX` lZ hZZ ^i ^c

i^bZ# =jWWaZÉh YZZeZhi ^bV\Zh! hdbZ ^ckdak^c\ ^bV\Zh iV`Zc Wn hiVg" ^c\ Vi V h^c\aZ hedi ^c heVXZ [dg bdgZ i]Vc &% YVnh! igVchedgi jh hd [Vg WVX` ^c i^bZ i]Vi lZÉgZ cZVgan WVX` id i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ ^ihZa[# I]ZhZ hd"XVaaZY Æ9ZZe ;^ZaYhÇ \^kZ ]jbVc^in \a^behZh d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ ^c ^ih ^c[VcXn! l]Zc \VaVm^Zh lZgZ Òghi Æijgc^c\ dc!Ç hZii^c\ i]Z jc^kZghZ VWaVoZ l^i] i]Z a^\]i d[ W^aa^dch d[ hiVgh#

“Hubble has done something unique: It has not only given scientists incredible discoveries, it has brought the excitement of those discoveries into the homes of people worldwide.” – Mario Livio I]Z =jWWaZ 9ZZe ;^ZaYh h]dl i]Vi \VaVm^Zh VhhZbWaZY l^i] VbVo^c\ gVe^Y^in Ä bjX] [VhiZg i]Vc VcndcZ ZmeZXiZY# HdbZ \VaVm^Zh ]VY VagZVYn gZVX]ZY V bVijgZ hiViZ aZhh i]Vc V W^aa^dc nZVgh V[iZg i]Z W^\ WVc\ Ä &(#, W^aa^dc nZVgh V\d# >i ^h a^`Z V bdi]Zg \^k^c\ W^gi] id V hdc l]d \gdlh ^cid '(%"edjcY C;A a^cZWVX`Zg Wn i]Z V\Z d[ *# 6cY Wn XViX]^c\ \VaVm^Zh Vi bVcn Y^[[ZgZci Y^hiVcXZh [gdb :Vgi]! VhigdcdbZgh jh^c\ =jWWaZ XVc a^i" ZgVaan hZZ i]Z jc^kZghZ ZkdakZ WZ[dgZ i]Z^g kZgn ZnZh# HijY^Zh d[ \VaVm^Zh [gdb Y^[[ZgZci ZedX]h d[ Xdhb^X ]^hidgn ]VkZ gZkZVaZY i]Z XgjX^Va gdaZ d[ \VaVmn Xdaa^h^dch VcY bZg\Zgh ^c h]Ve^c\ i]Z jc^kZghZ lZ hZZ idYVn# Ldg`^c\ ^c Xdc_jcXi^dc l^i] \gdjcY"WVhZY iZaZhXdeZh! =jWWaZ dW" hZgkVi^dch d[ ZmeadY^c\ hiVgh ^c Y^hiVci \VaVm^Zh ]VkZ XdcÒgbZY l]Vi bVcn VhigdcdbZgh Xdch^YZg id WZ i]Z^g bdhi ^bedgiVci VcY jcZmeZXi" ZY Y^hXdkZgn d[ i]Z eVhi YZXVYZ/ I]Z ZmeVch^dc d[ djg jc^kZghZ ^h cdi hadl^c\ Ydlc jcYZg i]Z ejaa d[ \gVk^in! Vh bdhi hX^Zci^hih egZY^XiZY# GVi]Zg! i]Z ZmeVch^dc ^h gZkk^c\ je# HdbZ jc`cdlc [dgb d[ ÆYVg` ZcZg\nÇ bjhi WZ dkZgedlZg^c\ \gVk^in dc aVg\Z hXVaZh VcY XVjh^c\ \Va" Vm^Zh id gjh] VlVn [gdb dcZ Vcdi]Zg Vi ^cXgZVh^c\ heZZYh# I]Z cVijgZ d[ i]^h YVg` ZcZg\n ^h dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi kZm^c\ bnhiZg^Zh ^c hX^ZcXZ# 7ji =jWWaZ ^h _jhi dcZ d[ C6H6Éh [djg <gZVi DWhZgkVidg^Zh# >c 6eg^a &..&! dcan V nZVg V[iZg =jWWaZ aVjcX]ZY! h]jiiaZ VhigdcVjih YZeadnZY i]Z 8dbeidc <VbbV GVn DWhZgkVidgn# I]Z hViZaa^iZ! cVbZY V[iZg i]Z \gZVi 6bZg^XVc e]nh^X^hi 6gi]jg =daan 8dbeidc &-.'"&.+' ! l^ccZg d[ i]Z &.', CdWZa Eg^oZ [dg E]nh^Xh! hijY^ZY i]Z Zmdi^X! ZmigZbZ jc^" kZghZ/ l]ZgZ cVijgZ ]VgcZhhZh ZmigVdgY^cVgn Vbdjcih d[ ZcZg\n id egdYjXZ \VbbV gVnh! i]Z bdhi ZcZg\Zi^X [dgb d[ a^\]i# A^`Z bdhi C6H6 Vhigdcdb^XVa hViZaa^iZh! 8dbeidc ldjaY \d dc id [Vg ZmXZZY ^ih ZmeZXiZY b^hh^dc a^[Zi^bZ# 9Zh^\cZY id aVhi [dg ild nZVgh! 8dbeidc hZgkZY Vh Vc dgW^i^c\ hZci^cZa [dg bdgZ i]Vc c^cZ nZVgh# 8dbeidc bVYZ V hZg^Zh d[ gZbVg`VWaZ Y^hXdkZg^Zh# >i [djcY YdoZch d[ \VaVm^Zh i]Vi VgZ h]ddi^c\ WaVX`"]daZ"edlZgZY _Zih Y^gZXian idlVgY :Vgi] Vi k^gijVaan i]Z heZZY d[ a^\]i# ;dgijcViZan! i]ZhZ \VaVm^Zh VgZ hd [Vg VlVn i]Vi i]Zn XVjhZ cd ]Vgb! Wji i]Z^g edlZg VcY h]ZZg cjbWZgh ÓVWWZg\VhiZY VhigdcdbZgh# 8adhZg id ]dbZ! 8dbeidc bVeeZY dji kVhi XadjYh cZVg i]Z XZciZg d[ djg \VaVmn l]ZgZ eVgi^XaZh d[ dgY^cVgn bVi" iZg VgZ hbVh]^c\ ^cid VcY Vcc^]^aVi^c\ i]Z^g Vci^bViiZg XdjciZgeVgih# 8dbeidcÉh bdhi XZaZWgViZY ÒcY^c\h ^ckdakZY \VbbV"gVn Wjghih! dg <G7h# I]ZhZ edlZg[ja Xdhb^X Zmeadh^dch lZgZ Y^hXdkZgZY ^c i]Z &.+%h Wn J#H# hjgkZ^aaVcXZ hViZaa^iZh! l]^X] lZgZ eVigdaa^c\ i]Z ]ZVk" Zch add`^c\ [dg XaVcYZhi^cZ Hdk^Zi cjXaZVg Zmeadh^dch ^c k^daVi^dc d[ i]Z IZhi"7Vc IgZVin# <G7h VgZ Wjghih d[ \VbbV gVnh i]Vi hjYYZcan VeeZVg dji d[ cdl]ZgZ! VcY i]Zc Y^hVeeZVg ^c V bViiZg d[ hZXdcYh id b^cjiZh Ä WZ[dgZ VhigdcdbZgh XVc e^ced^ci i]Z^g adXVi^dch [dg [daadl" je dWhZgkVi^dch# 6h 8dbeidc egd_ZXi hX^Zci^hi CZ^a <Z]gZah d[ C6H6

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

143

<dYYVgY ed^ciZY dji! Æ=dl Yd ndj gZhZVgX] V e]ZcdbZcdc l]Zc ^i YdZhcÉi aVhi adc\ Zcdj\] [dg YZiV^aZY hijY^Zh4Ç 8dbeidc egdk^YZY V k^iVa XajZ# >i YZiZXiZY bdgZ i]Vc '!,%% <G7h!

VcY [djcY i]Vi i]Zn XdbZ [gdb gVcYdb Y^gZXi^dch ^c heVXZ# I]^h lVh i]Z WgZV`i]gdj\] i]Vi VhigdcdbZgh ]VY WZZc ZV\Zgan Vci^X^eVi^c\# >[ <G7h dg^\^cViZY ^c i]Z B^a`n LVn! bdhi d[ i]Zb h]djaY a^cZ je l^i] i]Z eaVcZ d[ djg \VaVmn# I]Z [VXi i]Vi <G7h h]dlZY cd egZ[ZgZcXZ [dg djg \VaVXi^X eaVcZ bZVci i]Vi i]Zn ]VkZ id dg^\^cViZ ^c i]Z Y^hiVci jc^" kZghZ# I]^h WgZV`i]gdj\]! Vadc\ l^i] hjWhZfjZci dWhZgkVi^dch [gdb i]Z :jgdeZVc 7ZeedH6M hViZaa^iZ VcY C6H6Éh Hl^[i hViZaa^iZ aVjcX]ZY ^c '%%) VcY hi^aa ^c deZgVi^dc ! ]Vh Xdck^cXZY VhigdcdbZgh i]Vi bdhi <G7h VgZ ig^\\ZgZY Wn i]Z Zmeadh^kZ YZVi]h d[ bVhh^kZ hiVgh# CZmi dc i]Z <gZVi DWhZgkVidgn YdX`Zi lVh i]Z 8]VcYgV M"gVn DW" hZgkVidgn! cVbZY [dg >cY^Vc"6bZg^XVc Vhigde]nh^X^hi HjWgV]bVcnVc 8]VcYgVhZ`]Vg &.&%"&..* ! l^ccZg d[ i]Z &.-( CdWZa Eg^oZ [dg E]nh" ^Xh# 8]VcYgV hijY^Zh M"gVnh! l]^X] VgZ dcZ cdiX] Ydlc ^c ZcZg\n [gdb \VbbV gVnh# AVjcX]ZY VWdVgY i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ 8dajbW^V ^c ?jan &...! 8]VcYgV Xdci^cjZh ^ih \gdjcYWgZV`^c\ hX^ZcXZ VcY h]dlh [Zl h^\ch d[ hadl^c\ Ydlc# L^i] ^ih aVg\Z VcY jaigVhbddi] b^ggdgh! 8]Vc" YgV ^h egdk^Y^c\ h]Vge M"gVn ^bV\Zh i]Vi gZkZVa V lZVai] d[ cZl YZiV^a VWdji Xdhb^X dW_ZXih# 6h IVcVcWVjb cdiZY! Æ8]VcYgV ]Vh deZcZY cZl X]VeiZg V[iZg cZl X]VeiZg ^c djg ZmeadgVi^dc d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ#Ç ?jhi bdci]h V[iZg aVjcX]! 8]VcYgV WZVbZY Ydlc YgVbVi^X ^bV\Zh d[ i]Z ^ccZg hVcXijb d[ V hjeZgcdkV gZbcVci `cdlc Vh i]Z 8gVW CZWjaV# I]^h XadjY ^h i]Z \VhZdjh gZbV^ch d[ V bVhh^kZ hiVg i]Vi lVh hZZc id Zm" eadYZ ^c &%*) 6#9# HjWhZfjZci ^bV\Zh iV`Zc VWdji V bdci] VeVgi lZgZ ijgcZY ^cid V bdi^dc e^XijgZ d[ i]Z 8gVWÉh WZVi^c\ ]ZVgi! i]Z h^iZ d[ V X^in"h^oZY cZjigdc hiVg egdYjXZY Wn i]Z Zmeadh^dc# 8]VcYgV h]dlZY i]Vi YgVbVi^X X]Vc\Zh VgZ iV`^c\ eaVXZ ^c gZVa i^bZ! V gVgZ i]^c\ ^c V hX^ZcXZ Ydb^cViZY Wn aVg\Z Y^hiVcXZh VcY hadl egdXZhhZh# I]gdj\] XVgZ[ja hijYn d[ i]ZhZ ^bV\Zh! VhigdcdbZgh cdl jcYZghiVcY ]dl i]Z gVe^Yan he^cc^c\ cZjigdc hiVg VXih a^`Z V Ónl]ZZa \dcZ WZghZg`! egdk^Y^c\ i]Z hiV\\Zg^c\ Vbdjci d[ ZcZg\n cZZYZY id ^aajb^cViZ i]Z Zci^gZ cZWjaV# 8]VcYgVÉh Zmfj^h^iZ gZhdaji^dc ]Vh Vahd ZcVWaZY VhigdcdbZgh id bVe i]Z VWjcYVcXZ VcY Y^hig^Wji^dc d[ kVg^djh X]Zb^XVa ZaZbZcih ^ch^YZ hjeZgcdkV gZbcVcih! ]Zae^c\ i]Zdg^hih gZXdchigjXi ]dl bVh" h^kZ hiVgh ZmeadYZ# HjeZgcdkVZ egdYjXZ VcY Y^heZghZ ZaZbZcih hjX] Vh XVgWdc! dmn\Zc VcY c^igd\Zc Å i]Z ZaZbZcih i]Vi bV`Z je a^[Z Vh

144

NASA

lZ `cdl ^i# I]ZhZ hijY^Zh VgZ i]jh egdk^Y^c\ cZl ^ch^\]ih ^cid ]dl hjeZgcdkVZ Ä ZmigVdgY^cVg^an k^daZci ZkZcih Ä VXijVaan eaVn V XgZVi^kZ gdaZ Wn hZZY^c\ djg \VaVmn l^i] bViZg^Vah cZXZhhVgn [dg a^[Z# 8]VcYgV ]VhcÉi _jhi add`ZY Vi hjeZgcdkVZ ^c djg \VaVmn# >i ]Vh YZ" iZXiZY M"gVnh [gdb XdbZih VcY eaVcZih ^c djg hdaVg hnhiZb! VcY ]Vh ijgcZY ^ih ZnZ id i]Z Y^hiVci jc^kZghZ# >i ]Vh gZhdakZY i]Z M"gVn \adl Òghi hZZc ^c <^VXXdc^Éh &.+' gdX`Zi ZmeZg^bZci ^cid ^cY^k^YjVa M"gVn Zb^ii^c\ dW_ZXih# I]Z \adl ^h! ^c [VXi! i]Z XdbW^cZY djieji d[ b^aa^dch jedc b^aa^dch d[ Y^hiVci \VaVm^Zh! ZVX] edlZgZY Wn V bdchiZg WaVX` ]daZ ^c ^ih XdgZ# 8]VcYgV dWhZgkVi^dch d[ XajhiZgh d[ \VaVm^Zh h]dl i]Vi i]ZhZ WaVX` ]daZh gZeZViZYan Wadl dji kVhi Vbdjcih d[ \Vh ^c Zmead" h^dch hd edlZg[ja i]Zn Wd\\aZ i]Z ^bV\^cVi^dc# AVhi Wji XZgiV^can cdi aZVhi! C6H6 aVjcX]ZY i]Z He^ioZg HeVXZ IZaZ" hXdeZ ^c 6j\jhi '%%(# CVbZY V[iZg i]Z k^h^dcVgn l]d Òghi XdcXZ^kZY d[ heVXZ iZaZhXdeZh! He^ioZg dWhZgkZh i]Z jc^kZghZ l^i] Vc ^c[gVgZY ZnZ# >c[gVgZY a^\]i ^h [Vb^a^Vg id VcndcZ l]d ]Vh ldgc c^\]i"k^h^dc \d\" \aZh# DW_ZXih Vh Y^kZghZ Vh Yjhi eVgi^XaZh ^c YZZe heVXZ id i]Z ]jbVc WdYn gVY^ViZ ^c[gVgZY a^\]i! bdgZ Xdbbdcan `cdlc Vh Æ]ZVi#Ç Id egZkZci i]Z heVXZXgV[iÉh dlc ]ZVi [gdb hlVbe^c\ i]Z [V^ci ^c[gVgZY h^\cVah [gdb Y^hiVci dW_ZXih! V gZ[g^\ZgVi^dc hnhiZb `ZZeh He^ioZgÉh YZiZXidgh X]^aaZY id b^cjh )*, YZ\gZZh ;V]gZc]Z^i! _jhi ild YZ\gZZh VWdkZ VWhdajiZ oZgd Å i]Z XdaYZhi edhh^WaZ iZbeZgV" ijgZ ^c cVijgZ# 6cY jca^`Z i]Z di]Zg i]gZZ <gZVi DWhZgkVidg^Zh! l]^X] dgW^i :Vgi]! He^ioZg Y^gZXian dgW^ih i]Z hjc# Æ>c ^ih jc^fjZ hdaVg dgW^i! He^ioZg [daadlh i]Z :Vgi] VgdjcY i]Z hjc! aV\\^c\ [Vg" i]Zg WZ]^cY l^i] i^bZ a^`Z V eaVn[ja ejeen dji [dg V lVa`!Ç hV^Y He^ioZg egd_ZXi hX^Zci^hi B^X]VZa LZgcZg d[ C6H6Éh ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn# He^ioZg ]Vh bVYZ ^ih bVg` ^c V kVg^Zin d[ ÒZaYh! ^cXajY^c\ `Zn ^c" h^\]ih ^cid \VaVmn! hiVg! VcY eaVcZi [dgbVi^dc# =dlZkZg! ^ih W^\\Zhi ]ZVYa^cZh ]VkZ XdbZ [gdb YZiV^aZY hijY^Zh d[ eaVcZih dgW^i^c\ di]Zg hiVgh! `cdlc Vh ZmdeaVcZih# 6i i]Z i^bZ d[ i]^h lg^i^c\ ^c ;ZWgjVgn '%%-! VhigdcdbZgh ]VkZ Y^hXdkZgZY bdgZ i]Vc '+% ZmdeaVcZih# 7ji i]Z kVhi bV_dg^in d[ i]ZhZ ldgaYh ]VkZ WZZc Y^hXdkZgZY Wn i]Z bdi^dc i]Zn ^cYjXZ dc i]Z^g ]dhi hiVgh i]gdj\] i]Z ij\ d[ i]Z^g \gVk^in# I]^h bZi]dY ]Vh WZZc heZXiVXjaVgan hjXXZhh[ja Vi Y^hXdkZg^c\ eaVcZih! Wji ^i n^ZaYh dcan a^b^iZY ^c[dgbVi^dc VWdji i]Z eaVcZih i]ZbhZakZh/ _jhi i]Z^g dgW^ih VcY b^c^bjb bVhhZh#

C6H6$?EA"8VaiZX]$9# 7VggVYd n CVkVhXj h A6:;;">CI6

HiVg ]ViX]Zgn C6H6Éh He^ioZg HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ h]dlh ^c[Vci hiVgh Æ]ViX]^c\Ç ^c i]Z ]ZVY d[ i]Z ]jciZg XdchiZaaVi^dc Dg^dc# 6higdcdbZgh hjheZXi i]Vi h]dX`lVkZh [gdb V hjeZgcdkV Zmeadh^dc ^c Dg^dcÉh ]ZVY! cZVgan ( b^aa^dc nZVgh V\d! bVn ]VkZ ^c^i^ViZY i]^h cZl[djcY W^gi]#

©2007 DCL

“HOUSTON,

WE HAVE A CHANNEL.”

, ACCUTRON ARE REGISTERED TRADEMARKS. ©2007 BULOVA CORPORATION. Style: 28B088

800.A.BULOVA bulova.com

the Astronaut watch • limited edition • swiss gmt movement • replica of 1960’s landmark design

swiss made designed by

bulova

C6H6

CZmi je 6 C6H6 BVgh]Vaa HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg ZbeadnZZ ^cheZXih V b^ggdg hZ\bZci d[ i]Z ?VbZh LZWW HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ! hX]ZYjaZY [dg aVjcX] ^c '%&(#

;dgijcViZan! V hbVaa [gVXi^dc d[ eaVcZih ]VkZ dgW^ih i]Vi VgZ Va^\cZY eZg[ZXian l^i] :Vgi]Éh a^cZ d[ h^\]i id i]Z ]dhi hiVg# DcXZ ZkZgn dgW^i! i]ZhZ eaVcZih eVhh ^c [gdci d[ i]Z hiVg# 9jg^c\ dcZ d[ i]ZhZ hd"XVaaZY igVch^ih! i]Z eaVcZi WadX`h V i^cn edgi^dc d[ i]Z hiVgÉh Y^h`! aZVY^c\ id V hbVaa Wji bZVhjgVWaZ Ygde ^c ^ih Wg^\]icZhh# L]Zc i]Z eaVcZi ^h dc i]Z di]Zg h^YZ d[ ^ih dgW^i! ^i eVhhZh WZ]^cY ^ih ]dhi hiVg! l]ZgZ ^i ^h Xdb" eaZiZan WadX`ZY [gdb k^Zl Å Vc ZkZci `cdlc Vh V hZXdcYVgn ZXa^ehZ# L^i] ^ih ]ZVi"hZZ`^c\ YZiZXidgh! He^ioZg ^h eZg[ZXian ed^hZY id iV`Z VYkVciV\Z d[ i]^h dgW^iVa \ZdbZign# 6aa d[ i]Z igVch^i^c\ ZmdeaVcZih Y^hXdkZgZY id YViZ ]j\ i]Z^g hiVgh i^\]ian! l^i] dgW^ih d[ _jhi V [Zl YVnh# I]Z hiVgh VgZ gdVhi^c\ i]Z djiZg Vibdhe]ZgZh d[ i]ZhZ eaVcZih id iZbeZgVijgZh ]diiZg i]Vc V WaVhi [jgcVXZ# 7n dWhZgk^c\ i]Z hnhiZb Vh i]Z eaVcZi \dZh VgdjcY i]Z hiVg! He^ioZg XViX]Zh i]Z eaVcZi Vi Y^[" [ZgZci eaVXZh ^c ^ih dgW^i# L]Zc i]Z eaVcZi ^h edh^i^dcZY id dcZ h^YZ d[ i]Z hiVg! He^ioZg XVeijgZh i]Z ]ZVi [gdb Wdi] i]Z hiVg VcY eaVcZi# 7ji Yjg^c\ V hZXdcYVgn ZXa^ehZ! He^ioZg hZZh _jhi i]Z hiVg# I]Z Y^[[ZgZcXZ WZilZZc i]Z ild dWhZgkVi^dch gZkZVah i]Z ]ZVi d[ i]Z eaVcZi VadcZ# I]ZhZ hijY^Zh ]VkZ h]dlc V eaVcZi `cdlc Vh =9 &-.,((W ]Vh hjW" hiVci^Va lViZg kVedg ^c ^ih Vibdhe]ZgZ# =9 hiVcYh [dg =Zcgn 9gVeZg! i]Z &.i] XZcijgn 6bZg^XVc VhigdcdbZg l]d XViVad\ZY hiVgh i]Vi ]VY cdi nZi WZZc cVbZY# CZlan Y^hXdkZgZY eaVcZih i]Vi dgW^i i]ZhZ hiVgh VgZ \^kZc V aZiiZg hjX] Vh W# Æ;^cY^c\ lViZg dc i]^h eaVcZi ^bea^Zh i]Vi di]Zg eaVcZih ^c i]Z jc^kZghZ! edhh^Wan ZkZc gdX`n dcZh! XdjaY Vahd ]VkZ lViZg!Ç hV^Y HZVc 8VgZn d[ C6H6Éh He^ioZg HX^ZcXZ 8Zc" iZg# HijY^Zh d[ di]Zg eaVcZih ]VkZ [djcY ]^cih d[ ]^\]"Vai^ijYZ XadjYh bVYZ d[ h^a^XViZ Yjhi#

6higdcdbZgh ]VkZ bVYZ iZbeZgVijgZ bVeh d[ =9 &-.,((W VcY Vc" di]Zg eaVcZi! =9 &).%'+W# I]^h ^c[dgbVi^dc gZkZVah ]dl &!%%%"eajh" b^aZ"eZg"]djg l^cYh igVchedgi ]ZVi [gdb i]Z eaVcZihÉ YVn h^YZh id i]Z^g c^\]i h^YZh# ;dg i]Z Òghi i^bZ! i]ZhZ eaVcZih ]VkZ WZZc igVch[dgbZY [gdb YViV ed^cih id VXijVa ldgaYh! l^i] VhigdcdbZgh edhhZhh^c\ YZ" iV^aZY ^c[dgbVi^dc VWdji i]Z^g Xdbedh^i^dch VcY e]nh^XVa X]VgVXiZg" ^hi^Xh# ÆHe^ioZg ]Vh egdk^YZY jh l^i] V edlZg[ja cZl idda [dg aZVgc^c\ VWdji i]Z iZbeZgVijgZh! Vibdhe]ZgZh! VcY dgW^ih d[ eaVcZih ]jcYgZYh d[ a^\]i"nZVgh [gdb :Vgi]!Ç hV^Y 9gV`Z 9Zb^c\ d[ <dYYVgY! dcZ d[ i]Z VhigdcdbZgh l]d XdcYjXi i]ZhZ hijY^Zh# I]gZZ d[ C6H6Éh [djg <gZVi DWhZgkVidg^Zh gZbV^c ^c deZgVi^dc!

VcY V ÓZZi d[ hbVaaZg! adl"Xdhi b^hh^dch hjX] Vh Hl^[i! <VaVmn :kd" aji^dc :meadgZg <6A:M VcY i]Z L^a`^chdc B^XgdlVkZ 6c^hdigden EgdWZ LB6E VgZ hi^aa dc eVigda# C6H6Éh heVXZ Vhigdcdbn egd\gVb gZbV^ch gZbVg`VWan ]ZVai]n VcY k^WgVci# 7ji C6H6 ]Vh cZkZg WZZc `cdlc id gZhi dc ^ih aVjgZah# >c '%%-! C6H6 l^aa aVjcX] i]Z <VbbV"gVn AVg\Z 6gZV HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ <A6HI ! l]^X] l^aa [daadl je bVcn d[ 8dbeidcÉh Y^hXdkZg^Zh! VcY jcYdjWiZYan WgZV` cZl \gdjcY# >c '%%.!

C6H6 l^aa aVjcX] @ZeaZg! l]^X] XdjaY Y^hXdkZg ]jcYgZYh d[ :Vgi]" h^oZY eaVcZih Wn lViX]^c\ i]Zb igVch^i i]Z^g eVgZci hiVgh# 6cY VgdjcY '%&(! C6H6 l^aa aVjcX] i]Z ?VbZh LZWW HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ ?LHI ! V \^\Vci^X ^c[gVgZY dWhZgkVidgn i]Vi l^aa eZZg YZZe ^cid i]Z jc^kZghZ id XViX] i]Z a^\]i d[ i]Z Òghi hiVgh VcY \VaVm^Zh# HeVXZ dWhZgkVidg^Zh eVhi VcY egZhZci ]VkZ gZkdaji^dc" ^oZY Vhigdcdbn! Wji l^i] cZmi"\ZcZgVi^dc iZaZhXdeZh dc i]Z cZVg ]dg^odc! i]Z WZhi ^h nZi id XdbZ#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

147

?d]c 8# BVi]Zg/ C6H6Éh CdWZa AVjgZViZ

By Edward S. GOLDSTEIN >c '%%+! ?d]c 8# BVi]Zg! V hZc^dg Vhigde]nh^" X^hi VcY egd_ZXi hX^Zci^hi Vi C6H6Éh <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg! WZXVbZ i]Z Òghi C6H6 X^k^a hZgkVci id gZXZ^kZ i]Z CdWZa Eg^oZ ^c E]nh" ^Xh# BVi]Zg lVh gZXd\c^oZY! Vadc\ l^i] <Zdg\Z ;# Hbddi d[ i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ 8Va^[dgc^V! [dg i]Z ÆY^hXdkZgn d[ i]Z WaVX` WdYn [dgb VcY Vc^hdigden d[ i]Z Xdhb^X b^XgdlVkZ WVX`\gdjcY gVY^Vi^dc#Ç I]^h ldg` ]ZaeZY kVa^YViZ i]Z W^\"WVc\ i]Zdgn d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ# BVi]Zg VcY Hbddi VcVanoZY YViV [gdb C6H6Éh 8dhb^X 7VX`\gdjcY :meadgZg 8D7: hViZaa^iZ! l]^X] hijY^ZY i]Z eViiZgc d[ gVY^Vi^dc [gdb i]Z Òghi [Zl ^chiVcih V[iZg i]Z jc^kZghZ lVh [dgbZY# 6XXdgY^c\ id i]Z CdWZa Eg^oZ Xdbb^iiZZ! ÆI]Z 8D7: egd_ZXi XVc Vahd WZ gZ\VgYZY Vh i]Z hiVgi^c\ ed^ci [dg Xdhbdad\n Vh V egZX^h^dc hX^ZcXZ#Ç >c ?jan '%%,! BVi]Zg! l]d \ZcZgdjhan ]Vh YdcViZY ]^h CdWZa Eg^oZ l^cc^c\h id hX]daVgh]^eh [dg hX^ZcXZ hijYZcih!

Y^hXjhhZY ]^h XVgZZg Vi C6H6 VcY ZmegZhhZY ]^h ]deZh [dg i]Z [jijgZ d[ C6H6 Vhigdcdbn# 9g# BVi]Zg! ndj ]VkZ ldg`ZY Vi C6H6 [dg dkZg i]gZZ"Ò[i]h d[ i]Z V\ZcXnÉh ]^hid" gn! VcY ndj dWk^djhan XdjaY ]VkZ ldg`ZY ZahZl]ZgZ# L]Vi lVh ^i VWdji C6H6 VcY i]Z <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg i]Vi lVh hd Zcg^X]^c\ id ndjg XVgZZg4 >i hZZbZY id bZ i]Vi C6H6! ZheZX^Vaan <dYYVgY! lVh i]Z eaVXZ l]ZgZ > XdjaY XVg" gn dji i]Z YgZVbh i]Vi > ]VY! l]^X] lZgZ id ejh] [dglVgY Vc ZmeZg^bZci i]Vi ldjaY bZVhjgZ i]Z W^\ WVc\ gVY^Vi^dc WZiiZg i]Vc VcndcZ ]VY ZkZg ig^ZY WZ[dgZ# I]ZgZ[dgZ! ^i hZZbZY a^`Z i]Z eZg[ZXi eaVXZ id \d# >i lVh V hdgi d[ eaVXZ l]ZgZ hX^Zci^hih VcY Zc\^cZZgh XdjaY gjW h]djaYZgh VcY l]ZgZ kZgn VbW^i^djh egd_ZXih XdjaY WZ iV`Zc dc! eZg]Veh i]Z dcan eaVXZ ^c i]Z ldgaY l]ZgZ ndj XdjaY Yd i]Vi `^cY d[ egd_ZXi! VcY i]ViÉh ]dl ^i ijgcZY dji# C6H6 aVWh VgZ i]Z eg^YZ d[ i]Z ldgaY [dg i]^c\h i]Vi lZ XVc Yd! l]ZgZ hX^ZcXZ VcY Zc" \^cZZgh bZZi id\Zi]Zg VcY hVn aZiÉh Yd i]Z ^b" edhh^WaZ! VcY lZ l^aa Yd ^i# I]Vi lVh i]Z VeeZVa id bZ i]Zc VcY hi^aa ^h i]Z VeeZVa id bZ cdl# >c ndjg Wdd`! I]Z KZgn ;^ghi A^\]i! ndj hV^Y ^i lVh ^bedgiVci i]Vi i]Z 8D7: hViZaa^iZ lVh YdcZ ^c"]djhZ Vi C6H6! i]Vi ndj ]VY i]Z hX^Zci^hih VcY i]Z Zc\^cZZgh ldg`^c\ i]gdj\] i]Z egdWaZbh id\Zi]Zg# NZh# >i lVh kZgn ^bedgiVci# > XVcÉi ^bV\^cZ i]Vi lZ XdjaY ]VkZ ZkZg YdcZ i]Z 8D7: egd_ZXi!

148

NASA

dc XdcigVXi l]ZgZ lZ ldjaY hVn! ÆLZaa! bV`Z V bZVhjgZbZci i]Vi ^h V i]djhVcY i^bZh WZiiZg i]Vc VcndcZ ]Vh ZkZg YdcZ WZ[dgZ#Ç >i _jhi lVh ^bedhh^WaZ id lg^iZ V heZX^ÒXVi^dc [dg hdbZ" i]^c\ ndj XdjaY Wjn# LZ ]VY id YZkZade ^i l^i] V XdbW^cVi^dc d[ Zc\^cZZgh VcY hX^Zci^hih l]d XdjaY hdakZ egdWaZbh id\Zi]Zg# L]Vi bV`Zh ndjg XdaaZV\jZh Vi C6H6 heZX^Va4 I]Z XdaaZV\jZh i]Vi > ]VkZ VcY i]Vi lZ ]VkZ id\Zi]Zg ]ZgZ Vi C6H6 VgZ eZdeaZ l]d hZa["hZaZXiZY# I]Zn YZX^YZY i]Zn lVciZY id Yd i]ZhZ VbVo^c\ i]^c\h ^c heVXZ# I]Zn lZgZ l^aa^c\ id bV`Z i]dhZ X]d^XZh i]Vi hV^Y i]Zn ldjaY WZ ]ZgZ l]ZcZkZg ^i lVh i]Vi i]Zn ]VY id WZ ]ZgZ id bV`Z i]^h ]VeeZc# Djg heVXZ egd_ZXih VgZ kZgn YZbVcY^c\# 6 eZghdc d[iZc ]Vh id ldg` c^\]ih VcY YVnh VcY lZZ`ZcYh l]Zc i]Z hX]ZYjaZ gZfj^gZh jh id Òc^h] hdbZi]^c\ dc i^bZ# LZ [ZZa! > [ZZa! i]Vi i]Z Zci^gZ ldgaY ^h lViX]^c\ jh VcY lV^i^c\ [dg jh id Yd djg i]^c\ VcY id \Zi ^i g^\]i! VcY ^i ^h V igZbZcYdjh deedgijc^in# >i ^h Vahd V igZbZcYdjh gZhedch^W^a^in! VcY ^i ]Vh ValVnh WZZc egZiin XaZVg i]Vi lZ Yd i]^h id\Zi]Zg Vh iZVbh VcY i]Vi ^i ^h i]Z dcan lVn ndj XdjaY edhh^Wan Yd i]ZhZ VbVo^c\ egd_ZXih# >i iV`Zh V ]j\Z iZVb d[ eZdeaZ# ;dg 8D7:! ^i lVh VWdji &!*%% eZdeaZ ldg`^c\ id\Zi]Zg dkZg i]Z XdjghZ d[ i]Z egd_ZXiÉh bVcn nZVgh# ;dg i]Z ?VbZh LZWW HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ lZ ]VkZ dkZg &!%%% eZdeaZ ldg`^c\ g^\]i cdl! VcY dg\Vc^o" ^c\ VcY bVcV\^c\ i]^h ]j\Z iZVb d[ eZdeaZ id Yd i]^h ^h XaZVgan i]Z \gZViZhi X]VaaZc\Z d[ Vaa# NdjÉkZ bVYZ V ed^ci ^c ndjg Wdd` I]Z KZgn ;^ghi A^\]i0 7Vh^X 7dd`h! &..+ VcY Vi i]Z CdWZa Eg^oZ XZgZbdcn d[ hVaji^c\ ndjg XdaaZV\jZh VcY bZci^dc i]Z Xdc" XZei d[ iZVbldg`# NZh! ^i ]Vh ValVnh WZZc XaZVg id bZ i]Vi ^i lVh i]Z iZVb i]Vi hdakZY egdWaZbh! cdi dcZ ^cY^k^YjVa# > _jhi ]ZVgY V fjdiZ i]Vi ^[ ndj hZZ V ijgiaZ dc ide d[ V [ZcXZedhi! ndj `cdl ]Z cZZYZY ]Zae id \Zi i]ZgZ# Bn ZmeZg^ZcXZ [gdb ldg`^c\ l^i] eZdeaZ ^h i]Vi ndj XVc ]VkZ V XdckZghVi^dc l^i] hdbZdcZ dg ]VkZ V bZZi^c\ l^i] V \gdje d[ eZdeaZ! VcY [gdb i]Vi bZZi^c\ l^aa YZg^kZ Vc VchlZg id V fjZhi^dc i]Vi cd ^cY^k^YjVa XdjaY ]VkZ ZkZg i]dj\]i d[ Wn ]^b dg ]ZghZa[# IZX]" c^XVa egdWaZbh VgZ hdakZY i]Vi lVn kZgn d[iZc! VcY bVcV\Zg^Va egdWaZbh VgZ hdakZY i]Vi lVn#

I]ZgZ ^h higZc\i] ^c cjbWZgh! Wji dg\Vc^o^c\ i]dhZ cjbWZgh ^h dcZ d[ i]Z \gZVi X]VaaZc\Zh# I]Z '%i] XZcijgn lVh X]VgVXiZg^oZY Wn e]nh^X^hih l]d XgZViZY igZbZcYdjh YZhigjXi^kZ edlZg VcY i]dhZ l]d egdk^Y" ZY jh ^cXgZY^WaZ ^ch^\]i ^cid i]Z dg^\^c ^c i]Z jc^kZghZ! i]Z XViZ\dgn ndj [Vaa ^cid# L]Vi l^aa i]Z '&hi XZcijgn ]VgWdg [dg e]nh^X^hih! ZheZX^Vaan Vi C6H64 Bn XgnhiVa WVaa ^h fj^kZg^c\# > i]^c` i]Vi lZ VgZ \d^c\ id hZZ V igZbZcYdjh X]Vc\Z dkZg i]Z nZVgh! cdi fj^X`an! Wji dkZg V adc\ iZgb! ^c l]Vi lZ XVc VXXdbea^h] WZXVjhZ lZ l^aa WZ VWaZ id Vh` djg XdbejiZgh id ]Zae jh V adi bdgZ# I]ZhZ YVnh! `cdlaZY\Z [dg Zc\^cZZg^c\ gZh^YZh ^c i]Z ]ZVgih VcY b^cYh d[ ^cY^k^YjVa ]jbVc WZ^c\h VcY ^c iZVb ldg`! i]Vi lZ gZ" bZbWZg l]Vi lZ Y^Y aVhi i^bZ l]Zc lZ XgZ" ViZ hdbZi]^c\ id\Zi]Zg# L]Zc lZ lVci id `cdl ]dl hdbZWdYn Y^Y ^i &% dg '% dg (% nZVgh V\d! lZ XVcÉi ÒcY dji# KZgn d[iZc! i]Z ldg` lVh egdeg^ZiVgn! VcY i]Z eZghdc i]Vi Y^Y ^i ldg`ZY [dg hdbZ Xdb" eVcn# Djg Zc\^cZZg^c\ ]^hidgn ^h aVg\Zan adhi# > ldjaY i]^c` i]Vi ZkZcijVaan XdbejiZgh XVc hVkZ i]Vi P]^hidgnR [dg jh ^[ lZ XVc Ò\jgZ dji ]dl id Yd i]Vi# > e^XijgZ i]Vi bVnWZ ^c &%% nZVgh! lZ l^aa WZ VWaZ id XdbZ ^cid i]Z aVW VcY i]Z XdbejiZgh l^aa hVn id ndj! ÆLZaa! > i]^c` > Vb gZVYn id \d id BVgh# 8Vc ndj \Zi bZ i]^h hij[[4Ç VcY lZ l^aa hVn! ÆD@! XdbejiZg# LZ l^aa [ZiX] ndj i]^h hij[[# =dl bjX] h^a^Xdc Yd ndj lVci4Ç VcY hdbZi]^c\ d[ i]Vi hdgi XdjaY ]VeeZc# LZ _jhi ]VkZ cd ^YZV l]Vi i]Z Xdb" ejiZgh l^aa ZkZcijVaan WZ VWaZ id Yd l^i] jh# IZaa bZ VWdji ndjg XjggZci ldg` dc i]Z ?VbZh LZWW HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ VcY ^c ]Zae^c\ C6H6 X]Vgi i]Z [jijgZ d[ heVXZ Vhigdcdbn# I]Z ?VbZh LZWW HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ ^h i]Z egZb^Zg dWhZgkVidgn [dg i]Z cZmi YZXVYZ# LZ eaVc id aVjcX] ^i ^c '%&( Vh V [daadl"dc id i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ VcY Vahd id i]Z He^ioZg HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZh# 7di] d[ i]Zb ]VkZ ejh]ZY djg `cdlaZY\Z [Vg WZndcY l]ZgZ lZ ZkZg \jZhhZY i]Zn ldjaY \d! VcY djg cZl iZaZhXdeZ l^aa WZ W^\\Zg! WZiiZg! VcY bdgZ edlZg[ja! hZZ [Vgi]Zg WVX` ^c i^bZ! hZZ ^cid i]Z Yjhi XadjYh l]ZgZ hiVgh VgZ WZ^c\ Wdgc# LZ ZmeZXi VcY ]deZ i]Vi lZ l^aa WZ VWaZ id ZkZc YZiZXi hiVgh l^i] eaVcZih \d^c\ VgdjcY i]Zb dg ^c [gdci d[ i]Zb! ZkZc e^X` je hdbZ

C6H6

h^\cVah [gdb i]dhZ eaVcZih! VcY aZVgc VWdji i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ ]dl djg :Vgi] bVn ^ihZa[ ]VkZ WZZc [dgbZY# LZ ]deZ id idjX] i]Z l]daZ ]^hidgn d[ djg dlc h^ijVi^dc! ]dl i]Z :Vgi] XdjaY XdbZ id WZ! WZ\^cc^c\ l^i] i]Z eg^bdgY^Va bViZg^Va! VcY i]^h ^h V igZbZcYdjhan ZmX^i^c\ i]^c\ [dg jh! Wji ^i ^h hi^aa dcan i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ d[ i]Z fjZhi^dch i]Vi eZdeaZ ]VkZ ^c b^cY# I]ZgZ VgZ bVcn ]j\Z fjZhi^dch i]Vi VgZ WZ^c\ Xdch^YZgZY g^\]i cdl! VcY C6H6 ^h ign" ^c\ id YZX^YZ l]^X] dcZh lZ XVc iVX`aZ Òghi VcY l^i] l]^X] eVgicZgh# I]ZhZ fjZhi^dch gVc\Z [gdb ]dl Yd WaVX` ]daZh ldg`0 l]Vi i]Z W^\ WVc\ lVh gZVaan a^`Z0 l]Vi ZahZ XVc lZ aZVgc VWdji ^i [gdb i]Z gZh^YjZ i]Vi lZ ]VkZ aZ[i0 lVh :^chiZ^c gZVaan g^\]i0 VcY VgZ i]ZgZ \gVk^in lVkZh Xdb^c\ [gdb i]Z YZVi]h d[ hiVgh VcY WaVX` ]daZh he^gVa^c\ id\Zi]Zg id bZZi ZVX] di]Zg# I]ZgZ VgZ V igZbZcYdjh gVc\Z d[ fjZhi^dch i]Vi VgZ deZc VcY i]Vi Vh" igde]nh^X^hih ]VkZ! VcY i]Vi ^h cdi ZkZc i]^c`" ^c\ VWdji ÈaZiÉh \d k^h^i V eaVcZi VcY hZZ ^[ i]ZgZ ^h a^[Z ]ZgZ ^c i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb#É I]ZgZ VgZ eaZcin d[ h^\ch d[ lViZg ]ZgZ ^c i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb# BVgh lVh lZi# LZ ]VkZ kZgn XaZVg Zk^YZcXZ d[ i]Vi# LZ ]VkZ ild hViZaa^iZh d[ ?je^iZg i]Vi VgZ lZi l^i] ^XZ XdkZg^c\ i]Z dXZVch# GZXZcian! lZ ]VkZ Y^hXdkZgZY i]Vi V a^iiaZ hViZaa^iZ d[ HVijgc hZcYh dji a^iiaZ heg^io" Zh d[ lViZg! VcY lZ hZZ cdl lViZg ^h dg ]Vh WZZc ^c Vi aZVhi [djg eaVXZh WZh^YZh :Vgi]# >[ i]Vi ^h V egZgZfj^h^iZ [dg a^[Z! XaZVgan lZ h]djaY WZ \d^c\ id add` id hZZ l]Vi ^h i]ZgZ# > i]^c` V igjan gZkdaji^dcVgn Y^hXdkZgn ldjaY WZ i]Vi lZ VgZ cdi VadcZ# :kZc ^[ Vaa lZ ÒcY ^h edcY hXjb! l]^X] ^h bdhi a^`Zan ^c ]dhi^aZ eaVXZh a^`Z i]Vi! hi^aa i]Z [VXi i]Vi i]ZgZ ldjaY WZ a^[Z ZahZl]ZgZ i]Vi bVn ]VkZ ]VY V hZeVgViZ dg^\^c [gdb djgh ldjaY WZ igjan V ldgaY"X]Vc\" ^c\ Y^hXdkZgn [dg djg jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ djg ed" h^i^dc ^c ]^hidgn VcY ^c i]Z jc^kZghZ# LZaa! \ddYcZhh# > i]^c` ^[ lZ lVci id hZZ a^[Z dg h^\ch d[ a^[Z dc eaVcZih VgdjcY di]Zg hiVgh! cjbWZg dcZ! lZ ]VkZ id hZZ i]Z eaVc" Zih dg hZZ gVY^Vi^dc [gdb i]Z eaVcZih! VcY lZ ]VkZ V hZg^Zh d[ i]^c\h lZ ]VkZ XdcXZ^kZY d[ id ign id Yd i]^h# I]Z dcZh lZ VagZVYn `cdl VWdji! d[ XdjghZ! lZ ]VkZ Y^hXdkZgZY l^i] Zm^hi^c\ iZaZhXdeZh hjX] Vh i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZ" hXdeZ VcY He^ioZg HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ# LZ VgZ VWdji id Ón dcZ XVaaZY i]Z @ZeaZg B^hh^dc i]Vi l^aa dWhZgkZ &%%!%%% hiVgh# LZ l^aa jhZ @ZeaZg id hZZ ^[ V eaVcZi ]VeeZch id \d ^c [gdci d[ i]Z hiVg#

EgdjY hX^Zci^hi ?d]c BVi]Zg bZZih i]Z egZhh Vi C6H6 =ZVYfjVgiZgh i]Z YVn ^c '%%+ ]Z lVh ^c[dgbZY VWdji ]^h CdWZa Eg^oZ#

LZ l^aa [daadl je l^i] W^\\Zg iZaZhXdeZh dc i]Z \gdjcY id hZZ XVc lZ aZVgc i]Z YZiV^aZY egdeZgi^Zh d[ i]ZhZ dW_ZXih# I]Zc V[iZg lZ ]VkZ V a^hi d[ XVcY^YViZ dW_ZXih! i]Z ?VbZh LZWW HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ l^aa hjgZan ed^ci Vi i]Zb VcY hZZ l]Vi lZ XVc aZVgc# 6[iZg i]Vi lZ ]VkZ VbW^i^dch [dg W^\\Zg VcY WZiiZg i]^c\h# I]ZgZ VgZ di]Zg lVnh id ÒcY eaVcZih VgdjcY cZVgWn hiVgh! lViX]^c\ i]Z bdi^dch d[ i]Z hiVgh Vh i]Z eaVcZih ejaa dc i]Zb# I]ZgZ ^h V b^hh^dc XVaaZY i]Z HeVXZ >ciZg[ZgdbZign B^hh^dc i]Vi lVh eaVccZY id Yd i]Vi! VcY lZ ]VY id hide WZXVjhZ lZ Y^YcÉi ]VkZ Zcdj\] bdcZn! Wji ZkZcijVaan! lZ l^aa ]VkZ id Z^i]Zg Yd i]Vi egd_ZXi dg ÒcY Vc VaiZgcVi^kZ WZXVjhZ i]Vi ^h V kZgn ^bedgiVci iZX]c^fjZ id ign# L]Zc lZ `cdl l]ZgZ i]ZgZ ^h V eaVcZi id add` [dg! lZ Vahd ]VkZ Vi aZVhi i]gZZ Y^[[ZgZci XdcXZeih [dg ]dl id hZZ ^i Y^gZXian# DcZ ^h id Wj^aY Vc Vabdhi"eZg[ZXi iZaZhXdeZ VcY i]Zc WadX` i]Z a^\]i [gdb i]Z hiVgh! hd ndj XVc hZZ i]Z eaVcZi cZmi id ^i# >i ^h XVaaZY V XdgdcV" \gVe]^X iZaZhXdeZ# 6 hZXdcY ^YZV ^h id Wj^aY V hnci]Zi^X iZaZhXdeZ l^i] hZkZgVa hZeVgViZ iZaZhXdeZh i]Vi XdbW^cZ a^\]i ^c V XZcigVa eaVXZ i]Vi ^h XVaaZY Vc ^ciZg[ZgdbZiZg! VcY i]Vi ldjaY deZgViZ Vi ^c[gVgZY lVkZaZc\i]h!

VcY V i]^gY `^cY ldjaY ]VkZ V XdbW^cVi^dc d[ V iZaZhXdeZ l^i] V gZbdiZ dWhXjg^c\ YZk^XZ i]Vi lZ XVaa Vc dXXjaiZg# HjX] V Y^hiVci dW_ZXi XdjaY XVhi V h]VYdl d[ i]Z hiVg dc i]Z iZaZ" hXdeZ! VcY ndj XdjaY hZZ V eaVcZi cZmi id ^i# LZ ]VkZ i]ZhZ i]gZZ! VcY > i]^c` lZ l^aa ]VkZ id ÒcY dji l]^X] dcZ ^h i]Z bdhi [ZVh^WaZ! Wji Vaa i]gZZ VgZ! ^c eg^cX^eaZ! XVeVWaZ d[ h]dl^c\ jh a^\]i! Y^gZXi a^\]i [gdb V eaVcZi a^`Z :Vgi] VgdjcY V cZVgWn hiVg#

L^i] Zcdj\] ^c[dgbVi^dc VWdji hjX] V eaVcZi! ndj XVc add` [dg i]Z X]Zb^hign d[ i]Z Vibdhe]ZgZ d[ i]Vi eaVcZi! VcY eZdeaZ ]VkZ gZXd\c^oZY i]Vi ^[ ndj XdjaY ÒcY i]Z X]Zb^XVa h^\cVijgZ d[ i]gZZ Y^[[ZgZci \VhZh "" XVgWdc Y^" dm^YZ! lViZg VcY dmn\Zc "" i]Vi i]Vi XdbW^cV" i^dc ldjaY WZ jca^`Zan jcaZhh i]ZgZ lZgZ e]d" idhnci]Zi^X a^[Z ]VeeZc^c\ dc i]Vi eaVcZi# LZ ]VkZ i]dj\]i d[ iZX]c^fjZh id ÒcY i]Z h^\ch d[ a^[Z dc V eaVcZi VgdjcY Vcdi]Zg hiVg½ >i bVn iV`Z jh &%! '%! (% nZVgh WZ[dgZ lZ `cdl i]ZhZ `^cYh d[ VchlZgh! Wji i]Vi ^h hi^aa l^i]^c i]Z i^bZ [gVbZ d[ eZdeaZ l]d VgZ Xdb^c\ i]gdj\] hX]dda idYVn# > i]^c` l^i]^c i]Z a^[Zi^bZh d[ bVcn d[ jh! i]Vi lZ l^aa `cdl l]Zi]Zg lZ VgZ VadcZ dg cdi l^i] gZheZXi id eaVcZih djih^YZ i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb# :kZg h^cXZ ;gVc` 9gV`Z XVbZ je l^i] ]^h ^YZVh VWdji hZVgX]^c\ [dg gVY^d h^\" cVah [gdb Y^hiVci hiVgh! i]Vi ]Vh WZZc Vc ^cig^\j^c\! Wji [gjhigVi^c\! ZmeZg^bZci# L]Vi Yd ndj i]^c` VWdji i]Z [jijgZ d[ i]Vi `^cY d[ hZVgX] [dg h^\cVah4 I]^h ^h i]Z HZVgX] [dg :migViZggZhig^Va >ciZaa^\ZcXZ! dg H:I># I]ZgZ VgZ fj^iZ V adi d[ Y^[[ZgZci de^c^dch VWdji l]Vi ^h i]Z g^\]i lVn id ]jci [dg X^k^a^oVi^dch i]Vi b^\]i WZ hZcY^c\ dji h^\cVah# I]Z dcZ i]Vi lZ ]VkZ WZZc ign^c\ ^h gZaV" i^kZan X]ZVe! VcY eZdeaZ VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY ]VkZ i]Z^g XdbejiZgh ]Zae^c\ id VcVanoZ i]Z YViV# :kZgndcZ XVc \Zi V hXgZZc hVkZg i]Vi l^aa heZcY ndjg XdbejiZgÉh heVgZ i^bZ ]jci" ^c\ [dg h^\cVah [gdb di]Zg eaVcZih#

NASA labs are the pride of the world for things that we can do, where science and engineers meet together and say let’s do the impossible, and we will do it. > i]^c` lZ `cZl l]Zc lZ hiVgiZY d[[ i]Vi i]Z dYYh d[ hjXXZhh lZgZ kZgn hbVaa! Wji i]Vi i]Z XdchZfjZcXZh d[ Y^hXdkZgn lZgZ igjan ^b" bZchZ# >i hiVgiZY d[[ Vh V \dkZgcbZci"hedc" hdgZY egd_ZXi# :kZcijVaan! ^i lVh hl^iX]ZY dkZg id eg^kViZ hedchdgh]^e! VcY ^i ^h hi^aa \d^c\# I]ZgZ VgZ V adi d[ eZdeaZ l]d WZa^ZkZ i]Vi i]^h ^h kZgn lZaa ldgi] ejh]^c\! ZkZc i]dj\] i]Z dYYh d[ Y^hXdkZgn VgZ hbVaa! _jhi WZXVjhZ ^i ^h hd ^bedgiVci# Dc i]Z hjW_ZXi d[ \dkZgcbZci hedchdg" h]^e! ndj lgdiZ ^c ndjg Wdd`! ÆI]ZgZ l^aa ValVnh WZ hX^Zci^ÒX fjZhi^dch h^bean idd

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

149

HidX`]dab XZaZWg^in CdWZa Eg^oZ gZX^e^Zci ?d]c BVi]Zg bZZih Jc^kZgh^in d[ HidX`]dab hijYZcih V[iZg \^k^c\ V hX^ZcXZ aZXijgZ Yjg^c\ CdWZa Eg^oZ LZZ` ^c '%%+#

Y^[ÒXjai dg d[ a^b^iZY XdbbZgX^Va WZcZÒi# ;dgijcViZan! i]ZgZ Zm^hih ^c i]Z J#H#! V [dg" bVa XdbeZi^i^kZ egdXZhh [dg <dkZgcbZci [jcY^c\ d[ hX^Zci^ÒX egd_ZXih i]Vi kVajZh dg^\^cVa^in VcY cZl eZgheZXi^kZh# =VY hjX] V hnhiZb cdi WZZc ^c eaVXZ! 8D7: ldjaY ]VkZ cZkZg WZZc aVjcX]ZY# >c i]Z J#H# dcan! C6H6 XVc jcYZgiV`Z XZgiV^c aVg\Z hX^Zci^ÒX egd_ZXih hjX] Vh add`^c\ WVX` Vi i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ dg heZXjaVi^c\ VWdji i]Z [jijgZ Vh lZ bdc^" idg i]Z adhh d[ dodcZ aVnZg# C6H6 ]Vh deZcZY cZl l^cYdlh dc i]Z Xdhbdh l^i] i]Z =jWWaZ VcY \VbbV"gVn dWhZgkVid" g^Zh VcY dc :Vgi] Wn bdc^idg^c\ i]Z h^oZ d[ edaVg^oZY XVeh id YZiZgb^cZ l]Zi]Zg \adWVa lVgb^c\ ^h h^\c^ÒXVci#Ç 9d ndj i]^c` i]Vi C6H6 l^aa ValVnh ]VkZ V gdaZ ^c i]ZhZ `^cYh d[ [jcYVbZc" iVa hX^Zci^ÒX ^cfj^g^Zh4 > i]^c` hd# > WZa^ZkZ lZ VgZ XVeVWaZ! VcY lZ bVn WZ i]Z dcan V\ZcXn i]Vi ^h XVeVWaZ d[ iV`" ^c\ dc i]ZhZ kZgn aVg\Z fjZhi^dch# HdbZ i]^c\h gZVaan gZfj^gZ i]Z eZgheZXi^kZ d[ add`^c\ Vi :Vgi] [gdb heVXZ dg add`^c\ dji ^cid heVXZ [gdb heVXZ WZXVjhZ d[ i]Z eVgi^XjaVg `^cYh d[ fjZhi^dch i]Vi lZ VgZ Vh`^c\! VcY hd [Vg! C6H6 ^h i]Z dcan W^\ V\ZcXn i]Vi YdZh i]^h# Di]Zg Xdjcig^Zh ^c i]Z ldgaY XdjaY iV`Z i]^h dc! Wji Vi i]Z bdbZci! djg C6H6 ^h bjX] W^\" \Zg VcY bdgZ XVeVWaZ i]Vc di]Zgh PheVXZ V\Zc" X^ZhR VcY Zc_dnh kZgn higdc\ ejWa^X hjeedgi! l]^X] > i]^c` ^h [Vg WZndcY l]Vi ^h VkV^aVWaZ ^c di]Zg Xdjcig^Zh Vh lZaa# > i]^c` lZ XVc WZ kZgn egdjY d[ l]Vi lZ ]VkZ VXXdbea^h]ZY# LZ add` WVX` ^c ]^hidgn! VcY lZ i]^c` i]^h Xdjcign lVh [djcYZY ^c eVgi Wn V hX^Zci^hi!

150

NASA

7Zc ;gVc`a^c! VcY V [jijgZ egZh^YZci! I]db" Vh ?Z[[Zghdc! l]d lVh kZgn [dcY d[ hX^ZcXZ VcY hedchdgZY i]Z Òghi cVi^dcVa hX^ZcXZ ZmeZY^i^dc id \d dji VcY ZmeadgZ i]Z cZl iZgg^idgn! i]Z Adj^h^VcV EjgX]VhZ! VcY i]Zn ldjaY WZ hd egdjY VcY i]g^aaZY id hZZ l]Vi djg Xdjcign ]Vh VXXdbea^h]ZY [daadl^c\ dc l^i] hX^ZcXZ VcY i]Z Zc\^cZZg^c\ b^gVXaZh i]Vi ]VkZ ]VeeZcZY Vh V XdchZfjZcXZ# > i]^c` i]Zn cZkZg ldjaY ]VkZ \jZhhZY Pl]Vi ]VeeZcZYR! Wji i]Zn ldjaY hi^aa WZ i]g^aaZY id hZZ l]Vi ]Vh WZZc YdcZ# =dl Y^Y ndj \Zi id C6H64 > VXijVaan \di id C6H6 Wn ign^c\ id Vkd^Y l]Vi ]VeeZcZY id bZ# >c \gVYjViZ hX]dda! bn i]Zh^h egd_ZXi lVh id bZVhjgZ i]Z Xdh" b^X b^XgdlVkZ WVX`\gdjcY gVY^Vi^dc# 7ji ^i Y^YcÉi ldg` kZgn lZaa! VcY ^i lVh kZgn Y^[" ÒXjai! VcY > i]dj\]i bn YZhi^cn lVh id WZ V gVY^d VhigdcdbZg# 6h ^i ]VeeZcZY! i]Z gVY^d VhigdcdbZg i]Vi > lVciZY id ldg` l^i] lVh V C6H6 eZghdc ^c CZl Ndg` 8^in l]ZgZ lZ ]VY V hbVaa gVY^d Vhigdcdbn aVWdgVidgn! VcY > lZci id ldg` i]ZgZ P<dYYVgY >chi^ijiZ [dg HeVXZ HijY^ZhR# G^\]i i]Zc C6H6 VccdjcXZY i]^h deedgij" c^in id egdedhZ cZl hViZaa^iZ b^hh^dch! VcY > i]dj\]i! ÆBn i]Zh^h egd_ZXi ldjaY ]VkZ ldg`ZY WZiiZg ^c heVXZ! hd aZiÉh iVa` VWdji ^i#Ç I]ViÉh ]dl > lVh YgVlc WVX` ^cid i]Z hjW_ZXi d[ Xdhbdad\n WZXVjhZ C6H6 lVciZY id Yd hViZaa^iZ b^hh^dch# > lZci [gdb bn edhiYdXidgVa edh^i^dc Y^" gZXian ^cid i]Z ÒgZ VcY idd` dc i]Z _dW d[ ldg`^c\ dc 8D7:# I]Vi ^h l]Zc > bdkZY id BVgnaVcY! id ldg` Vi i]Z <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg#

C6H6$:YlVgY <daYhiZ^c

Dc i]Z bdgc^c\ d[ DXi# (! '%%+! ndj lZgZ Vld`Zc l^i] V e]dcZ XVaa Vc" cdjcX^c\ ndjg CdWZa E]nh^Xh Eg^oZ# 8Vc ndj iZaa bZ VWdji i]Vi XVaa4 >i lVh [gdb EZg 8Vgahdc! i]Z X]V^g d[ i]Z HlZY^h] Xdbb^iiZZ i]Vi X]dhZ i]Z l^ccZgh# Hddc > lVh gZXZ^k^c\ e]dcZ XVaah [gdb gZedgi" Zgh VcY [Vb^an bZbWZgh VcY V[iZg iVa`^c\ [dg Vc ]djg VcY V ]Va[ > gZVa^oZY > lVh cZkZg \d^c\ id ]VkZ WgZV`[Vhi Vi i]^h gViZ! VcY > WZiiZg iV`Z i]Z e]dcZ d[[ i]Z ]dd` VcY _jhi egdXZZY l^i] bn YVn# L^i]^c Vc ]djg! bn cZ^\]Wdgh ]VY YZX" dgViZY bn ]djhZ l^i] WVaaddch# 6 adi d[ eZdeaZ lZgZ lViX]^c\ id hZZ i]^h ZkZci ]VeeZc! VcY > lVh hdgi d[ egZiZcY^c\ i]Vi i]^h b^\]i ]VeeZc VcY ^i b^\]i cdi# > lVh ign^c\ id egZiZcY i]^h lVh \d^c\ id WZ V \gZVi hjgeg^hZ# 6i V XZaZWgVi^dc Vi <dYYVgY i]Z cZmi YVn ndj hV^Y! ÆI]^h ^h jh! i]^h ^h bn [Vb" ^an ]ZgZ! i]ZhZ VgZ i]Z eZdeaZ > adkZ#Ç NZh! > Y^Y# I]Vi lVh ZmVXian ]dl ^i [Zai! VcY ^i hi^aa \^kZh bZ \ddhZ Wjbeh id gZbZbWZg i]Vi bdbZci WZXVjhZ ^i ^h bn [Vb^an# I]ZhZ VgZ i]Z eZdeaZ i]Vi > ]VkZ ldg`ZY l^i] [dg hd adc\! VcY lZ ]VkZ \^kZc hd bjX] id ZVX] di]Zg id bV`Z djg YgZVbh XdbZ igjZ# L]Vi lVh ^i a^`Z ^c HlZYZc4 >i lVh V ldcYZg[ja i^bZ# I]Z HlZYZh ]VY ÒaaZY je bn XVaZcYVg l^i] ild dg i]gZZ bV_dg ZkZcih ZkZgn YVn! l^i] V aZXijgZ dg Vc ^ciZgk^Zl dg hdbZi^bZh ild dg i]gZZ d[ i]dhZ ZkZgn YVn# I]ZgZ lZgZ Vahd WVcfjZih VcY eVgi^Zh# Dc i]Z CdWZa egZhZciVi^dc YVn! > hVi l^i] i]Z fjZZc d[ HlZYZc! VcY > iVa`ZY l^i] ]Zg! VcY bn l^[Z \di id bZZi i]Z `^c\ VcY iVa` l^i] ]^b# 9jg^c\ i]Z CdWZa XZgZbdcn eZg^dY! ndj bZi ndjg [Zaadl aVjgZViZh# L]Vi Y^Y ndj aZVgc [gdb ZVX] di]Zg4 > aZVgcZY V a^iiaZ W^i VWdji W^dad\n WZXVjhZ i]ZgZ ^h Vc Vl[ja adi bdgZ id aZVgc! Wji dcZ d[ i]Z hijcc^c\ Y^hXdkZg^Zh d[ W^dad\n i]Vi lVh gZXd\c^oZY i]^h nZVg ^h XVaaZY GC6 ^ciZg[Zg" ZcXZ# >i ijgch dji i]Z \ZcZh ^c djg WdY^Zh XVc WZ ijgcZY d[[ Wn i]Z gZVXi^dch d[ djg WdY" ^Zh id ^cXdb^c\ i]^c\h! VcY i]ZgZ ^h Vc ZkZc \gZViZg hjgeg^hZ i]Vi i]^h XVc WZ ^c]Zg^iZY# I]^h \dZh V\V^chi i]Z l]daZ e^XijgZ i]Vi lZ ]VkZ [gdb BZcYZaÉh Y^hXdkZgn d[ \ZcZh l^i] eaVci^c\ eZVh WVX` ^c i]Z &.i] XZcijgn WZ" XVjhZ lZ ]VY cZkZg WZZc VWaZ id h]dl WZ" [dgZ! i]Vi i]ZgZ lVh hdbZ ^c]Zg^iZY \ZcZi^X X]Vc\Z! Wji ^i ^h cdl gZXd\c^oZY ^c hdbZ XVhZh i]Vi i]Vi XVc ]VeeZc# >i ^h cdi _jhi V b^mijgZ d[ gVcYdb \ZcZi^X XdYZh i]Vi ]VeeZch# I]ZgZ ^h Vc VXijVa gZVX" i^dc id ^cXdb^c\ ^c[ZXi^dch dg kVg^djh i]^c\h

i]Vi ]VeeZc id jh# I]Vi ]Vh X]Vc\ZY V adi!

VcY ^i ^h l^i]^c _jhi V [Zl nZVgh! ^i ]Vh WZ" XdbZ V bjai^"W^aa^dc"YdaaVg ^cYjhign id jhZ i]^h iZX]c^fjZ id ]Zae eZdeaZ# > lVh gZb^cYZY VWdji i]Z egVXi^XVa cVijgZ d[ W^dad\n VcY i]Z i]ZdgZi^XVa cVijgZ d[ Vh" igdcdbn! VcY cZkZgi]ZaZhh! Vhigdcdbn ^h gZVaan Vc ZmX^i^c\ i]^c\ [dg eZdeaZ WZXVjhZ ^i iZaah jh ]dl lZ \di ]ZgZ! VcY eZdeaZ VgZ YZiZgb^cZY id `cdl ]dl lZ \di ]ZgZ# >[ ndj Yg^kZ i]gdj\] i]Z Xdjcignh^YZ ^c i]^h VgZV d[ i]Z Xdjcign! ZkZgnl]ZgZ i]ZgZ ^h V a^iiaZ h^\c i]Vi hVnh V WViiaZ lVh [dj\]i ]ZgZ dg BdghZÉh iZaZ\gVe] lVh iZhiZY g^\]i dkZg ]ZgZ! _jhi cdgi] d[ LVh]^c\idc! 9#8#!

VcY eZdeaZ VgZ kZgn ^ciZgZhiZY ^c djg ]^hidgn# LZ Ò\]i dkZg i]Z egdeZg ^ciZgegZiVi^dc d[ ^i!

VcY ^i ^h kZgn XadhZ id djg ]ZVgih# 6higdcdbn ldg`h dc i]Vi eVgi! VcY W^dad\^hih Yd! idd# I]Zn iZaa jh ]dl lZ \di ]ZgZ Vh lZaa! Wji i]Zc i]Zn Vahd ]VkZ i]Z Veea^ZY W^dad\n i]Vi lZ Vaa XVgZ VWdji hd bjX] [dg YV^an hjgk^kVa# L]Zc ndj igVkZa i]gdj\] i]Z Xdjcign" h^YZ VcY ndj VgZ dji i]ZgZ dc V bddca^i c^\]i VcY ndj hZZ i]Z kVhi ZmeVchZ d[ hiVgh! l]Vi VgZ ndj i]^c`^c\ ^c ndjg ]ZVgi4 L]Zc > add` Vi i]^c\h! Vabdhi ^bbZY^ViZan > Vb i]^c`^c\ ]dl i]Zn VgZ bVYZ# L]Zc > add` Vi V e^ZXZ d[ eaVhi^X! > i]^c` d[ i]Z XVgWdc VcY i]Z dmn\Zc VcY i]Z X]Zb^hign VcY i]Z ]^hidgn d[ i]dhZ Vidbh VcY ]dl i]Zn XVbZ [gdb hiVgh! VcY >ÉkZ _jhi ^bbZghZY bnhZa[ ^c i]^h [dg hd adc\! i]Vi i]Vi ^h Vabdhi VjidbVi^X [dg bZ! VcY > add` Vi i]Z hiVgh [gdb V YVg` c^\]i! VcY > hVn! ÆD]! i]dhZ VgZ djg VcXZhidgh dji i]ZgZ# > ldc" YZg l]ZgZ lZ VgZ Vaa \d^c\ id\Zi]Zg# > l^h] lZ `cZl ]dl i]^h Vaa ldg`ZY!Ç VcY ^i ^h i]^h ]j\Z deZc fjZhi^dc [dg bZ! Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ i]Vi > Vb gjb^cVi^c\ dc ]dl ^i Vaa ]VeeZcZY# 9d ndj Vahd [ZZa Vcn Zbdi^dc! \^kZc i]Z [VXi i]Vi ndj! Wn ]VeeZchiVcXZ VcY i]gdj\] ndjg h`^aa VcY igV^c^c\ VcY \ddY \ZcZh! VgZ Va^kZ Vi V i^bZ i]Vi ndj lZgZ VWaZ id bV`Z i]^h Y^hXdkZgn4 >iÉh [jccn# > [ZZa bdgZ higdc\an VWdji i]Z Vhidc^h]^c\ cVijgZ d[ a^[Z i]Vc > Yd VWdji i]Z [VXi i]Vi > Y^Y hdbZi]^c\# > Vb _jhi VbVoZY Vi djg ]jbVc dg\Vc^oVi^dcVa hnhiZbh i]Vi Zc" VWaZ i]^h id ]VeeZc# > [ZZa hdbZl]Vi eZghdcVaan WaZhhZY i]Vi > Vb ]ZgZ g^\]i cdl! Wji > Vb Vahd VbVoZY i]Vi hiVgi^c\ [gdb V XdjeaZ d[ ]jcYgZY nZVgh V\d l]Zc djg Xdjcign hiVgiZY VcY eZdeaZ cZkZg \jZhhZY i]Vi ndj XdjaY Xgdhh i]Z Xdjcign ^c aZhh i]Vc V nZVg! VcY ]ZgZ! cdl djg ^YZVh l^aa Xgdhh i]Z cVi^dc ^c Vc ^chiVci# > Vb bdgZ

VbVoZY i]Vc > Vb iV`^c\ eZghdcVa XgZY^i [dg Vcni]^c\# > Vb _jhi VbVoZY Vi djg ldgaY# 7ji YdcÉi ndj [ZZa Vi aZVhi [dgijcViZ i]Vi ndjg a^[Z ]Vh iV`Zc eaVXZ Vi i]Z i^bZ i]Vi ndj lZgZ VWaZ id VXXdbea^h] ndjg Y^hXdkZgn4 NZh! > Yd# > [ZZa kZgn [dgijcViZ i]Vi > ]VkZ WZZc eVgi d[ i]Z Y^hXdkZgn egdXZhh WZXVjhZ ^i \^kZh bZ \gZVi eZghdcVa eaZVhjgZ id Y^hXdkZg i]^c\h! VcY i]ZgZÉh hdbZi]^c\ cZl id gZVY VWdji ZkZgn YVn# > adkZ gZVY^c\ i]Z hX^Zci^ÒX cZlh WZXVjhZ ^i ^h ValVnh V ldcYZg[ja Y^hXdkZgn ZkZgn YVn! VcY ^i ^h bjX] bdgZ [jc id bZ i]Vc ]ZVg^c\ VWdji i]Z aViZhi ÒgZh VcY Y^hVhiZgh i]Vi VgZ ine^XVa dc i]Z cZlh# Id bZ! hX^ZcXZ ^h V kZgn ^che^g^c\ VcY Zc_dnVWaZ i]^c\! Wji Vahd deZch je i]Z egdheZXih [dg V XdbeaZiZan jc^bV\^" cVWaZ [jijgZ! VcY > Vb kZgn Xjg^djh id hZZ l]Vi ^h \d^c\ id ]VeeZc [gdb ]ZgZ#

When I look at a piece of plastic, I think of the carbon and the oxygen and the chemistry and the history of those atoms and how they came from stars, and I’ve just immersed myself in this for so long, that that is almost automatic for me, and I look at the stars from a dark night, and I say, “Oh, those are our ancestors out there. I wonder where we are all going together. I wish we knew how this all worked.”

Ndj VgZ hjeedgi^c\ hX]daVgh]^eh [dg hX^ZcXZ hijYZcih! VcY ndj heZV` id hX^" ZcXZ hijYZcih Vaa i]Z i^bZ# 9d ndj h]VgZ i]Z ldggn d[ hdbZ i]Vi 6bZg^XVc hij" YZcih VgZ [Vaa^c\ lVn WZ]^cY4 HdbZ 6bZg^XVc hijYZcih VgZ hi^aa Vbdc\ i]Z bdhi Wg^aa^Vci ^c i]Z ldgaY# 6 aVg\Z cjbWZg d[ 6bZg^XVc hijYZcih Yd cdi \Zi i]Z deedgijc^in i]Vi i]Zn XdjaY ]VkZ id gZVaan aZVgc VcY VeegZX^" ViZ hX^ZcXZ VcY id ZmZgi i]Z iZX]c^XVa VcY hX^" Zci^ÒX aZVYZgh]^e i]Vi > i]^c` djg Xdjcign YZ" eZcYh dc [dg djg dlc egdheZg^in ^c i]Z [jijgZ# > Vb kZgn \aVY l]Zc eZdeaZ XdbZ id i]^h Xdjcign WZXVjhZ i]Zn [ZZa ^i ^h i]Z aVcY d[ de" edgijc^in! VcY hX^Zci^hih VcY Zc\^cZZgh XdbZ [gdb ZkZgnl]ZgZ id ldg` ]ZgZ! Wji ^i bV`Zh ^i _jhi ha^\]ian ldgg^hdbZ i]Vi djg dlc X]^aYgZc VgZ cdi hZZ^c\ Vaa i]dhZ deedgijc^i^Zh VcY

i]Vi VXijVaan i]Z bV_dg^in d[ hX^Zci^hih VcY Zc\^cZZgh idYVn VgZ WZ^c\ Wdgc VcY igV^cZY ^c di]Zg Xdjcig^Zh# >i h]djaY bV`Z jh Vaa V a^iiaZ W^i cZgkdjh i]Vi i]Z edh^i^dc d[ \gZVi egdheZg^in i]Vi lZ XjggZcian ]VkZ bVn cdi aVhi [dgZkZg ^[ lZ YdcÉi `ZZe dc Yd^c\ l]Vi ^i iV`Zh id WZ hjeedgi^c\ VcY ViigVXi^c\ Wg^\]i ndjc\ eZdeaZ id Yd l]Vi lZ ]VkZ id Yd# 8Vc C6H6 ]VkZ V heZX^Va gdaZ ^c ^c" he^g^c\ i]^h cZmi \ZcZgVi^dc d[ ZmeadgZgh VcY hX^Zci^hih4 >i hZZbh id bZ i]Vi C6H6 ]Vh V kZgn ejWa^X gdaZ ^c Yd^c\ i]^h WZXVjhZ ^iÉh Vc VgZV l]^X] ViigVXih ejWa^X ViiZci^dc a^`Z cd di]Zg# L]Zc lZ hZcY V eZghdc id i]Z bddc V\V^c! l]Zc lZ hZcY eZdeaZ je ^cid dgW^i! l]Zc lZ Y^hXdkZg eaVcZih VgdjcY di]Zg hiVgh! l]Zc lZ hZZ i]Z e^XijgZ d[ i]Z W^\ WVc\ ^ihZa[! eZdeaZ XVc \Zi ZmX^iZY VWdji i]Vi! i]Vi bVn cZkZg jcYZghiVcY ^i! Wji hdbZ d[ i]Zb l^aa VXijVaan hVn i]^h ^h hd ZmX^i^c\! > lVci id WZ V eVgi d[ ^i! VcY bVnWZ i]Zn l^aa \d dc id WZXdbZ V W^" dad\^hi dg l]d `cdlh l]Vi i]Zn VgZ \d^c\ id Yd# BVnWZ i]Zn l^aa _jhi i]^c` i]Vi i]^h ^h i]Z bdhi ZmX^i^c\ i]^c\! VcY i]Zn l^aa kdiZ id hje" edgi ^i aViZg! Wji Vaa d[ i]ZhZ i]^c\h VgZ eVgi d[ djg aZVYZgh]^e edh^i^dc ^c i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh! VcY > i]^c` C6H6 ]Vh V igZbZcYdjh gdaZ id eaVn ^c bV`^c\ hjgZ i]Vi i]Vi Xdci^cjZh# L]Vi lVh ndjg gZVXi^dc l]Zc HiZe]Zc =Vl`^c\ XdbbZciZY dc i]Z 8D7: ÒcY" ^c\h VcY hV^Y! Æ>i lVh i]Z Y^hXdkZgn d[ i]Z XZcijgn! ^[ cdi d[ Vaa i^bZ#Ç > i]dj\]i! ÆLZaa! HiZe]Zc! i]Vi ^h kZgn c^XZ d[ ndj id hVn i]Vi! Wji i]ZgZ ]VkZ WZZc di]Zg gZVaan ZmX^i^c\ VcY ^bedgiVci Y^hXdkZg^Zh WZ" [dgZ i]^h#Ç =Z lVh iVa`^c\ heZX^ÒXVaan VWdji djg bZVhjgZbZci d[ i]Z ]di VcY XdaY hedih ^c i]Z W^\ WVc\ gVY^Vi^dc l]^X] h]dl jh cdi dcan ^h i]Z W^\"WVc\ i]Zdgn g^\]i! Wji Vahd! ^i \^kZh jh i]Z bVe d[ i]Z hZZYh d[ i]Z higjXijgZ! i]Z i]^c\h i]Vi l^aa ZkZcijVaan \gdl ^cid \VaVm^Zh# > lVh kZgn VeegZX^Vi^kZ i]Vi ]Z a^`ZY djg Y^h" XdkZgn! Wji > Vahd i]dj\]i! ÆD@! lZaa! gZaVi^k^in! i]Vi lVh egZiin ^bedgiVci# L]Vi VWdji 6aWZgi :^chiZ^c4Ç > i]^c` > ldjaY \gVci ]^b eg^dg^in dkZg djg Y^hXdkZgn! id iZaa ndj i]Z igji]# Ndj hdbZi^bZh heZV` id X]jgX] \gdjeh VcY ndj ]VkZ lg^iiZc VWdji i]^h ^ciZghZX" i^dc d[ he^g^ijVa dg gZa^\^djh ^ciZgZhi ^c djg XgZVi^dc dg i]Z XgZVi^dc hidgn VcY l]Vi hX^ZcXZ XVc ]Zae ^c[dgb ]jbVch VWdji XgZVi^dc# L]Vi `^cY d[ fjZhi^dch Yd ndj \Zi VWdji i]^h hjW_ZXi! VcY ]dl Yd ndj gZhedcY id fjZhi^dch [gdb eZdeaZ l]d Vh` ndj id egdYjXZ V h^beaZ VchlZg [dg i]Zb4

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

151

Empowering Discovery through Simulation Built on a foundation of product performance simulation, information intelligence and on-demand computing technologies, Altair delivers enterprise solutions for rapid design exploration and decision-making.

With a client community that exceeds 3,500 of today's leading manufacturers and researchers, we invite you to visit www.altair.com/clients for industry examples on how Altair's solutions have helped companies drive innovation and discovery.

Innovation IntelligenceTM Enterprise CAE Software

On-demand Computing Technology

Business Intelligence Solutions

Product Innovation Consulting

I]Vi ^h VXijVaan Vc ^ciZgZhi^c\ fjZhi^dc WZXVjhZ l]Zc ndj iVa` id eZdeaZ VWdji i]Z^g jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ ]^hidgn VcY i]Z jc^kZghZ! Zk" ZgndcZ ]Vh Vc de^c^dc! VcY eZdeaZ XVgZ YZZean VWdji i]^h# ;dg bVcn! bVcn YZXVYZh! eZdeaZ Y^YcÉi V\gZZ l^i] i]Z W^\"WVc\ i]Zdgn# I]Zn i]dj\]i hdbZi]^c\ ZahZ bjhi WZ igjZ! VcY \ZcZgVi^dch d[ VhigdcdbZgh i]dj\]i ^i bjhi ]VkZ WZZc i]Z hiZVYn"hiViZ i]Zdgn# :^chiZ^c Y^YcÉi a^`Z i]Z ^YZV# HX^Zci^hih ]VkZ [dj\]i dcZ Vcdi]Zg dkZg l]Vi ^h i]Z g^\]i hidgn# I]Z \ZcZgVa ejWa^X ]Vh bVcn di]Zg de^c" ^dch# LZ ]VkZ djg gZa^\^djh igVY^i^dch Xdb" ^c\ [gdb bVcn i]djhVcYh d[ nZVgh! VcY > i]^c` id bnhZa[! lZaa! ndj `cdl! ^[ BdhZh ]VY XdbZ Ydlc l^i] iVWaZih [gdb i]Z bdjciV^c i]Vi hV^Y! Æ6cY \jZhh l]Vi4 I]ZgZ VgZ egd" idch VcY cZjigdch! VcY i]Zn VgZ bVYZ dji d[ fjVg`h!Ç eZdeaZ ldjaYcÉi ]VkZ jcYZghiddY l]Vi ]Z hV^Y# Hd ]Z Y^YcÉi# LZ VgZ Y^hXdkZg^c\ l]Vi i]Z jc^kZghZ ^h gZ" Vaan a^`Z! VcY ^i ^h idiVaan bV\c^ÒXZci! VcY dcZ XVc dcan WZ ^che^gZY VcY VlZhigjX` Wn l]Vi lZ ÒcY# > i]^c` bn egdeZg gZhedchZ ^h Xdb" eaZiZ VbVoZbZci VcY VlZ Vi i]Z jc^kZghZ i]Vi lZ VgZ ^c! VcY ]dl ^i ldg`h ^h _jhi [Vg bdgZ Xdbea^XViZY i]Vc ]jbVch l^aa ZkZg egdeZgan jcYZghiVcY# I]^h ^h l]ZgZ hdgi d[ V [V^i] ^c ]dl ^i ^h ldg`^c\ XdbZh id WZ ^bedgiVci id eZdeaZ! VcY hdbZ eZdeaZÉh [V^i] hVnh Vaa i]Z ldgaY ^h [Vaa^c\ VeVgi! lZ VgZ Vaa \d^c\ id ]ZX`! ^i ^h \Zii^c\ iZgg^WaZ ]ZgZ! VcY ^i ^h \Zii^c\ ]di# Di]Zg eZdeaZ hVn > hZZ i]Z X]^aYgZc d[ idYVn! VcY i]Zn VgZ \d^c\ id Wj^aY idbdggdl! VcY > ]VkZ [V^i] i]Vi i]Zn VgZ \d^c\ id Yd i]Z g^\]i i]^c\# I]Vi ^h l]ZgZ > Vb VWdji ^i# > hZZ i]Z Wg^aa^Vci ndjc\ eZdeaZ idYVn! VcY i]Zn [ZZa id bZ bjX] hbVgiZg i]Vc > [ZZa i]Vi > lVh i]Zc! VcY > i]^c` i]Zn VgZ \d^c\ id Yd V \ddY _dW# > bZZi i]Z ndjc\hiZgh i]Vi VgZ hijYn^c\ hX^ZcXZ# > bZZi `^Yh i]Vi VgZ hX]daVg Vi]aZiZh! \Zii^c\ hX]daVgh]^eh [dg i]Z bdhi Vhidc^h]^c\ i]^c\h# > i]^c` i]Z ldgaY ^h \d" ^c\ id ldg` dji# LZ l^aa hdakZ i]ZhZ Y^[ÒXjai egdWaZbh i]Vi lZ ]VkZ ^c [gdci d[ jh# Dc 8D7:! ndj ]VY id hdakZ bVcn egdW" aZbh# IZaa bZ VWdji ]dl ndj ]VY id bdkZ kZgn gVe^Yan id Òi ndjg hViZaa^iZ dc V cZl aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ VcY id gZYjXZ ndjg hViZa" a^iZÉh lZ^\]i Wn *!%%% edjcYh V[iZg i]Z 8]VaaZc\Zg igV\ZYn# I]Vi lVh V iZgg^WaZ igV\ZYn! VcY l]Vi lZ Y^Y ^c djg egd_ZXi lVh lZ Y^YcÉi hide ldg`" ^c\ V b^cjiZ# LZ `cZl i]Vi lZ ]VY hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi lZ ]VY eaVccZY id Yd! i]Vi lVh gZVaan ^bedgiVci

id i]Z Xdjcign! VcY lZ _jhi ]VY id ÒcY V lVn id \Zi ^i \d^c\! ZkZc ^[ i]Z 8]VaaZc\Zg ]VY h]dlc jh i]Vi i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ lVhcÉi \d^c\ id iV`Z jh ^cid heVXZ# LZ hiVgiZY add`^c\ VgdjcY# Djg egd_ZXi bVcV\Zgh ]jciZY VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY [dg Va" iZgcVi^kZ aVjcX] kZ]^XaZh! VcY ZkZcijVaan! lZ [djcY i]Vi i]Z 9ZaiV gdX`Zih l]^X] ]VY WZZc bVYZ! Wji bdhian Y^hXdci^cjZY WVX` ^c i]dhZ YVnh! XdjaY hi^aa WZ [djcY! ^[ lZ XdjaY ÒcY Zcdj\] heVgZ eVgih# LZ ]VY id ÒcY i]Z heVgZ eVgih VcY \Zi eZgb^hh^dc id jhZ i]Z daY eVgih! VcY i]Zc lZ ]VY id hVn! ÆD@! lZaa! lZ ]VY V &%!%%%"edjcY YZh^\c! l]Vi YdZh ^i iV`Z id \Zi ^i WVX` dcid i]Z 9ZaiV gdX`Zi4Ç >i hdjcYh ]Zgd^X! Wji ^c igji]! i]Z 9ZaiV gdX`Zi lVh VWaZ id iV`Z jh Y^gZXian id i]Z dgW^i i]Vi lZ cZZYZY! VcY i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ XdjaY cdi# I]Vi lVh i]Z iZX]c^XVa [VXi i]Vi bVYZ ^i edhh^WaZ id hdakZ i]^h egdWaZb# LZ idd` VWdji Z^\]i bdci]h id Ò\jgZ dji i]Vi ^i lVh edhh^WaZ! VcY i]Zc C6H6 hV^Y! ÆD@! ^i ^h edhh^WaZ id Yd ^i! VcY Yd ^i Vh [Vhi Vh ndj edhh^Wan XVc#Ç LZ Y^Y# >i lVh V kZgn VbVo^c\ egdXZhh# EZdeaZ lZgZ je c^\]ih VcY lZZ`ZcYh [dg bdci]h dc ZcY id bV`Z i]^h i]^c\ \d [gdb ^bedhh^WaZ id edhh^WaZ! VcY ^i ldg`ZY# Ild YVnh V[iZg ndjg aVjcX] ^c CdkZb" WZg &.-. ndj \di V e]dcZ XVaa ZVgan ^c i]Z bdgc^c\ iZaa^c\ ndj i]Vi V \ngdhXdeZ dc 8D7: ]VY [V^aZY# NZh# LZ Y^Y ]VkZ V \ngdhXdeZ [V^a! VcY bn Òghi i]dj\]i lVh! ÆNdj bZVc lZÉkZ adhi i]Z b^h" h^dc4Ç >i lVh i]Z [ZVg i]Vi > ]VY# > ]VY _jhi \diiZc ]dbZ Vi ) ^c i]Z bdgc^c\! Wji > \di WVX` je! eji Xadi]Zh WVX` dc! VcY ]ZVYZY WVX` id <dYYVgY VcY [djcY dji ]dl lZ lZgZ Yd^c\# 6h ^i ijgcZY dji! lZ lZgZ ajX`n ^c djg WVY ajX` WZXVjhZ "" VcY i]^h ^hcÉi ZmVXian ajX` "" djg Zc\^cZZgh hV^Y! i]^h ^h hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi XdjaY ]VkZ ]VeeZcZY! VcY i]Zn eaVccZY [dg ^i# Hd i]^h lVh V X]VaaZc\Z i]Vi i]Zn ]VY VagZVYn Vci^X^eViZY VcY iV`Zc dc# I]Z heVXZXgV[i lVh hV[Z! VcY lZ ]VY Zcdj\] \ngdh id `ZZe dc \d^c\# LZ lZgZ kZgn ajX`n ^c djg jc" ajX`! Wji lZ eaVccZY [dg i]Vi ajX`# IZaa bZ l]Vi ]VeeZcZY l]Zc ndj egZ" hZciZY i]Z 8D7: gZhjaih id V bZZi^c\ d[ i]Z 6bZg^XVc 6higdcdb^XVa HdX^Zin ^c i]Z heg^c\ d[ &..%4 > h]dlZY i]^h dcZ X]Vgi! VcY i]Z Zci^gZ gddb d[ VhigdcdbZgh! l]^X] ^h bVnWZ Vabdhi '!%%% eZdeaZ! i]Zn hiddY je VcY i]Zn X]ZZgZY! VcY ^i lVh cdi hdbZi]^c\ > ]VY ZmeZXiZY# 6 a^iiaZ l]^aZ V[iZglVgYh > i]dj\]i! ÆLZaa! > `cZl i]Vi lVh i]Z g^\]i VchlZg# =dl XdbZ i]Zn Y^YcÉi `cdl4 L]n VgZ i]Zn X]ZZg^c\4Ç 6cY ÒcVaan!

^i dXXjggZY id bZ/ i]Zn Y^YcÉi `cdl i]Vi lVh i]Z g^\]i VchlZg# LZ ]VY ]VY hdbZ YZXVYZh d[ \Zii^c\ lgdc\ VchlZgh VWdji i]^h bZVhjgZbZci! VcY hd i]Z l]daZ ^YZV d[ i]Z W^\"WVc\ i]Zdgn ]VY WZZc ^c hdbZ YdjWi! VcY hd l]Zc lZ \di i]Z bZV" hjgZbZcih i]Vi Òi ZmVXian dc i]Z i]ZdgZi^XVa egZY^Xi^dc [dg i]Z W^\ WVc\! i]^h igZbZcYdjh h^\] d[ gZa^Z[ lZci i]gdj\] i]Z ldgaY Vh lZaa! VcY i]Vi ^h l]Vi > i]^c` i]Zn lZgZ iZaa^c\ jh!

Vh lZaa Vh ^i lVh V WZVji^[ja bZVhjgZbZci# Ndj bZci^dcZY i]Vi Vhigdcdbn YdZhcÉi ^cig^ch^XVaan egdk^YZ WZcZÒih id eZdeaZ# NZi! lZ ldjaY WZ bjX] eddg" Zg l^i]dji ^i# >h i]Vi V ]VgY Vg\jbZci id bV`Z id eZdeaZ l]d iZcY id bZVhjgZ i]Z Xdhi d[ ZkZgni]^c\4 > YdcÉi i]^c` hd! gZVaan! WZXVjhZ ^i ^h i]Z VX" ijVa igji]# I]^h ^h l]n eZdeaZ XVgZ VWdji hij[[# LZ heZcY bdcZn dc eaZcin d[ hij[[ i]Vi VXijVaan ]Vh cd ^bedgiVcXZ WZh^YZh XjaijgZ# =dl ^bedgiVci ^h ^i gZVaan i]Vi djg iZVb l^ch i]gdl^c\ V a^iiaZ WVaa VgdjcY i]Z ÒZaY4 7ji ^i ^h ^bbZchZan ^bedgiVci id eZdeaZ! VcY ^i hZZbh id bZ i]Vi hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi X]Vc\Zh djg Zci^gZ ldgaY k^Zl ^h ^bbZchZan ^bedgiVci [dg YZ" XVYZh! ]jcYgZYh! i]djhVcYh d[ nZVgh! VcY hd > Vb egdjY i]Vi lZ XVc VXXdbea^h] ^i Vh lZ Yd! VcY > i]^c` bdhi eZdeaZ i]Vi i]^c` VWdji ^i hZZ ^i i]Vi lVn ^c i]Z ZcY Vh lZaa# 6ahd! > a^`Z id gZbZbWZg i]Vi [gdb Vhigdcd" bn ]VkZ XdbZ bVcn jcZmeZXiZY WZcZÒih# L]d `cZl i]Vi i]^h lVh \d^c\ id ]VeeZc4 I]Z HeVXZ 6\Z WZ\Vc [dg Xjg^dh^in# LZ VcY i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc aVjcX]ZY a^iiaZ hViZaa^iZh id ZmeadgZ i]Z jeeZg Vibdhe]ZgZ VcY add`ZY [dg l]Vi lVh _jhi VWdkZ :Vgi] ^c heVXZ! VcY lZ ]VY ^bbZchZ hjg" eg^hZh! VcY i]Zc djg cVi^dc lVh gVi]Zg jehZi Wn WZ^c\ WZViZc ^cid heVXZ! VcY hd lZ ^ckZhiZY ZmigVdgY^cVgn Z[[dgih ^cid gZXdkZg^c\# LZ hV^Y hX^ZcXZ VcY Zc\^cZZg^c\ VgZ djg [jijgZ# LZ Wgdj\]i je \ZcZgVi^dch d[ ndjc\ eZdeaZ id WZXdbZ hX^Zci^hih VcY Zc\^cZZgh! VcY lZ add` VgdjcY Vi djg ldgaY cdl! VcY ^i ^h ÒaaZY l^i] i]Z gZhjaih d[ i]Vi Z[[dgi# >i lVh hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi hiVgiZY d[[ WZXVjhZ lZ lZgZ Xjg^djh! VcY cdl djg Zci^gZ ldgaY ^h Y^[[ZgZci# >c i]Z &.+%h! i]ZgZ lZgZ hX^Zci^hih a^`Z G^X]VgY AZV`Zn VcY ?VXfjZh 8djh" iZVj l]d ]VY ldgaYl^YZ VXXaV^b# >h i]Vi i]Z XVhZ idYVn4 9d ndj hZchZ i]Vi4 LZaa! > YdcÉi eVn kZgn bjX] ViiZci^dc id l]d ^h V [Vbdjh hX^Zci^hi! Vai]dj\] bVnWZ > h]djaY cdl# 7ji ?VXfjZh 8djhiZVj lVh dcZ d[ bn ]ZgdZh# > i]^c` i]Z kZgn Òghi Wdd` i]Vi > ZkZg Wdj\]i lVh Wn ?VXfjZh 8djhiZVj! VcY

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

153

Maryland is home to some of the world’s leading aerospace and defense companies, such as Northrop Grumman, Lockheed Martin, and BAE Systems.

The state’s economy is driven by an atmosphere of creativity, innovation, collaboration and entrepreneurial spirit.

Thank you NASA for calling Maryland home!

www.choosemaryland.org | 1.888.ChooseMD Martin O’Malley, Governor | Anthony G. Brown, Lt. Governor | David W. Edgerley, Secretary | Clarence T. Bishop, Deputy Secretary Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Ariz.

hd > lVh _jhi i]g^aaZY l^i] i]Z ^YZV i]Vi ndj XdjaY higVe dc V iVc` d[ XdbegZhhZY V^g VcY \d hl^bb^c\ jcYZg lViZg VcY hZZ hij[[# =Z lVh dcZ d[ i]dhZ ZVgan heVXZ ZmeadgZgh! Vh [Vg Vh > lVh XdcXZgcZY# 7Z[dgZ lZ XdjaY \d ^cid djiZg heVXZ! lZ lZci ^cid i]Z lViZg# > YdcÉi `cdl ]dl [Vbdjh hX^Zci^hih VgZ cdl# I]ZgZ ^h cd :^chiZ^c g^\]i cdl! Wji HiZ" kZc =Vl`^c\ > i]^c` XdbZh XadhZ id hdgi d[ iVciVa^o^c\ jh l^i] i]Z bnhiZgn d[ l]Vi VgZ heVXZ VcY i^bZ# L]Zc ndj lZci id HlZYZc! dcZ d[ i]Z i]^c\h ndj lVciZY id bZci^dc lVh i]Vi ^i ^h ^bedgiVci i]Vi &) CdWZa Eg^oZh ]VkZ WZZc \^kZc dc i]Z hjW_ZXi d[ a^\]i# L]n4 > i]dj\]i ^i lVh ^ciZgZhi^c\ i]Vi hd bVcn hX^" Zci^hih VcY e]nh^X^hih ]VkZ WZZc hijYn^c\ a^\]i! l]^X] ndj b^\]i i]^c`! lZaa! i]^h ^h egZiin h^b" eaZ! ZkZgnWdYn `cdlh VWdji a^\]i lVkZh! Wji lZ YdcÉi! VcY a^\]i ijgch dji id WZ dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi [VhX^cVi^c\ VcY ^ciZgZhi^c\ ide^Xh ^c hX^ZcXZ! ZkZc i]dj\] ^i hiVgih d[[ hZZb^c\ id WZ kZgn h^beaZ# > _jhi i]dj\]i i]Vi lVh ^ciZgZhi^c\# I]^c`^c\ d[ C6H6Éh cZmi *% nZVgh d[ heVXZ Vhigdcdbn! l]ZgZ Yd ndj i]^c` lZ l^aa WZ eaVX^c\ i]Z iZaZhXdeZh4 =dl Y^[Ò" Xjai l^aa ^i WZ id bV`Z i]Z fjVcijb aZVeh a^`Z ndj hV^Y! i]Z XdbejiZg i]Vi l^aa dg" YZg je i]Z cZl hZi d[ ^chigjbZcih4 > i]^c` V adi d[ djg iZaZhXdeZh VgZ \d^c\ id WZ \d^c\ ^cid YZZe heVXZ cZVg i]Z P\gVk^" iVi^dcVaan WVaVcXZYR AV\gVc\Z ed^cih½ 7ji [dg ZkZgn dWhZgkVidgn! lZ VgZ \d^c\ id ]VkZ id YZX^YZ! Æ>h i]^h hdbZi]^c\ l]ZgZ ^i ^h ^b" edgiVci id `ZZe ^i cZVg ]dbZ! hd lZ XdjaY Òm ^i! dg eji ^i dji ^cid YZZe heVXZ cZVg i]Z AV\gVc\Z ed^cih l]ZgZ ^i ^h egdiZXiZY [gdb kVg^djh di]Zg `^cYh d[ igdjWaZ4Ç BVnWZ dkZg i]Z nZVgh! lZ l^aa YZkZade i]Z VW^a^in id \d k^h^i i]dhZ i]^c\h ^c YZZe heVXZ VcY Òm i]Zb# > i]^c` i]Z gdWdi^X gZkdaji^dc ^h Xdci^cj^c\# >i ]Vh ijgcZY dji id WZ bdgZ Y^[ÒXjai i]Vc eZdeaZ ]deZY! Wji ^i ^h hi^aa \d" ^c\! VcY E]#9#h VgZ WZ^c\ \^kZc ZkZgn nZVg [dg gdWdi^X hijY^Zh! VcY lZ VgZ WZ\^cc^c\ id \Zi ]djhZ]daY gdWdih i]Vi kVXjjb i]Z Óddg!

VcY > i]^c` ZkZcijVaan! i]Z XdbbZgX^Va ldgaY VcY i]Z VXVYZb^X ldgaY l^aa egdYjXZ i]^c\h i]Vi C6H6 lVcih id jhZ ^c heVXZ# >i ^h idd ZVgan [dg jh id WZ hdgi d[ bV`^c\ V heVXZ"ldgi]n kZgh^dc d[ V gdWdi nZi! hdgi d[ i]Z \ZcZgVa ejgedhZ gdWdi i]Vi ndj ldjaY ]VkZ hZZc ^c hX^ZcXZ ÒXi^dc hidg^Zh# 7ji gdWdi^X hZgk^X^c\ [dg heVXZ b^h" h^dch ^h VagZVYn edhh^WaZ! VcY lZ add`ZY ^cid ^i kZgn hZg^djhan [dg i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ

IZaZhXdeZ# 6cY lZ Vabdhi YZX^YZY id Yd ^i! VcY lZ `cdl i]Vi ^iÉh [ZVh^WaZ! VcY l^i] i^bZ! > i]^c` ^i l^aa \Zi ZVh^Zg# L]Vi VWdji Vhigdcdbn dc i]Z bddc4 I]ZgZ VgZ V [Zl i]^c\h l]^X] VhigdcdbZgh gZXd\c^oZ Vh heZX^Va dc i]Z bddc# DcZ ^h V bZVhjgZbZci d[ i]Z Y^hiVcXZ id i]Z bddc! l]^X] b^\]i hZZb id WZ jc^ciZgZhi^c\! Wji Vh ^i ijgch dji! kZgn! kZgn egZX^hZ bZVhjgZ" bZcih VgZ V iZhi d[ gZaVi^k^in! VcY lZ XVc ÒcY dji d[ :^chiZ^c lVh g^\]i dg ^[ i]ZgZ ^h Vcdi]Zg Ò[i] `^cY d[ [dgXZ ^c i]Z jc^kZghZ WZh^YZh i]Z dcZh i]Vi lZ `cdl VWdji# LZ gZXd\c^oZ i]Vi dcZ ^h V \ddY dcZ# LZ ]VkZ WZZc Yd^c\ ^i [dg hdbZ i^bZ! Wji lZ XdjaY Yd ^i V adi WZiiZg# I]Z di]Zg i]^c\ i]Vi ^h heZX^Va dc i]Z bddc ^h kZgn adc\ lVkZaZc\i] gVY^d iZaZhXdeZh# 6h ^i ijgch dji! ^[ ndj lVci id Wj^aY V gVY^d iZaZhXdeZ i]Vi ldg`h Vi lVkZaZc\i]h adc\Zg i]Vc VWdji (% bZiZgh! i]Zc ndj XVcÉi Yd ^i dc i]Z \gdjcY WZXVjhZ i]Z Vibdhe]ZgZ d[ i]Z :Vgi] VXijVaan! XdbeaZiZan gZÓZXih WVX` i]dhZ lVkZh# Hd ndj _jhi XVcÉi hZZ [gdb ]ZgZ# Hd i]ZgZ ^h V l]daZ e^ZXZ d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ i]Vi ^h Vabdhi jc`cdlc! VcY ^i ^h i]Z gVY^d Vhigdc" dbn VcY i]dhZ adc\Zg lVkZaZc\i]h# Cdl! ^[ ndj Yd lVci id eji V iZaZhXdeZ ^c heVXZ! ^i ijgch dji i]^h ^h V kZgn cd^hn eaVXZ id eji dcZ! Vahd! i]Vi :Vgi] hZcYh dji ^ih kZgn ^c" iZchZ gVY^Vi^dc! VcY hd YdZh i]Z hjc# Hd l]ZgZ ldjaY ndj gZVaan a^`Z id \d4 Ndj ldjaY gZVaan a^`Z id eji ndjg ldcYZg[ja cZl iZaZhXdeZ dc i]Z [Vg h^YZ d[ i]Z bddc VcY jhZ ^i [dg i]Z ild lZZ`h d[ i]Z bdci] l]Zc ^i ^h Vahd ^c i]Z YVg`# Hd i]^h ^h V iZgg^WaZ Zc\^cZZg^c\ egdWaZb! Wji V ldcYZg[ja hX^Zci^ÒX deedgijc^in# Hd > i]^c` i]Vi ^h i]Z di]Zg W^\ deedgijc^in [dg jh! [dg Vh" igdcdbn dc i]Z bddc# Bdhi d[ i]Z iZaZhXdeZh i]Vi add` a^`Z iZaZ" hXdeZh! i]Z dcZh i]Vi ndj i]^c` d[ a^`Z =jW" WaZ! VXijVaan ldg` egZiin lZaa l^i]dji WZ^c\ dc hda^Y \gdjcY VcY VXijVaan WZiiZg# Hd i]ViÉh l]ZgZ lZ eji i]Zb# Ndj ]VkZ ldg`ZY dc 8D7:! cdl LZWW# =dl ldjaY ndj a^`Z id XVe d[[ ndjg XVgZZg4 > ldjaY a^`Z Vi aZVhi id jhZ i]Z ?VbZh LZWW HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ [dg dWhZgkVi^dch VcY iV`Z dc hdbZ cZl bnhiZgn d[ i]Z ZVgan jc^kZghZ VcY ign id bV`Z hZchZ d[ hdbZi]^c\ dji i]ZgZ# G^\]i cdl! l]^aZ lZ VgZ Wjhn Wj^aY^c\ LZWW! > Vb cdi i]^c`^c\ kZgn bjX] VWdji l]Vi lZ VgZ \d^c\ id jhZ ^i [dg! Wji ZkZcijVaan! > lVci id jhZ i]^h ldcYZg[ja idda! VcY > ldjaY adkZ id bV`Z hdbZ cZl Y^hXdkZgn l^i] ^i#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

155

6higdW^dad\n/ >ih Dg^\^ch VcY 9ZkZadebZci

By G. Scott HUBBARD

For thousands of years humans have gazed at the night sky and wondered about the presence of life elsewhere, whether in our solar system or on some other blue planet or body around another star. Such thoughts have found their expression in fiction, scientific missions and religions worldwide.

Philosophers and ordinary people have pondered the rise of life on our planet. Creation myths are fundamental to every civilization and culture, and reflect the profound resonance of the question of our origins. Today, astronomers have pushed back our understanding of the origins of the universe to within tiny fractions of microseconds of the big bang. However, science cannot, as yet, offer any complete definition of life, nor yet point to the exact time, conditions and mechanisms when organic matter first went from nonliving to living. Just 50 years ago, humans began to extend their presence into space, first with robots and then with humans. As this tentative expansion of our species into other worlds continues, basic questions remain unanswered about the long-term adaptation of living organisms to other environments. For example, we do not know what the effect will be of living for years on Mars, where the pull of gravity is about one-third that of Earth. Astrobiology addresses all these compelling mysteries by embracing the study of the origin, evolution, distribution and future of life in the universe.

C6H6Éh XjggZci VhigdW^dad\n egd\gVb VYYgZhhZh i]gZZ [jcYVbZc" iVa fjZhi^dch/ =dl YdZh a^[Z WZ\^c VcY ZkdakZ4 >h i]ZgZ a^[Z WZndcY :Vgi] VcY! ^[ hd! ]dl XVc lZ YZiZXi ^i4 L]Vi ^h i]Z [jijgZ d[ a^[Z dc :Vgi] VcY ^c i]Z jc^kZghZ4 L]^aZ fjZhi^dch d[ djg dg^\^ch ]VkZ WZZc Y^hXjhhZY [dg b^aaZcc^V! C6H6 idd` V cZl Y^gZXi^dc ^c &..* Wn YZÒc" ^c\ V hX^ZcXZ egd\gVb i]Vi Vahd lVh V cdkZa ZmeZg^bZci ^c gZhZVgX] i]Vi Wg^Y\Zh VcY XdccZXih bVcn Y^hX^ea^cZh# Eda^i^Xh! hX^ZcXZ! eZghdc" Va^i^Zh VcY hZgZcY^e^in Vaa Xdcig^WjiZY id i]Z XgZVi^dc VcY hjXXZhh d[ l]Vi ^h cdl XVaaZY VhigdW^dad\n Vh V ÒZaY d[ ^cfj^gn#

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS >c &.*(! Jc^kZgh^in d[ 8]^XV\d gZhZVgX]Zgh HiVcaZn B^aaZg VcY =VgdaY JgZn XdcYjXiZY V cdl"[Vbdjh ZmeZg^bZci ^c l]^X] i]Zn hjX" XZZYZY ^c [dgb^c\ hdbZ d[ i]Z XdbedjcYh i]Vi hX^Zci^hih Xdch^YZg a^[ZÉh Wj^aY^c\ WadX`h# I]Z cZl J#H# heVXZ egd\gVb ZbWgVXZY i]^h ÒZaY d[ hijYn d[ a^[Z ^c i]Z jc^kZghZ YjWWZY ÆZmdW^dad\nÇ # C6H6 [jcYZY ^ih Òghi ZmdW^dad\n egd_ZXi ^c &.*./ Vc ^chigjbZci YZh^\cZY id YZiZXi

156

NASA

b^XgdW^Va a^[Z ^c ZmigViZggZhig^Va Zck^gdcbZcih# AZY Wn eZdeaZ hjX] Vh i]Z aViZ 9g# =VgdaY 8]jX` @aZ^c! C6H6 ZhiVWa^h]ZY V a^[Z hX^ZcXZh egd\gVb i]Vi ^cXajYZY ZmdW^dad\n Vh eVgi d[ ^ih ejgk^Zl# L]Zc gdaZh VcY gZhedch^W^a^i^Zh [dg i]Z cZl V\ZcXn lZgZ YZÒcZY! i]Z [dgbZg 6bZh 6ZgdcVji^XVa AVWdgVidgn lVh gZcVbZY i]Z 6bZh GZhZVgX] 8Zc" iZg 6G8 VcY Vhh^\cZY ild heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc gdaZh/ bVcV\ZbZci d[ i]Z E^dcZZg hZg^Zh d[ heVXZXgV[i VcY heVXZ a^[Z hX^ZcXZh# I]^h ]dbZ Vi 6G8 VcY gZhZVgX] hedchdgZY Wn C6H6Éh ZmdW^dad\n egd\gVb aV^Y i]Z \gdjcYldg` [dg i]Z WgdVYZg VeegdVX] id hijYn^c\ a^[Z ^c i]Z jc^kZghZ i]Vi ldjaY ZkZcijVaan WZXdbZ VhigdW^dad\n# >c i]Z &.,%h! C6H6 ViiZbeiZY id VchlZg i]Z fjZhi^dc d[ a^[ZÉh jc^fjZcZhh ^c i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb ^c V h^c\aZ b^hh^dc l^i] i]Z K^`^c\ aVcYZghÉ YZkZadeZY VcY bVcV\ZY Wn i]Z AVc\aZn GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg hZVgX] [dg h^\ch d[ b^XgdW^Va a^[Z dc i]Z hjg[VXZ d[ BVgh# I]ZhZ a^[Z YZ" iZXi^dc ZmeZg^bZcih lZgZ YZh^\cZY id ÆXjaijgZÇ \gdl b^XgdWZh VcY YZiZXi i]Z h^\ch d[ i]Z^g bZiVWda^X VXi^k^in jh^c\ hVbeaZh [gdb i]Z ide [Zl XZci^bZiZgh d[ BVgi^Vc hd^a# I]Z ZmeZg^bZcih [V^aZY id egdYjXZ Zk^YZcXZ d[ ZmigViZggZhig^Va a^[Z# HX^Zci^hih YZiZgb^cZY i]Vi X]Zb^hign

C6H6 EjgYjZ CZlh HZgk^XZ$9Vk^Y JbWZg\Zg C6H6

I]Z hZVgX]Zgh VcY i]Z^g hjW_ZXih Ide/ 9g# =VgdaY Æ8]jX`Ç @aZ^c! [Vi]Zg d[ C6H6Éh a^[Z hX^ZcXZh egd\gVb# 6WdkZ/ EjgYjZ EgZh^YZci ;gVcXZ 8 gYdkV! [dgbZg C6H6 X]^Z[ hX^Zci^hi# Ide g^\]i/ 6 BVgh bZiZdg^iZ 6A=.)%%%& Y^hXdkZgZY ^c 6ciVgXi^XV ^c &.-) WZ^c\ hijY^ZY Wn C6H6 [dg ediZci^Va [dhh^a Zk^YZcXZ i]Vi eg^b^i^kZ a^[Z bVn ]VkZ Zm^hiZY dc BVgh bdgZ i]Vc (#+ W^aa^dc nZVgh V\d# 8ZciZg g^\]i/ 6c ZaZXigdc b^XgdhXdeZ ^bV\Z d[ ijWjaVg higjX" ijgZh i]Vi VgZ edhh^WaZ b^XgdhXde^X [dhh^ah d[ WVXiZg^V"a^`Z dg\Vc^hbh i]Vi bVn ]VkZ Zm^hiZY ^c BVgh VcX^Zci eVhi# 6 ild"nZVg ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc Wn V C6H6 gZhZVgX] iZVb [djcY dg\Vc^X bdaZXjaZh! b^cZgVa [ZVijgZh X]VgVXiZg^hi^X d[ W^dad\^XVa VXi^k^in VcY edhh^WaZ b^XgdhXde^X [dhh^ah hjX] Vh i]ZhZ ^ch^YZ i]Z [Vbdjh BVgi^Vc gdX` Y^hXdkZgZY ^c 6ciVgXi^XV ^c &..+# G^\]i/ HijYZcih Vi i]Z C6H6 6bZh GZhZVgX] 8ZciZgÉh Òghi 6higdW^dad\n 6XVYZbn#

VcY gVY^Vi^dc Vi i]Z hjg[VXZ d[ BVgh bVYZ i]Vi Zck^gdcbZci ]dhi^aZ id a^[Z Vh lZ `cdl ^i# >c VYY^i^dc! hX^Zci^hih cdl `cdl i]Vi [ZlZg i]Vc dcZ eZgXZci d[ b^XgdWZh dc :Vgi] XVc WZ XjaijgZY ^c V aVWdgVidgn# 6h V XdchZfjZcXZ d[ i]^h eZgXZ^kZY hX^Zci^ÒX [V^ajgZ C6H6 h^YZa^cZY ZmdW^" dad\^XVa ZmeZg^bZcih [dg heVXZ b^hh^dch! ZheZX^Vaan id BVgh! [dg bVcn nZVgh# I]Z hX^Zci^ÒX Xdbbjc^in egdXZZYZY id gZi]^c` ^ih VeegdVX] id i]Z YZiZXi^dc d[ W^dh^\cVijgZh! dg h^\ch d[ a^[Z# Dji d[ i]^h gZY^gZXi^dc ZkZcijVaan XVbZ i]Z XdcXZei d[ hZVgX]^c\ [dg ]VW^iVWaZ Zck^gdcbZcih gVi]Zg i]Vc i]Z Y^gZXi YZiZXi^dc d[ dg\Vc^hbh# C6H6 Xdci^cjZY ^ih hbVaa ZmdW^dad\n \gVcih egd\gVb! [jcY^c\ V l^YZ kVg^Zin d[ ^ckZhi^\Vi^dch ^cid `Zn fjZhi^dch VWdji a^[Z ^c i]Z jc^" kZghZ# H^\c^ÒXVci hX^Zci^ÒX YZkZadebZcih [dhiZgZY Wn C6H6 ZmdW^da" d\n gZhZVgX] ^cXajYZ i]Z ^YZci^ÒXVi^dc d[ V cZl XaVhh d[ dg\Vc^hbh!

VgX]VZV! VcY i]Z hjWhZfjZci gZYgVl^c\ d[ i]Z igZZ d[ a^[Z VcY i]Z cZl ÒZaY d[ hijYn d[ ZmigZbde]^aZh! dg\Vc^hbh i]Vi i]g^kZ ^c Zck^gdc" bZcih YZVYan id [Vb^a^Vg [dgbh d[ a^[Z#

L]^aZ ZmdW^dad\n bdkZY [dglVgY! gZhZVgX]Zgh ^c Vhigde]nh^Xh! eaVc" ZiVgn hX^ZcXZ! VcY di]Zg VgZVh d[ heVXZ hX^ZcXZ lZgZ bV`^c\ egd\gZhh Vh lZaa# 7n &..*! VYkVcXZh ^c hX^ZcXZ XdjeaZY l^i] X]Vc\Zh ^c i]Z cVi^dcVa eda^i^XVa aVcYhXVeZ bVYZ i]Z hijYn d[ a^[Z ^c i]Z jc^kZghZ Vi" igVXi^kZ dcXZ V\V^c! VcY C6H6Éh VhigdW^dad\n egd\gVb lVh Wdgc#

IN THE WORLD OF POLITICS AND SCIENCE >c i]Z ZVgan &..%h C6H6 6bZh ]VY V i]g^k^c\ hX^Zci^ÒX dg\Vc^oVi^dc l^i] ldgaY"XaVhh gZhZVgX] ^c :Vgi] hX^ZcXZ! heVXZ hX^ZcXZ VcY heVXZ a^[Z

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

157

GTSI Solutions

The Right Partners Take You Farther Congratulations on 50 years of discovering and exploring the boundaries of our universe and beyond. GTSI and Sun Microsystemsâ&#x201E;˘ are proud to support NASA in its missions. For more than 20 years, we have delivered leading information technology solutions, and we look forward to our relationship growing stronger in the decades ahead.

Visit GTSI.com/Sun-NASA to view our technology solutions.

Š 2007 GTSI Corp. All rights reserved. GTSI and GTSI.com are registered trademarks of GTSI Corp. in the United States and other countries. All trade names are the property of their respective owners. Sun, Sun Microsystems and the Sun logo are trademarks or registered trademarks and Partner Advantage Program is a service mark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries. (8743A-JUN07) NASA did not select or approve this advertiser and does not endorse and is not responsible for the views or statements contained in this advertisement.

In partnership with

C6H6 C6H6

>Xn :jgdeV 6WdkZ/ Ild ^bV\Zh d[ ?je^iZgÉh ^XZ"XdkZgZY bddc :jgdeV iV`Zc Wn i]Z <Va^aZd heVXZXgV[i dc HZei# ,! &..+# I]Z aZ[i ^bV\Z h]dlh i]Z bddcÉh Veegdm^bViZ cVijgVa Xdadg VeeZVgVcXZ! VcY i]Z g^\]i ^bV\Z egZhZcih V [VahZ"Xdadg kZgh^dc XdbW^c^c\ ^c[gVgZY ^bV\Zh id Zc]VcXZ Xdadg Y^[[ZgZcXZh ^c i]Z bddcÉh egZYdb^cVci lViZg"^XZ Xgjhi l^i] XdVghZ"\gV^cZY ^XZ YVg` WajZ Y^hi^c\j^h]ZY [gdb ÒcZ"\gV^cZY ^XZ a^\]i WajZ # 7^\ dXZVc WZcZVi]4 G^\]i/ 6c Vgi^hiÉh YgVl^c\h YZe^Xi ild egdedhZY bdYZah d[ :jgdeVÉh hjWhjg[VXZ higjXijgZ WVhZY dc ÒcY^c\h d[ i]Z <Va^aZd heVXZXgV[i# >c i]Z ide hXZcVg^d! :jgdeVc [ZVijgZh bVn WZ ZmeaV^cZY Wn i]Z Zm^hiZcXZ d[ V lVgb! XdckZXi^c\ ^Xn aVnZg! adXViZY hZkZgVa b^aZh WZadl V XdaY! Wg^iiaZ hjg[VXZ ^XZ Xgjhi# >c i]Z hZXdcY hXZcVg^d! :jgdeV ]Vh V +%"b^aZ"YZZe dXZVc &% i^bZh YZZeZg i]Vc Vcn dXZVc dc :Vgi] WZadl V &%"b^aZ"i]^X` ^XZ Xgjhi#

hX^ZcXZ# DcZ heZX^Va VheZXi d[ i]^h ZciZgeg^hZ lVh i]Z ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn ^ciZgVXi^dch ^i [dhiZgZY Vbdc\ i]Z gZhZVgX]Zgh# 6bZh hX^Zci^hih hjX] Vh ?^b EdaaVX` gdji^cZan ejWa^h]ZY ^c Wdi] :Vgi] hX^ZcXZ VcY heVXZ hX^" ZcXZ _djgcVah# H^b^aVgan! hdbZ hX^Zci^hih hjX] Vh 8]jX` @aZ^c ldg`ZY Wdi] ^c i]Z ÒZaY d[ ZmdW^dad\n VcY ^c heVXZ a^[Z hX^ZcXZh# I]^h Xgdhh" Y^hX^ea^cVgn ldg` lVh cdi lZaa"gZXd\c^oZY! VcY ^c dcZ d[ i]Z eZg^dY^X ÆgdaZh VcY b^hh^dchÇ ZmZgX^hZh i]Vi hlZZe i]gdj\] C6H6 XZciZgh! 6bZh lVh X]VaaZc\ZY id _jhi^[n ^ih VeegdVX] id heVXZ hX^ZcXZ# 6 XdVa^i^dc Vi C6H6 =ZVYfjVgiZgh WZ\Vc id [dgb! YZY^XViZY id hVk^c\ i]Z ZmigVdgY^cVg^an ]^\] fjVa^in hX^Zci^ÒX XVeVW^a^in Vi 6bZh# I]gZZ Ò\jgZh lZgZ `Zn/ i]Zc"8]^Z[ HX^Zci^hi ;gVcXZ 8 g" YdkV! cdl i]Z egZh^YZci d[ EjgYjZ Jc^kZgh^in 0 LZhaZn =jcigZhh! i]Zc"VhhdX^ViZ VYb^c^higVidg [dg HeVXZ HX^ZcXZ0 VcY 8]VgaZh @Zc" cZa d[ J8H9! i]Zc"VhhdX^ViZ VYb^c^higVidg [dg C6H6Éh B^hh^dc id EaVcZi :Vgi]# >c BVgX] d[ &..*! =jcigZhh hj\\ZhiZY i]Vi C6H6 jhZ i]Z iZgb ÆVhigdW^dad\nÇ id YZhXg^WZ i]Z ZmeVcY^c\ hijYn d[ a^[Z ^c i]Z jc^kZghZ# Dc BVn &.! &..*! C6H6 6Yb^c^higVidg 9Vc <daY^c ]ZaY V egZhh Xdc[ZgZcXZ Vi 6bZh! d[ÒX^Vaan YZXaVg^c\ ^i C6H6Éh aZVY XZciZg [dg i]Z cZl ÒZaY d[ VhigdW^dad\n# I]gdj\]dji i]Z &..%h! heVXZ b^hh^dch egdYjXZY V higZVb d[ hX^Zc" i^ÒX ÒcY^c\h i]Vi [jZaZY i]Z ^ciZgZhi ^c VhigdW^dad\n# I]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ VccdjcXZY bVcn heVXZ hX^ZcXZ Òghih! gVc\^c\ [gdb Zk^YZcXZ [dg WaVX` ]daZh id i]Z Zm^hiZcXZ d[ Wgdlc YlVg[ hiVgh# >c &..) i]Z =j" bVc <ZcdbZ Egd_ZXi hiViZY ^i ]VY bZi ^ih ÒkZ"nZVg \dVa d[ XdchigjXi" ^c\ V YZiV^aZY! XdbegZ]Zch^kZ ]jbVc \ZcZi^X bVe! dcZ nZVg V]ZVY d[

hX]ZYjaZ# >c 9ZXZbWZg d[ &..*! V igjan hiVgia^c\ Y^hXdkZgn lVh i]Z Òghi XdcÒgbZY YZiZXi^dc d[ Vc ZmigVhdaVg eaVcZi dgW^i^c\ V hjc"a^`Z hiVg# >c 6j\jhi &..+! V \gdje d[ gZhZVgX]Zgh ^cXajY^c\ C6H6 hX^Zci^hi 9g# 9Vk^Y BX@Vn ejWa^h]ZY V XdcigdkZgh^Va Vgi^XaZ ^c HX^ZcXZ VWdji edhh^WaZ h^\ch d[ a^[Z ^c V BVgi^Vc bZiZdg^iZ# I]Z BVgi^Vc bZiZdg^iZ h]dlZY Zk^" YZcXZ d[ hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi XdjaY WZ ^ciZgegZiZY Vh b^XgdhXde^X [dhh^ah d[

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

159

C6H6

:migZbZ :Vgi] dg\Vc^hbh Eg^cX^eVa >ckZhi^\Vidg @^bWZgaZn LVggZc"G]dYZh hjgkZnh i]Z YZhZgi Óddg [dg XnVcdWVXiZg^V ^c M^c_^Vc\! 8]^cV#

eg^b^i^kZ! WVXiZg^V"a^`Z dg\Vc^hbh! Vji]dgh d[ i]Z eVeZg XaV^bZY# L]^aZ i]Z WgdVY hX^ZcXZ Xdbbjc^in ]Vh nZi id VXXZei i]ZhZ XaV^bh! i]Z eVeZg egdkd`ZY [dg i]Z Òghi i^bZ V hX^Zci^ÒX Y^hXjhh^dc VWdji i]Z h^oZ a^b^ih d[ V a^k^c\ dg\Vc^hb# 6i Vabdhi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ! C6H6Éh <Va^aZd heVXZXgV[i WZ\Vc gZijgc^c\ ^cig^\j^c\ ^bV\Zh d[ i]Z ?dk^Vc bddc :jgdeV# I]Z ^b" V\Zh d[ :jgdeV ]ZaY XdbeZaa^c\ Zk^YZcXZ d[ ^XZ gV[ih ÓdVi^c\ dc l]Vi b^\]i WZ V a^fj^Y dXZVc# I]ZhZ gZkZaVi^dch VXgdhh V WgdVY heZXigjb d[ hX^Zci^ÒX ZcYZVkdg egdk^YZY i]Z bViZg^Va [dg Vc ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn [dXjh# >c HZeiZbWZg &..+! i]Z Òghi C6H6 6higdW^dad\n Ldg`h]de lVh ]ZaY Vi 6bZh! ViiZcYZY Wn dkZg '*% hX^Zci^hih [gdb V WgdVY gVc\Z d[ :Vgi]! heVXZ! VcY a^[Z hX^ZcXZ ÒZaYh# >YZVh [dg V cZl Z[[dgi id jcYZghiVcY a^[Z ^c i]Z jc^kZghZ VXgdhh Vaa i]gZZ Y^hX^ea^cZh WZ\Vc id XdVaZhXZ! VcY i]Z ldg`h]de egdYjXZY Vc VbW^i^djh gdVYbVe YZÒc^c\ i]Z i]gZZ ZhhZc" i^Va fjZhi^dch VcY Yg^k^c\ i]Z ÒZaY#

NASA ASTROBIOLOGY INSTITUTE I]Z VYkdXVXn ldg` d[ 8 gYdkV! =jcigZhh VcY @ZccZa aZY id i]Z XgZVi^dc d[ V cZl eaVi[dgb [dg i]Z WgdVY bjai^Y^hX^ea^cVgn hijYn i]Vi lVh VhigdW^dad\n# 6 k^gijVa ^chi^ijiZ! V Xdbbdc [dgjb [dg a^`Z b^cYh id h]VgZ ^ch^\]ih VcY aZkZgV\Z dcZ Vcdi]ZgÉh ldg`! ldjaY WZ XgZViZY# I]Z C6H6 6higdW^dad\n >chi^ijiZ C6> lVh Wdgc# 6c ^chi^ijiZ [gZZY d[ i]Z ZmeZchZ d[ igVY^i^dcVa Wg^X`h VcY bdgiVg ]VY WZZc Y^hXjhhZY egZk^" djhan! Wji i]Z XdcXZei ]VY cZkZg WZZc igjan eji id i]Z iZhi# >c DXidWZg &..,! C6H6 hda^X^iZY VhigdW^dad\n hX^ZcXZ egdedhVah Vh i]Z Òghi hiZe# I]Vi hda^X^iVi^dc YZhXg^WZY i]Z C6> Vh Vc ZmeZg^bZci ^c ^c" iZgY^hX^ea^cVgn gZhZVgX] VcY k^gijVa XdaaVWdgVi^dc# L]^aZ i]Z XdbeZi^i^kZ hZaZXi^dc egdXZhh lVh jcYZg lVn! i]Z bZi]dYh d[ aZVY^c\ VcY bVcV\^c\ Vc ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn k^gijVa ^chi^ijiZ lZgZ cdi nZi XgZViZY dg ^c eaVXZ# >c BVn d[ &..-! =jcigZhhÉ YZejin! i]Z aViZ :Vga =jX`^ch! k^h^iZY 6bZh l^i] i]Z Y^gZXi^dc id ZhiVWa^h] i]Z bVcV\ZbZci VeegdVX] [dg i]Z ^chi^ijiZ# 6i =jcigZhhÉ Y^gZXi^dc > lVh Vh`ZY id WZ ^ciZg^b Y^gZX" idg VcY lVh iVh`ZY l^i] XgZVi^c\ V k^gijVa ^chi^ijiZ [gdb i]Z iZVbh hZaZXiZY i]gdj\] i]Z C6H6 VccdjcXZbZci# I]Z C6> lVh je VcY hjXXZhh[jaan gjcc^c\ l^i]^c h^m bdci]h! V bV" _dg Z[[dgi [dg Vc jcig^ZY XdcXZei# >i lVh Yjg^c\ i]^h ^c^i^Va e]VhZ i]Vi i]Z iddah VcY iZX]c^fjZh d[ gZhZVgX] edgi[da^d bVcV\ZbZci VcY ^ciZg" \gdje Xdbbjc^XVi^dch lZgZ XgZViZY# >c VYY^i^dc! i]Z dg^\^cVa X]VgiZg

160

NASA

[dg VhigdW^dad\n gZhZVgX] lVh YZÒcZY VcY ZmiZcYZY! ZbWgVX^c\ cdi dcan WVh^X hX^ZcXZ Wji Vahd ^chigjbZciVi^dc VcY ÒZaY XVbeV^\ch V^bZY Vi jcYZghiVcY^c\ i]Z a^b^ih d[ :Vgi]"WVhZY a^[Z# L]^aZ > Xdci^cjZY ^c d[ÒXZ [dg Vcdi]Zg nZVg! [jcXi^dc^c\ Vh i]Z [djcY^c\ Y^gZXidg! <daY^c ^hhjZY V gZfj^gZbZci id gZXgj^i Vc ^chi^" ijiZ Y^gZXidg l]d lVh V Æ@^c\ @dc\Ç W^dad\^hi# I]Z X]Vg\Z lVh [ja" ÒaaZY ^c BVn &... Wn i]Z Veed^cibZci d[ 7VgjX] 7ajbWZg\! V CdWZa Eg^oZ"l^cc^c\ W^dad\^hi VcY e]nh^X^Vc! Vh i]Z Òghi C6> Y^gZXidg# HjW" hZfjZci Y^gZXidgh ]VkZ ^cXajYZY J8A6 egd[Zhhdg 7gjXZ GjccZ\Vg VcY! bdhi gZXZcian! 8Vga E^aX]Zg! Vc VhigdcdbZg VcY [dgbZg C6H6 =ZVYfjVgiZgh VhigdW^dad\n hZc^dg hX^Zci^hi# BdgZ i]Vc *% J#H# gZhZVgX] ^chi^iji^dch gZhedcYZY id i]Z Òghi C6H6 hda^X^iVi^dc! VcY i]Z ÒZaY d[ VhigdW^dad\n hddc ]VY V ]dbZ# I]Z egdedhZY egd_ZXih lZgZ ^ckZhi^\Vidg"^c^i^ViZY WVh^X hX^ZcXZ l^i]^c i]Z higViZ\^X XdchigV^cih ^bedhZY Wn C6H6! ^cXajY^c\ Vc Zbe]Vh^h dc Xgdhh"Y^hX^ea^cVgn XdaaVWdgVi^kZ ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc# I]Vi Òghi nZVg! && iZVbh lZgZ X]dhZc VcY! Vadc\ l^i] V h^c\aZ [dgZ^\c VhhdX^ViZY ^c" hi^iji^dc ^c HeV^c! Xdchi^ijiZY i]Z C6># :VX] d[ i]Z && iZVbh lVh YZh^\cViZY Wn i]Z cVbZ d[ i]Z ^chi^iji^dc d[ i]Z eg^cX^eVa ^ckZhi^\V" idg# BZbWZgh d[ ZVX] d[ i]Z iZVbh lZgZ [gdb i]Z aZVY ^chi^iji^dc VcY [gdb Xd"^chi^iji^dch# I]^h eViiZgc Xdci^cjZh idYVn# I]gZZ bdgZ XdbeZi^i^dch ]VkZ WZZc ]ZaY h^cXZ i]Z ^c^i^Va hZaZXi^dc! gZhjai^c\ ^c X]Vc\Zh ^c i]Z ^chi^iji^dcVa b^m# 9jg^c\ i]^h egdXZhh i]Z cjbWZg d[ ^ckZhi^\Vidgh VcY aZVY ^chi^iji^dc ]Vh \gdlc [gdb && id &+ iZVbh! l^i] ÒkZ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa VhhdX^ViZh VcY V[Òa^ViZh! VcY i]djhVcYh d[ hX^Zci^hih VcY hijYZcih ldgaYl^YZ# 8dbeaZiZ ^c[dgbVi^dc dc i]Z C6>! ^cXajY^c\ ^ih ]^hidgn! Wdi] egd\gVbbVi^X VcY hX^Zci^ÒX! ^h VkV^a" VWaZ Vi i]Z C6> LZW h^iZ! ]iie/$$cV^#VgX#cVhV#\dk# I]Z hX^Zci^ÒX egd\gZhh VcY ^beVXi d[ i]Z C6> ]Vh WZZc hjWhiVci^Va ^c V WgdVY VggVn d[ gZhZVgX]! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z hijYn VcY YZÒc^i^dc d[ ]VW^iVWaZ Zck^gdcbZcih! jcYZghiVcY^c\ i]Z a^b^ih d[ a^[Z! W^dh^\cVijgZ gZhZVgX]! :Vgi]Éh ZVgan W^dhe]ZgZ! VcY i]Z dg^\^ch d[ a^[Z# >c '%%(! i]Z CVi^dcVa GZ" hZVgX] 8djcX^a XdcYjXiZY V gZk^Zl d[ J#H# VcY ^ciZgcVi^dcVa egd\gVbh ^c VhigdW^dad\n VcY VeeaVjYZY i]Z egd\gZhh ^c i]^h cZl hX^ZcXZ# 6h cdiZY ZVga^Zg! i]Z C6> Vahd lVh Vc ZmeZg^bZci ^c k^gijVa XdaaVWdgV" i^dc# Id VX]^ZkZ i]^h \dVa i]Z C6> hiV[[! Y^gZXidg VcY ^ckZhi^\Vidgh jhZY VYkVcXZY XdaaVWdgVi^kZ iddah! ^cXajY^c\ k^YZd Xdc[ZgZcX^c\! ^ciZgcZi" a^c`ZY ÆhbVgi WdVgYhÇ i]Vi VaadlZY [dg h^bjaiVcZdjh YViV h]Vg^c\ VXgdhh

bVcn cZildg`ZY jhZgh! VcY i]Z i]Zc"bdYZgc iddah VkV^aVWaZ ^c i]Z Xjii^c\"ZY\Z Æ8daaVWdgV" i^kZ :c\^cZZg^c\ :ck^gdcbZci#Ç GZVY^an VX" XZhh^WaZ hZgkZg h^iZh! ^c^i^Vaan YZkZadeZY VcY ]dhiZY Vi 6bZh Wji cdl VkV^aVWaZ XdbbZg" X^Vaan! [dhiZgZY ZVhn nZi hZXjgZ ZmX]Vc\Z d[ YdXjbZcih VcY di]Zg ^c[dgbVi^dc# LZWXVbh higZVbZY k^YZd [gdb aVWdgVidgn id aVWdgVidgn! a^c`^c\ gZhZVgX]Zgh# HjX] >ciZgcZi"WVhZY Xda" aVWdgVi^dch VgZ cdl iV`Zc [dg \gVciZY! Wji lZgZ Xdch^YZgZY e^dcZZg^c\ V YZXVYZ V\d#

ASTID, ASTEP AND THE ASTROBIOLOGY PROGRAM PORTFOLIO L]^aZ i]Z eg^cX^eVa cZl egd\gVbbVi^X Za" ZbZci d[ VhigdW^dad\n lVh ZbWdY^ZY ^c i]Z

162

NASA

bjai^"^chi^iji^dc! ]^\]an Xgdhh"Y^hX^ea^cVgn C6>! C6H6 d[ÒX^Vah gZXd\c^oZY [gdb i]Z WZ" \^cc^c\ i]Vi i]ZgZ lVh V cZZY id bV^ciV^c V edgi[da^d d[ gZhZVgX] i]Vi ^cXajYZY i]Z ^cY^" k^YjVa ^ckZhi^\Vidg# I]Z eg^cX^eVa ^ckZhi^\Vidg" WVhZY ZaZbZci d[ i]Z VhigdW^dad\n egd\gVb ^h cdl XVaaZY i]Z :mdW^dad\n VcY :kdaji^dc" Vgn 7^dad\n Egd\gVb! VcY ^i XjggZcian [jcYh VWdji &*% ^cY^k^YjVa gZhZVgX]Zgh# 6c VYY^i^dcVa ZVgan \dVa d[ C6H6Éh Vhigd" W^dad\n ^c^i^Vi^kZ lVh id XgZViZ ^chigjbZc" iVi^dc! iddah VcY iZX]c^fjZh id ZmeadgZ [dg i]Z ÆÒc\Zgeg^cih d[ a^[ZÇ ^c ZmigZbZ Zck^" gdcbZcih ]ZgZ dc :Vgi] VcY dc b^hh^dch id di]Zg ldgaYh# Id bZZi i]ZhZ \dVah! C6H6 XgZViZY ild cZl ^c^i^Vi^kZh [dg i]Z VhigdW^" dad\n egd\gVb/ i]Z 6higdW^dad\n HX^ZcXZ! IZX]cdad\n VcY >chigjbZci 9ZkZadebZci

egd\gVb 6HI>9 ! ^c &..-0 VcY i]Z 6higd" W^dad\n HX^ZcXZ! IZX]cdad\n [dg :meadg^c\ EaVcZih 6HI:E egd\gVb! ^c '%%&# 6higdW^dad\n ^ckZhi^\Vi^dch gZfj^gZ i]Z YZ" kZadebZci d[ b^c^Vijg^oZY ^chigjbZciVi^dc XVeVWaZ d[ ZmiZch^kZ! Vjidcdbdjh deZgVi^dch dc eaVcZiVgn hjg[VXZh# C6H6Éh 6HI:E egd" \gVb hedchdgh ^ckZhi^\Vi^dch id ZmeadgZ i]Z :Vgi]Éh ZmigZbZ Zck^gdcbZcih ^c dgYZg id YZkZade V hdjcY iZX]c^XVa VcY hX^Zci^ÒX WVh^h id hZVgX] [dg a^[Z dc di]Zg eaVcZih# 6 jc^fjZ VcY XZcigVa [ZVijgZ d[ i]Z 6HI:E egd\gVb ^h i]Z jhZ d[ iZggZhig^Va ÒZaY XVbeV^\ch id [jg" i]Zg hX^ZcXZ VcY iZX]cdad\n# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! ^c '%%,! 6HI:E ÒZaY XVbeV^\ch lZgZ XdcYjXi" ZY ^c BZm^Xd VcY 8]^aZ! dc HkVaWVgY >haVcY cdgi] d[ i]Z 6gXi^X 8^gXaZ! VcY ^c i]Z cdgi] 6iaVci^X VcY 6gXi^X dXZVch#

C6H6

CZmi hide GZY EaVcZi 6gi^hi h XdcXZei d[ C6H6Éh BVgh HX^ZcXZ AVWdgVidgn! haViZY [dg V '%%. aVjcX]! l^aa aVcY cZVg i]Z GZY EaVcZiÉh cdgi]Zgc ]Zb^he]ZgZ VcY ^ckZhi^\ViZ hd^a VcY gdX` hVbeaZh id YZiZgb^cZ i]Z eVhi VcY egZhZci VW^a^in d[ BVgh id hjeedgi a^[Z#

ZbWdY^ZY ^c i]Z 6higdW^dad\n HX^ZcXZ 8dc[ZgZcXZ ]ZaY W^Zcc^Vaan i]Vi idYVn Vi" igVXih dkZg -%% hX^Zci^hih [gdb dkZg (% ÒZaYh# L^i] bZZi^c\h ^c '%%%! '%%'! '%%) VcY '%%+ i]Vi ]VkZ Xdci^cjZY id \gdl ^c ViiZcYVcXZ! i]Z Xdc[ZgZcXZ gZbV^ch V [d" gjb l]ZgZ hX^Zci^hih VgZ ZcXdjgV\ZY id ejh] i]Z WdjcYVg^Zh# 6cdi]Zg bZVhjgZ d[ i]Z bVijg^in d[ V ÒZaY d[ gZhZVgX] ^h i]Z egZhZcXZ d[ eZZg"gZk^ZlZY egd[Zhh^dcVa _djgcVah gZedgi^c\ dc hX^Zci^ÒX egd\gZhh# Ild hjX] _djgcVah ]VkZ ZbZg\ZY/ 6higdW^dad\n! ejWa^h]ZY Wn BVgn 6cc A^" ZWZgi! >cX#! VcY i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa ?djgcVa d[ 6higdW^dad\n! ejWa^h]ZY Wn 8VbWg^Y\Z Jc^" kZgh^in EgZhh# 7di] VgZ cdl hZkZgVa nZVgh ^cid i]Z^g ejWa^XVi^dc VcY gdji^cZan gZXZ^kZ kZgn ]^\] fjVa^in eVeZgh# ;gdb i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ d[ VhigdW^dad\n! i]Z ÒZaY ]Vh bVYZ V XdcXZgiZY Z[[dgi id Zbe]V" h^oZ i]Z ^bedgiVcXZ d[ ZYjXVi^dc! Wdi] id igV^c i]Z cZmi \ZcZgVi^dc d[ gZhZVgX]Zgh VcY ZmeadgZgh VcY id `ZZe i]Z ejWa^X VlVgZ d[ i]Z bVcn WgZV`i]gdj\]h# IZc nZVgh V\d k^g" ijVaan cd jc^kZgh^i^Zh ]VY YZY^XViZY YZ\gZZ egd\gVbh ^c VhigdW^dad\n VcY kZgn [Zl ZkZc d[[ZgZY V XdjghZ ^c i]Z ÒZaY# IdYVn! k^gijVaan ZkZgn bV_dg jc^kZgh^in ^c i]Z Xdjcign ]Vh Vi aZVhi V XdjghZ ^c VhigdW^dad\n VcY bVcn ]VkZ YZ\gZZ egd\gVbh# 8djghZh ]VkZ WZZc YZh^\cZY! Xjgg^XjaV YZkZadeZY! iZmiWdd`h lg^iiZc! bdk^Zh bVYZ! VcY ldg`h]deh VcY igV^c^c\ XaVhhZh YZkZadeZY [dg iZVX]Zgh VcY hijYZcih Wdi]#

THE FUTURE I]gdj\] i]Z 6HI>9 egd\gVb! V b^c^V" ijg^oZY M"gVn Y^[[gVXi^dc ^chigjbZci lVh hZaZXiZY Vh i]Z Òghi VhigdW^dad\n [jcYZY heVXZ Ó^\]i ZmeZg^bZci id Ón dc i]Z BVgh HX^ZcXZ AVWdgVidgn# 6h cdiZY ^c kVg^djh gZk^Zlh VcY VhhZhhbZcih! ^ckZhibZcih ^c W^dh^\cVijgZ YZiZXi^dc hZchdgh VgZ Xg^i^XVa id VX]^Zk^c\ i]Z \dVah d[ Ó^\]i b^hh^dch ^c i]Z BVgh :meadgVi^dc Egd\gVb#

EDUCATION AND OUTREACH 8dbbjc^XVi^c\ i]Z Y^hXdkZg^Zh VcY ZmX^iZbZci d[ VhigdW^dad\n ]Vh Vahd WZZc jcYZghiddY Vh V [jcYVbZciVa gZfj^gZbZci h^cXZ i]Z ZVgan YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z ÒZaY# BZZi^c\ i]^h dW_ZXi^kZ ]Vh iV`Zc kVg^djh [dgbh# DcZ ZaZbZci lVh V Xdbbdc [dgjb!

I]Z Òghi YZXVYZ d[ VhigdW^dad\n ]Vh aV^Y h^\c^ÒXVci \gdjcYldg` [dg i]Z jcYZghiVcY" ^c\ d[ i]Z \ZcZh^h VcY Zkdaji^dc d[ a^[Z ^c i]Z jc^kZghZ# ;^ZaYldg` ]Vh egdk^YZY [dhh^ah! dg\Vc^hbh! VcY ZXdhnhiZbh i]Vi ]VkZ Vaa aZY id h^\c^ÒXVci ^ch^\]i ^cid i]Z ZVgan :Vgi]! edhh^WaZ bdYZah [dg dg^\^ch VcY V ]j\Z Zm" eVch^dc d[ i]Z gZXd\c^oZY Zck^gdcbZciVa a^b^ih d[ a^[Z# AVWdgVidgn ldg`! XdjeaZY l^i] Vhigdcdb^XVa dWhZgkVi^dc! ]Vh VYYZY Vcdi]Zg h^\c^ÒXVci e^ZXZ d[ i]Z ejooaZ VcY Xdci^cjZh id egdk^YZ XajZh VcY gZÒcZ bdY" Zah# B^hh^dch VgZ _jhi WZ\^cc^c\ id iV`Z VhigdW^dad\n id Zci^gZ cZl aZkZah d[ jcYZg" hiVcY^c\# <^kZc i]Z i^bZaZhh [VhX^cVi^dc l^i] fjZhi^dch d[ i]Z dg^\^ch VcY egZkVaZcXZ d[ a^[Z! VhigdW^dad\n l^aa ZcYjgZ adc\ ^cid i]Z [jijgZ#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

163

*% NZVgh d[ C6H6 HdaVg :meadgVi^dc

6 ÓVgZ id gZbZbWZg I]Z aVg\Zhi hdaVg ÓVgZ ZkZg gZXdgYZY Vh dWhZgkZY Wn i]Z C6H6":jgdeZVc HeVXZ 6\ZcXn HdaVg VcY =Za^dhe]Zg^X DWhZgkVidgn HD=D hViZaa^iZ dc 6eg^a '! '%%&# AjX`^an! i]Z Zgjei^dc ^c i]Z hjcÉh Vibdhe]ZgZ! gZaZVh^c\ i]Z ZcZg\n Zfj^kVaZci d[ V W^aa^dc bZ\Vidch d[ ICI! lVh cdi V^bZY Vi :Vgi]#

164

NASA

C6H6

By Steele HILL

While we do not often stop to think about it, we are living in the atmosphere of the sun, known as the heliosphere. And we creatures on Earth are just beginning to grasp many of the implications this brings. The sun is our source of light and life, but also of radiation. And it challenges our reliance on technology in numerous ways. Over the past 50 years NASA has made significant investments and achieved huge scientific advances in understanding the sun, its processes and impact on the entire solar system. At NASA, the Heliophysics Division is concerned with three major questions: Why and how does the sun vary? How do the Earth and planetary systems respond? What are the impacts on humanity? ;gdb C6H6 h WZ\^cc^c\h! V\ZcXn hX^Zci^hih gZVa^oZY hdaVg dWhZgkVi^dc [gdb heVXZ ldjaY XgZViZ jc^fjZ gZhZVgX] deedgijc^i^Zh cdi edh" h^WaZ dc :Vgi]# ;gdb heVXZ! i]Z hjcÉh aVnZgh XVc WZ eZZaZY VlVn Wn dWhZgkVi^dch ^c bja" i^eaZ lVkZaZc\i]h d[ a^\]i! a^\]i i]Vi ^h ÒaiZgZY dji Wn djg Vibdhe]ZgZ# ;gdb heVXZ! i]Z hdaVg l^cY eVgi^XaZh XdchiVcian higZVb^c\ [gdb i]Z hjc XVc WZ hVbeaZY# >c heVXZ! lZVi]Zg VcY V gdiVi^c\ :Vgi] VgZ cZkZg Vc ^hhjZ! hd lZ XVc dWhZgkZ i]Z hjc ZkZgn bdbZci d[ i]Z YVn# I]Z ^YZV d[ hijYn^c\ i]Z hjc! d[ XdjghZ! ^h cdi cZl id ]jbVc ]^hidgn# CVi^kZ eZdeaZh ]VkZ h]dlc \gZVi ^ciZgZhi ^c i]Z hjc VcY ^ih bdkZ" bZcih i]gdj\]dji ]^hidgn# >c VcX^Zci 8]^cV! eZdeaZ gZedgiZYan Wa^cYZY i]ZbhZakZh ign^c\ id Y^hXZgc hjchedih# I]Z \gZVi bdcda^i]^X higjX" ijgZ Vi HidcZ]Zc\Z WZ\jc VgdjcY '(%% 7#8# ]Vh V Xg^i^XVa dg^ZciVi^dc idlVgYh i]Z hjbbZg hdahi^XZ# I]djhVcYh d[ hbVaaZg hidcZ X^gXaZh Zm^hi i]gdj\]dji :jgdeZ VcY WZndcY! cdi^c\ X]Vc\Zh ^c i]Z hjcÉh Vc\aZ VcY edh^i^dc [gdb YVn id YVn! gZeZViZY nZVg id nZVg# I]Z aVg\Z BVnVc engVb^Y d[ :a 8Vhi^aad! Wj^ai VgdjcY -%% 6#9#! ]VY V heZX^ÒX hdaVg dg^ZciVi^dc# I]Z hX^Zci^ÒX gZXdgY d[ djg a^[Z"\^k^c\ hiVg egdWVWan WZ\Vc ^c &+&' l]Zc <Va^aZd <Va^aZ^ dWhZgkZY! gZXdgYZY! VcY lgdiZ VWdji hjchedih l^i] V gZXZci ^ckZci^dc! i]Z iZaZhXdeZ# Di]" Zgh WZ\Vc id Yd i]Z hVbZ# HX^ZcXZ ]VY cdl bVg`ZY i]Z XgZVi^dc d[ V Xdch^hiZci gZXdgY d[ hjchedi dWhZgkVi^dch# 9ZkZadebZcih ^c i]Z cVhXZci ÒZaY XVbZ hadlan# >c &-)* ild ;gZcX] e]nh^X^hih idd` i]Z Òghi e]did d[ i]Z hjc# DkZg i]Z cZmi &%% nZVgh dg hd hdaVg hX^ZcXZ bVYZ ^cXgZbZciVa egd\gZhh l^i] \gdjcY"WVhZY ^c" higjbZcih! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ gV" Y^d Vhigdcdbn# NZi! ^i lVh cdi jci^a i]Z HeVXZ 6\Z i]Vi bV_dg VYkVcXZh ZchjZY! dcZ Wj^aY^c\ jedc i]Z di]Zg# ;gdb ^c^i^Va! hedgVY^X hiZeh! V l]daZ Hjc":Vgi] hnhiZb^X egd\gVb ZbZg\ZY

Vi C6H6 XVaaZY =Za^de]nh^Xh! l]^X] hiVcYh [dg i]Z ZmeadgVi^dc d[ i]Z hjc! ^ih Z[[ZXih dc :Vgi] VcY i]Z eaVcZih VcY [dg i]Z hijYn d[ heVXZ Zck^gdcbZciVa XdcY^i^dch VcY i]Z^g Zkdaji^dc i]Vi l^aa WZ ZmeZg^ZcXZY Wn ]jbVc VcY gdWdi^X ZmeadgZgh# I]^h WgdVY X]VgiZg [dg C6H6Éh =Za^de]nh^Xh Y^k^h^dc Zbe]Vh^oZh i]Z jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z jcYZgan^c\ e]nh^Xh d[ i]^h XdbeaZm! XdjeaZY YncVb^X hnhiZb l^i] i]Z hjc Vi ^ih XZciZg# I]Z \gdjeÉh \dVa ^h id jcYZghiVcY i]^h hnhiZbÉh WZ]Vk^dg id i]Z ed^ci i]Vi ^i XVc WZ i]Z dW_ZXi d[ egZY^Xi^dc# Id VYkVcXZ i]^h ZcY! V gZbVg`VWaZ k^Zl d[ hd" aVg hnhiZb ZkZcih ^h egdk^YZY i]gdj\] V hZi d[ Y^hig^WjiZY ÓZZi d[ heVXZXgV[i! bVcV\ZY Vh dcZ =Za^de]nh^Xh <gZVi DWhZgkVidgn# LZ `cdl i]Vi i]Z hjc ]Vh V [V^gan gZ\jaVg &&"nZVg XnXaZ d[ VXi^k^in# 9dZh i]Z hjc X]Vc\Z dkZg i^bZ4 8djaY ^i WZ i]Z bV^c Xjaeg^i WZ]^cY \adWVa lVgb^c\4 I]ZhZ VgZ hX^ZcXZ fjZhi^dch!

Wji bdgZ ^bbZY^ViZ! egVXi^XVa XdcXZgch XVbZ id i]Z [dgZ VgdjcY &.)*# I]Z 6gbn VcY CVkn ZmegZhhZY Vc ZVgan ^ciZgZhi ^c i]Z ^beVXi d[ hdaVg VXi^k^in dc b^a^iVgn gVYVg VcY Xdbbjc^" XVi^dch hnhiZbh# 9g# G^X]VgY ;^h]Zg! Y^gZXidg d[ i]Z =Za^de]nh^Xh 9^k^h^dc d[ C6H6Éh HX^" ZcXZ B^hh^dc 9^gZXidgViZ! ZmeaV^cZY! ÆI]ZgZ ^h V igVXZVWaZ ]^hidgn [gdb b^a^iVgn gZhZVgX] YZVa^c\ l^i] h^ijVi^dcVa VlVgZcZhh! d[ hdaVg" dg^\^cVi^c\ ZkZcih i]Vi XajiiZgZY gVYVgh! ^h" hjZh d[ i]Z cVijgZ d[ gVY^Vi^dc dc i]Z ide d[ i]Z :Vgi]! l]^X] lVh cdi lZaa `cdlc# 6abdhi Vaa adc\ Y^hiVcXZ J=; Xdbbjc^XVi^dch lZgZ hZch^i^kZ id gVY^d egdeV\Vi^dc XdcY^i^dch bdY" jaViZY! id V XZgiV^c ZmiZci! Wn i]Z hjc#Ç I]^h ^ciZgZhi aZY id :meadgZg &! i]Z Òghi heVXZ b^hh^dc id VYkVcXZ hdaVg"iZggZhig^Va hX^ZcXZ# >ih ^chigjbZcih [dg hijYn^c\ heVXZ eaVhbVh Y^hXdkZgZY X]Vg\ZY eVgi^XaZh [gdb i]Z hjc igVeeZY Wn i]Z \ZdbV\cZi^X ÒZaY VgdjcY :Vgi] i]Vi lZ XVbZ id XVaa gVY^Vi^dc

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

165

C6H6 C6H6 HiZZaZ =^aa! HD=D! C6H6$:H6

WZaih# L^i] VYY^i^dcVa ZmeadgVi^dch! lZ [djcY bdgZ Hjc":Vgi] ^ciZgVX" i^dc hjgeg^hZh# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! i]Z BVg^cZg ' &.++ b^hh^dc id KZcjh XVgg^ZY ^chigjbZcih i]Vi bZVhjgZY bV\cZi^X ÒZaYh VcY i]Z gVY^Vi^dc Zck^gdcbZci VgdjcY i]Z heVXZXgV[i# 6h ;^h]Zg gZXVaaZY! ÆI]ZgZ lVh V ]j\Z hjgeg^hZ l^i] i]Z Y^hXdkZgn d[ V l^cY i]Vi Wadlh higV^\]i je d[[ i]Z hjc# I]Z bV\cZi^X ÒZaY ^c i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb cZVg i]Z :Vgi] lVh Vabdhi Vh higdc\ Vh i]Z :Vgi]Éh dlc bV\cZi^X ÒZaY! l]^X] lVh V \gZVi hjgeg^hZ! Vh lZaa# I]Vi Y^hXdkZgn hi^bjaViZY V kVg^Zin d[ gZhZVgX]! h]dl^c\ ]dl i]Z :Vgi] ^h XdccZXiZY id i]Z hjc! cdi dcan Wn gVY^Vi^dc Ä ]ZVi VcY a^\]i Ä Wji Vahd Wn hdaVg l^cYh VcY hdaVg bV\cZi^X ÒZaYh dji eVhi i]Z :Vgi]#Ç I]Z ^beVXi d[ hdaVg l^cY VcY hdaVg igVch^Zci ZkZcih dc :Vgi] XVbZ id WZ `cdlc Vh HeVXZ LZVi]Zg VcY Vc Zci^gZan cZl hX^" ZcXZ Y^hX^ea^cZ i^iaZY Æ=Za^de]nh^XhÇ ZbZg\ZY id VYYgZhh i]Z \gdl^c\ cZZYh [dg jcYZghiVcY^c\ i]Z e]nh^Xh d[ heVXZ lZVi]Zg# >c &.,(",) C6H6 XdcYjXiZY ^ih Òghi hjhiV^cZY adc\"iZgb bVccZY egZhZcXZ ^c heVXZ l^i] H`naVW! V gjY^bZciVgn heVXZ hiVi^dc bVccZY Wn i]gZZ XgZlh [dg b^hh^dch je id -% YVnh# H`naVW ]VY h^m hdaVg hijYn ^chigjbZcih# ÆDcZ gZVhdc ndj \d ^cid heVXZ! Vh Vc VhigdcdbZg! ^h id hZZ lVkZaZc\i]h hideeZY Wn i]Z :Vgi]Éh Vibdhe]ZgZ!Ç ;^h]Zg Zm" eaV^cZY# Æ6 cjbWZg d[ H`naVW ^chigjbZcih add`ZY Vi i]Z hjc ^c Zm" igZbZ jaigVk^daZi VcY M"gVn lVkZaZc\i]h! Vaadl^c\ jh id hZZ i]Vi i]Z jeeZg Vibdhe]ZgZ d[ i]Z hjc ^h fj^iZ ]di Ä V XdjeaZ d[ b^aa^dc YZ\gZZh# H`naVW lVh gZhedch^WaZ [dg kZg^[n^c\ dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi ^bedgiVci Y^hXdk" Zg^Zh VWdji hdaVg VXi^k^in Ä XdgdcVa bVhh Z_ZXi^dch P8B:hR#Ç ;^h]Zg gZXVaaZY! ÆH`naVWÉh Z[[dgih h]dlZY dXXVh^dcVa Y^hijgWVcXZh! `^cY d[ Vc VgX]"h]VeZY WjWWaZ! higdc\an bdYjaViZY Wn i]Z hjcÉh bV\" cZi^X ÒZaY# I]^h lVh V lVn ^c l]^X] i]Z hjc hZci X]Vg\ZY eVgi^XaZh VcY bV\cZi^X ÒZaYh id :Vgi]#Ç >i ]VY adc\ WZZc `cdlc i]Vi hdaVg ÓVgZh ]^i i]Z :Vgi] l^i] ZmXZhh^kZ JK gVY^Vi^dc! Wji i]^h lVh hdbZi]^c\ cZl VcY V bV_dg hiZe [dglVgY ^c jcYZghiVcY^c\ Hjc":Vgi] XdccZXi^dch# 6cY ^ih Y^hXdkZgn d[ XdgdcVa ]daZh lVh igVch[dgbVi^kZ [dg hdaVg e]nh^Xh# Di]Zg hdaVg b^hh^dch hddc [daadlZY# I]Z HdaVg BVm^bjb B^hh^dc heVXZXgV[i &.-%"-. ZcVWaZY i]Z hdaVg e]nh^Xh Xdbbjc^in id ZmVb" ^cZ! ^c bdgZ YZiV^a i]Vc ZkZg WZ[dgZ! i]Z bdhi k^daZci VheZXi d[ hd" aVg VXi^k^in/ ÓVgZh# >i Òghi YZiZXiZY kVg^Vi^dch ^c idiVa hdaVg ^ggVY^VcXZ YjZ id i]Z eVhhV\Z d[ VXi^kZ gZ\^dch VXgdhh i]Z hdaVg Y^h`# >gdc^XVaan! ^cXgZVhZY Vibdhe]Zg^X YgV\ XVjhZY Wn V hdaVg hidgb hadlan XVjhZY Vai^ijYZ adhh i]Vi aZY id i]Z heVXZXgV[i h ÒZgn YZb^hZ# Cdi adc\ V[iZg i]Vi XVbZ Nd]`d] &..&"'%%& ! V h^\c^ÒXVci hdaVg b^hh^dc ^ckdak^c\ ?VeVcZhZ"6bZg^XVc"7g^i^h] XddeZgVi^dc# >i dWhZgkZY hdaVg ÓVgZh ^c M"gVn VcY \VbbV gVnh! l]^aZ egdYjX^c\ V idiVa d[ + b^a" a^dc hdaVg ^bV\Zh# Nd]`d] lVh i]Z Òghi heVXZXgV[i id Xdci^cjdjhan dW" hZgkZ i]Z hjcÉh XdgdcV ^c M"gVnh dkZg cZVgan Vc Zci^gZ hjchedi XnXaZ! XdbeaZiZan X]Vc\^c\ djg jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ XdgdcVa VXi^k^in# D#8# Hi# 8ng! V C6H6 ]Za^de]nh^Xh hX^Zci^hi! VhhZgiZY VcY bVcn ZX]d i]^h i]Vi i]Z _d^ci :jgdeZVc HeVXZ 6\ZcXn :H6 "C6H6 HdaVg VcY =Za^dhe]Zg^X DWhZgkVidgn HD=D b^hh^dc &..* gZVaan aZi jh WZ" \^c id dWhZgkZ! jcYZghiVcY! VcY WZ\^c id egZY^Xi heVXZ lZVi]Zg# HD=D ^h Vi i]Z AV\gVc\^Vc A& ed^ci! Vabdhi V b^aa^dc b^aZh hjclVgY [gdb :Vgi] l]ZgZ i]Z :Vgi]"Hjc \gVk^iVi^dcVa ejaah VgZ Vi Vc Zfj^a^Wg^jb # L^i] ^ih &' ^chigjbZcih! HD=D lVh i]Z aVg\Zhi VcY bdhi hde]^hi^XViZY hdaVg dWhZgkVidgn ZkZg YZkZadeZY# Hi# 8ng dWhZgkZY! ÆL^i] HD=DÉh XdgdcV\gVe]h VcY :migZbZ JaigVk^daZi >bV\^c\ IZaZhXdeZ! lZ YZb" dchigViZY i]Vi lZ XdjaY YZiZXi XdgdcVa bVhh Z_ZXi^dch Vi i]Z hjc i]Vi lZgZ ]ZVYZY idlVgY :Vgi]! VcY i]jh egdk^YZ ild id i]gZZ YVnh cdi^XZ# L^i] i]Z 6YkVcXZY 8dbedh^i^dc :meadgZg heVXZXgV[i! lZ \Zi i]Z ÒcVa

;gdb ide/ GZhZVgX] djiedhi I]Z H`naVW heVXZ hiVi^dc! dXXje^ZY Wn i]gZZ VhigdcVji iZVbh ^c &.,("&.,)! ZcVWaZY i]Z Òghi ]jbVc hijYn d[ hdaVg e]ZcdbZcdc [gdb heVXZ0 6 [jcYVbZciVa ÒcY^c\ C6H6 hX^Zci^hih Xdci^cjZ id ^ckZhi^\ViZ i]Z KVc 6aaZc gVY^Vi^dc WZaih! i]Z gZ\^dch l^i]^c :Vgi]Éh bV\cZi^X ÒZaY i]Vi igVeh X]Vg\ZY hjWVidb^X eVgi^XaZh! XdcÒgbZY Wn 6bZg^XVÉh Òghi heVXZ b^hh^dc! :meadgZg &0 =ZgZ XdbZh i]Z hjc 6c ^aajhigVi^dc d[ V XdgdcVa bVhh Z_ZXi^dc WaVhi [gdb i]Z hjc VcY hjWhZfjZci ^beVXi dc :Vgi] XdbedhZY d[ Vc VXijVa hjc ^bV\Z hjeZg^bedhZY dc V XdgdcV\gVe]! Wdi] [gdb i]Z HD=D heVXZXgV[i#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

167

ʾ F 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 4DSBOUPO TBMVUFT /"4" PO JUT UI BOOJWFSTBSZ BOE IPOPST (MZOO 4 -VOOFZ -- % MFBE n JHIU EJSFDUPS GPS "QPMMP BOE BMM PG PVS BMVNOJ XIP IBWF TFSWFE /"4" XXX TDSBOUPO FEV 0 2 ) $ % 0! 3 3 ) / . 0 2 / - ) 3 % \ % 8 0 % 2 ) % . # % / 5 2 * % 3 5 ) 4 4 2 ! $ ) 4 ) / .

C6H6 C6H6 C6H6 8# ?# EdaadX` VcY ?#"B# ?V]c! Hdji]lZhi GZhZVgX] >chi^ijiZ

<ViZlVn WZilZZc :Vgi] VcY heVXZ JeeZg aZ[i/ K^Zl d[ :Vgi]Ă&#x2030;h ^dcdhe]ZgZ Vh hZZc Wn C6H6Ă&#x2030;h I>B:9 I]Zgbdhe]ZgZ >dcdhe]ZgZ BZhdhe]ZgZ :cZg\Zi^Xh VcY 9ncVb^Xh heVXZXgV[i# I>B:9 hijY^Zh i]Z ^cĂ&#x201C;jZcXZh d[ i]Z hjc VcY ]jbVch dc i]Z aZVhi ZmeadgZY VcY jcYZghiddY gZ\^dc d[ :Vgi]Ă&#x2030;h Vibdhe]ZgZ Ă&#x201E; I]Z BZhde]ZgZ VcY AdlZg I]Zgbdhe]ZgZ$>dcdhe]ZgZ Ă&#x201E; l]ZgZ i]Z hjcĂ&#x2030;h ZcZg\n ^h Ă&#x2019;ghi YZedh^iZY ^cid :Vgi]Ă&#x2030;h Zck^gdcbZci# EdaVg k^Zl JeeZg g^\]i/ C6H6Ă&#x2030;h EdaVg heVXZXgV[i egdk^YZh ]^\] gZhdaji^dc \adWVa ^bV\^c\ id YZiZgb^cZ hdaVg ^cĂ&#x201C;jZcXZY Xdcigdah d[ i]Z jeeZg Vibdhe]ZgZ# I]^h VjgdgV ^bV\Z ^h eVgi d[ EdaVgĂ&#x2030;h b^hh^dc id bZVhjgZ i]Z Zcign d[ eaVhbV ^cid i]Z edaVg bV\cZidhe]ZgZ VcY i]Z \ZdbV\cZi^X iV^a! i]Z Ă&#x201C;dl d[ eaVhbV id VcY [gdb i]Z ^dcdhe]ZgZ! VcY i]Z YZedh^i^dc d[ eVgi^XaZ ZcZg\n ^c i]Z ^dcdhe]ZgZ VcY jeeZg Vibdhe]ZgZ# >c jh^c\ EdaVg! hX^Zci^hih ]VkZ XVeijgZY i]Z Ă&#x2019;ghi"ZkZg bdk^Z d[ VjgdgVh YVcX^c\ h^bjaiVcZdjhan VgdjcY Wdi] d[ :Vgi]Ă&#x2030;h edaVg gZ\^dch# BV\cZidhe]Zg^X hjWhidgb AdlZg g^\]i/ >bV\Z [gdb i]Z B:C6 BZY^jb :cZg\n CZjigVa 6idb ^bV\Zg h]dl^c\ i]Z ^c_ZXi^dc d[ ZcZg\Zi^X eVgi^XaZh Yjg^c\ V bV\cZidhe]Zg^X hjWhidgb dc ?jcZ &%! '%%%# HjWhidgbh ZkZcih! l]^X] dXXjg dc VkZgV\Z + i^bZh V YVn VcY bdgZ d[iZc Yjg^c\ i]Z hdaVg bVm^bjb! VgZ bV\cZidhe]Zg^X Y^hijgWVcXZh Yjg^c\ l]^X] i]Z bV\cZi^X Ă&#x201C;jm i]Vi ]Vh Wj^ai je ^c i]Z bV\ZcidiV^a ^h Zmeadh^kZan gZaZVhZY i]gdj\] V gZXdcĂ&#x2019;\jgVi^dc d[ i]Z :Vgi]Ă&#x2030;h bV\cZi^X Ă&#x2019;ZaY# Jc^fjZ :Vgi] ^bV\Z AdlZg aZ[i/ I]Z :Vgi]Ă&#x2030;h eaVhbVhe]ZgZ gZ\^dc d[ bV\cZidhe]ZgZ Xdch^hi^c\ d[ adl ZcZg\n eaVhbV Vh k^ZlZY Wn C6H6Ă&#x2030;h >B6<: >bV\Z [dg BV\cZideVjhZ"id"6jgdgV <adWVa :meadgVi^dc heVXZXgV[i# I]^h k^Zl idlVgY :Vgi]Ă&#x2030;h cdgi] edaZ h]dlh Vc Zb^hh^dc [gdb eaVhbVhe]Zg^X ]Za^jb ^dch VeeZVg^c\ ^c [VahZ Xdadg Vh V eVaZ \gZZc XadjY hjggdjcY^c\ i]Z eaVcZi#

(%"+% b^cjiZ lVgc^c\ iZaa^c\ jh i]Z hZkZg^in d[ Vcn Zchj^c\ \ZdbV\" cZi^X hidgb#Ă&#x2021; 9g# A^`V <j]Vi]V`jgiV! C6H6Ă&#x2030;h A^k^c\ L^i] V HiVg HI:G:D Egd\gVb HX^Zci^hi! VYYZY i]Vi! Ă&#x2020;I]Z A6H8D XdgdcV\gVe] ^bV\Zh d[ XdgdcVa bVhh Z_ZXi^dch dji id (% hdaVg gVY^^ X]Vc\ZY i]Z lVn lZ k^ZlZY i]Z hjcĂ&#x2030;h XdgdcV [dgZkZg#Ă&#x2021;

HD=DĂ&#x2030;h ^bedgiVcXZ WZXVbZ ^bbZY^ViZan VeeVgZci# >c ZVgan ?Vcj" Vgn &..,! <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg ^c <gZZcWZai! BY#! l]ZgZ HD=D ^h XdbbVcYZY VcY bVcV\ZY WZXVbZ \gdjcY"oZgd [dg V aVcY" bVg` ZkZci l]Zc! id i]Z hjgeg^hZ VcY YZa^\]i d[ V hdaVg"iZggZhig^Va e]nh^Xh ldg`h]de WZ^c\ ]ZaY i]ZgZ! HD=DĂ&#x2030;h ^chigjbZcih gZXd\c^oZY

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

169

HI:G:D! C6H6

HiZgZd k^h^dc DcZ d[ i]Z ild HI:G:D heVXZXgV[i idd` i]^h [jaa Y^h` ^bV\Z d[ i]Z hjc ^c Vc ZmigZbZ jaigVk^daZi lVkZaZc\i] dc ?jcZ .! '%%,# I]Z ^bV\Z h]dlXVhZh eaVhbV gVX^c\ Vadc\ bV\cZi^X ÒZaY a^cZh VgX^c\ ]^\] VWdkZ V hZg^Zh d[ Vi aZVhi ÒkZ VXi^kZ gZ\^dch higjc\ dji a^`Z eZVgah dc V i]gZVY#

V hbVaa VgZV dc i]Z hjc Vh i]Z hdjgXZ d[ V Æ]VadÇ XdgdcVa bVhh Z_ZX" i^dc ^#Z#! V XdgdcVa bVhh Z_ZXi^dc ]ZVYZY Y^gZXian idlVgY dg VlVn [gdb :Vgi] V^bZY Vi :Vgi] VcY [daadlZY ^ih egd\gZhh jci^a ^beVXi gZ\^hiZgZY Vi djg bV\cZidhe]ZgZ# ?dZ <jgbVc! J#H# Egd_ZXi HX^Zc" i^hi [dg HD=D cdiZY! ÆI]Z Y^gZXi dWhZgkVi^dc d[ i]^h \Zd"Z[[ZXi^kZ ZkZci VcY i]Z Zchj^c\ cZlh XdkZgV\Z gZVaan bVg`ZY i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ d[ ÈheVXZ lZVi]Zg#É Je id i]Vi ed^ci! VWdji ]Va[ i]Z hdaVg hX^Zci^hih ^c i]Z ldgaY Y^Y cdi ZkZc WZa^ZkZ i]ZgZ lZgZ ]Vad XdgdcVa bVhh Z_ZX" i^dch#Ç =Z ed^ciZY dji i]Vi l]Zc HD=D lVh adhi [dg hZkZgVa bdci]h i]Z [daadl^c\ nZVg! C6H6 gZVa^oZY Æi]Vi V cVi^dcVa cZZY Zm^hiZY [dg i]^h `^cY d[ ^c[dgbVi^dc VcY ^bbZY^ViZan bVYZ ^i V ide eg^dg^in id Wj^aY gZeaVXZbZcih [dg i]Z HD=D heVXZ lZVi]Zg ^chigjbZcih#Ç ;^h]Zg ZmeVcYZY dc Vcdi]Zg gZhZVgX] VgZV/ ÆHD=D! hi^aa ^c deZgV" i^dc! ]Vh V cZl `^cY d[ ^chigjbZciVi^dc! ijcZY id YZiZXi VXdjhi^X egZh" hjgZ lVkZh dc i]Z hjc! l]^X] ^i ijgch dji VgZ dg\Vc^oZY ^c V lVn i]Vi XVc WZ jcYZghiddY# 6cY ndj XVc WZ\^c id Y^V\cdhZ l]Vi ^h jcYZgcZVi] i]Z k^h^WaZ hjg[VXZ d[ i]Z hjc! ^ciZgegZi^c\ i]Z eViiZgc d[ hZ^hb^X VXi^k" ^in Ä egZhhjgZ lVkZh Ä dc i]Z hjc# I]^h iZX]c^fjZ PXVaaZY ]Za^dhZ^hbda" d\nR aZih jh add` Ydlc id VWdji V i]^gY d[ i]Z lVn ^cid i]Z hjc VcY \Zi Vc ^YZV ]dl bViZg^Va ^h X^gXjaViZY ^c i]ZgZ id XgZViZ V hdaVg bV\cZi^X

170

NASA

XnXaZ VcY XVaXjaViZ ]dl i]Z hjc bV`Zh V hdaVg XnXaZ#Ç I]Z iZX]c^fjZ Vaadlh hX^Zci^hih id YZYjXZ l]Vi ^h dXXjgg^c\ dc i]Z [Vg h^YZ d[ i]Z hjc! Vc VX]^ZkZbZci i]Vi dcan V ]VcY[ja d[ hX^Zci^hih i]dj\]i edhh^WaZ# >i Vahd aZi hX^Zci^hih YZÒcZ Vi l]Vi aZkZa i]Z YncVbd d[ VXi^kZ gZ\^dch ^h i^ZY id i]Z hjcÉh Y^[[ZgZci^Va gdiVi^dc# IdYVn! HD=DÉh aZc\i]n VcY XdbegZ]Zch^kZ gZXdgY d[ hdaVg dWhZgkVi^dc Xdci^cjZh id ^che^gZ hdaVg e]nh^X^hih! hijYZcih! VcY ZYjXVidgh VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY# 6ahd Vi i]Z A& ed^ci! i]Z 6YkVcXZY 8dbedh^i^dc :meadgZg 68:! &.., heVXZXgV[i hVbeaZh adl"ZcZg\n eVgi^XaZh d[ hdaVg dg^\^c VcY ]^\]"ZcZg\n \VaVXi^X eVgi^XaZh l^i] V XdaaZXi^c\ edlZg &% id &%%% i^bZh \gZViZg i]Vc eVhi ZmeZg^bZcih# 68:! l]^X] XdbeaZbZcih HD=D! ^h i]Z bV_dg lVgc^c\ hiVi^dc [dg \ZdbV\cZi^X hidgbh! egdk^Y" ^c\ cZVg"gZVa"i^bZ XdkZgV\Z d[ hdaVg l^cY VcY heVXZ lZVi]Zg# 68: ldg`h ]VcY ^c ]VcY l^i] HD=D# HI:G:D '%%+ bVg`ZY Vcdi]Zg jc^fjZ VYkVcXZ# HX^Zci^hih XdjaY dWhZgkZ i]Z hjc ^c (9 jh^c\ ild cZVgan ^YZci^XVa HI:G:D heVXZXgV[i! dcZ V]ZVY d[ :Vgi] VcY i]Z di]Zg igV^a^c\ WZ]^cY# 9g# A^`V <j]V" i]V`jgiV XdjaY cdi XdciV^c ]Zg Zci]jh^Vhb [dg i]Z egd\gVb/ ÆL^i] HI:G:D lZ VgZ l^icZhh^c\ i]Z hdaVg l^cY [dg i]Z kZgn Òghi i^bZ! V k^Zl [gdb i]Z hjc Vaa i]Z lVn id dcZ 6higdcdb^XVa Jc^i ^c (9! l]^X]

C6H6 :H6$HD=D

8db^c\ je dc hlZZi &( 6WdkZ! aZ[i/ I]Z HD=D heVXZXgV[i! jcYZg\d^c\ ÒcVa ^cheZXi^dc ^c &..*! ^h VeegdVX]^c\ ^ih &(i] nZVg d[ deZgVi^dch# Bjai^eaZ b^hh^dch 6WdkZ! g^\]i/ C6H6Éh XjggZci deZgVi^c\ ]Za^de]nh^Xh b^hh^dch ^c l]^iZ VcY [jijgZ hX]ZYjaZY aVjcX]Zh ^c nZaadl#

lVh jc^bV\^cVWaZ ZkZc l]Zc lZ eji b^hh^dc eVnadVY id\Zi]Zg# I]Z ^chigjbZci iZVb Y^Y V e]ZcdbZcVa _dW Ä i]Zn bVYZ i]Z ^bedhh^WaZ edhh^WaZ Ç 6h i]Z C6H6 heVXZXgV[i Xdci^cjZ id hZeVgViZ! i]Zn l^aa WZ VWaZ id dWhZgkZ Y^gZXian bdgZ VcY bdgZ d[ i]Z hjc# >c V [Zl nZVgh! lZ l^aa hZZ ^i Vaa h^bjaiVcZdjhan! Vcdi]Zg Òghi L]Vi VgZ i]Z Z[[ZXih d[ i]ZhZ hdaVg hidgbh4 ;^h]Zg cdiZY! Æ7n i]Z i^bZ i]ZgZ lZgZ iZaZ\gVe]h! ^i lVh `cdlc i]Vi hdaVg ÓVgZh XdjaY ^beVXi iZaZ\gVe] a^cZh# Hd [gdb i]Z hiVcYed^ci d[ Xdbbjc^XVi^dch VcY! aViZg! cVk^\Vi^dc! i]ZgZ ]Vh WZZc Vc ^ciZgZhi ^c l]Vi l^aa ]VeeZc cZmi#Ç C6H6 ]Vh V eVgi^XjaVg ^ciZgZhi ^c hijYn^c\ i]Z hjc/ GVY^Vi^dc VcY hdaVg hidgbh XVc i]gZViZc VhigdcVjih VcY hViZaa^iZh ^c heVXZ# I]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc! ^c adl :Vgi] dgW^i! ^h egdiZXiZY [gdb bdhi d[ i]Z hjc h gVY^Vi^dc Wn :Vgi]Éh egdiZXi^kZ h]^ZaY! i]Z bV\cZ" idhe]ZgZ# =dlZkZg! VhigdcVjih igVkZa^c\ id BVgh dg Zmeadg^c\ i]Z bddcÉh hjg[VXZ [VXZ \gZViZg YVc\Zg [gdb hdaVg hidgbh VcY Xdhb^X gV" Y^Vi^dc [gdb djiZg heVXZ# DcZ bV_dg C6H6 \dVa/ EgZY^Xi l]Zc hdaVg hidgbh bVn dXXjg! VcY l]Zc i]Zn Yd! WZ VWaZ id XVaXjaViZ i]Z heZZY! Y^gZXi^dc VcY ^ciZch^in d[ hjX] hidgbh! VcY! jai^bViZan! YZk^hZ cZl bZi]dYh id egdiZXi i]Z VhigdcVjih [gdb i]ZhZ YVc\Zgh#

Scientists now suggest that the “perfect solar storm,” the one in a hundred years kind, could wreak significant damage to our technological infrastructure, which did not exist in 1859 when the last one occurred.

Di]Zg iZX]cdad\^XVa ^beVXih [gdb hdaVg hidgbh ^cXajYZ edlZg igVch" [dgbZg he^`Zh VcY Wjgcdjih! e^eZa^cZ Xdggdh^dc! YVbV\Z id VcY ZkZc idiVa [V^ajgZ d[ hViZaa^iZh! egdWaZbh l^i] <EH hnhiZbh! VcY gVY^Vi^dc XdcXZgch [dg V^ga^cZ XgZl VcY eVhhZc\Zgh l]d d[iZc Ón edaVg gdjiZh bdhi deZc id i]Z Ódl d[ X]Vg\ZY eVgi^XaZh # >c [VXi! + b^aa^dc eZdeaZ lZgZ V[[ZXiZY l]Zc =nYgd"FjZW X adhi edlZg [dg c^cZ ]djgh ^c &.-.

YjZ id i]Z ^beVXi d[ V bV_dg hdaVg hidgb# HX^Zci^hih cdl hj\\Zhi i]Vi i]Z ÆeZg[ZXi hdaVg hidgb!Ç i]Z dcZ ^c V ]jcYgZY nZVgh `^cY! XdjaY

lgZV` h^\c^ÒXVci YVbV\Z id djg iZX]cdad\^XVa ^c[gVhigjXijgZ! l]^X] Y^Y cdi Zm^hi ^c &-*. l]Zc i]Z aVhi dcZ dXXjggZY# Add`^c\ V]ZVY! C6H6Éh HdaVg 9ncVb^Xh DWhZgkVidgn l^aa WZ i]Z cZmi bV_dg hdaVg ZmeadgZg# HX]ZYjaZY [dg aVjcX] ^c aViZ '%%-! i]Z HdaVg 9ncVb^X DWhZgkVidgn ZhhZci^Vaan l^aa iV`Z dkZg HD=DÉh gdaZ Vh djg hdaVg lViX]Yd\# :c\^cZZgh ]VkZ gViX]ZiZY je ^ih XVeVW^a^i^Zh hd i]Vi ^h a^`Z ÆHD=D dc hiZgd^Yh#Ç >ih JK ^bV\Zh l^aa egZhZci [djg i^bZh i]Z gZhdaji^dc d[ HD=D0 i]Z [gVbZ gViZ d[ ^bV\Zh l^aa ^begdkZ Vi aZVhi iZc[daY# 6\V^c! lZ hZZ cZl b^hh^dch Wj^aY^c\ dc VcY iZX]cd" ad\^XVaan VYkVcX^c\ WZndcY i]Z^g egZYZXZhhdgh# DkZg i]Z cZmi &% dg hd nZVgh C6H6 l^aa aVjcX] bdgZ heVXZXgV[i id ^ckZhi^\ViZ i]Z YncVb^X hjc VcY ^ih ^ciZgVXi^dc l^i] i]Z eaVcZiVgn Zc" k^gdcbZcih# I]Z HdaVg EgdWZ b^hh^dc l^aa ZmeadgZ l^i]^c V [Zl b^aa^dc b^aZh d[ i]Z hjc! [Vg XadhZg i]Vc Vcni]^c\ ]Vh \dcZ WZ[dgZ# >i l^aa jai^" bViZan Y^kZ ^cid i]Z hjc! hZcY^c\ WVX` YViV id i]Z ZcY# 8dchiZaaVi^dch d[ heVXZXgV[i l^aa bZVhjgZ i]Z XdbeaZm ^ciZgVXi^dch d[ hdaVg e]Zcdb" Zcdc i]Z jeeZg Vibdhe]ZgZh d[ :Vgi]! BVgh VcY ?je^iZg# DWhZgkVi^dch d[ gZ\^dch cZVg :Vgi] l^aa ]Zae jh jcYZghiVcY `Zn e]nh^XVa egdXZhhZh# Di]Zg Z[[dgih l^aa ejh] djg iZX]cdad\^XVa a^b^ih# HdaVg hV^a iZX]cda" d\n! jh^c\ i]Z hdaVg l^cY [dg ^ih egdejah^dc! ^h WZ^c\ iZhiZY# I]Z =Z" a^de]nh^Xh <gZVi DWhZgkVidgn ^h XdchiVcian gZcZlZY! je\gVYZY VcY gZ[dXjhZY! VcY ^i l^aa ZmeVcY id egZY^Xi ]VoVgYdjh ZkZcih l]ZgZkZg ZmeadgZgh bVn igVkZa# Adc\Zg iZgb! i]Z =Za^de]nh^Xh Ó^\]i higViZ\n ^h id YZeadn bdYZhi"h^oZY b^hh^dch! [gZfjZcian! id [dgb V hbVaa ÓZZi d[ hdaVg! ]Za^dhe]Zg^X VcY \ZdheVXZ heVXZXgV[i i]Vi [jcXi^dc ^c iVcYZb id jcYZghiVcY djg ZaZXig^XVa VcY bV\cZi^X XdccZXi^dc id i]Z hjc# C6H6Éh \gdjcYWgZV`^c\ ZmeadgVi^dch VcY ]Za^de]nh^XVa Y^hXdkZg^Zh VcY dkZg i]Z eVhi *% nZVgh ]VkZ WZZc WgZVi]iV`^c\# ;^h]Zg! ed^ci^c\ id i]Z <gZVi DWhZgkVidgn XdcXZei! hjbbZY je/ ÆBjai^ed^ci dWhZgkV" i^dch dkZg i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb! ^ckZhi^\Vi^dch YZZeZg ^cid i]Z hjc! V \ZcZgVa gZXdccZXi^dc ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc VcY aZVgc" ^c\ ]dl i]Z hjcÉh bV\cZi^X ÒZaY ^ciZgVXih l^i] i]Z Y^[" [ZgZci eaVcZih l^aa dXXjen hX^Zci^hih [dg V adc\ i^bZ# Id YViZ! lZ ]VkZ _jhi hXgViX]ZY i]Z hjg[VXZ V a^iiaZ W^i#Ç

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

173

:Vgi] HX^ZcXZ/

C6H6Éh B^hh^dc id Djg =dbZ EaVcZi

By Edward S. GOLDSTEIN and Tabatha THOMPSON

"We shall never cease from exploration And the end of all our exploring Will be to arrive where we started And know the place for the first time."

– T.S. Eliot

>c &.*) i]Z 6bZg^XVc BjhZjb d[ CVijgVa =^hidgnÉh =VnYZc EaVcZiVg^jb ^c CZl Ndg` 8^in Vh`ZY k^h^dcVgn 7g^i^h] hX^ZcXZ ÒXi^dc lg^iZg 6gi]jg 8# 8aVg`Z id dg\Vc^oZ V hnbedh^jb dc i]Z Xdb^c\ V\Z d[ heVXZÓ^\]i# 8aVg`Z ^ck^iZY 9g# =Vggn LZmaZg! X]^Z[ d[ gZhZVgX] Vi i]Z J#H# LZVi]Zg 7jgZVj! id egZhZci V eVeZg dc i]Z bZiZdgdad\^XVa jhZh d[ hViZaa^iZh# >c I]Z Egdb^hZ d[ HeVXZ &.+- 8aVg`Z lg^iZh i]Vi ]Z lVh ÆhdbZl]Vi iV`Zc VWVX` l]Zc ]Z PLZmaZgR gZ" ea^ZY i]Vi PhViZaa^iZhR ldjaY WZ d[ kZgn a^iiaZ kVajZ# 6[" iZg WgddY^c\ [dg Vl]^aZ > lgdiZ V\V^c! X]VaaZc\^c\ ]^b id YZbdchigViZ i]^h Ä ^[ dcan id hide jh heVXZ XVYZih [gdb lVhi^c\ i]Z kVajVWaZ i^bZ d[ i]Z bZiZdgdad\^XVa Vji]dg^i^Zh# Id ]^h XgZY^i! 9g# LZmaZg VXXZeiZY i]Z X]VaaZc\Z0 Wn i]Z i^bZ ]Z ]VY lg^iiZc ]^h eVeZg! ]Z ]VY Xdck^cXZY ]^bhZa[ XdbeaZiZan# 6[iZglVgY! ]Z WZXVbZ i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZhÉ X]^Z[ egdiV\dc^hi [dg i]^h cZl gZhZVgX] ^chigjbZci VcY eaVnZY V bV_dg gdaZ ^c i]Z YZkZade" bZci d[ bZiZdgdad\^XVa hViZaa^iZh jci^a ]^h YZVi] ^c &.+'# EZg]Veh > h]djaY VYY i]Vi 9g# LZmaZgÉh Vii^ijYZ lVh egZX^hZan XdggZXi VcY YZb" dchigViZh Vaa i]Z hiV\Zh h`Zei^X^hb! ^cfj^gn! Zci]jh^Vhb V hX^Zci^hi h]djaY eVhh i]gdj\] l]Zc Xdc[gdciZY l^i] hdbZ cdkZa VcY ^c i]^h XVhZ a^iZgVaan [Vg"dji ^YZV#Ç

174

NASA

FROM WEATHER OBSERVATIONS TO EARTH RESOURCES MONITORING 6i C6H6Éh ^cXZei^dc! i]Z cZl V\ZcXn fj^X`an Y^hXdkZgZY i]Vi dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi [VhX^cVi^c\ eaVXZh id ZmeadgZ [gdb heVXZ lVh djg ]dbZ eaVcZi# >c &.*.! i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ \VkZ C6H6 iZX]c^XVa VcY bVc" V\ZbZci Y^gZXi^dc d[ i]Z IZaZk^h^dc >c[gVgZY DWhZgkVi^dc HViZaa^iZ I>GDH egd_ZXi! 6bZg^XVÉh Òghi lZVi]Zg hViZaa^iZ# Dc 6eg^a &! &.+%! l^i] i]Z ',%"edjcY I>GDH"> hViZaa^iZÉh aVjcX] [gdb 8VeZ 8VcVkZgVa! ;aV#! V cZl ZgV lVh jcYZg lVn# L^i]^c ÒkZ ]djgh V[iZg i]Z aVjcX]!

EgZh^YZci 9l^\]i 9# :^hZc]dlZg k^ZlZY e]didh iV`Zc Yjg^c\ I>GDHÉ hZXdcY dgW^i VcY iZgbZY i]Z hViZaa^iZ ÆV bVgkZadjh YZkZadebZci#Ç 9jg^c\ ^ih ,- YVnh d[ deZgVi^dc! i]Z hViZa" a^iZ igVchb^iiZY bdgZ i]Vc &.!%%% jhZ[ja e]did\gVe]h id bZiZdgdad\^hih! ^cXajY^c\ hijcc^c\ ^bV\Zh d[ V ine]ddc [dgb^c\ ZVhi d[ 7g^hWVcZ! 6jhigVa^V# C6H6Éh lZVi]Zg hViZaa^iZh egdk^YZY i]Z Òghi k^Zl [gdb VWdkZ [dg i]Z [dgZXVhi^c\ Xdbbjc^in id bdc^" idg XadjYh VcY Vibdhe]Zg^X XdcY^i^dch dkZg :Vgi]Éh dXZVch VcY gZbdiZ aVcY VgZVh! l]ZgZ lZVi]Zg gZedgih lZgZ di]Zgl^hZ hXVgXZ VcY Y^[ÒXjai id dWiV^c# 7ZilZZc &.+% VcY &.+*! &% I>GDH heVXZXgV[i lZgZ aVjcX]ZY# I]^h ÓZZi lVh XgZY" ^iZY l^i] i]Z ZVgan YZiZXi^dc d[ ]jgg^XVcZh VcY di]Zg hZkZgZ hidgbh! i]Z hijYn d[ hVcY hidgbh ^c YZhZgih VcY ^XZ XdcY^i^dch ^c i]Z cdgi]Zgc VcY Hdji]Zgc ]Zb^he]ZgZh# 9g# B^X]VZa =# ;gZ^a^X]! Y^gZXidg d[ C6H6Éh :Vgi] HX^ZcXZ 9^k^h^dc! cdiZY i]Vi eg^dg id i]Vi i^bZ! Æi]Z ]jbVc gVXZ ]VY cZkZg ]VY Vc ^bV\Z d[ V Xdb" eaZiZ ]jgg^XVcZÉh XadjY eViiZgch#Ç H^cXZ i]Zc! ]Z VYYZY! ÆlZÉkZ XdbZ b^aZh VcY b^aZh VcY dgYZgh d[ bV\c^ijYZ P^c jcYZghiVcY^c\R# 7VX` i]Zc lZ Y^Y cdi ]VkZ heVi^Vaan ZmiZch^kZ bZV" hjgZbZcih d[ YZ[dgbVi^dc YjZ id ZVgi]fjV`Zh VcY di]Zg hda^Y :Vgi] XgjhiVa egdXZhhZh l]^X] lZ XVc cdl \Zi [gdb V kVg^Zin d[ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa gVYVg heVXZXgV[i i]Vi VgZ Ón^c\ jh^c\ iZX]c^fjZh e^dcZZgZY Wn C6H6#Ç 9jg^c\ i]dhZ ZVgan YVnh! i]Z I>GDH hViZaa^iZh Vahd lZgZ jhZY ^c hjeedgi d[ [dgZXVhi^c\ [dg BZgXjgn heVXZ aVjcX]Zh! i]jh WZ\^cc^c\ V hdbZi^bZh hnbW^di^X gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc C6H6Éh :Vgi] hX^ZcXZ VcY ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i egd\gVbh# >c WgdVYZg iZgbh! C6H6 YZkZadeZY VcY egdkZY egdb^h^c\ cZl hViZaa^iZ iZX]cdad\^Zh! l]^aZ i]Z LZVi]Zg 7jgZVj! ZkZcijVaan jcYZg i]Z CVi^dcVa DXZVc^X VcY 6ibdhe]Zg^X 6Yb^c^higVi^dc CD66 ! XVgg^ZY dji gdji^cZ hViZaa^iZ deZgVi^dch# IdYVn! C6H6 ^h eVgicZg^c\ l^i] CD66 VcY i]Z 6^g ;dgXZ dc YZkZadebZci d[ V h^c\aZ XddgY^cViZY hnhiZb d[ lZVi]Zg hViZaa^iZh! `cdlc Vh i]Z CVi^dcVa EdaVg"dgW^i^c\ DeZgVi^dcVa :ck^gdcbZciVa HViZaa^iZ HnhiZb CED:HH #

8gZY^i/

Cd eaVXZ a^`Z ]dbZ Djg ]dbZ eaVcZi! YZhXg^WZY Wn VhigdcVji 7^aa 6cYZgh Vh V Æ[gV\^aZ 8]g^hibVh igZZ WVaa!Ç h]dlc ^c V Xdbedh^iZ d[ C6H6 :Vgi] hX^ZcXZ heVXZXgV[i ^bV\Zh i]Vi [ZVijgZh ZkZgni]^c\ [gdb i]Z aVcY hjg[VXZ! id edaVg hZV ^XZ! id i]Z a^\]i gZÓZXiZY Wn i]Z X]adgde]naa ^c i]Z W^aa^dch d[ b^XgdhXde^X eaVcih i]Vi \gdl ^c i]Z dXZVch# H6 C6

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

175

C6H6 C6H6

LZVi]Zg lViX]Zg 6WdkZ! aZ[i/ Eg^dg id ^ih 6eg^a &! &.+% aVjcX]! C6H6Éh Òghi lZVi]Zg hViZaa^iZ I>GDH IZaZk^h^dc >c[gVgZY DWhZgkVi^dc HViZaa^iZ jcYZg\dZh k^WgVi^dc iZhi^c\# HZXdcY \ZcZgVi^dc 6WdkZ! g^\]i/ 9ZkZadebZci iZhih d[ C^bWjh *! dcZ d[ C6H6Éh hZXdcY"\ZcZgVi^dc lZVi]Zg hViZaa^iZh# I]Z Òghi C^bWjh lVh aVjcX]ZY ^c &.+)#

Dc 6j\# '-! &.+)! C6H6 aVjcX]ZY C^bWjh &! i]Z Òghi d[ ^ih hZXdcY" \ZcZgVi^dc lZVi]Zg hViZaa^iZ hZg^Zh# C^bWjh e^dcZZgZY Vc ^begdkZY iZaZk^h^dc XVbZgV hnhiZb VcY cZl ^c[gVgZY hZchdgh [dg lZVi]Zg VcY Vibdhe]Zg^X dWhZgkVi^dch! l]^aZ ed^ci^c\ Xdci^cjdjhan Vi :Vgi]Éh hjg" [VXZ# 7Z\^cc^c\ ^c &.+-! C6H6 eaVXZY hViZaa^iZh ^c bjX] ]^\]Zg dgW^ih!

Vi i]Z g^\]i Vai^ijYZ id Vaadl Xdci^cjdjh k^Zlh d[ dcZ hedi dc i]Z eaVcZi! V YZkZadebZci egZY^XiZY Wn 6gi]jg 8# 8aVg`Z# IdYVn! i]Z C6H6"CD66 eVgicZgh]^e ^c i]Z <ZdhiVi^dcVgn DeZgVi^dcVa :ck^gdcbZciVa HViZaa^iZ <D:H egd\gVb hZg^Zh d[ lZVi]Zg hViZaa^iZh Xdci^cjZh! Vaadl^c\ [dgZ" XVhiZgh Xdci^cjdjh k^Zlh d[ ]jgg^XVcZ [dgbVi^dc VcY bdkZbZci# HiVgi^c\ ^c &.+*! C6H6 WZ\Vc [dXjh^c\ dc i]Z eaVcZiÉh aVcY bVhh" Zh VcY ^ih Y^kZghZ gZhdjgXZh! Òghi jh^c\ gZbdiZ"hZch^c\ ^chigjbZcih bdjciZY dc V^gXgV[i# EgdYYZY Wn i]Z >ciZg^dg 9ZeVgibZci! C6H6 Xdb" b^iiZY id YZkZade Vc :Vgi] gZhdjgXZh bdc^idg^c\ hViZaa^iZ! `cdlc Vh AVcYhVi &! l]^X] aVjcX]ZY [gdb KVcYZcWZg\ 6^g ;dgXZ 7VhZ! 8Va^[#! dc ?jan '(! &.,'# C6H6 ZmeZgi^hZ ]Vh hjWhZfjZcian WZZc jhZY id ^begdkZ VcY je\gVYZ hjXXZhh^kZ hViZaa^iZh ^c i]Z AVcYhVi hZg^Zh l]^aZ di]Zg dg" \Vc^oVi^dch CD66! :Vgi] DWhZgkVi^dc HViZaa^iZ 8dbeVcn! J#H# <Zd" ad\^XVa HjgkZn PJH<HR ]VkZ deZgViZY i]Zb0 JH<H XjggZcian deZgViZh AVcYhVih * VcY ,# ;dg dkZg (* nZVgh AVcYhVi ]Vh egdk^YZY jhZgh l^i] jc^fjZ YViV [dg \adWVa X]Vc\Z gZhZVgX] VcY jhZ[ja Veea^XVi^dch ^c V\g^" XjaijgZ! XVgid\gVe]n! \Zdad\n! [dgZhign! gZ\^dcVa eaVcc^c\ VcY Y^hVhiZg gZa^Z[# C6H6 ^h Xdbb^iiZY id aVjcX]^c\ V AVcYhVi 9ViV 8dci^cj^in B^h" h^dc ^c '%&& [dg deZgVi^dc Wn i]Z JH<H# H^\c^ÒXVcian! C6H6 VYkVcXZh ^c heVXZ"WVhZY gZbdiZ hZch^c\ ]VkZ ]ZaeZY heVlc V bjai^W^aa^dc"YdaaVg XdbbZgX^Va ^cYjhign! l^i] ]^\]"gZhdaji^dc ^bV\Zh WZ^c\ ji^a^oZY [dg i]Z VWdkZ Veea^XVi^dch VcY bdgZ#

176

NASA

PIONEERING EARTH SYSTEMS SCIENCE >c i]Z &.,%h VcY &.-%h V XdbW^cVi^dc d[ iZX]cdad\^XVa YZkZade" bZcih! C6H6Éh dlc ^ciZgcVa cZZYh VcY hdX^ZiVa ^ciZgZhi ^c :Vgi] dWhZgkVi^dch [gdb heVXZ gZhjaiZY ^c C6H6 ]Zae^c\ YZkZade i]Z ^c" iZgY^hX^ea^cVgn XdcXZei d[ :Vgi] hnhiZb hX^ZcXZ VcY ^che^g^c\ V \Zc" ZgVi^dc d[ ndjc\ hX^Zci^hih id hijYn i]Z :Vgi] [gdb heVXZ# >cYZZY! cdiZY :Vgi] hX^Zci^hi 7Zgg^Zc BddgZ! l]d Xd"X]V^gZY i]Z CVi^dcVa GZhZVgX] 8djcX^aÉh '%%, 9ZXVYVa HjgkZn dc :Vgi] HX^ZcXZ VcY 6e" ea^XVi^dch [gdb HeVXZ! hV^Y C6H6Éh \gdl^c\ Xdbb^ibZci id :Vgi] hX^ZcXZ ÆegdWVWan ViigVXiZY i]Z \gZViZhi \ZcZgVi^dc d[ ndjc\ hX^Zc" i^hih i]Vi lZÉkZ ZkZg hZZc Ódl ^cid V ÒZaY# > XVc gZVaan i]^c` i]Vi bVnWZ idYVn b^XgdW^dad\n dg hdbZ d[ i]Z VgZVh ^c i]Z W^dbZY^XVa hX^ZcXZh b^\]i WZ XadhZ id i]Vi! Wji i]Zn XZgiV^can YdcÉi ZfjVa ^i# 6 bVhh^kZ YZkZadebZci d[ iVaZci idd` eaVXZ! Wg^c\^c\ igjan i]Z Wg^\]i" Zhi hijYZcih cVi^dcVaan VcY ^ciZgcVi^dcVaan! bVaZ VcY [ZbVaZ! id V ÒZaY# >i lVh hX^Zci^ÒXVaan ZfjVa id i]Z \ZcZgVi^dc d[ Zc\^cZZgh i]Vi @ZccZYnÉh egd\gVb id \d id i]Z bddc Wgdj\]i id C6H6#Ç

NASA’s Earth science commitment “probably attracted the greatest generation of young scientists that we’ve ever seen flow into a field.” – Berrien Moore D[ ZfjVa h^\c^ÒXVcXZ ^c i]Z :Vgi] hX^ZcXZ ÒZaY lZgZ iZX]cdad\^XVa YZkZadebZcih# L^i] I>GDH! C6H6 ]VY e^dcZZgZY eVhh^kZ gZbdiZ"hZch" ^c\! dg i]Z jhZ d[ ^chigjbZcih id gZXZ^kZ Z^i]Zg gZÓZXiZY dg gVY^ViZY

C6H6

>Xn YgV\dc AVcYhVi , ^bV\Zgn iV`Zc 9ZX# &.! &...! d[ i]Z WdYn d[ lViZg [dgbZY Wn 7gVih`dkZ GZhZgkd^g Vadc\ i]Z 6c\dgV G^kZg ^c hdji]Zgc H^WZg^V! c^X`cVbZY Æ9gV\dc AV`Z#Ç

ZcZg\n [gdb i]Z dW_ZXi WZ^c\ dWhZgkZY# 7n i]Z &.-%h! C6H6 WZ\Vc YZkZade^c\ i]Z iZX]cdad\n [dg VXi^kZ gZbdiZ"hZch^c\ ^chigjbZcih i]Vi igVchb^i ZcZg\n [gdb i]Z ^chigjbZci id i]Z dW_ZXi! Vaadl^c\ [dg VcVanh^h d[ i]Z X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh d[ i]Z gZijgc^c\ ÆZX]d#Ç I]^h iZX]cdad" \n ]Vh WZZc jhZY hZkZgVa i^bZh! ^cXajY^c\ l^i] i]Z 8adjYhVi$86A>EHD b^hh^dc aVjcX]ZY ^c '%%+ id egdk^YZ h^bjaiVcZdjh bZVhjgZbZcih id ^begdkZ `cdlaZY\Z d[ `Zn ZaZbZcih d[ i]Z lViZg XnXaZ! h]dgi"iZgb V^g fjVa^in VcY adc\"iZgb Xa^bViZ igZcYh# 6Xi^kZ gZbdiZ"hZch^c\ ZcVWaZh C6H6 id bZVhjgZ i]Z ("9 egdeZgi^Zh d[ XadjYh! hbd`Z VcY di]Zg eda" ajiVcih ^c i]Z Vibdhe]ZgZ0 i]Z heZZY VcY Y^gZXi^dc d[ l^cY cZVg i]Z dXZVc hjg[VXZ0 i]Z egZX^hZ ZaZkVi^dc VcY h]VeZ d[ :Vgi]Éh hjg[VXZ0 VcY X]Vc\Zh ^c :Vgi]Éh edaVg ^XZ h]ZZih#

6h eVgi d[ ^ih Xdbb^ibZci id :Vgi] hX^ZcXZ! C6H6 ]Vh bVYZ h^\" c^ÒXVci Xdcig^Wji^dch i]gdj\] i]Z jhZ d[ V^gXgV[i id iZhi bZVhjgZbZci VeegdVX]Zh VcY ldg` id kVa^YViZ hViZaa^iZ YViV! YZiZgb^cZ hbVaaZg hXVaZ e]ZcdbZcV i]Vi hViZaa^iZh XVcÉi dWhZgkZ VcY ]Zae Wj^aY egdXZhh bdYZah# C6H6 ^h Vahd XgZY^iZY l^i] bV`^c\ bV_dg VYkVcXZh ^c i]Z jhZ d[ XdbejiZg bdYZa^c\ id jcYZghiVcY VcY egZY^Xi Xa^bViZ egdXZhhZh# HX^" ZcXZ ]^hidg^Vc HeZcXZg LZVgi lgdiZ ^c I]Z 9^hXdkZgn d[ <adWVa LVgb^c\ =VgkVgY Jc^kZgh^in EgZhh! '%%( i]Vi i]Z ldg` d[ ?VbZh :# =VchZcÉh <dYYVgY >chi^ijiZ [dg HeVXZ HijY^Zh \gdje ^c CZl Ndg` 8^in iVc\^Wan aZY id ^begdkZY Xa^bViZ bdYZa^c\# >c i]Z aViZ &.,%h! cdiZY LZVgi! ÆWn h^b" ea^[n^c\ hdbZ [ZVijgZh l]^aZ VYY^c\ YZei] id di]Zgh! i]Z =VchZc iZVb bVcV\ZY id \Zi V fj^iZ gZVa^hi^X"add`^c\ h^bjaVi^dc i]Vi gVc Vc dgYZg

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

177

d[ bV\c^ijYZ [VhiZg i]Vc g^kVa \ZcZgVa X^gXjaVi^dc bdYZah#Ç IdYVn! Xdb" ejiZg bdYZa^c\ ^h V aVg\Z Vggdl ^c C6H6Éh :Vgi] hX^ZcXZ fj^kZg# DkZg i^bZ! C6H6Éh dlc egd\gVbbVi^X ^ciZgZhih hejggZY bVcn d[ i]Z V\ZcXnÉh :Vgi] b^hh^dch# L]^aZ hZZ`^c\ Xdc\gZhh^dcVa hjeedgi [dg i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ egd\gVb! V &.,( C6H6"hedchdgZY gZedgi egZY^XiZY i]Vi X]adg^cZ gZaZVhZh Yjg^c\ h]jiiaZ aVjcX]Zh b^\]i ]Vgb :Vgi]Éh egdiZXi^kZ dodcZ aVnZg# C6H6 6Yb^c^higVidg ?VbZh 8# ;aZiX]Zg dg" YZgZY [jgi]Zg hijYn! l]^X] [dgijcViZan egZY^XiZY V b^c^bVa ]VoVgY [gdb h]jiiaZ aVjcX]Zh# 6i i]Z i^bZ! ;aZiX]Zg idaY V HZcViZ Xdbb^iiZZ! ÆC6H6 ^h XVaaZY i]Z heVXZ V\ZcXn! Wji ^c V WgdVYZg hZchZ! lZ XdjaY WZ XVaaZY Vc Zck^gdcbZciVa V\ZcXn# >i ^h cdi _jhi i]Vi heVXZ ^h djg Zck^gdcbZci! Wji ^i ^h gVi]Zg ½ k^gijVaan ZkZgni]^c\ lZ Yd! bVccZY dg jcbVccZY! hX^ZcXZ dg Veea^XVi^dch! ]Zaeh ^c hdbZ egVXi^XVa lVn id ^begdkZ i]Z Zck^gdcbZci d[ djg eaVcZi VcY ]Zaeh jh jcYZghiVcY i]Z [dgXZh i]Vi V[[ZXi ^i# EZg]Veh i]Vi ^h djg ZhhZci^Va iVh`! id hijYn VcY jcYZghiVcY i]Z :Vgi] VcY ^ih Zck^gdcbZci#Ç 7ji C6H6 lVh cdi VadcZ ^c hZZ`^c\ V gdaZ ^c i]^h ZbZg\^c\ hX^Zci^ÒX VgZV# H]ZaWn <# I^a[dgY! i]Z e]nh^XVa X]Zb^hi iVh`ZY ^c &.,+ id aZVY C6H6Éh dodcZ gZhZVgX] egd\gVb! hV^Y i]Vi ÆV cjbWZg d[ eZdeaZ ^c i]Z HZcViZ ÒcVaan YZX^YZY i]Vi C6H6 h]djaY WZ i]Z aZVY V\ZcXn VcY i]Zn VXijVaan gZlgdiZ i]Z C6H6 X]VgiZg \^k^c\ C6H6 Y^gZXi^dch VcY \dVah VcY dW_ZXi^kZh l^i] gZheZXi id ign^c\ id jcYZghiVcY l]Vi i]Z dodcZ egdWaZb lVh VcY l]Vi b^\]i WZ YdcZ id b^i^\ViZ ^i ^[ i]Vi lVh i]Z XVhZ#Ç I]Z Xdc\gZhh^dcVa Y^gZXi^dc lVh ^bedgiVci# ;dg i]Z Òghi

178

NASA

i^bZ C6H6 lVh iVh`ZY cdi dcan id egdYjXZ ZhdiZg^X `cdlaZY\Z! Wji `cdlaZY\Z i]Vi XdjaY ^cÓjZcXZ ejWa^X eda^Xn# C6H6Éh dodcZ egd\gVb ZkZcijVaan Xdch^hiZY d[ i]Z IdiVa DodcZ BVe" e^c\ HeZXigdbZiZg IDBH dc C^bWjh , &.,- ! l]^X] Vahd XdciV^cZY di]Zg ^chigjbZcih id hijYn Xa^bViZ egdXZhhZh! :Vgi]Éh gVY^Vi^dc WjY\Zi VcY XdVhiVa odcZh! VcY i]Z JeeZg 6ibdhe]ZgZ GZhZVgX] HViZaa^iZ! V hVi" Zaa^iZ aVjcX]ZY [gdb i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ ^c &..& i]Vi lVh YZY^XViZY id i]Z hijYn d[ dodcZ"aVnZg YZeaZi^dc VcY bVcn VheZXih d[ i]Z X]Zb^hign VcY YncVb^Xh d[ i]Z jeeZg Vibdhe]ZgZ! higVidhe]ZgZ! bZhdhe]ZgZ! VcY adlZg i]Zgbdhe]ZgZ# >c &.-*! IDBH ^chigjbZcih dc WdVgY C^bWjh , X]VgVXiZg^oZY i]Z dodcZ YZeaZi^dc dkZg 6ciVgXi^XV i]Vi lVh ^c^i^Vaan dW" hZgkZY [gdb i]Z \gdjcY# <gdjcY VcY V^gWdgcZ dWhZgkVi^dch XdcYjXiZY Wn C6H6 eaVnZY V Xg^i^XVa gdaZ ^c ]Zae^c\ hX^Zci^hih jcYZghiVcY l]n i]Z 6ciVgXi^X dodcZ YZeaZi^dc Òghi Y^hXdkZgZY Wn eZghdccZa [gdb i]Z 7g^i" ^h] 6ciVgXi^X HjgkZn jh^c\ \gdjcY"WVhZY bZVhjgZbZcih lVh dXXjgg^c\ Ä i]gdj\] V XdccZXi^dc WZilZZc bZiZdgdad\n! VZgdhda$XadjY X]Zb^hign!

VcY ^cYjhig^Vaan egdYjXZY X]adg^cZ# I]ZhZ ÒcY^c\h YgVbVi^oZY i]Z h^\" c^ÒXVcXZ d[ Zck^gdcbZciVa X]Vc\Z VcY jcYZghXdgZY i]Z gZaZkVcXZ d[ C6H6 hViZaa^iZ iZX]cdad\n id jcYZghiVcY^c\ i]Z g^h`# I]Zn aZY id i]Z &.-- BdcigZVa EgdidXda! Vc ^ciZgcVi^dcVa V\gZZbZci gZfj^g^c\ i]Z h^\" cVidgn cVi^dch id Zbeadn cdcYZhigjXi^kZ VaiZgcVi^kZh id 8;8h# I^a[dgY hV^Y i]Z ^ceji d[ hX^ZcXZ id i]^h V\gZZbZci bVg`ZY Vc ^bedgiVci ijgc^c\ ed^ci# Æ;dg Vaa egVXi^XVa ejgedhZh!Ç ]Z cdiZY! Æid YZX^YZ i]Vi bVc"bVYZ VXi^k^i^Zh lZgZ ]Vk^c\ Vc ^beVXi! VcY id Yd

C6H6

DodcZ ]daZ IdiVa DodcZ BVee^c\ HeZXigdbZiZg IDBH YViV h]dl^c\ i]Z VgZV d[ i]Z 6ciVgXi^X dodcZ ]daZ Vh ^i eZV`ZY Vi VWdji i]Z h^oZ d[ Cdgi] 6bZg^XV# 9Vg` WajZ Xdadgh XdggZhedcY id i]Z i]^ccZhi dodcZ! l]^aZ a^\]i WajZ! \gZZc! VcY nZaadl e^mZah ^cY^XViZ egd\gZhh^kZan i]^X`Zg dodcZ#

C6H6

hdbZi]^c\ VWdji ^i dc Vc ^ciZgcVi^dcVa WVh^h lVh gZVaan ½ i]Z Òghi i^bZ i]Vi hX^ZcXZ ZkZg bVYZ Vc ^beVXi! dcZ lVn dg Vcdi]Zg! l^i] gZheZXi id ^ciZgcVi^dcVa gZ\jaVi^dc d[ Vcni]^c\#Ç 8dcXjggZcian! ild h^\c^ÒXVci ^YZVh eZgXdaViZY ^c i]Z hX^Zci^ÒX Xdb" bjc^in i]Vi ^cÓjZcXZY C6H6Éh ^ciZgZhi ^c VcY VeegdVX] idlVgY :Vgi] hX^ZcXZ# I]Z Òghi ^YZV lVh i]Vi :Vgi]! a^`Z Vaa di]Zg eaVcZiVgn WdY^Zh egdWZY Wn C6H6 gdWdi^X heVXZXgV[i! h]djaY WZ igZViZY Vh Vc dW_ZXi id WZ ^ckZhi^\ViZY dc V eaVcZiVgn hXVaZ# C6H6Éh Ò[i] VYb^c^higVidg! GdW" Zgi ;gdhX]! gZXVaaZY Yjg^c\ ]^h iZgb &.,,"&.-& Y^hXjhh^dch VWdji ]dl ÆlZ XVc aZVgc i]^c\h VWdji i]Z :Vgi] Wn add`^c\ Vi i]Z di]Zg eaVcZih! VcY VWdji i]Z di]Zg eaVcZih Wn add`^c\ Vi i]Z :Vgi]! l]^X] ^h nZi Vcdi]Zg VgZV d[ XdccZXi^c\ Y^hX^ea^cZh VcY ^ciZgZhih#Ç C6H6 eaVccZgh Vahd ejh]ZY i]Z ^YZV i]Vi hijYn^c\ :Vgi] egdXZhhZh jh^c\ hZkZgVa Y^hX^ea^cVgn VeegdVX]Zh b^\]i ]daY i]Z `Zn id jcYZg" hiVcY^c\ i]Z Xa^bViZ X]Vc\Z e]ZcdbZcdc# I]Z &.-+ C6H6 6Yk^hdgn 8dbb^iiZZ GZedgi! Æ:Vgi] HnhiZb HX^ZcXZ/ 6 Egd\gVb [dg <adWVa 8]Vc\Z!Ç Zbe]Vh^oZY i]Z cZZY id hijYn :Vgi] Vh V XdbeaZm hnhiZb! VcY ]ZaeZY ZhiVWa^h] i]Z [gVbZldg` [dg i]Z bjai^"W^aa^dc YdaaVg ^ciZg" V\ZcXn J#H# <adWVa 8]Vc\Z GZhZVgX] Egd\gVb JH<8GE ! d[ l]^X] C6H6 ldjaY WZ i]Z bV_dg Xdcig^Wjidg# I]Z gZedgi hiViZY i]Z Vci^X^" eViZY VX]^ZkZbZcih d[ :Vgi] hnhiZb hX^ZcXZ ldjaY ^cXajYZ/ <adWVa bZVhjgZbZcih/ :hiVWa^h]bZci d[ i]Z ldgaYl^YZ dWhZgkV" i^dch cZXZhhVgn id jcYZghiVcY i]Z e]nh^XVa! X]Zb^XVa! VcY W^dad\^" XVa egdXZhhZh gZhedch^WaZ [dg :Vgi] Zkdaji^dc dc Vaa i^bZhXVaZh# 9dXjbZciVi^dc d[ \adWVa X]Vc\Z/ GZXdgY^c\ d[ i]dhZ X]Vc\Zh i]Vi l^aa dXXjg ^c i]Z :Vgi] hnhiZb dkZg i]Z Xdb^c\ YZXVYZh# EgZY^Xi^dch/ JhZ d[ fjVci^iVi^kZ bdYZah d[ i]Z :Vgi] hnhiZb id Vci^X^eViZ [jijgZ \adWVa igZcYh# >c[dgbVi^dc WVhZ/ 6hhZbWan d[ i]Z ^c[dgbVi^dc ZhhZci^Va [dg Z[[ZXi^kZ YZX^h^dc"bV`^c\ id gZhedcY id i]Z XdchZfjZcXZh d[ \adWVa X]Vc\Z# ;daadl^c\ i]Z &.-+ heVXZ h]jiiaZ 8]VaaZc\Zg igV\ZYn! V C6H6 iVh` [dgXZ ]ZVYZY Wn VhigdcVji HVaan G^YZ a^hiZY V B^hh^dc id EaVcZi :Vgi] id ÆhijYn VcY X]VgVXiZg^oZ P[gdb heVXZR djg ]dbZ eaVcZi dc V \adWVa hXVaZ!Ç Òghi Vbdc\ [djg gZXdbbZcYZY ÆaZVYZgh]^e ^c^i^Vi^kZhÇ id ]Zae gZ^ck^\d" gViZ i]Z V\ZcXn# I]Z G^YZ GZedgi hiViZY/ ÆB^hh^dc id EaVcZi :Vgi] ^h cdi i]Z hdgi d[ bV_dg egd\gVb i]Z ejWa^X cdgbVaan VhhdX^ViZh l^i] Vc V\ZcXn [Vbdjh [dg 6edaad! K^`^c\! VcY KdnV\Zg# 7ji i]^h ^c^i^Vi^kZ ^h V \gZVi dcZ! cdi WZXVjhZ ^i d[[Zgh igZbZcYdjh ZmX^iZbZci VcY VYkZcijgZ! Wji WZXVjhZ d[ ^ih [jcYVbZciVa ^bedgiVcXZ id ]jbVc^inÉh [jijgZ dc i]^h eaVcZi#Ç I]gZZ nZVgh aViZg! EgZh^YZci <Zdg\Z =#L# 7jh] egdedhZY i]Z ^c^" i^Vi^dc d[ C6H6Éh B^hh^dc id EaVcZi :Vgi] BIE: ! XZciZgZY dc ild aVg\Z edaVg"dgW^i^c\ eaVi[dgbh VcY V XdbeaZm YViV VcY ^c[dgbVi^dc hnh" iZb# 7jh] hV^Y Vi i]Z i^bZ! ÆAZi jh gZbZbWZg Vh lZ X]VhZ djg YgZVbh ^cid i]Z hiVgh i]Vi djg Òghi gZhedch^W^a^in ^h id djg :Vgi]! id djg X]^a" YgZc! id djghZakZh# NZh! aZi jh YgZVb! VcY aZi jh ejghjZ i]dhZ YgZVbh! Wji aZi jh Vahd egZhZgkZ i]Z [gV\^aZ ldgaY lZ ^c]VW^i#Ç BIE:! l]dhZ aVg\Zhi ZaZbZci lVh i]Z :Vgi] DWhZgk^c\ HnhiZb :DH ! lVh id WZ i]Z `Zn XdbedcZci d[ i]Z aVg\Zg ^ciZgV\ZcXn J#H# <adWVa 8]Vc\Z GZhZVgX] Egd\gVb# I]Z 8dc\gZhh ZcYdghZY i]^h eaVc l^i] i]Z <adWVa 8]Vc\Z GZhZVgX] 6Xi d[ &..%# 9Zhe^iZ i]^h eda^Xn hje" edgi! WjY\ZiVgn gZVa^i^Zh idd` ]daY! l^i] C6H6 idaY i]Vi ^c Vc ZgV d[ ÒhXVa gZhigV^ci ^i ldjaY ]VkZ id gZYjXZ :DHÉh eaVccZY &%"nZVg &- W^a" a^dc WjY\Zi# 6i Òghi! i]Z WjY\Zi lVh gZYjXZY id && W^aa^dc VcY i]Zc - W^aa^dc VcY ÒcVaan ,#'* W^aa^dc# :kZc l^i] i]ZhZ Xjih! C6H6 gZbV^cZY i]Z aVg\Zhi Xdcig^Wjidg id i]Z \dkZgcbZciÉh Xa^bViZ X]Vc\Z gZhZVgX]

<d id i]Z HDG8: I]Z C6H6"hedchdgZY HdaVg GVY^Vi^dc VcY 8a^bViZ :meZg^bZci HViZaa^iZ HDG8: ! aVjcX]ZY ?Vc# '*! '%%(! egdk^YZh bZVhjgZbZcih i]Vi VYYgZhh adc\"iZgb Xa^bViZ X]Vc\Z! cVijgVa kVg^VW^a^in VcY Zc]VcXZY Xa^bViZ egZY^Xi^dc! VcY Vibdhe]Zg^X dodcZ VcY JK"7 gVY^Vi^dc#

egd\gVb# C6H6 YZX^YZY id VWVcYdc i]Z aVg\Z dgW^i^c\ eaVi[dgb ^YZV ^c a^Zj d[ Ón^c\ hbVaaZg VcY aZhh Xdhian hViZaa^iZh! hdbZ ^c XadhZ [dgbV" i^dc! Wji ldg`ZY ]VgY id ZchjgZ i]Vi bdhi d[ i]Z egd\gVbÉh hX^Zci^ÒX dW_ZXi^kZh ldjaY WZ bZi# I]Z V\ZcXn Vahd ijgcZY id ^ciZgcVi^dcVa eVgi" cZgh]^eh l^i] hZkZgVa Xdjcig^Zh id ZmeVcY i]Z hXdeZ d[ i]Z gZhZVgX] Z[[dgi VcY ]Zae ^c Xdhi"h]Vg^c\# >c 9ZXZbWZg &...! C6H6 aVjcX]ZY i]Z Òghi d[ ^ih bV_dg :DH hViZa" a^iZh! IZggV! l]^X] XVgg^Zh ÒkZ hZchdgh id dWhZgkZ :Vgi]Éh aVcY bVhh" Zh! dXZVc hjg[VXZ VcY Vibdhe]ZgZ# I]Z di]Zg ÓV\h]^e :DH hViZaa^iZh VgZ 6fjV '%%' ! l]^X] [dXjhZh dc lViZg VcY ^ih gdaZ ^c i]Z :Vgi] hnhiZb Ä bZVhjg^c\ lViZg ^c i]Z Vibdhe]ZgZ! XadjYh! hZV VcY aVcY ^XZ! dXZVch VcY aV`Zh! VcY V l^YZ gVc\Z d[ di]Zg kVg^VWaZh Ä VcY 6jgV '%%) ! l]^X] bZVhjgZh Vibdhe]Zg^X igVXZ \VhZh VcY VZgdhdah# I]Z :DH egd\gVb Vahd ^cXajYZY V cjbWZg d[ hbVaaZg! bdgZ Y^hX^ea^cVgn" [dXjhZY hViZaa^iZh i]Vi bZVhjgZ igVXZ \VhZh VcY VZgdhdah ^c i]Z edaVg Vibdhe]ZgZ H6<: >>>! '%%& ! i]Z i]^X`cZhh d[ ^XZ h]ZZih >8:HVi! '%%( VcY i]Z hjcÉh gVY^Vi^dc djieji HDG8:! '%%( # :DH ^h i]Z Òghi dWhZgk^c\ hnhiZb id d[[Zg ^ciZ\gViZY bZVhjgZbZcih d[ :Vgi]Éh egdXZhhZh# >i ^cXajYZh V hX^ZcXZ XdbedcZci VcY YViV hnh" iZb hjeedgi^c\ V XddgY^cViZY hZg^Zh d[ edaVg"dgW^i^c\ VcY adl"^cXa^cV" i^dc hViZaa^iZh [dg adc\"iZgb \adWVa dWhZgkVi^dch d[ i]Z aVcY hjg[VXZ! W^dhe]ZgZ! hda^Y :Vgi]! Vibdhe]ZgZ VcY dXZVch# @Zn id i]Z hjXXZhh d[ i]^h C6H6 b^hh^dc VgZ eV^chiV`^c\ Z[[dgih id kVa^YViZ i]ZhZ ^ccdkVi^kZ bZVhjgZbZcih l^i] hjg[VXZ VcY V^gWdgcZ dWhZgkVi^dch id VhhjgZ i]Vi lZ `cdl ]dl id XdckZgi l]Vi V hViZaa^iZ hZZh ^cid l]Vi lZ VXijVaan cZZY id `cdl# I]gdj\] i]Z WgdVY dW_ZXi^kZh VhhdX^ViZY l^i] i]Z egd" \gVb! :DH ]Vh WZZc hjXXZhh[ja dc V cjbWZg d[ [gdcih! ^cXajY^c\/ E^dcZZg^c\ cZl :Vgi] bdc^idg^c\ iZX]cdad\^Zh# HjXXZhh[jaan aVjcX]^c\ VcY deZgVi^c\ V XdchiZaaVi^dc d[ &- :DH hViZaa^iZh# Egdk^Y^c\ id i]Z hX^Zci^ÒX Xdbbjc^in ') `Zn Xa^bViZ bZVhjgZ" bZcih#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

179

C6H6$?VXfjZh 9ZhXad^igZh

A^k^c\ dXZVc I]^h Waj^h]"\gZZc XadjY ^c i]Z 6iaVci^X DXZVc d[[ i]Z XdVhi d[ Edgij\Va ^h V aVg\Z e]nideaVc`idc Waddb dWhZgkZY Wn i]Z BdYZgViZ"gZhdaji^dc >bV\^c\ HeZXigdgVY^dbZiZg BD9>H VWdVgY i]Z IZggV hViZaa^iZ dc 6eg^a '(! '%%'#

Ji^a^o^c\ :Vgi] bZVhjgZbZcih id ^begdkZ Xa^bViZ bdYZah VcY id Zc]VcXZ bdc^idg^c\ VcY jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ ZmigZbZ ZkZcih hjX] Vh ]jgg^XVcZh VcY ihjcVb^h# 6eean^c\ :Vgi] dWhZgkVi^dch id Veea^XVi^dch WZcZÒi^c\ V cjbWZg d[ jhZg Xdbbjc^i^Zh# 9ZkZade^c\ egdYjXi^kZ cZl eVgicZgh]^eh l^i] di]Zg cVi^dchÉ heVXZ VcY hX^ZcXZ V\ZcX^Zh dc :Vgi] hX^ZcXZ gZhZVgX]# =Zae^c\ id Wj^aY je i]Z :Vgi] hX^ZcXZ gZhZVgX] Xdbbjc^in i]gdj\] gZhZVgX] \gVcih VcY [Zaadlh]^eh [dg \gVYjViZ hijYZcih# ÆG^\]i cdl lZ VgZ ^c V eVgi^XjaVgan \ddY h^ijVi^dc! l]Vi lZ XVaa i]Z \daYZc V\Z d[ :Vgi] dWhZgkVi^dc [gdb heVXZ!Ç hV^Y C6H6Éh B^X]VZa ;gZ^a^X]# ÆLZ ]VkZ V hj^iZ d[ &) deZgVi^c\ hViZaa^iZh! VcY hZkZc bdgZ lZÉgZ YZkZade^c\ [dg aVjcX] WZilZZc '%%- VcY '%&( VcY V eaZi]dgV d[ ^chigjbZcih VcY b^hh^dch [gdb ^ciZgcVi^dcVa eVgicZgh VcY ^ciZgV\ZcXn

180

NASA

eVgicZgh hjX] Vh CD66 i]Vi VgZ add`^c\ Vi i]Z :Vgi] ^c ha^\]ian Y^[[ZgZci lVnh VcY bV`^c\ XdbeaZbZciVgn bZVhjgZbZcih#Ç IdYVn! VXXdgY^c\ id ;gZ^a^X]! Æjh^c\ YViV [gdb :Vgi]"dWhZgk^c\ hVi" Zaa^iZh! C6H6"hjeedgiZY gZhZVgX]Zgh VgZ bdc^idg^c\ ^XZ XdkZg VcY ^XZ h]ZZi bdi^dch ^c i]Z 6gXi^X VcY i]Z 6ciVgXi^X0 fjVci^[n^c\ i]Z h]dgi" iZgb VcY adc\"iZgb X]Vc\Zh id :Vgi]Éh egdiZXi^kZ h]^ZaY d[ higVidhe]Zg^X dodcZ! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z edh^i^kZ ^beVXih d[ i]Z BdcigZVa egdidXdah0 Y^hXdk" Zg^c\ gdWjhi gZaVi^dch]^eh WZilZZc ^cXgZVh^c\ jeeZg dXZVc iZbeZgVijgZ VcY YZXgZVh^c\ eg^bVgn egdYjXi^dc [gdb i]Z e]nideaVc`idc i]Vi [dgb i]Z WVhZ d[ i]Z dXZVchÉ [ddY X]V^c0 VcY jh^c\ V ÓZZi d[ hViZaa^iZh Ón^c\ ^c [dgbVi^dc Pi]Z È6"IgV^cÉR! bV`^c\ jc^fjZ! \adWVa! cZVg"h^bjaiVcZdjh bZVhjgZbZcih d[ VZgdhdah! XadjYh! iZbeZgVijgZ VcY gZaVi^kZ ]jb^Y^in egdÒaZh! VcY gVY^Vi^kZ ÓjmZh#Ç =Z VYYZY! ÆDjg ^begdkZY jcYZghiVcY" ^c\ d[ :Vgi] hnhiZb egdXZhhZh aZVYh id ^begdkZbZcih ^c hde]^hi^XViZY

lZVi]Zg VcY Xa^bViZ bdYZah! l]^X] ^c ijgc! l]Zc ^c^i^Va^oZY jh^c\ i]Z hViZaa^iZ YViV! XVc WZ jhZY id egZY^Xi cVijgVa VcY ]jbVc"XVjhZY X]Vc\Zh ^c :Vgi]Éh Zck^gdcbZci dkZg i^bZ hXVaZh d[ ]djgh id nZVgh#Ç

THE PEOPLE BEHIND THE SCIENCE C6H6 hViZaa^iZh egdk^YZ i]Z YViV i]Vi [jgi]Zg jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ :Vgi]Éh egdXZhhZh! Wji iVaZciZY hX^Zci^hih eji i]dhZ YViV id ldg` ^c lVnh i]Vi WZcZÒi hdX^Zin# BVcn d[ i]dhZ hX^Zci^hih ]VkZ jc^fjZ hid" g^Zh i]Vi ZmeaV^c i]Z^g Xdbb^ibZci id V WZiiZg jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z^g ]dbZ eaVcZi# BVgh]Vaa HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg hX^Zci^hi GdWW^Z =ddY YZkZadeh ^c" higjbZcih i]Vi ^ckZhi^\ViZ ]jgg^XVcZh# =Zg ^ciZgZhi ^c jcYZghiVcY^c\ i]ZhZ edlZg[ja hidgbh ^h gddiZY ^c X]^aY]ddY! Òghi a^k^c\ ^c V B^hhdjg^ [Vgb^c\ Xdbbjc^in! i]Zc bdk^c\ id E^XVnjcZ! B^hh#! l]ZgZ h]Z ZmeZ" g^ZcXZY =jgg^XVcZ 8Vb^aaZ Vh V _jc^dg ]^\] hijYZci# Æ7Z^c\ ^c V [Vgb^c\ XjaijgZ! > ]VY Vc ZVgan VeegZX^Vi^dc [dg lZVi]Zg VcY ]dl ^i V[[ZXih eZdeaZ!Ç hV^Y =ddY# ÆI]Zc! ^c &.+-! l]Zc =jgg^" XVcZ 8Vb^aaZ XVbZ i]gdj\]! hZZ^c\ i]Z YZkVhiVi^dc dc i]Z Xdbbjc^in ]^i ]dbZ [dg bZ# Hd! l]Zc > lZci id XdaaZ\Z! > YZX^YZY id hijYn bZiZd" gdad\n# Cd bViiZg ]dl hde]^hi^XViZY hdX^Zin \Zih! lZVi]Zg XVc ]VkZ V ]j\Z ^beVXi dc ndjg a^[Z#Ç 6cdi]Zg BVgh]Vaa hX^Zci^hi! 9Vc^Za >gl^c! Y^hXdkZgZY i]Z egVXi^XVa edlZg d[ hViZaa^iZ iZX]cdad\n l]^aZ ldg`^c\ l^i] 8dchZgkVi^dc >ciZg" cVi^dcVa ^c <jViZbVaV ZVgan ^c ]^h XVgZZg# Bdhi d[ ]^h YVnh lZgZ heZci lVa`^c\ i]gdj\] i]Z _jc\aZ l^i] hdbZ d[ i]Z ZVga^Zhi <EH hnhiZbh! bVee^c\ l]Vi i]Z Xdbbjc^i^Zh Xdch^YZgZY i]Z^g igVY^i^dcVa aVcYh# >c &..)! V C6H6 VgX]VZdad\^hi l]dhZ ldg` >gl^c ]VY hijY^ZY ^c \gVYjViZ hX]dda XVbZ id <jViZbVaV id Yd ÒZaY ldg`# Æ=Z Wgdj\]i i]ZhZ W^\ eadih d[ hViZaa^iZ ^bV\Zh VcY hegZVY i]Zb dji dc V iVWaZ# > lVh add`^c\ Vi i]^h VgZV ^c l]^X] > ]VY heZci bdci]h VcY lZZ`h ^c i]Z ÒZaY! VcY XdjaY hZZ ^i [gdb VWdkZ!Ç ]Z hV^Y# Æ> Xdch^YZgZY i]dhZ ^bV\Zh id WZ Vabdhi a^`Z \daY# I]Z VgZV lVh jcYZg jcWZa^ZkVWaZ i]gZVi d[ l]Vi ^h XVaaZY i]Z V\g^XjaijgVa [gdci^Zg# I]ZnÉY Xji Ydlc i]Z [dgZhi VcY Wjgc ^i! i]Zc \gdl Xdgc dg eji XViiaZ i]ZgZ#Ç Dc ]^h cZmi kZcijgZ ^cid i]Z ÒZaY! >gl^c eVX`ZY V bjaZ l^i] V \Zc" ZgVidg VcY ha^YZ egd_ZXidg# =Z lVa`ZY WZilZZc Xdbbjc^i^Zh id h]dl ha^YZh d[ i]Z hViZaa^iZ ^bV\Zh id eZdeaZ ^c i]Z idlch# ÆI]ZgZ ]VY WZZc V eZgXZei^dc i]Vi i]Z [dgZhi lZci dc [dgZkZg! Wji i]Z hViZaa^iZ ^bV\Zh h]dlZY i]Zb i]Z V\g^XjaijgVa ZcXgdVX]bZci!Ç >g" l^c hV^Y# Æ>i lVh i]Zc > YZX^YZY i]^h lVh l]Vi > lVciZY id Yd [dg i]Z gZhi d[ bn a^[Z#Ç

A FUTURE OF POSSIBILITIES 8jggZcian! C6H6 ]Vh hZkZgVa :Vgi] hX^ZcXZ b^hh^dch ^c YZkZade" bZci# I]ZhZ b^hh^dch l^aa ]Zae bZVhjgZ/ dXZVc ided\gVe]n DXZVc Hjg[VXZ Ided\gVe]n B^hh^dc! '%%- 0 Vibdhe]Zg^X XVgWdc Y^dm^YZ DgW^i^c\ 8VgWdc DWhZgkVidgn! '%%- 0 \adWVa VZgdhda VcY XadjY egde" Zgi^Zh! Vadc\ l^i] idiVa hdaVg ^ggVY^VcXZ <adgn! '%%. 0 hZV hjg[VXZ hVa^c^in 6fjVg^jh! '%%. 0 \adWVa aVcY XdkZg X]Vc\Z AVcYhVi 9ViV 8dci^cj^in B^hh^dc! '%&& 0 VcY \adWVa gV^c[Vaa [gdb igde^XVa id b^Y" aVi^ijYZh <adWVa EgZX^e^iVi^dc BZVhjgZbZci! '%&' # C6H6 ^h Vahd jh^c\ i]Z gZXdbbZcYVi^dch d[ i]Z CVi^dcVa GZhZVgX] 8djcX^aÉh 9ZXVYVa HjgkZn dc :Vgi] HX^ZcXZ VcY 6eea^XVi^dch [gdb HeVXZ id YZkZade eg^dg^i^Zh [dg i]Z cZmi YZXVYZ d[ :Vgi] hX^ZcXZ b^hh^dch#

Add`^c\ [dglVgY! ;gZ^a^X] hVnh ]^h eg^bVgn dW_ZXi^kZ Æ^h id Zm" eVcY i]Z aZVY^c\ gdaZ d[ C6H6 bZVhjgZbZcih VcY C6H6"hjeedgiZY VcVanhZh ^c VYkVcX^c\ :Vgi] hnhiZb hX^ZcXZ Å ^begdk^c\ djg fjVc" i^iVi^kZ jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z :Vgi] Vh Vc ^ciZ\gViZY hnhiZb#Ç =Z hV^Y i]Vi hjX] bZVhjgZbZcih VcY VcVanh^h l^aa VYYgZhh i]Z cZZY id YZkZade Æadc\! bjai^"YZXVYVa! \adWVa! Xdch^hiZcian egdXZhhZY bZVhjgZbZcih d[ eVgi^XjaVg egdXZhhZh ½ ZheZX^Vaan d[ i]Z dXZVch WZXVjhZ i]Z dXZVc ^h i]Z \^Vci Ónl]ZZa d[ i]Z P:Vgi]R hnhiZb# ½ 6Wdji ]Va[ i]Z ]ZVi i]ViÉh eji ^c cZVg i]Z ZfjVidg VcY \dZh d[[ id" lVgY i]Z edaZh ^h XVgg^ZY Wn i]Z Vibdhe]ZgZ VcY ]Va[ ^h XVgg^ZY ^c i]Z dXZVc#Ç

“The atmosphere almost looks like an eggshell on an egg, it’s so very thin. We know that we don’t have much air. We need to protect what we have.” – Eileen Collins >c i]Z adc\ iZgb! C6H6Éh HigViZ\^X EaVc ^bV\^cZh V hXZcVg^d [dg WZndcY '%&+ i]Vi ^cXajYZh V iZX]cdad\^XVa aZVe ^c :Vgi] dWhZgkV" i^dch id YZiZXi X]Vc\Zh ^c i]Z :Vgi] hnhiZb Vh i]Zn ]VeeZc# C6H6 Zck^h^dch jh^c\ XdchiZaaVi^dch d[ hbVgi hViZaa^iZh eaVXZY ^c kVg^djh dgW^ih id Vj\bZci V^gWdgcZ hZchdgh VcY hjg[VXZ"WVhZY hZchdgh id [dgb Vc ^ciZ\gViZY! ^ciZgVXi^kZ ÆhZchdglZWÇ dWhZgk^c\ hnhiZb# Id bV`Z hjX] V hnhiZb edhh^WaZ! C6H6 ]Vh V iZX]cdad\n ^ckZhibZci egd\gVb YZh^\cZY id ]Zae i]Z V\ZcXn WZ gZVYn [dg hjX] V [jijgZ Wn Vhhjg^c\ C6H6 l^aa ]VkZ i]Z cZXZhhVgn ^chigjbZcih! ^c[dgbVi^dc hX^ZcXZ! VcY XdbedcZcih cZZYZY id iV`Z VYkVciV\Z d[ gZkdaji^dc" Vgn b^hh^dc VgX]^iZXijgZh#

A PROFOUND VIEW FROM ABOVE EZg]Veh i]Z \gZViZhi iZhi^bdcn id i]Z aVhi^c\ gZaZkVcXZ d[ C6H6Éh :Vgi] hX^ZcXZ egd\gVb XdbZh [gdb VhigdcVjih l]d ]VkZ hZZc djg [gV\^aZ :Vgi] [gdb heVXZ# E^Zgh HZaaZgh! l]d ÓZl dc i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ 9^hXdkZgn HIH"&&* b^hh^dc ^c ?jan '%%+ VcY ]daYh V E]#9# ^c W^dbZiZdgdad\n! hV^Y i]Z [daadl^c\ id Vc VjY^ZcXZ Vi i]Z Hb^i]hdc^VcÉh CVi^dcVa 6^g VcY HeVXZ BjhZjb ^c '%%)/ Djg iZX]c^XVa VW^a^in id k^Zl i]Z :Vgi] [gdb heVXZ ^h Xd^cX^" YZci l^i] djg VW^a^in id X]Vc\Z djg eaVcZiVgn Zck^gdcbZci# Hd Vi i]Z kZgn i^bZ i]Vi lZ VgZ VWaZ id hZZ djg eaVcZiVgn ]dbZ ^c ^ih Zci^gZin! lZ VgZ edlZg[jaan bdi^kViZY id Yd hd Ä id jcYZg" hiVcY ]dl i]Z :Vgi] hnhiZb ldg`h! id ]Zae jh VhhZhh i]Z `^cY VcY YZ\gZZ d[ X]Vc\Zh! Wdi] bVcbVYZ VcY cVijgVa! i]Vi VgZ dc" \d^c\! VcY jai^bViZan id ]Zae jh egZY^Xi i]Z [jijgZ XdchZfjZcX" Zh d[ i]ZhZ X]Vc\Zh# ½I]Z ejWa^X VcY i]Z^g gZegZhZciVi^kZh ^c \dkZgcbZci cZZY WZiiZg ^c[dgbVi^dc dc l]^X] id WVhZ Vaa `^cYh d[ YZX^h^dch ^ckdak^c\ i]Z eaVcZiVgn Zck^gdcbZci0 [gdb iVg\Zi" ^c\ [Vb^cZ gZa^Z[ ^c 6[g^XV Yjg^c\ Ygdj\]ih! id i]Z Xdci^cj^c\ Y^hXjhh^dc dc \adWVa Xa^bViZ X]Vc\Z# HViZaa^iZ dWhZgkVi^dch egd" k^YZ i]Z hdaZ bZVch id dWhZgkZ i]Z l]daZ eaVcZi Vabdhi ZkZgn YVn jh^c\ i]Z hVbZ ^chigjbZci# ;^cVaan! l]^aZ h]Z dgW^iZY i]Z :Vgi] ^c '%%*! :^aZZc 8daa^ch! i]Z XdbbVcYZg d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ 9^hXdk" Zgn! hV^Y! ÆI]Z Vibdhe]ZgZ Vabdhi add`h a^`Z Vc Z\\" h]Zaa dc Vc Z\\! ^iÉh hd kZgn i]^c# LZ `cdl i]Vi lZ YdcÉi ]VkZ bjX] V^g# LZ cZZY id egdiZXi l]Vi lZ ]VkZ#Ç

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

181

7gZV`^c\ I]gdj\]/ C6H6Éh 8gjX^Va GdaZ ^c 6^gXgV[i >ccdkVi^dc

By James SCHULTZ

In one of the most famous radio broadcasts ever aired, a series of news bulletins purported to follow the progress of an alien invasion of American soil. Debuting on Halloween, 1938, the Orson Welles adaptation of British writer H.G. Wells’ science fiction novel War of the Worlds caused a sensation when as many as a million listeners became convinced the dramatization was real. In urban areas, panicked crowds gathered, while in the countryside, entire families fled their homes – both fearing they would be targets of an imminent, apocalyptic Martian attack.

Gdj\]an )% nZVgh aViZg! V adcZan WaZVi [gdb ]^\] VWdkZ :Vgi]Éh hjg" [VXZ ldjaY ]ZgVaY Vcdi]Zg hdgi d[ ^ckVh^dc# Dcan i]^h i^bZ ÒXi^dc ldjaY \^kZ lVn id [VXi/ V WVh`ZiWVaa"h^oZY he]ZgZ `cdlc Vh Heji" c^` db^cdjhan VccdjcXZY i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dcÉh XaV^b dc l]Vi ldjaY WZ ZkZcijVaan YjWWZY Æi]Z ]^\] [gdci^Zg#Ç >c i]Z gVXZ id heVXZ! i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh ]VY WZZc igjbeZY Wn ^ih X]^Z[ \Zdeda^i^XVa g^kVa VcY a^`Zan bdgiVa ZcZbn# Æ8dc_jgZ i]Z hXZcZ [gdb ÈI]Z L^oVgY d[ DoÉ/ i]Z l^X`ZY l^iX] Ó^Zh dkZg i]Z :bZgVaY 8^in heZaa^c\ dji ÈHjggZcYZg 9dgdi]n!É VcY Vaa i]Z iZgg^ÒZY X^i^oZch gjh] id i]Z l^oVgY id ÒcY dji l]Vi ^i bZVch!Ç lgdiZ CZ^a 6gbhigdc\ W^d\gVe]Zg VcY 6jWjgc ]^hidgn egd[Zhhdg 9g# ?VbZh G# =VchZc ^c ]^h Wdd` :c\^cZZg ^c 8]Vg\Z# Æ>c Vc ZmV\\ZgViZY lVn! i]^h \^kZh hdbZ ^YZV d[ ]dl i]Z Hejic^` Xg^h^h VcY i]Z gZhjai^c\ 6bZg^XVc heVXZ egd\gVb ig^\\ZgZY PejWa^X [ZZa^c\R#Ç =dl XdjaY i]Z l^oVgYh d[ VZgdcVji^XVa hX^ZcXZ gZhedcY4 6a" i]dj\] gZhZVgX]Zgh ]VY WZZc ZmeZg^bZci^c\ l^i] gdX`Zih [dg lZaa dkZg V YZXVYZ Ä l^i] bVcn hjWdgW^iVa aVjcX]Zh iV`^c\ eaVXZ dc i]Z hiViZ d[ K^g\^c^VÉh ^hdaViZY :VhiZgc H]dgZ Ä cdcZ ]VY nZi ad[iZY V hViZaa^iZ id dgW^i# 6cY cd dcZ ]VY YZbdchigViZY Vcn 6bZg^XVc V^g" eaVcZ Zfj^kVaZci i]Vi XdjaY hZVbaZhhan bV`Z i]Z Y^[ÒXjai aZVe [gdb Vibdhe]ZgZ id kVXjjb#

182

NASA

C6H6

;VhiZg i]Vc V heZZY^c\ WjaaZi IV`Zc Vad[i jcYZg i]Z l^c\ d[ V 7"*'! i]Z M"&* gdX`Zi edlZgZY V^gXgV[i lVh Ódlc [gdb &.*. id &.+-! ]Zae^c\ id ^ckZhi^\ViZ Vaa VheZXih d[ bVccZY ]neZghdc^X Ó^\]i# L]^aZ hZii^c\ jcd[ÒX^Va heZZY )!*'% be] VcY Vai^ijYZ gZXdgYh (*)!'%% [ZZi i]Z M"&* Xdcig^WjiZY id i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ C6H6Éh ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i egd\gVbh#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

183

6ZgdcVji^Xh ^ccdkVidgh Ide/ G^X]VgY L]^iXdbW! YZkZadeZg d[ i]Z igVc" hdc^X VgZV gjaZ! hjeZgXg^i^XVa l^c\ VcY l^c\aZih! l]^X] igVch[dgbZY b^a^iVgn VcY X^k^a^Vc V^gXgV[i YZh^\c# 6WdkZ/ =# ?ja^Vc 6aaZc! C6H6 6bZh GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg 9^gZXidg [gdb &.+* id &.+.! YZkZadeZg d[ i]Z Æ7ajci 7dYn I]ZdgnÇ d[ VZgdYncVb^Xh i]Vi aZY id i]Z YZh^\c d[ VWaVi^kZ ]ZVi h]^ZaYh egdiZXi^c\ BZgXjgn! <Zb^c^ VcY 6edaad VhigdcVjih Vh i]Z^g heVXZ XVehjaZh gZ"ZciZgZY :Vgi]Éh Vibdhe]ZgZ#

I]Zc"egZh^YZci 9l^\]i :^hZc]dlZg gZVXiZY id Hejic^` Wn h^\c^c\ i]Z CVi^dcVa 6ZgdcVji^Xh VcY HeVXZ 6Xi ^c aViZ ?jan &.*-# Gdj\]an ild bdci]h aViZg! dc DXi# &! &.*-! i]Z CVi^dcVa 6ZgdcVji^Xh VcY HeVXZ 6Yb^c^higVi^dc! C6H6 [dg h]dgi! deZcZY ^ih Yddgh# >i lVh cd VXX^YZci i]Vi VZgdcVji^Xh XVbZ Òghi ^c i]Z i^iaZ#

184

NASA

C6H6 C6H6

Æ6cndcZ aVjcX]^c\ V gdX`Zi `cdlh ndj ]VkZ id VXXdjci [dg eVh" hV\Z i]gdj\] i]Z Vibdhe]ZgZ# Dc gZZcign ndj Vahd ]VkZ id YZVa l^i] [g^Xi^dcVa ]ZVi^c\!Ç hV^Y 9g# ?V^ldc H]^c! VhhdX^ViZ VYb^c^higVidg [dg C6H6Éh 6ZgdcVji^Xh GZhZVgX] B^hh^dc 9^gZXidgViZ# ÆHd i]Z hijYn d[ VZgdcVji^Xh VcY ^ih Veea^XVi^dch id heVXZXgV[i YZh^\c! bViZg^Vah VcY higjXijgZh lVh VcY gZbV^ch ZhhZci^Va# I]Vi ]daYh igjZ l]Zi]Zg lZÉgZ iVa`^c\ VWdji :Vgi] dg di]Zg eaVcZih l^i] Y^[[ZgZci Vibdhe]ZgZh#Ç 6YY^c\ heVXZ hijY^Zh id i]Z egd[Zhh^dcVa edgi[da^dh d[ i]dhZ l]d WZ\Vc i]Z^g XVgZZgh ldg`^c\ [dg C6H6Éh egZYZXZhhdg V\ZcXn i]Z CVi^dcVa 6Yk^hdgn 8dbb^iiZZ [dg 6ZgdcVji^Xh! gZ[ZggZY id Wn ^ch^Y" Zgh Vh Æi]Z C686!Ç jca^`Z C6H6! ZVX] aZiiZg d[ i]Z C686 VXgdcnb lVh egdcdjcXZY hZeVgViZan ldjaY egdkZ V cVijgVa egd\gZhh^dc# I]Z 6bZg^XVc heVXZ egd\gVb ldjaY ZhhZci^Vaan WZ ^ckZciZY Wn YdoZch d[ ndjc\ YZkdiZZh l]d bVijgZY ^cid bZi]dY^XVa Zc\^cZZgh VcY VZgdYn" cVb^X^hih0 i]Z ^ciZaaZXijVa ]Z^gh id Dgk^aaZ VcY L^aWjg Lg^\]iÉh igVY^" i^dc d[ eV^chiV`^c\ ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc VcY gZÒcZbZci# ;^ghi i]Z C686 VcY i]Zc C6H6 ldjaY egdk^YZ i]Z ZmeZg^bZciVa XVeVW^a^i^Zh VcY [VX^a^i^Zh i]Vi ldjaY WZ jhZY ^c i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ egVXi^XVaan ZkZgn YdbZhi^XVaan egdYjXZY XdbbZgX^Va igVchedgi VcY b^a^iVgn V^gXgV[i ^c i]Z eVhi *% nZVgh# C686 ZmeZgih ldjaY \ZcZgViZ YViVWVhZh VcY iZX]c^XVa gZedgih id VYkVcXZ [jcYVbZciVa `cdlaZY\Z ^c hjX] VgZVh Vh V^g[d^a YZh^\c! V^gXgV[i ]VcYa^c\ VcY XdbegZhh^WaZ VZgd" YncVb^Xh! ZkZc Vh i]Z cVi^dcVa hedia^\]i ldjaY ^aajb^cViZ C6H6Éh cZl gdaZ ^c heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc VcY igVkZa# ÆC6H6Éh higZc\i] ]Vh WZZc i]Z ^YZci^ÒXVi^dc d[ W^\ egdWaZbh0 i]Z VW^a^in id [dXjh dc l]ViÉh Xg^i^XVa VcY ^YZci^[n i]Z gZVa WdiiaZcZX`h!Ç hV^Y 9g# Idb 8gdjX]! hZc^dg XjgVidg [dg VZgdcVji^Xh Vi i]Z Hb^i]hd" c^VcÉh CVi^dcVa 6^g VcY HeVXZ BjhZjb VcY W^d\gVe]Zg d[ i]Z Lg^\]i Wgdi]Zgh# ÆI]Zc ^ih eZdeaZ d[[Zg je Y^gZXi^dch [dg hdaji^dch# >iÉh ]VgY id i]^c` d[ Vcn V^geaVcZ Ón^c\ idYVn cVi^dcVaan dg ^ciZgcVi^dcVaan l]ZgZ i]Z C686 dg C6H6 ]VhcÉi bVYZ V Xdcig^Wji^dc#Ç I]Z C686! a^`Z C6H6! WdlZY dcid i]Z ldgaY hiV\Z Yjg^c\ V i^bZ d[ \Zdeda^i^XVa jcgZhi# ?jhi WZ[dgZ LdgaY LVg >! hjeedgi [dg [ZYZg" Vaan hedchdgZY VZgdcVji^Xh hijY^Zh lVh aj`ZlVgb# B^a^iVgn XdcÓ^Xi ldjaY egdkZ eZghjVh^kZ! Vh ZaVWdgViZY ^c :c\^cZZg ^c 8]Vg\Z Wn ]^h" idg^Vc ?VbZh =VchZc/ 8dc\gZhh ZhiVWa^h]ZY i]Z C686 ^c &.&* Æid hjeZgk^hZ VcY Y^gZXi i]Z hX^Zci^ÒX hijYn d[ i]Z egdWaZbh d[ Ó^\]i l^i] V k^Zl id i]Z^g egVXi^XVa hdaji^dc#Ç I]^h ZhiVWa^h]bZci Y^Y cdi ]VeeZc ZVh^an# >i idd` nZVgh d[ VXi^kZ eda^i^X`^c\ Wn YZY^XViZY! lZaa"Xdc" cZXiZY hX]daVgh VcY \dkZgcbZci d[ÒXZgh id \gZVhZ i]Z WjgZVj" XgVi^X bVX]^cZgn [dg i]Z XgZVi^dc d[ V cZl [ZYZgVa V\ZcXn YZkdiZY id VYkVcX^c\ i]Z hiViZ d[ i]Z Vgi ^c V^gXgV[i YZh^\c VcY deZgVi^dc# >i Vahd idd` V ldgaY lVg id Xdck^cXZ V h`Zei^XVa 6bZg^XVc ejWa^X i]Vi VZgdcVji^Xh lVh cdi i]Z egdk^cXZ d[ XgVc`h VcY YgZVbZgh# HjYYZcan! dg hd ^i hZZbZY id i]dhZ l]d VhhjbZY ^ccdkVi^dc ldjaY gZfj^gZ XZcijg^Zh VcY cdi YZXVYZh! Ó^\]i lVh Vc ^beZgVi^kZ ^c Wdi] i]Z b^a^iVgn VcY X^k^a^Vc ldgaYh# ;a^\]i ZfjVaZY XdbbZgXZ! VcY bdcZn# Cd adc\Zg i]Z hdaZ egdk^cXZ d[ YVgZYZk^ah VcY ]VgYn VYkZcijgZgh! Ó^\]i ldjaY fj^X`an WZXdbZ V hZg^djh Wjh^cZhh Ä a^iZgVaan# I]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh cZZYZY V^gXgV[i i]Vi ldjaYcÉi h]V`Z i]ZbhZakZh id e^ZXZh l]^aZ Vad[i! gZa^VWaZ Xdcigdah i]Vi ldjaYcÉi [V^a ZkZc jcYZg YjgZhh! l^c\h i]Vi ldjaY ha^YZ Z[ÒX^Zcian i]gdj\] Vc d[iZc ijgWjaZci Vibdhe]ZgZ! VcY Zc\^cZh i]Vi! l]^aZ edlZg[ja! ldjaY h^e [jZa gVi]Zg i]Vc \jae ^i# G^X`Zin ldjaYcÉi ldg`# Hadl ldjaY WZ h]jccZY# 6cY YdcÉi [dg\Zi id ]VkZ V ldg`^c\ egdidineZ XdbeaZiZY Wn cZmi IjZhYVn! Vi i]Z aViZhi#

C6H6

H^YZ Wn h^YZ I]Z ;"- 9^\^iVa ;an"7n"L^gZ aZ[i VcY ;"- HjeZgXg^i^XVa L^c\ ZmeZg^bZciVa V^gXgV[i ^c Ó^\]i#

THE AERONAUTICAL TRIFECTA Cd bViiZg i]Z i^bZiVWaZ! ejh]^c\ i]Z VZgdcVji^Xh ZckZadeZ lVh cd ZVhn iVh`# >YZci^[n^c\ ediZci^Va ^hhjZh VcY X]VaaZc\Zh lVh Vc ^bedg" iVci Òghi hiZe0 i]Z C686 bVYZ V hZg^Zh d[ k^iVa i]ZdgZi^XVa Xdcig^Wj" i^dch! [jgi]Zg^c\ i]Z jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z lVnh l^c\h! Zc\^cZh VcY [jhZaV\Zh gZhedcYZY Wdi] ^cYZeZcYZcian VcY Vh Vc ^ciZ\gViZY hnhiZb jcYZg V l^YZ kVg^Zin d[ Ó^\]i XdcY^i^dch# C6H6Éh egZYZXZhhdg V\ZcXn Vahd YZh^\cZY VcY Wj^ai V cjbWZg d[ l^cY ijccZah! eaVXZh l]ZgZ hbVaa bdYZah VcY aVg\Z V^gXgV[i egdidineZh Va^`Z lZgZ iZhiZY VcY ZkVajViZY Vh V^gheZZYh lZgZ X]Vc\ZY VcY Vibd" he]Zg^X XdcY^i^dch lZgZ ÒcZ"ijcZY# 9Zhe^iZ ZmeZg^bZciVa VYkVcXZh kZiiZY Wn Ó^\]i iZhih! kZm^c\ egdW" aZbh gZbV^cZY# 8]^Z[ Vbdc\ i]Zb lVh ]dl id ZcVWaZ V^geaVcZh id Ón [VhiZg l]^aZ cdi Wjgc^c\ Zcdgbdjh Vbdjcih d[ [jZa# :ciZg C686$ C6H6 gZhZVgX]Zg G^X]VgY L]^iXdbW! l]d ldjaY hZZ lVnh dkZg hdbZ d[ i]Z W^\\Zhi ]jgYaZh Xdc[gdci^c\ b^a^iVgn VcY XdbbZgX^Va Vk^Vi^dc# 6ai]dj\] ^che^gZY Wn hijY^Zh YdcZ Wn di]Zg VZgdcVji^Xh hX^Zci^hih Yd" bZhi^XVaan VcY VWgdVY! L]^iXdbW cdcZi]ZaZhh YZbdchigViZY Vc jc" bViX]ZY ^cY^k^YjVa ^c\Zcj^in i]Vi ldjaY aZVY id i]Z XgZVi^dc d[ i]gZZ XgjX^Va ^ccdkVi^dch/ i]Z VgZV gjaZ! i]Z hjeZgXg^i^XVa l^c\ VcY l^c\aZih# 6aa ldjaY ZkZcijVaan WZ l^YZan VcY gdji^cZan YZeadnZY dc V^gXgV[i#

Æ9^X` L]^iXdbWÉh VX]^ZkZbZcih gZVaan hiVcY dji/ dcZ ZkZgn YZXVYZ [dg (% nZVgh! [gdb i]Z &.*%h i]gdj\] i]Z &.,%h!Ç hV^Y i]Z Hb^i]hd" c^VcÉh 8gdjX]# Æ=ZÉh egdWVWan i]Z bdhi h^\c^ÒXVci VZgdYncVb^X^hi ldg`^c\ ^c i]Z aVhi *% nZVgh# L]^iXdbWÉh ^ciZaaZXijVa Òc\Zgeg^cih VgZ dc k^gijVaan ZkZgn XdbbZgX^Va V^gXgV[i Ón^c\ idYVn#Ç >c 9ZXZbWZg '%%,! hZkZgVa ]jcYgZY ViiZcYZZh XdbbZbdgViZY i]Z &%)i] Vcc^kZghVgn d[ i]Z Lg^\]ihÉ Òghi edlZgZY Ó^\]i! ]dcdg^c\ L]^iXdbWÉh VX]^ZkZbZcih Vi i]Z Lg^\]i 7gdi]Zgh CVi^dcVa BZbdg^Va ^c @^iin =Vl`! C#8# L]^iXdbWÉh Z[[dgih ldjaY WZ gZXd\c^oZY Vh dc eVg l^i] di]Zg VZgdheVXZ e^dcZZgh! bZc VcY ldbZc hjX] Vh Dgk^aaZ VcY L^aWjg Lg^\]i! 8]VgaZh A^cYWZg\]! 6bZa^V :Vg]Vgi! ?d]c <aZcc VcY CZ^a 6gbhigdc\! Vaa d[ l]db lZgZ aVjYZY [dg i]Z^g Xdcig^Wji^dch id Ó^\]i hX^ZcXZ VcY iZX]cdad\n# L]^iXdbWÉh Òghi ^ccdkVi^dc Ä VcY! ^c i]Z ZnZh d[ bVcn! ]^h bdhi ^bedgiVci Ä lVh Y^hXdkZgn d[ l]Vi ldjaY WZ XVaaZY i]Z VgZV gjaZ# 6h lg^iZg AVcZ LVaaVXZ cdiZY ^c ]Zg Vgi^XaZ ÆI]Z L]^iXdbW 6gZV GjaZ/ C686 6ZgdYncVb^Xh GZhZVgX] VcY >ccdkVi^dc!Ç L]^iXdbWÉh `cdla" ZY\Z d[ V^gÓdl WZ]Vk^dg lVh Zc]VcXZY Wn hijYn d[ i]Z jcjhjVa h]dX` lVkZh ]Z ZcXdjciZgZY Yjg^c\ ZmeZg^bZcih ^c dcZ d[ i]Z C686Éh l^cY ijccZah dkZg V eZg^dY d[ hZkZc nZVgh# L^i]dji hjX] ZmedhjgZ! ^i ^h YdjWi[ja L]^iXdbW ldjaY ]VkZ \aZVcZY ^c[dgbVi^dc hj[ÒX^Zci id jcYZghiVcY i]Z XVjhZh d[ i]Z V^g YgV\ i]Vi bVYZ igVkZa Vi dg dkZg i]Z

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

185

heZZY d[ hdjcY hd Y^[ÒXjai id VX]^ZkZ l^i]" dji ]j\Z egdeZaaVci ZmeZcY^ijgZh# L]^iXdbW Y^hXdkZgZY ^[ i]Z [jhZaV\Z d[ Vc V^geaVcZ lVh cVggdlZY id gZhZbWaZ i]Z h]VeZ d[ Vc daY"[Vh]^dcZY 8d`Z WdiiaZ! YgV\ ldjaY WZ hjWhiVci^Vaan gZYjXZY VcY heZZY h^\c^ÒXVcian ^cXgZVhZY Ä Wji l^i]dji i]Z cZZY d[ VYY^i^dcVa Zc\^cZ edlZg# 6h cdiZY Wn ]^hidg^Vc 9g# B^X]VZa <dgc ^c ]^h Wdd` :meVcY^c\ i]Z :ckZadeZ! L]^iXdbW! ^c YZ" hXg^W^c\ i]Z VYkVcXZ! gZbVg`ZY i]Vi ÆI]Z WVh^X ^YZV lVh Vh h^beaZ Vh \^k^c\ i]Z V^g hdbZeaVXZ id \d hd ^i ldjaYcÉi ejh] WVX` dc

186

NASA

i]Z l^c\# >i lVh Vh h^beaZ Vh ejii^c\ l^c\h dc V 8d`Z WdiiaZ#Ç 6ai]dj\] fj^X`an VYdeiZY Wn i]Z b^a^iVgn [dg hjeZghdc^X Ò\]iZg V^gXgV[i! i]Z VgZV gjaZÉh igjZ aZ\VXn lVh i]Vi ^i bVYZ XdbbZgX^Va hjW" hdc^X _Zi igVkZa egVXi^XVa Wn bV`^c\ ^i V[[dgY" VWaZ# 6eea^ZY id _Zia^cZg YZh^\c! i]Z VgZV gjaZ ZcVWaZY Z[ÒX^Zci [jZa Xdchjbei^dc ZkZc Vi ]^\] hjWhdc^X heZZYh# >[ i]Z VgZV gjaZ lVh L]^iXdbWÉh bV_dg VX" Xdbea^h]bZci d[ i]Z &.*%h! ]^h hjeZgXg^i^" XVa l^c\ gZkdaji^dc^oZY i]Z YZh^\c d[ &.+%h" ZgV _Zih# I]Z `Zn lVh i]Z YZkZadebZci d[

V hlZei"WVX` l^c\ V^g[d^a i]Vi YZaVnZY i]Z dchZi d[ VZgdYncVb^X YgV\! ^cXgZVh^c\ i]Z [jZa Z[ÒX^ZcXn d[ V^gXgV[i Ón^c\ XadhZ id i]Z heZZY d[ hdjcY# 6\V^c! ]^hidg^Vc <dgc/ L]^iXdbW VXiZY dc V ]jcX]/ i]Vi V hbddi]Zg Ódl d[ V^g ldjaY WZ VX]^ZkZY VWdkZ l^c\h XdcÒ\jgZY cdi ^c i]Z W^gY" a^`Z h]VeZ igVY^i^dcVa h^cXZ i]Z YgVl" ^c\h d[ H^g <Zdg\Z 8VnaZn VeeZVgZY &*% nZVgh ZVga^Zg# GVi]Zg! ^c i]Z Ó^\]i gZ\^bZ VeegdVX]^c\ i]Z heZZY d[ hdjcY! L]^iXdbW YZX^YZY i]Vi V l^c\

C6H6

>Xdc^X ^bV\Z C6H6 gZhZVgX] e^adi 7^aa 9VcV lViX]^c\ C6H6Éh C7"*'7 Xgj^hZ dkZg]ZVY V[iZg V gZhZVgX] Ó^\]i ^c i]Z =A"&% a^[i^c\ WdYn aZ[i # I]Z =A"&% lVh Ódlc Vi C6H6Éh 9gnYZc ;a^\]i GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg [gdb &.++ id &.,* id hijYn VcY kVa^YViZ i]Z XdcXZei d[ hV[Zan bVcZjkZg^c\ VcY aVcY^c\ V adl a^[i"dkZg"YgV\ kZ]^XaZ YZh^\cZY [dg gZZcign [gdb heVXZ# ?d]c GZZkZh ^h Vi i]Z a^[i^c\ WdYnÉh XdX`e^i#

LdgaY LVg >> VcY Xdci^cjZh i]gdj\] i]Z egZh" Zci# ÆL]^iXdbW lVh V]ZVY d[ i]Z XjgkZ! ^c iZgbh d[ Wg^c\^c\ Vaa i]Z ZaZbZcih id\Zi]Zg# LZÉgZ a^iZgVaan Ón^c\ dc L]^iXdbWÉh l^c\h#Ç

AN INNOVATION PORTFOLIO

k^gijVaan ÓVi dc ide ldjaY egdYjXZ aZhh YgV\ i]Vc dcZ l^i] XjhidbVgn jeeZg hjg[VXZ i]Vi XjgkZY YdlclVgYh ½ =Z ZhhZci^Vaan ijgcZY i]Z i^bZ"]dcdgZY V^g[d^a jeh^YZ Ydlc# >c i]Z &.,%h L]^iXdbWÉh i]^gY bV_dg VY" kVcXZ lVh l^c\aZih! kZgi^XVa l^c\ i^eh i]Vi gZ" YjXZY nZi Vcdi]Zg hdjgXZ d[ YgV\ id [jgi]Zg ^begdkZ VZgdYncVb^X Z[ÒX^ZcXn# BVcn V^ga^c" Zgh VcY eg^kViZ _Zih cdl hedgi l^c\i^eh i]Vi VgZ Vc\aZY je [dg WZiiZg [jZa eZg[dgbVcXZ# ÆL]^iXdbWÉh ldg` lVh ]j\Z ^c iZgbh d[ ^ih ^beVXi dc XdbbZgX^Va Vk^Vi^dc!Ç hV^Y ^cYZ" eZcYZci hX]daVg 9g# GdWZgi ;Zg\jhdc! l]d ^h lg^i^c\ C6H6Éh ;^ghi 9Vn! V ]^hidgn d[ C6H6 VZgdcVji^Xh gZhZVgX] i]Vi WZ\^ch h]dgian V[iZg

;dg C6H6! i]Z igVch^i^dc [gdb i]Z Æ6Ç id i]Z ÆHÇ ^c ^ih VXgdcnb lVh k^k^Yan YZbdc" higViZY Wn i]Z YZkZadebZci! ^c eVgicZgh]^e l^i] i]Z CVkn VcY 6^g ;dgXZ! d[ i]Z M"&* ZmeZg^bZciVa V^gXgV[i hjX] XgV[i VgZ `cdlc l^i]^c C6H6 Vh ÆM"kZ]^XaZhÇ # 7ZilZZc &.*.

VcY &.+- i]Z M"&* bVYZ &.. Ó^\]ih! hZii^c\ Vc Vai^ijYZ gZXdgY d[ (*)!'%% [ZZi +, b^aZh dc 6j\# ''! &.+( VcY V heZZY gZXdgY d[ BVX] +#, )!*'% be] dc DXi# (! &.+,# I]Z M"&* egd\gVb hZi WZcX]bVg`h [dg ]n" eZghdc^X V^gXgV[i eZg[dgbVcXZ! hiVW^a^in VcY Xdcigda! ]^\]"iZbeZgVijgZ bViZg^Vah! h]dX` ^c" iZgVXi^dc VcY VZgdYncVb^X ]ZVi^c\# >i bVg`ZY i]Z Òghi jhZ d[ V ]jbVc"gViZY i]gdiiaZVWaZ gdX`Zi Zc\^cZ! i]Z Òghi gZVXi^dc Xdcigda hnh" iZb [dg Vii^ijYZ Xdcigda ^c heVXZ VcY YZkZade" bZci d[ i]Z Òghi egVXi^XVa [jaa"egZhhjgZ hj^i id egdiZXi e^adih ^c heVXZ# @cdlaZY\Z \V^cZY [gdb M"&* Ó^\]ih Xdcig^WjiZY id Vaa [djg 6bZg" ^XVc bVccZY heVXZÓ^\]i egd\gVbh/ BZgXjgn! <Zb^c^! 6edaad VcY i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ# ÆI]Z M"kZ]^XaZ gZhZVgX] ejh]ZY jh ^cid Ó^\]i gZ\^bZh i]Vi lZ ]VYcÉi [jaan ZmeadgZY!Ç hV^Y H]^c d[ C6H6Éh 6ZgdcVji^Xh GZhZVgX] B^hh^dc 9^gZXidgViZ 6GB9 # ÆLZ Xdci^cjZ id aZVgc VWdji i]dhZ gZ\^bZh! Vi kZgn ]^\] heZZYh l]ZgZ i]Z YZbVcYh dc V^gXgV[i VgZ hZ" kZgZ# I]Z YViV i]Vi lZÉkZ XdaaZXiZY VgZ ]Zae" ^c\ l^i] i]Z YZh^\c d[ kZ]^XaZh i]Vi XdjaY dcZ YVn gZkdaji^dc^oZ Ó^\]i#Ç C6H6Éh M"kZ]^XaZ egd\gVbh VgZ hi^aa \d^c\ higdc\# DcZ ^h i]Z M"*& Z[[dgi! V _d^ci kZcijgZ l^i] i]Z 6^g ;dgXZ VcY i]Z 9Z[ZchZ 6YkVcXZY GZhZVgX] Egd_ZXih 6\ZcXn id YZkZade V hjeZg" hdc^X XdbWjhi^dc gVb_Zi! dg hXgVb_Zi! V^gXgV[i ^ciZcYZY id Ón Vi BVX] )#* id +#*# :c\^cZ iZhih dc i]Z \gdjcY hjXXZhh[jaan VX]^ZkZY V i]gjhi Zfj^kVaZci d[ BVX] *#% ^c '%%,# I]Z Òghi iZhi Ó^\]ih! ZVX] aVhi^c\ Vi aZVhi ÒkZ b^c" jiZh! VgZ hX]ZYjaZY [dg '%%.# ÆI]Z gZXZci ]neZghdc^Xh ldg` C6H6 ]Vh YdcZ ^h ^begZhh^kZ# >iÉh V iZgg^Wan Y^[ÒXjai i]ZdgZi^XVa VcY egVXi^XVa egdWaZb!Ç hV^Y ;Zg" \jhdc# Æ>iÉh i]Z `^cY d[ WVh^X gZhZVgX] i]Vi X]VaaZc\Zh hX^Zci^hih VcY Zc\^cZZgh! VcY gZVa" an ejh]Zh hdbZ [jcYVbZciVa VgZVh! a^`Z ]^\]" iZbeZgVijgZ VZgdYncVb^Xh! Ój^Y YncVb^Xh VcY hnhiZbh ^ciZ\gVi^dc#Ç

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

187

AZiÉh \Zi kZgi^XVa KZgi^XVa gZhZVgX] Ó^\]i d[ i]Z jc^fjZ MK"&* i^ai"gdidg V^gXgV[i Vi i]Z C6H6 9gnYZc ;a^\]i GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg &.-%"&.-& #

188

NASA

XdbeaZiZ deZgVi^c\ a^b^ih d[ i]Z J="+% gdidg hnhiZb hd i]Z ]Z" a^XdeiZg Xdbbjc^in XdjaY ^cXgZVhZ ^ih jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ gdidg WZ]Vk^dg! gZÒcZ VcY kVa^YViZ VcVanh^h iddah VcY YZh^\c ^begdkZY gdidgXgV[i!iZgbZY i]Z Æ\daY hiVcYVgYÇ ^c gdidgXgV[i YViV0 VcY 6 ^g"igV[ÒX"bVcV\ZbZci VjidbVi^dc gZhZVgX]! jh^c\ XdbejiZgh VcY heZX^Vain hd[ilVgZ id \Vi]Zg ^c[dgbVi^dc [gdb bVcn hdjgX" Zh! ^cXajY^c\ gVYVg hnhiZbh! Ó^\]i eaVch VcY lZVi]Zg gZedgih! id ^YZci^[n VcY egZY^Xi l]ZgZ hadlYdlch bVn dXXjg WZXVjhZ d[ V^gheVXZ Xdc\Zhi^dc# 6cdi]Zg `Zn gZhZVgX] VgZV XVbZ VWdji Vh i]Z gZhjai d[ i]Z XgVh] d[ V XdbbjiZg Ó^\]i ^c &..)! l]ZgZ hjeZg"XddaZY aVg\Z YgdeaZi HA9 ^X^c\ lVh hjheZXiZY Vh V eg^bVgn XVjhZ# 6i i]Vi i^bZ! a^iiaZ lVh `cdlc VWdji

“The X-vehicle research pushed us into flight regimes that we hadn’t fully explored. We continue to learn about those regimes, at very high speeds where the demands on aircraft are severe. The data that we’ve collected are helping with the design of vehicles that could one day revolutionize flight.” – Dr. Jaiwon Shin i]Z ZmVXi egdXZhh l]ZgZWn aVg\Z YgdeaZih [gZZoZ dc l^c\h VcY ]dl ^XZ VXXjbjaViZh jcYZg HA9 XdcY^i^dch# Hd C6H6 jcYZgidd` XadhZ XdaaVWd" gVi^dch l^i] XdaaZV\jZh ^c i]Z cVi^dcVa VcY ^ciZgcVi^dcVa ^X^c\ Xdbbj" c^in VcY i]dhZ l^i] ZmeZgi^hZ ^c hjX] ÒZaYh Vh Vibdhe]Zg^X X]VgVXiZg" ^oVi^dc! ^XZ"VXXgZi^dc e]nh^Xh VcY XdbejiZg h^bjaVi^dc# HjWhZfjZcian! i]Z HA9 gZhZVgX] ^c^i^Vi^kZ aZY id bjX] \gZViZg jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ ]dl hjX] XdcY^i^dch Vg^hZ VcY ]dl e^adih VcY eaVcZh XVc Vkd^Y i]Zb#

OVER THE HORIZON 6c ZmZXji^kZ dgYZg h^\cZY Wn EgZh^YZci <Zdg\Z L# 7jh] dc 9ZX# '%! '%%+! jcYZghXdgZY i]Z ^bedgiVcXZ d[ dc\d^c\ [ZYZgVa hjeedgi [dg VZgdcVji^Xh gZhZVgX]# I]Z CVi^dcVa 6ZgdcVji^Xh GZhZVgX] VcY 9ZkZa" debZci Eda^Xn XVaah Xdci^cjZY egd\gZhh ^c Æi]Z hX^ZcXZ d[ Ó^\]i ½ Zh" hZci^Va id 6bZg^XVÉh ZXdcdb^X hjXXZhh VcY i]Z egdiZXi^dc d[ 6bZg^XVÉh hZXjg^in ^ciZgZhih Vi ]dbZ VcY VgdjcY i]Z \adWZ#Ç ;dg ^ih eVgi! C6H6 Xdci^cjZY id ejh] i]Z VZgdcVji^XVa"gZhZVgX] Zc" kZadeZ ^c i]Z Òghi YZXVYZ d[ V cZl XZcijgn# >c VYY^i^dc id l^cY ijccZah VcY Ó^\]i gZhZVgX] [VX^a^i^Zh i]Vi Xdbeg^hZ ^ih 6ZgdcVji^Xh IZhi Egd" \gVb! C6H6 [dXjhZY dc i]gZZ di]Zg VgZVh d[ ZciZgeg^hZ/ ;jcYVbZciVa 6ZgdcVji^Xh! VYYgZhh^c\ cd^hZ! Zb^hh^dch VcY [j" ijgZ"kZ]^XaZh eZg[dgbVcXZ X]VaaZc\Zh! [gdb adl id ]^\] heZZYh0 6k^Vi^dc HV[Zin! XdcXZcigVi^c\ dc ^begdk^c\ i]Z ^cig^ch^X hV[Zin d[ XjggZci VcY [jijgZ V^gXgV[i ^c Vc ^cXgZVh^c\an XdbeaZm VcY bdgZ VjidbViZY V^gheVXZ hnhiZb0 VcY 6^gheVXZ HnhiZbh! [dXjh^c\ dc bZi]dYh VcY bZVch id ^cXgZVhZ i]Z XVeVX^in! Z[ÒX^ZcXn VcY ÓZm^W^a^in d[ i]Z cVi^dcÉh V^gheVXZ hnhiZb# Æ6aa d[ djg VZgdcVji^Xh gZhZVgX] ]Vh Vi ^ih XdgZ hZgk^XZ id i]Z cVi^dc!Ç hV^Y 6GB9 VhhdX^ViZ VYb^c^higVidg H]^c# ÆL]Vi lZÉgZ Yd^c\ h]djaY jai^" bViZan WZcZÒi 6bZg^XVc X^i^oZch! l]Zi]Zg ^iÉh hV[Zg VcY XaZVcZg h`^Zh dg cZmi"\ZcZgVi^dc V^g igVkZa# 7ji id bV`Z i]dhZ VYkVcXZh ndj Òghi ]VkZ id jcYZghiVcY i]Z WVh^Xh# I]ViÉh l]n VZgdcVji^Xh gZhZVgX] ^h hd ^bedgiVci#Ç DcZ ZhhZci^Va VZgdcVji^Xh"gZaViZY ^c^i^Vi^kZ ^c l]^X] C6H6 ^h eVg" i^X^eVi^c\ ^h `cdlc Vh CZmi<Zc! h]dgi [dg i]Z CZmi <ZcZgVi^dc 6^g IgVchedgiVi^dc HnhiZb# I]Z CZmi<Zc \dVa ^h cdi]^c\ aZhh i]Vc V

C6H6

6cdi]Zg M"kZ]^XaZ egd_ZXi! i]Z M")-7! ^h V eVgicZgh]^e i]Vi ^cXajYZh V^gXgV[i bVcj[VXijgZg 7dZ^c\ VcY i]Z 6^g ;dgXZ# >ih V^g[gVbZ gZhZb" WaZh V Ón^c\ l^c\! Wji Y^[[Zgh ^c i]Vi i]Z l^c\ WaZcYh hbddi]an ^cid V l^YZ! ÓVi! iV^aaZhh [jhZaV\Z! egdk^Y^c\ VYY^i^dcVa a^[i l^i] aZhh YgV\ i]Vc V igVY^i^dcVa Xna^cYg^XVa [jhZaV\Z! i]jh Wjgc^c\ aZhh [jZa Vi Xgj^hZ heZZY# 7ZXVjhZ i]Z Zc\^cZh XVc WZ bdjciZY dc i]Z ide! i]ZgZ Vahd ^h ediZci^Va [dg h^\c^ÒXVci cd^hZ gZYjXi^dc dc i]Z \gdjcY# C6H6Éh ^ccdkVi^dch edgi[da^d ^hcÉi a^b^iZY id i]Z M"kZ]^XaZ egd" \gVbh# <aVhh XdX`e^ih! e^dcZZgZY ^c \gdjcY h^bjaVidgh VcY YZbdc" higVi^dc Ó^\]ih ^c C6H6Éh 7dZ^c\ ,(, ÆÓn^c\ aVWdgVidgn!Ç gZeaVXZY ZaZXigdbZX]Vc^XVa Y^Vah VcY \Vj\Zh l^i] [jaa"Xdadg! bjai^[jcXi^dc! ZaZX" igdc^X! ÓVi"eVcZa Y^heaVnh dc l]^X] e^adih XVc hZaZXi V kVg^Zin d[ ZVhn" id"gZVY \gVe]^XVa k^Zlh d[ `Zn Ó^\]i ^cY^XVidgh# I]^h XdcXZei fj^X`an WZXVbZ XdbbdceaVXZ dc XdbbZgX^Va! Wjh^cZhh VcY b^a^iVgn V^gXgV[i VcY ZkZcijVaan dc i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ! WZ\^cc^c\ l^i] i]Z h]jiiaZ 6iaVc" i^hÉ idiVa iZX]cdad\n jeYViZ ^c i]Z aViZ &..%h# ;gdb &.,+ i]gdj\] &.-&! C6H6! i]Z 6gbn VcY i]Z CVkn YZkZadeZY i]Z Òghi i^ai"gdidg kZ]^XaZ Ä i]Z 7Zaa MK"&* Ä l]^X] YZbdchigViZY i]Z VW^a^in id ]dkZg a^`Z V ]Za^XdeiZg Wji XdjaY i]Zc gdiViZ ^ih Zc\^cZh VcY gdidgh id VX]^ZkZ [dglVgY Ó^\]i a^`Z V ÒmZY"l^c\ V^gXgV[i# I]Vi egd\gVb aZY Y^gZXian id YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z J#H# BVg^cZ 8dgeh VcY J#H# 6^g ;dgXZ K"'' DhegZn# I]Z &.-%h hVl V Ójggn d[ C6H6 VZgdcVji^XVa YZkZadebZcih! ^cXajY^c\/ HiVaa"gZh^hiVci l^c\ gZhZVgX] i]Vi ]Vh ^cÓjZcXZY l^c\ YZh^\ch dc bdYZgc \ZcZgVa"Vk^Vi^dc V^gXgV[i id ^begdkZ hiVaa"YZeVgijgZ X]Vg" VXiZg^hi^Xh0 Dc"WdVgY l^cYh]ZVg"YZiZXi^dc hnhiZbh id VaZgi e^adih d[ i]Z ^b" b^cZci VeegdVX] d[ ]VoVgYdjh lZVi]Zg# C6H6 gZhZVgX]ZY i]Z [jcYVbZciVah id jcYZghiVcY i]Z YVc\Zgh id XgV[i! XgZl VcY eVh" hZc\Zgh! i]Zc ]ZaeZY YZkZade hZchdgh id YZiZXi ^i0 I]Z J="+% 6^gadVYh Egd\gVb! _d^cian hedchdgZY l^i] i]Z 6gbn! id dWiV^c XdbegZ]Zch^kZ! VXXjgViZ! YdXjbZciZY YViV dkZg i]Z

C6H6$8VgaV I]dbVh

HaZZ` YZh^\c I]Z Ò[i] Ó^\]i d[ 7dZ^c\Éh hjW"hXVaZ M")-7 7aZcYZY L^c\ 7dYn V^gXgV[i dkZg i]Z ZY\Z d[ Gd\Zgh 9gn AV`Z Vi :YlVgYh 6^g ;dgXZ 7VhZ! 8Va^[# dc 6j\# &)! '%%,#

XdbegZ]Zch^kZ dkZg]Vja d[ i]Z cVi^dcÉh V^g hnhiZb id VXXdbbdYViZ V YdjWa^c\ dg ZkZc ig^ea^c\ d[ XjggZci XVeVX^in Wn i]Z nZVg '%'*# 8ddg" Y^cVi^c\ eVgi^X^eVcihÉ Z[[dgih ^h i]Z ?d^ci EaVcc^c\ VcY 9ZkZadebZci D[ÒXZ! dg ?E9D! l]dhZ bVcYViZ ^i ^h id dkZghZZ i]Z Xdcig^Wji^dch d[ [ZYZgVa V\ZcX^Zh a^`Z C6H6! i]Z ;ZYZgVa 6k^Vi^dc 6Yb^c^higVi^dc! i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ D[ÒXZ d[ HX^ZcXZ VcY IZX]cdad\n Eda^Xn VcY i]Z 9ZeVgibZcih d[ 8dbbZgXZ! 9Z[ZchZ! =dbZaVcY HZXjg^in VcY IgVch" edgiVi^dc# 6ahd ^ckdakZY VgZ adXVa \dkZgcbZcih! gZ\^dcVa Vji]dg^i^Zh! XdbbZgX^Va V^g XVgg^Zgh VcY eg^kViZ"hZXidg Ògbh! Vaa d[ l]db VgZ ]Zae^c\ id YZÒcZ CZmi<Zc eVgVbZiZgh# 6^Y^c\ ^c i]Z Z[[dgi ^h C6H6"XgZViZY hd[ilVgZ id ]Zae V^g"igV[ÒX Xdc" igda hnhiZbh WZXdbZ kVhian bdgZ Z[ÒX^Zci! gVe^Yan \ZcZgVi^c\ i]dj" hVcYh d[ V^gXgV[i igV_ZXidg^Zh i]Vi l^aa ZcVWaZ hbddi]! b^cjiZ"Wn"b^c" jiZ V^g igV[ÒX Ódlh Vi i]Z cVi^dcVa aZkZa# 7ZndcY CZmi<Zc! C6H6 ^h Vahd ZmVb^c^c\ ]dl [jijgZ V^gXgV[i XdjaY WZ gZiddaZY id WZXdbZ hV[Zg! fj^ZiZg VcY bdgZ Zck^gdcbZciVaan [g^ZcY" an# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! ^c i]Z XVhZ d[ cd^hZ gZYjXi^dc! Wn aZkZgV\^c\ Xdb" ejiZg h^bjaVi^dch VcY l^cY ijccZa VcY Ó^\]i iZhih! C6H6 gZhZVgX]Zgh ]VkZ eVgi^X^eViZY ^c i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ Zc\^cZ cdooaZ X]Zkgdch i]Vi jhZ Vc VhnbbZig^XVa"hXVaadeh YZh^\c id gZYjXZ cd^hZ ^c Wdi] i]Z eVh" hZc\Zg XVW^c VcY dc i]Z \gdjcY# C6H6 ]Vh Vahd aZY i]Z Hnci]Zi^X K^h^dc HnhiZb HKH ^c^i^Vi^kZ! l]^X] bV`Zh jhZ d[ ÓVi"hXgZZc Y^heaVnh id egdk^YZ gZVa"i^bZ! XaZVg"YVn" a^\]i k^Zlh id e^adih gZ\VgYaZhh d[ i]Z lZVi]Zg dg ]djg d[ i]Z YVn# K^hjVa ^c[dgbVi^dc ^h XjaaZY [gdb dcWdVgY hZchdgh! ^cejih [gdb V YZg^kVi^kZ d[ i]Z <adWVa Edh^i^dc^c\ HnhiZb VcY ided\gVe]^XVa YViVWVhZh i]Vi VgZ hjWhZfjZcian VcVanoZY VcY egdXZhhZY Wn XdbejiZg# 6c HKH YZg^kVi^kZ! Xdbbdcan XVaaZY i]Z :c]VcXZY K^h^dc HnhiZb! ]Vh WZZc XZgi^ÒZY dc <ja[higZVb Wjh^cZhh _Zih VcY ^h ZmeZXiZY id XdbZ dca^cZ l^i] di]Zg XdbbZgX^Va V^gXgV[i ^c i]Z cZVg [jijgZ#

>c VYY^i^dc! C6H6Éh heZX^Va^hih ^c XdbejiVi^dcVa Ój^Y YncVb^Xh! dg 8;9! ]VkZ bVYZ ]j\Z hig^YZh ^c bViX]^c\ XdbejiZg"WVhZY! VZgdcVj" i^XVa YZh^\c"VcY"bdYZa^c\ XdYZ id i]Z hig^XijgZh VcY ^beZgVi^kZh d[ gZVa"ldgaY Ó^\]i# L]Zc V ]^hidgn d[ '&hi XZcijgn VZgdcVji^Xh ^h lg^iiZc! dcZ d[ ^ih i]ZbZh bVn lZaa WZ i]Z ^ciZ\gVi^dc d[ V^geaVcZh! V^gedgih VcY V^g igVkZaZgh ^cid V ]^\]an XdccZXiZY! ]^\]an gZhedch^kZ! VZgdheVXZ ZXd" hnhiZb# L^i]^c hjX] V hnhiZb! ZVX] ZaZbZci ^bbZY^ViZan gZhedcYh id VcY ^ciZgVXih l^i] i]Z di]Zg# 6ai]dj\] k^iVa! eVhhZc\Zg hV[Zin VcY Xdb[dgi VgZcÉi i]Z dcan Xdch^YZgVi^dch0 Vahd Xg^i^XVa VgZ Zck^gdcbZciVa ]ZVai] ^cXajY^c\ a^iiaZ dg cd edaaji^dc [gdb Zb^hh^dch! Zc\^cZ cd^hZ dg V^gXgV[i bVcj[VXijgZ ! ZcZg\n Z[ÒX^ZcXn! ^c"Ó^\]i hZa["gZeV^g VcY VXi^kZ Vci^X^eVi^dc VcY Vkd^YVcXZ d[ hZkZgZ lZVi]Zg# Jai^bViZan! VZgdcVji^XVa aZhhdch aZVgcZY Wn C6H6 iZggZhig^Vaan bVn WZ Veea^ZY d[["ldgaY# >[ dcZ YVn! Vh hdbZ ]deZ! i]ZgZ VgZ ÆeaVcZiVgn eaVcZhÇ igVkZgh^c\ ZmigViZggZhig^Va h`^Zh VcY cVk^\Vi^c\ i]gdj\] aZhh" i]Vc"]dhe^iVWaZ VZgdYncVb^X XdcY^i^dch! i]Z^g hjXXZhh l^aa WZ YjZ id i]Z VZgdcVji^XVa gZhZVgX] WZ^c\ XdcYjXiZY idYVn# DcZ ]jcYgZY nZVgh ]ZcXZ! ZkZc Vh C6H6 dg ^ih hjXXZhhdg add`h WVX` dc V hZXdcY XZcijgn d[ Ó^\]i! V cZl \ZcZgVi^dc d[ VZgdcVji^XVa" hX^ZcXZ l^oVgYh bVn WZ Xdc[gdci^c\ X]VaaZc\Zh Y^[ÒXjai id egZhZcian k^hjVa^oZ# I]Vi ldjaY hZZb Veegdeg^ViZ! \^kZc i]Vi edlZgZY Ó^\]i ^ihZa[ lVh dcXZ hZZc Vh Vc djiaVcY^h] egZdXXjeVi^dc hj^iVWaZ [dg XgVc`h VcY YgZVbZgh# Cd bdgZ0 C6H6Éh bdhi ZcYjg^c\ VZgdcVji^XVa aZ\VXn bVn WZ i]Vi i]Z ^b" edhh^WaZ lVh bVYZ dcan Y^[ÒXjai VcY i]Z Y^[ÒXjai bVYZ Vaa Wji ^cZk^iVWaZ# =^hidgn! Vh ValVnh! l^aa WZ i]Z jai^bViZ _jY\Z# ?#G# L^ahdc Vahd Xdcig^WjiZY id i]^h Vgi^XaZ#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

189

HeVXZ Egd\gVb 7ZcZÒih/ C6H6Éh Edh^i^kZ >beVXi dc HdX^Zin

By J.R. WILSON

In his January 1961 farewell address to the nation, President Dwight D. Eisenhower fretted about the tradition of “the solitary inventor, tinkering in his shop [being] overshadowed by task forces of scientists in laboratories and testing fields.” To be certain, NASA has employed large teams of scientists and engineers in managing its complex missions. But the agency has also encouraged the spark of genius that comes from individual inventors. Significantly, both ways of doing business have resulted in remarkable technical innovations that have served to advance progress in aeronautics research, space science and space exploration as well as benefit people on Earth.

6

h [VbZY ]ZVgi hjg\Zdc 9g# B^X]VZa 9Z7V`Zn! l]d ]Vh XdaaVWdgViZY l^i] C6H6 dc dcZ d[ ^ih bdhi WZcZÒX^Va ^ckZci^dch! Vc Vgi^ÒX^Va ]ZVgi ejbe! ]Vh hV^Y! ÆC6H6 ^h Zc\V\ZY ^c kZgn VXi^kZ gZhZVgX]# >i ]Vh Vh ^ih \dVa id ZmeadgZ heVXZ# 7ji id Yd hd! ndjÉkZ \di id Yd Vaa `^cYh d[ gZhZVgX] Ä W^dad\^XVa gZhZVgX]! e]nh^XVa gZhZVgX] VcY hd dc# Hd ^iÉh gZVaan V kZgn! kZgn ^ciZch^kZ gZhZVgX] dg\Vc^oVi^dc# 6cY Vcni^bZ ndj ]VkZ Vcn ineZ d[ ^ciZch^kZ gZhZVgX] dg\Vc^oVi^dc dg VXi^k^in \d^c\ dc! cZl `cdla" ZY\Z ^h \d^c\ id Ódl [gdb ^i#Ç I]Z hidgn d[ C6H6Éh iVc\^WaZ ^beVXih dc djg YV^an a^kZh bVn cdi \Vg" cZg Vh bjX] ViiZci^dc Vh YgVbVi^X heVXZ b^hh^dch Yd! Wji i]Z gZijgc dc ^ckZhibZci id hdX^Zin [gdb C6H6Éh X]VaaZc\^c\ VXi^k^i^Zh ^h h^\c^ÒXVci# >i lVh ]ZVgiZc^c\! i]dj\]! l]Zc JH6 IdYVn gZXZcian d[[ZgZY V a^hi d[ i]Z ÆIde '* HX^Zci^ÒX 7gZV`i]gdj\]hÇ i]Vi ]VkZ dXXjggZY ^c ^ih '* nZVgh! VcY c^cZ d[ i]Zb XVbZ [gdb heVXZ! Z^\]i Y^gZXian [gdb C6H6# >c V heZZX] `^X`^c\ d[[ C6H6Éh *%i] Vcc^kZghVgn nZVg! C6H6 6Yb^c" ^higVidg B^X]VZa <g^[Òc hV^Y/ ÆLZ hZZ i]Z igVch[dgbVi^kZ Z[[ZXih d[ i]Z HeVXZ :Xdcdbn Vaa VgdjcY jh i]gdj\] cjbZgdjh iZX]cdad\^Zh VcY a^[Z"hVk^c\ XVeVW^a^i^Zh# LZ hZZ i]Z HeVXZ :Xdcdbn ^c i]Z a^kZh hVkZY l]Zc VYkVcXZY WgZVhi XVcXZg hXgZZc^c\ XViX]Zh ijbdgh ^c i^bZ [dg igZVibZci! dg l]Zc V ]ZVgi YZ" ÒWg^aaVidg gZhidgZh i]Z egdeZg g]ni]b d[ V eVi^ZciÉh ]ZVgi½#LZ hZZ ^i l]Zc lZVi]Zg hViZaa^iZh lVgc jh d[ Xdb^c\ ]jgg^XVcZh! dg l]Zc hViZa" a^iZh egdk^YZ ^c[dgbVi^dc Xg^i^XVa id jcYZghiVcY^c\ djg Zck^gdcbZci VcY i]Z Z[[ZXih d[ Xa^bViZ X]Vc\Z# LZ hZZ ^i l]Zc lZ jhZ Vc 6IB dg eVn [dg \Vh Vi i]Z ejbe l^i] Vc ^bbZY^ViZ ZaZXigdc^X gZhedchZ k^V hViZaa^iZ# IZX]cdad\^Zh YZkZadeZY [dg Zmeadg^c\ heVXZ VgZ WZ^c\ jhZY id ^cXgZVhZ Xgde n^ZaYh VcY id hZVgX] [dg \ddY Òh]^c\ gZ\^dch Vi hZV#Ç IZX]cdad\n igVch[Zg ]Vh WZZc V bVcYViZ [dg C6H6 h^cXZ i]Z V\ZcXn lVh ZhiVWa^h]ZY Wn i]Z CVi^dcVa 6ZgdcVji^Xh VcY HeVXZ 6Xi d[ &.*-#

I]Z VXi gZfj^gZh i]Vi C6H6 egdk^YZ i]Z l^YZhi egVXi^XVWaZ VcY Ve" egdeg^ViZ Y^hhZb^cVi^dc d[ ^c[dgbVi^dc XdcXZgc^c\ ^ih VXi^k^i^Zh VcY gZhjaih# >i Vahd egdk^YZh C6H6 l^i] i]Z Vji]dg^in id eViZci ^ckZci^dch id l]^X] ^i ]Vh i^iaZ# I]Z iZgb Æhe^cd[[Ç lVh ^ckZciZY id YZhXg^WZ heZ" X^ÒX iZX]cdad\^Zh YZkZadeZY Wn C6H6 [dg ^ih b^hh^dch i]Vi VgZ igVch" [ZggZY [dg XdbbZgX^Va jhZ dg hdbZ di]Zg WZcZÒX^Va Veea^XVi^dc# I]jh [Vg! C6H6 ]Vh YdXjbZciZY bdgZ i]Vc &!*%% he^cd[[ hjXXZhh hidg^Zh# 9Zhe^iZ C6H6Éh gZXdgY d[ iZX]cdad\^XVa VX]^ZkZbZci! dcZ d[ i]Z Xdbbdc XdbeaV^cih [gdb C6H6Éh VYkdXViZh ^h i]Vi i]Z V\ZcXn YdZh cdi ejWa^X^oZ Zcdj\] d[ i]Z egVXi^XVa WZcZÒih d[ l]Vi ^i YdZh# >i ^h eZg]Veh Vc ZheZX^Vaan YVjci^c\ iVh` [dg ^ih Zc\^cZZgh VcY aZcYh XgZ" YZcXZ id i]Z daY _d`Z! Æ=dl Yd ndj iZaa Vc ^cigdkZgiZY C6H6 Zc\^" cZZg [gdb Vc ZmigdkZgiZY dcZ4 I]Z ZmigdkZgiZY dcZ add`h Vi ndjg h]dZh l]Zc ]ZÉh iVa`^c\#Ç 7ji! i]ZgZ ^h Vcdi]Zg h^YZ id i]Z hidgn# L]^aZ aVlbV`Zgh WVX` ^c &.*- Vci^X^eViZY C6H6Éh ediZci^Va [dg hejgg^c\ iZX]cdad\^XVa ^c" cdkVi^dc! ^i ^h jca^`Zan i]ZhZ aZ\^haVidgh aVg\Zan Vci^X^eViZY ZkZc V [gVXi^dc d[ i]Z ^beVXi i]Z cZl V\ZcXn ldjaY ]VkZ Vh Vc Zc\^cZ d[ ZXdcdb^X \gdli]! VcY Vh V WZcZ[VXidg id hdX^Zin! cdi _jhi ^c i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh! Wji ldgaYl^YZ# C6H6 ^ihZa[ VX`cdlaZY\ZY _jhi ]dl jc`cdlVWaZ! nZi ^cZk^iVWaZ! hjX] V [jijgZ ldjaY WZ ^c ^ih hZXdcY nZVg d[ Zm^hiZcXZ! &.*.! ^c ^ih Adc\ GVc\Z EaVc/ ÆHeVXZ hX^ZcXZ VXi^k^i^Zh XdkZg i]Z [gdci^Zgh d[ Vabdhi Vaa i]Z bV_dg VgZVh d[ i]Z e]nh^XVa hX^ZcXZh VcY i]ZhZ VX" i^k^i^Zh i]jh egdk^YZ hjeedgi d[ i]Z e]nh^XVa hX^ZcXZh ^c heZX^ÒX Veea^XVi^dch ^c i]Z ÒZaY d[ ZaZXigdc^Xh! bViZg^Vah! egdejah^dc! ZiX#!

PVcYR l^aa Xdcig^WjiZ! Y^gZXian dg ^cY^gZXian! id Vaa hjWhZfjZci b^a^" iVgn lZVedch YZkZadebZcih VcY id bVcn jc[dgZhZZc X^k^a^Vc Ve" ea^XVi^dch#Ç =dl g^\]i i]Zn lZgZ 6i i]Vi i^bZ! cd dcZ XdjaY ]VkZ

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

191

=Veen aVcY^c\h Ide/ I]^h adl"Xdhi! WVaa^hi^X eVgVX]jiZ hnhiZb bVcj[VXijgZY Wn 7GH! >cX#! l^i] i]Z hjeedgi d[ i]gZZ C6H6 HbVaa 7jh^cZhh >ccdkVi^dc GZhZVgX] XdcigVXih ]Vh hVkZY bdgZ i]Vc '%% a^kZh# GZbdiZ gdWdi^X hjg\Zgn 6WdkZ/ 6fjVcVji I^b 7gdYZg^X` YZbdchigViZh V gdWdi^X hjg\^XVa Vgb dc i]Z c^ci] C6H6 :migZbZ :ck^gdcbZciVa B^hh^dc DeZgVi^dch C::BD b^hh^dc# C6H6 gZhZVgX] V^bZY Vi `ZZe^c\ VhigdcVjih ]ZVai]n [Vg [gdb :Vgi] ]daYh \gZVi egdb^hZ [dg eZdeaZ dc :Vgi]#

Vci^X^eViZY V XdccZXi^dc WZilZZc! hVn! i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc VcY gZhidgV" i^dc d[ &.i] XZcijgn eV^ci^c\h! WZilZZc i]Z ^bV\^c\ d[ BVgh VcY VcX^Zci GdbVc bVcj" hXg^eih! dg WZilZZc VhigdcVjih ]ZVY^c\ id i]Z bddc VcY i]Z hV[Zin d[ i]Z [ddY lZ ZVi ZkZgn YVn# Cdg Y^Y i]Zn ^bV\^cZ ]dl bVcn

192

NASA

i]djhVcYh d[ a^kZh ldjaY WZ hVkZY Wn heVXZ" V^YZY hZVgX] VcY gZhXjZ dg Wn i]Z V[dgZbZc" i^dcZY ]jgg^XVcZ egZY^Xi^dc dg Wn cjbZgdjh ]dhe^iVa iZX]cdad\^Zh YZg^kZY [gdb C6H6 gZhZVgX]# Dg! Vcdi]Zg higVc\Z XdccZXi^dc/ i]Z aVjcX] eVYh ^c ;adg^YV VcY i]Z HiVijZ d[ A^WZgin VcY <daYZc <ViZ 7g^Y\Z#

8^ggjh 6^gXgV[i 8B6H

>i ^h d[iZc hV^Y i]Vi Vi aZVhi hdbZ d[ i]Z iZX]cdad\^XVa YZkZadebZcih VcY VYkVcXZh ^c hX^ZcXZ! bZY^X^cZ! Zc\^cZZg^c\ VcY di]Zg Y^hX^ea^cZh i]Vi VgdhZ Ä Y^gZXian dg ^cY^gZXian Ä [gdb C6H6Éh egd\gVbh cd YdjWi ZkZcijVaan ldjaY ]VkZ dXXjggZY Vcn" lVn# L]Zc! l]ZgZ VcY Wn l]db XVccdi WZ `cdlc Ä cdg ]dl Y^[[ZgZci hjX] YZkZade" bZcih b^\]i ]VkZ WZZc l^i]dji i]Z ^ciZgVX" i^dc d[ bjai^eaZ VYkVcXZh ^c bjai^eaZ VgZVh! [gZZan h]VgZY! l^i]^c l]Vi ]Vh WZZc! ^c i]Z ]^hidgn d[ ]jbVc VYkVcXZbZcih! i]Z Wa^c` d[ Vc ZnZ# 7ji i]ZgZ ^h Vahd cd YdjWi i]Vi heVXZ ^h V jc^fjZ Zck^gdcbZci! YZbVcY^c\ gVe^Y ^ccdkVi^dc VcY cZl lVnh d[ i]^c`^c\! l^i] a^iiaZ idaZgVcXZ [dg Zggdg# 6cY i]ZhZ YZ" bVcYh gZlVgY Vaa d[ jh l]Zc i]Zn hejggZY XgZVi^k^in VcY iZX]cdad\^XVa ^ckZci^dc# I]Z VgZVh ^c l]^X] C6H6"YZkZadeZY iZX]cdad\^Zh WZcZÒi hdX^Zin XVc WgdVYan WZ YZÒcZY Vh/ ]ZVai] VcY bZY^X^cZ! igVch" edgiVi^dc! ejWa^X hV[Zin! XdchjbZg \ddYh! Zck^gdcbZciVa VcY V\g^XjaijgVa gZhdjgXZh! XdbejiZg iZX]cdad\n VcY ^cYjhig^Va egdYjX" i^k^in# H^cXZ &.,+! i]Z VccjVa C6H6 ejW" a^XVi^dc He^cd[[ ]Vh YZiV^aZY i]Z ^cÓjZcXZ VcY ^beVXi dc hdX^Zin d[ V\ZcXn VXi^k^i^Zh# BdgZ YZiV^a dc i]ZhZ VcY di]Zg egd\gVbh! iZX]cdad\^Zh VcY he^cd[[h XVc WZ VXXZhhZY i]gdj\] C6H6Éh He^cd[[ YViV WVhZ dg VX" XZhhZY dc C6H6Éh LZW h^iZ! lll#cVhV#\dk# 6ahd! h^cXZ &..%! C6H6 ]Vh gZXd\c^oZY ^ih Æ<dkZgcbZci VcY 8dbbZgX^Va >ckZci^dc d[ i]Z NZVgÇ VcY! h^cXZ &..)! i]Z ÆHd[ilVgZ d[ i]Z NZVg#Ç I]Z [daadl^c\ ZmVbeaZh! h]dlc Wn i]Z nZVg i]Zn lZgZ ejWa^h]ZY ^c He^cd[[!

VgZ bZgZan ^cY^XVi^kZ d[ C6H6Éh edh^i^kZ hdX^ZiVa ^beVXi dkZg i]Z nZVgh# &.,-/ IZÓdc"XdViZY ÒWZg\aVhh YZkZadeZY ^c i]Z &.,%h Vh V cZl [VWg^X [dg VhigdcVji heVXZhj^ih ]Vh WZZc jhZY Vh V eZgbVcZci gddÒc\ bViZg^Va [dg Wj^aY^c\h VcY hiVY^jbh ldgaYl^YZ# 7n i]Z lVn! XdcigVgn id jgWVc bni]! C6H6 Y^Y cdi ^ckZci IZÓdc# &.-'/ 6higdcVjih ldg`^c\ dc i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ ldgZ a^fj^Y"XddaZY \VgbZcih jc" YZg i]Z^g heVXZ hj^ih id egdiZXi i]Zb [gdb iZbeZgVijgZh VeegdVX]^c\ '*% YZ\gZZh ;V]gZc]Z^i# I]ZhZ \VgbZcih! [jgi]Zg YZ" kZadeZY VcY gZÒcZY Wn C6H6Éh ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg! VgZ Vbdc\ i]Z V\ZcXnÉh bdhi l^YZan jhZY he^cd[[h! l^i] VYVeiVi^dch [dg edgiVWaZ Xdda^c\ hnhiZbh [dg igZVibZci d[ bZY^XVa V^abZcih hjX] Vh Wjgc^c\ a^bW hnc" YgdbZ! bjai^eaZ hXaZgdh^h! he^cVa ^c_jg^Zh VcY hedgih ^c_jg^Zh#

&.-+/ 6 _d^ci CVi^dcVa 7jgZVj d[ HiVc" YVgYh$C6H6 egd_ZXi Y^gZXiZY Vi i]Z ?d]c" hdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg gZhjaiZY ^c V a^\]ilZ^\]i WgZVi]^c\ hnhiZb [dg ÒgZÒ\]iZgh# Cdl l^YZ" an jhZY ^c WgZVi]^c\ VeeVgVijhZh! i]Z C6H6 iZX]cdad\n ^h XgZY^iZY l^i] h^\c^ÒXVci gZ" YjXi^dch ^c ^c]VaVi^dc ^c_jg^Zh id i]Z eZdeaZ l]d egdiZXi jh# &..&/ IVee^c\ i]gZZ hZeVgViZ C6H6"YZkZa" deZY iZX]cdad\^Zh ^c i]Z YZh^\c VcY iZhi^c\ d[ ^ih hX]dda Wjh X]Vhh^h! V 8]^XV\d"WVhZY XdbeVcn lVh VWaZ id XgZViZ V hV[Zg! bdgZ gZa^" VWaZ! VYkVcXZY X]Vhh^h! l]^X] cdl ]Vh V aVg\Z bVg`Zi h]VgZ [dg i]^h [dgb d[ igVchedgiVi^dc# &..)/ GZan^c\ dc iZX]cdad\^Zh XgZViZY [dg hZgk^X^c\ heVXZXgV[i! V HVciV 7VgWVgV"WVhZY XdbeVcn YZkZadeZY V bZX]Vc^XVa Vgb i]Vi Va" adlh hjg\Zdch id deZgViZ i]gZZ ^chigjbZcih h^bjaiVcZdjhan! l]^aZ eZg[dgb^c\ aVeVgd" hXde^X hjg\Zgn# >c '%%&! i]Z Òghi XdbeaZiZ gdWdi^X hjg\^XVa deZgVi^dc egdkZY hjXXZhh[ja! l]Zc V iZVb d[ YdXidgh ^c CZl Ndg` gZbdkZY i]Z \VaaWaVYYZg d[ V ldbVc ^c ;gVcXZ jh^c\ i]Z 8dbejiZg Bdi^dc Zfj^ebZci# &..*/ 9g# B^X]VZa 9Z7V`Zn d[ i]Z 7Vnadg 8daaZ\Z d[ BZY^X^cZ iZVbZY je l^i] ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg Zc\^cZZg 9Vk^Y HVjX^Zg id YZ" kZade Vc Vgi^ÒX^Va ]ZVgi ejbe Ä WVhZY dc i]Z YZh^\c d[ C6H6Éh heVXZ h]jiiaZ bV^c Zc\^cZ [jZa ejbeh Ä i]Vi hjeeaZbZcih i]Z ]ZVgiÉh ejbe^c\ XVeVX^in ^c i]Z aZ[i kZcig^XaZ# AViZg! V iZVb Vi 6bZh GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg bdYZaZY i]Z WaddY Ódl! VcY ^begdkZY i]Z YZh^\c id Vkd^Y ]Vgb id WaddY XZaah# I]Z 9Z7V`Zn AZ[i KZcig^XjaVg 6hh^hi 9Zk^XZ AK69 XVc bV^c" iV^c i]Z ]ZVgi ^c V hiVWaZ XdcY^i^dc ^c eVi^Zcih gZfj^g^c\ V igVcheaVci jci^a V Ydcdg ^h [djcY! l]^X] XVc gVc\Z [gdb dcZ bdci] id V nZVg# HdbZi^bZh! eZgbVcZci ^beaVciVi^dc d[ i]Z AK69 XVc cZ\ViZ i]Z cZZY [dg V igVcheaVci# 7ZgcVgY GdhZcWVjb! V ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg egdejah^dc Zc\^cZZg l]d ldg`ZY l^i] i]Z 9Z" 7V`Zn"HVjX^Zg \gdje hV^Y! Æ> XVbZ id C6H6 ^c i]Z ZVgan &.+%h Vh lZ ldg`ZY id aVcY bZc dc i]Z bddc! VcY > cZkZg YgZVbZY > ldjaY Vahd WZXdbZ eVgi d[ Vc Z[[dgi i]Vi XdjaY ]Zae eZdeaZÉh a^kZh# LZ lZgZ ZcZg\^oZY VcY ZmX^iZY id Yd l]ViZkZg ^i idd` id bV`Z ^i ldg`#Ç '%%%/ C6H6Éh ÆHd[ilVgZ d[ i]Z NZVgÇ VlVgY lZci id >ciZgcZi"WVhZY <adWVa 9^[" [ZgZci^Va <EH ><9< ! V 8"aVc\jV\Z eVX`V\Z i]Vi egdk^YZh Vc ZcY"id"ZcY hnhiZb XVeVW^a" ^in [dg <EH"WVhZY gZVa"i^bZ edh^i^dc^c\ VcY dgW^i YZiZgb^cVi^dc# 9ZkZadeZY Vi C6H6Éh ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn! i]Z hd[ilVgZ ^h WZ^c\ jhZY id deZgViZ VcY Xdcigda gZVa"i^bZ

<EH YViV higZVb^c\ [gdb C6H6Éh <adWVa <EH CZildg`# I]Z ;ZYZgVa 6k^Vi^dc 6Yb^c" ^higVi^dc ]Vh VYdeiZY i]Z hd[ilVgZÉh jhZ ^cid i]Z L^YZ 6gZV 6j\bZciVi^dc HnhiZb egd" \gVb i]Vi egdk^YZh e^adih ^c J#H# V^gheVXZ l^i] gZVa"i^bZ! bZiZg"aZkZa VXXjgViZ `cdla" ZY\Z d[ i]Z^g edh^i^dch# '%%%/ I]gZZ HbVaa 7jh^cZhh >ccdkVi^dc GZhZVgX] XdcigVXih l^i] C6H6Éh AVc\aZn GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg gZhjaiZY ^c V cZl! adl Xdhi WVaa^hi^X eVgVX]jiZ hnhiZb i]Vi adlZgh Vc Zc" i^gZ V^gXgV[i id i]Z \gdjcY ^c i]Z ZkZci d[ Vc ZbZg\ZcXn# I]ZhZ eVgVX]jiZh! cdl ^c jhZ [dg X^k^a^Vc VcY b^a^iVgn V^gXgV[i! XVc egdk^YZ V hV[Z aVcY^c\ [dg e^adih VcY eVhhZc\Zgh ^c i]Z ZkZci d[ Zc\^cZ [V^ajgZ! b^YV^g Xdaa^h^dc! e^adi Y^hdg^ZciVi^dc dg ^cXVeVX^iVi^dc! jcgZXdkZgZY he^c! ZmigZbZ ^X^c\ VcY [jZa Zm]Vjhi^dc# Id YViZ! i]Z eVgVX]jiZ hnhiZb ^h XgZY^iZY l^i] hVk^c\ bdgZ i]Vc '%% a^kZh# '%%*/ Ild C6H6 @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg hX^Zci^hih VcY i]gZZ [VXjain bZbWZgh [gdb i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ 8ZcigVa ;adg^YV iZVbZY je id YZkZade C6H6Éh <dkZgcbZci VcY 8db" bZgX^Va >ckZci^dc d[ i]Z NZVg [dg '%%*! i]Z :bjah^ÒZY OZgd"KVaZci >gdc :OK> IZX]" cdad\n# 9Zh^\cZY id VYYgZhh i]Z cZZY id XaZVc je i]Z \gdjcY d[ i]Z ]^hidg^X AVjcX] 8dbeaZm () Vi @H8 i]Vi lVh edaajiZY l^i] X]adg^cViZY hdakZcih jhZY id XaZVc 6edaad gdX`Zi eVgih! i]Z :OK> iZX]cdad\n egdk^YZh V Xdhi"Z[[ZXi^kZ VcY Z[ÒX^Zci XaZVcje hdaji^dc id jcYZg\gdjcY edaaji^dc i]Vi edhZh V Xdc" iVb^cVi^dc i]gZVi id [gZh] lViZg hdjgXZh ^c i]Z VgZV# I]^h iZX]cdad\n ]Vh ediZci^Va jhZ [dg i]Z XaZVcje d[ Zck^gdcbZciVa XdciVb^cV" i^dc Vi i]djhVcYh d[ 9ZeVgibZci d[ :cZg\n!

9ZeVgibZci d[ 9Z[ZchZ! C6H6 VcY eg^kViZ ^cYjhign [VX^a^i^Zh i]gdj\]dji i]Z Xdjcign# 7ZndcY gZXd\c^o^c\ i]Z kVajZ d[ i]ZhZ iZX]cdad\^Zh! ^i ^h Vahd ^che^g^c\ id aZVgc i]Z hidgn d[ i]Z eZdeaZ WZ]^cY i]Z ^ccd" kVi^dc# 8dch^YZg i]Z XVhZ d[ 9g# GV[Vi 6c" hVg^! V adc\i^bZ hX^Zci^hi Vi C6H6Éh <aZcc GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg! l]d! l]^aZ ldg`^c\ l^i] Ój^Y e]nh^Xh ZmeZg^bZcih XdcYjXiZY Wn Vh" igdcVjih ^c heVXZ! [djcY Vc jcjhjVa jhZ [dg V C6H6 YZk^XZ l]Zc ]^h [Vi]Zg [VXZY i]Z X]Va" aZc\Z d[ XViVgVXih# I]Z e]nh^Xh ZmeZg^bZcih add`ZY Vi Xdaad^YVa hnhiZbh! hbVaa eVgi^XaZh i]Vi VgZ hjheZcYZY ^c a^fj^Yh! V YZhXg^ei^dc l]^X] Vahd ]VeeZcZY id Òi i]Z cVijgZ d[ ]^h [Vi]ZgÉh ZnZ Y^hZVhZ# >c V ÓVh] d[ ^ch^\]i! 6c" hVg^ gZVa^oZY i]Vi i]Z ^chigjbZci WZ^c\ YZ" kZadeZY Vh eVgi d[ i]Z Xdaad^Yh ZmeZg^bZci b^\]i WZ VWaZ id YZiZXi XViVgVXih Ä edhh^Wan

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

193

Congratulations NASA on your 50th Anniversary.

Leading the Nation and the World to New Discoveries.

NASA displays eerie image using 3D programming.

G. Scott Hubbard, former NASA/Ames Research Center Director and Sam W. Downing, SVMHS President/CEO sign the second Space Act Agreement.

NASA programs have led to “firsts” in

Beth DeBerdt, CT technician at Salinas Valley Memorial with original Rain Man Kim Peek and father Fran Peek.

software that produces 3-dimensional images

space exploration as well as to discoveries

of the heart and to fuse images from scanning

in technology and science that improve life

technologies such as ultrasound, MRI and CT.

here on Earth. The results of NASA

This historic partnership began with our

research have become part of our

first Space Act Agreement in 1998.

®

Congratulations NASA—the first

lives—including VELCRO , the CT scanner and an insulin pump for people

50 years have led to life-changing

with diabetes. We’ve been working

discoveries. The next half-century may

with NASA for a decade to develop

prove even more amazing.

www.svmh.com

S A L I N A S

V A L L E Y

M E M O R I A L

H E A L T H C A R E

S Y S T E M

6 YdbZ l^i] -%!%%% k^Zlh 6iaVciVÉh <Zdg\^V 9dbZ XdciV^ch V IZÓdc"XdViZY ÒWZg\aVhh gdd[ i]Vi ^h V he^cd[[ d[ [VWg^X YZkZadeZY Wn C6H6 [dg heVXZhj^ih#

ZVga^Zg i]Vc ZkZg WZ[dgZ# I]Z YZk^XZ ^h cdl WZ^c\ jhZY id VhhZhh i]Z Z[[ZXi^kZcZhh d[ cZl! cdc"hjg\^XVa i]ZgVe^Zh [dg ZVgan hiV\Zh d[ XViVgVXi YZkZadebZci# >i ^h Vahd WZ^c\ VYVeiZY Vh V eV^c"[gZZ lVn id ^YZci^[n di]Zg ZnZ Y^hZVhZh! Y^VWZiZh VcY edhh^Wan ZkZc 6ao]Z^bZgÉh# I]Z YZk^XZ Vahd bVn ]VkZ Vc jcZmeZXiZY gZijgc [dg C6H6/ >i ]Vh WZZc ^ckZhi^\ViZY Vh V edhh^WaZ bZY^XVa idda [dg VhigdcVjih! l]d bVn YZkZade XViVgVXih Vh V h^YZ Z[[ZXi d[ i]Z `^cY d[ gVY^Vi^dc ZmedhjgZ i]Vi i]Zn b^\]i ZmeZg^ZcXZ ^c adc\"YjgVi^dc heVXZÓ^\]i# EZg]Veh Vh ^ciZgZhi^c\ ^h i]Z bdi^kVi^dc i]Vi heVXZ egdk^YZY id 6chVg^ id ejghjZ V XVgZZg ^c hX^ZcXZ# =Z hVnh ^i igVXZh Zci^gZan id V h^c\aZ bdbZci/ l]Zc ]Z lVh . nZVgh daY ^c EV`^hiVc! VcY ]Z hVl i]Z a^kZ! \gV^cn iZaZ" k^h^dc ^bV\Zh d[ eZdeaZ lVa`^c\ [dg i]Z Òghi i^bZ dc i]Z bddc#

In a flash of insight, Ansari realized that the instrument being developed as part of the colloids experiment might be able to detect cataracts – possibly earlier than ever before.

I]^h ZmVbeaZ ^aajhigViZh ]dl C6H6Éh ZmigVdgY^cVgn \dVah ^che^gZ ZmXZei^dcVa b^cYh# >i Vahd h]dlh ]dl i]Z V[dgZbZci^dcZY higVc\Z Xdc" cZXi^dch XVc XdbZ VWdji# ?jhi ]dl VgZ i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc VcY daY Vgildg` gZaViZY4 LZaa! Vidb^X dmn\Zc [djcY ]jcYgZYh d[ b^aZh VWdkZ :Vgi] ViiVX`h VcY kZgn \gVYjVaan YZhigdnh bViZg^Vah jhZY ^c hViZa" a^iZh VcY heVXZXgV[i# C6H6 Wj^ai V [VX^a^in ]ZgZ dc :Vgi] i]Vi WdbWVgYh bViZg^Vah eaVccZY [dg i]Z >HH l^i] Vidb^X dmn\Zc id iZhi i]Z^g YjgVW^a^in# C6H6 <aZcc GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg Zc\^cZZgh 7gjXZ 7Vc`h VcY H]Vgdc B^aa" Zg gZVa^oZY i]Vi i]Z^g Vidb^X dmn\Zc [VX^a^in XdjaY WZ jhZY ^c V edh^i^kZ! gVi]Zg i]Vc YZhigjXi^kZ lVn/ >i XdjaY \gVYjVaan gZbdkZ jclVciZY bViZ" g^Va [gdb hjg[VXZh l^i]dji ZkZg cZZY^c\ id idjX] dg gjW i]Zb# I]Z^g ^ckZci^dc ]Vh WZZc jhZY id gZhidgZ ild &.i] XZcijgn eV^ci^c\h XdViZY ^c

hddi [gdb V X]jgX] ÒgZ ^c 8aZkZaVcY! D]^d0 i]Z iZX]c^fjZ Vahd gZhidgZY V kVcYVa^oZY 6cYn LVg]da eV^ci^c\ [dg i]Z E^iihWjg\] BjhZjb d[ 6gi# >c Wdi] XVhZh! cd Zm^hi^c\ Vgi gZhidgVi^dc bZi]dYh ldjaY ldg`# 6\V^c! i]Z jc^fjZ YZbVcYh d[ heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc XgZViZY jc^fjZ ^ccdkVi^dc ]ZgZ# =dl VWdji [ddY hV[Zin4 LZaa! C6H6 ^ckZciZY V hnhiZb gZVaan V hZkZc"hiZe \j^YZ id bdc^idg VcY iZhi [ddY egdYjXi^dc id ign id VhhjgZ i]Vi i]Z VhigdcVjih dc i]Z lVn id i]Z bddc ldjaY cdi \Zi [ddY ed^hdc" ^c\# IlZcin"ÒkZ nZVgh aViZg! i]Z ;ddY VcY 9gj\ 6Yb^c^higVi^dc VcY i]Z 6\g^XjaijgZ 9ZeVgibZci VYdeiZY i]Vi hV[Zin hnhiZb [dg Vaa d[ jh!

VcY V nZVg aViZg! VXXdgY^c\ id ^cYjhign! i]Z cjbWZg d[ XVhZh d[ hVabd" cZaaV YgdeeZY Wn V [VXidg d[ ild# IdYVn! i]Z HiVijZ d[ A^WZgin VcY i]Z <daYZc <ViZ 7g^Y\Z VgZ XdViZY ^c V egdiZXi^kZ bViZg^Va i]Vi C6H6 cZZYZY id ^ckZci id hVkZ ^ih aVjcX] eVYh [gdb i]Z YZhigjXi^kZ Z[[ZXih d[ ]di! ]jb^Y VcY hVai"aVYZc V^g# ;^cVaan! i]Z bjai^heZXigVa ^bV\^c\ bZi]dYh jhZY [dg hZZ^c\ VcY jcYZghiVcY^c\ i]Z BVgi^Vc hjg[VXZ ]VkZ WZZc Veea^ZY id! Vh i]Z 8]^" XV\d Ig^WjcZ cdiZY ^c '%%+! ÆWVYan X]VggZY GdbVc bVcjhXg^eih i]Vi lZgZ Wjg^ZY Yjg^c\ i]Z Zgjei^dc d[ Bi# KZhjk^jh ^c 6#9# ,.# :mVb" ^c^c\ i]dhZ XVgWdc^oZY bVcjhXg^eih jcYZg Y^[[ZgZci lVkZaZc\i]h d[ a^\]i hjYYZcan gZkZVaZY lg^i^c\ i]Vi ]VY WZZc ^ck^h^WaZ id hX]daVgh [dg ild XZcijg^Zh#Ç 6aa d[ i]ZhZ ZmVbeaZh dcan WZ\^c id iZaa i]Z hidgn# L]^aZ i]Z^g Zm" ^hiZcXZ ^h V hdjgXZ d[ eg^YZ! lZ bjhi gZVa^oZ i]Vi 6bZg^XV Y^Y cdi XgZViZ i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb l^i] i]Z ^YZV d[ \V^c^c\ i]ZhZ XdaaViZgVa WZcZÒih# 7ji i]gdj\] ^ih egdkZc gZXdgY d[ YZkZade^c\ cZl iZX]cdad\^Zh! ^i ^h a^`Zan i]Vi ^c i]Z cZmi *% nZVgh C6H6 l^aa Xdci^cjZ id ^che^gZ l]daZ cZl ^cYjhig^Zh! gZkdaji^dc^oZ Zm^hi^c\ dcZh! VcY XgZViZ cZl edhh^W^a^" i^Zh [dg i]Z [jijgZ! WZcZÒi^c\ eZdeaZ ZkZgnl]ZgZ# =dlVgY Gdhh Vahd Xdcig^WjiZY id i]^h Vgi^XaZ#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

195

C6H6 ;VX^a^i^Zh

By Frank SEITZEN

Ă&#x2020;=

djhidc! IgVcfj^a^in 7VhZ ]ZgZ# I]Z :V\aZ ]Vh aVcYZY#Ă&#x2021; L]Zc V X^inĂ&#x2030;h cVbZ ^h dcZ d[ i]Z Ă&#x2019;ghi ldgYh hed`Zc dc i]Z hjg[VXZ d[ Vcdi]Zg ldgaY! i]Z a^c` WZilZZc i]Vi X^in VcY C6H6 i]gdj\] ^ih ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg ^h gVi]Zg dWk^djh# 6cY Vh i]Z h^iZ d[ i]Z bZbdgVWaZ k^hiV d[ BZgXjgn! <Zb^c^! 6edaad VcY h]jiiaZ aVjcX]Zh! ;adg^YVĂ&#x2030;h HeVXZ 8dVhi ]Vh V XaZVg XdccZXi^dc id C6H6 VcY ^ih @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg Vh lZaa# 7ji l]Zc bVcn eZdeaZ i]^c` VWdji C6H6! eaVX" Zh a^`Z Bd[[Zii ;^ZaY dg =VcXdX` 8djcin! B^hh#! bVn cdi ^bbZY^ViZan XdbZ id b^cY# NZi i]ZhZ ad" XVi^dch VgZ Vahd ]dbZ id k^iVa eVgih d[ C6H6# HegZVY dji [gdb XdVhi id XdVhi! C6H6Ă&#x2030;h XZc" iZgh VcY [VX^a^i^Zh VgZ Vh Y^kZghZ Vh i]Z bVcn Y^[[ZgZci ZaZbZcih d[ i]Z V\ZcXnĂ&#x2030;h b^hh^dch# I]ViĂ&#x2030;h cd Xd^cX^YZcXZ Ă&#x201E; ZVX] adXVi^dc ^h ]dbZ id Y^[[ZgZci VgZVh d[ ZmeZgi^hZ! hjeedgi^c\ Y^[" [ZgZci ZaZbZcih d[ i]dhZ b^hh^dch# IdYVn! [dg ZmVbeaZ! HiZcc^h HeVXZ 8ZciZg ^c B^hh^hh^ee^ ^h XdcYjXi^c\ gdX`Zi Zc\^cZ iZhi" ^c\ ^c hjeedgi d[ C6H6Ă&#x2030;h ZmeadgVi^dc b^hh^dc# 6i i]Z ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn ^c 8Va^[dgc^V! hX^Zci^hih VgZ gZk^Zl^c\ ^c[dgbVi^dc WZ^c\ hZci WVX` id :Vgi] [gdb Y^hiVci gZVX]Zh d[ i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb! hjeedgi^c\ i]Z heVXZ hX^ZcXZ b^hh^dc# :meZgi^hZ ^c hjeZgXdbeji^c\ VcY i]Z hZVgX] [dg a^[Z WZndcY :Vgi] ^h V ]VaabVg` d[ i]Z 6bZh GZ" hZVgX] 8ZciZg ^c 8Va^[dgc^V# HViZaa^iZh bVcV\ZY Wn <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg ^c BVgnaVcY egdk^YZ Vibdhe]Zg^X YViV k^iVa id C6H6Ă&#x2030;h :Vgi] hX^ZcXZ gZhZVgX]# >YZVh [dg VYkVcXZY heVXZ egd" ejah^dc VgZ iZhiZY Vi i]Z <aZcc GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg

^c D]^d# AVc\aZn GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg ^c K^g\^c^V! 6bZg^XVĂ&#x2030;h Ă&#x2019;ghi X^k^a^Vc VZgdcVji^Xh gZhZVgX] aVWdgVidgn! eaVnh V `Zn gdaZ ^c heVXZ igVchedgiV" i^dc [dg hbVaa eVnadVYh VcY hViZaa^iZh# I]Z BVg" h]Vaa HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg ^c 6aVWVbV YZkZadeh gdX`Zih! heVXZXgV[i VcY ^chigjbZcih [dg heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc VcY hX^Zci^Ă&#x2019;X Y^hXdkZgn# 6cY cZl gZbdiZan e^adiZY V^gXgV[i gZXZcian YZa^kZgZY id 9gnYZc ;a^\]i GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg ^c 8Va^[dgc^V l^aa cdi dcan hjeedgi i]Z VZgdcVji^Xh gZhZVgX] b^hh^dc! Wji l^aa Vahd hZgkZ Vh hX^Zci^Ă&#x2019;X gZhZVgX] eaVi[dgbh# C6H6Ă&#x2030;h &% bV_dg XZciZgh! eajh ^ih ]ZVYfjVgiZgh ^c LVh]^c\idc! 9#8#! VgZ _d^cZY Wn Z^\]i hbVaaZg [VX^a^i^Zh "" <dYYVgY >chi^ijiZ [dg HeVXZ HijY^Zh CZl Ndg` 8^in ! >cYZeZcYZci KZg^Ă&#x2019;XVi^dc KVa^" YVi^dc ;VX^a^in LZhi K^g\^c^V ! B^X]djY 6hhZbWan ;VX^a^in CZl DgaZVch ! C6H6 H]VgZY HZgk^XZh 8ZciZg B^hh^hh^ee^ ! Eajb 7gdd` HiVi^dc D]^d !

LVaadeh ;a^\]i ;VX^a^in K^g\^c^V ! L]^iZ HVcYh IZhi ;VX^a^in CZl BZm^Xd VcY 9gnYZc 6^gXgV[i DeZgVi^dch ;VX^a^in 8Va^[dgc^V # 6h C6H6 jcYZgiV`Zh i]Z bdcjbZciVa iVh` d[ gZijgc^c\ ]jbVch id i]Z bddc VcY i]Zc Zmeadg" ^c\ [Vgi]Zg ^cid i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb! i]Z V\ZcXn l^aa YgVl [gdb Vaa d[ i]ZhZ Y^kZghZ VgZVh d[ ZmeZgi^hZ# :kZgn dcZ d[ C6H6Ă&#x2030;h XZciZgh ]Vh WZZc Vhh^\cZY Yji^Zh ^c i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z cZl VgX]^iZX" ijgZ i]Vi l^aa gZijgc ]jbVch id i]Z bddc# :VX] XZciZg Vahd ]Vh V k^iVa iVh` gZaVi^c\ id ZhiVWa^h]" ^c\ V egdYjXi^kZ dc\d^c\ egZhZcXZ i]ZgZ dcXZ i]Vi gZijgc ^h VXXdbea^h]ZY# 6c ZmX^i^c\ [jijgZ VlV^ih! VcY ^i l^aa iV`Z Vaa d[ C6H6! ldg`^c\ id\Zi]Zg! id bV`Z ^i ]VeeZc#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

197

!"

#

# $ %

" &

' () ***

+*

,

-$./ 0 !'1

NASA HEADQUARTERS (WASHINGTON, D.C.)

C6H6$7^aa >c\Vaah

C

6H6 =ZVYfjVgiZgh! adXViZY V [Zl WadX`h [gdb i]Z J#H# 8Ve^ida Wj^aY^c\! ^h i]Z aZVYZgh]^e cZgkZ XZciZg [dg i]Z V\ZcXnÉh VXi^k^i^Zh# =ZVYfjVgiZgh bVcV\ZbZci ]Vh hiZZgZY J#H# X^k^a heVXZ VcY VZgdcVji^Xh eda^Xn i]gdj\]dji i]Z V\ZcXnÉh ]^hidgn! hZii^c\ ^c bd" i^dc hdbZ d[ i]Z bdhi [Vg"gZVX]^c\ VcY ]^hidgn"bV`^c\ ZkZcih ^c i]Z HeVXZ 6\Z# ;^ghi adXViZY ^c i]Z 9daan BVY^hdc =djhZ V hidcZÉh i]gdl [gdb i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ! C6H6 =ZVYfjVgiZgh ]Vh hZZc ^ih h]VgZ d[ ]^h" idgn! ^cXajY^c\ k^h^ih [gdb EgZh^YZcih AncYdc ?d]chdc! <Zdg\Z =#L# 7jh] VcY <Zdg\Z L# 7jh]# >c edejaVg a^iZgVijgZ! i]Z XjggZci ]ZVY" fjVgiZgh Wj^aY^c\ ^h i]Z hZii^c\ [dg ^cig^\jZ ^c 9Vc 7gdlcÉh cdkZa Æ9ZXZei^dc Ed^ci#Ç JcYZg i]Z V\ZcXnÉh Òghi ild VYb^c^higVidgh! I# @Z^i] <aZccVc VcY ?VbZh :# LZWW! i]Z ]ZVYfjVgiZgh aZVYZgh]^e iZVb bVYZ i]Z Xg^i^" XVa YZX^h^dch id bdkZ [dglVgY fj^X`an dc 6bZg^XVÉh bVc ^c heVXZ egd\gVb VcY i]Zc VhhZbWaZ i]Z bVhh^kZ \dkZgcbZci"^cYjhign"jc^" kZgh^in eVgicZgh]^e gZfj^gZY [dg i]Z 6edaad Egd\gVb# 6i ]ZVYfjVg" iZgh! C6H6Éh aZVYZgh Vahd eVgi^X^eViZY ^c i]Z \dkZgcbZciÉh YZX^h^dc id Vaadl C6H6Éh VXi^k^i^Zh! ^cXajY^c\ ^ih hjXXZhhZh VcY [V^ajgZh! id WZ WgdVYXVhi ^c gZVa i^bZ# I]^h Xdbb^ibZci Òi l^i] i]Z bVcYViZ d[ i]Z &.*- HeVXZ 6Xi [dg i]Z V\ZcXn id Æegdk^YZ [dg i]Z l^YZhi egVXi^XVWaZ VcY Veegdeg^ViZ Y^hhZb^cVi^dc d[ ^c[dgbVi^dc XdcXZgc^c\ ^ih VXi^k^" i^Zh VcY i]Z gZhjaih i]ZgZd[#Ç JcYZg LZWWÉh aZVYZgh]^e! ]ZVYfjVgiZgh hiV[[ bZbWZgh ]ZaeZY YgV[i i]Z &.+, Jc^iZY CVi^dch IgZVin dc i]Z EZVXZ[ja JhZh d[ DjiZg HeVXZ! VcY YZVai [dgi]g^\]ian l^i] VYYgZhh^c\ i]Z V\ZcXnÉh [V^a^c\h V[iZg i]Z igV\^X 6edaad & ÒgZ# 6h C6H6 lVh gZXdkZg^c\ [gdb i]Z 6edaad & igV\ZYn! i]Z 8ZcigVa >ciZaa^\ZcXZ 6\ZcXn idaY V\ZcXn d[ÒX^Vah ^c 6j\jhi &.+- i]Vi i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc b^\]i WZ egZeVg^c\ [dg V bVccZY ajcVg ÓnWn b^hh^dc# I]ZhZ gZedgih egdbeiZY WdaY VXi^dc# C6H6 bVcV\Zgh [gdb VgdjcY i]Z Xdjcign bZi Vi ]ZVYfjVgiZgh id Xdch^YZg hZcY^c\ i]Z hZXdcY 6edaad Ó^\]i VgdjcY i]Z bddc# 6edaad - 9ZX# &.+- bVg`ZY i]Z Òghi i^bZ VhigdcVjih gdYZ VWdVgY i]Z HVijgc K! Vh lZaa Vh i]Z Òghi i^bZ ]jbVch ZkZg aZ[i :Vgi] dgW^i# I]Z b^hh^dc lVh V ]j\Z hjXXZhh VcY \adWVa hZchVi^dc! aZVY^c\ i]Z lVn [dg i]Z 6edaad && ajcVg aVcY" ^c\ b^hh^dc d[ ?jan &.+.# 6h i]Z &.,%h WZ\Vc! V cZl gZaVi^dch]^e lVh [dg\ZY WZilZZc i]Z ild heVXZ edlZgh l]Zc C6H6 d[ÒX^Vah! aZY Wn <Zdg\Z Adl! cZ\d" i^ViZY Vc V\gZZbZci l^i] i]Z^g Hdk^Zi XdjciZgeVgih id XdcYjXi i]Z 6edaad"Hdnjo IZhi Egd_ZXi ^c ?jan &.,*# BdgZ gZXZcian! nZVgh d[ eV" i^Zci cZ\di^Vi^dch Y^gZXiZY Wn =ZVYfjVgiZghÉ :miZgcVa 6[[V^gh d[ÒXZ ]Vh aZY id i]Z &*"cVi^dc >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc eVgicZgh]^e# I]ZhZ cZ\di^Vi^dch VcY hjWhZfjZci Z[[dgih id bVcV\Z i]Z eVgicZg" h]^e ]VkZ XVgZ[jaan YZÒcZY ZVX] eVgicZgÉh Xdcig^Wji^dch VcY gZhedc" h^W^a^i^Zh! ZhiVWa^h]ZY jhZ[ja iZX]c^XVa XdbeVi^W^a^in hiVcYVgYh! VcY Wj^ai V [djcYVi^dc [dg [jijgZ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa heVXZ XddeZgVi^dc# Dc ?Vc# &)! '%%)! C6H6 =ZVYfjVgiZgh lVh i]Z h^iZ d[ Vc Vc" cdjcXZbZci i]Vi ZhiVWa^h]ZY Vc ZmX^i^c\ cZl Y^gZXi^dc [dg heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc [dg YZXVYZh id XdbZ# I]Vi YVn! EgZh^YZci <Zdg\Z L# 7jh] hed`Z ^c i]Z =ZVYfjVgiZghÉ ?VbZh LZWW VjY^idg^jb VcY egd" edhZY i]Vi C6H6 VYdei i]Z cZl \dVah d[ gZijgc^c\ ]jbVch id i]Z bddc! i]^h i^bZ id hiVn [dg bdci]h Vi V i^bZ! VcY ZkZcijVaan id

hZcY e^dcZZg^c\ ZmeadgZgh id BVgh VcY WZndcY# 8]Vg\ZY l^i] ^b" eaZbZci^c\ i]ZhZ dW_ZXi^kZh ^h i]Z C6H6 =ZVYfjVgiZghÉ aZVYZgh]^e iZVb! ]ZVYZY Wn 6Yb^c^higVidg 9g# B^X]VZa 9# <g^[Òc# C6H6Éh &&i] VYb^c^higVidg! <g^[Òc egZk^djhan hZgkZY i]Z V\ZcXn Vh X]^Z[ Zc\^" cZZg VcY VhhdX^ViZ VYb^c^higVidg [dg :meadgVi^dc# BdgZ gZXZcian! ]Z lVh HeVXZ 9ZeVgibZci =ZVY Vi ?d]ch =de`^ch Jc^kZgh^inÉh 6e" ea^ZY E]nh^Xh AVWdgVidgn# C6H6Éh 9Zejin 6Yb^c^higVidg ^h H]VcV 9VaZ! l]d dkZghZZh i]Z YVn" id"YVn ldg` d[ C6H6Éh [jcXi^dcVa d[ÒXZh! hjX] Vh i]Z D[ÒXZ d[ i]Z 8]^Z[ ;^cVcX^Va D[ÒXZg! D[ÒXZ d[ <ZcZgVa 8djchZa! VcY HigViZ\^X 8db" bjc^XVi^dch# 7Z[dgZ Xdb^c\ id C6H6! 9VaZ lVh YZejin Y^gZXidg [dg =dbZaVcY VcY CVi^dcVa HZXjg^in [dg i]Z L]^iZ =djhZÉh D[ÒXZ d[ HX^" ZcXZ VcY IZX]cdad\n Eda^Xn# C6H6Éh 6hhdX^ViZ 6Yb^c^higVidg ^h 8]g^h HXdaZhZ! [dgbZgan i]Z V\ZcXnÉh X]^Z[ Zc\^cZZg#

7daY \dVah EgZh^YZci <Zdg\Z L# 7jh] VccdjcXZY cZl heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc \dVah [dg i]Z V\ZcXn Vi C6H6 =ZVYfjVgiZgh dc ?Vc# &)! '%%)#

C6H6 =ZVYfjVgiZgh ^h dg\Vc^oZY ^cid [djg B^hh^dc 9^gZXidgViZh/ 6ZgdcVji^Xh GZhZVgX] 6hhdX^ViZ 6Yb^c^higVidg 9g# ?V^ldc H]^c ! :m" eadgVi^dc HnhiZbh 66 9g# G^X]VgY ?# <^aWgZX] ! HX^ZcXZ 66 9g# 6aVc HiZgc VcY HeVXZ DeZgVi^dch 66 L^aa^Vb <ZghiZcbV^Zg # I]ZhZ d[" ÒX^Vah ]VkZ Y^gZXi dkZgh^\]i d[ ÒZaY XZciZg eZg[dgbVcXZ ^c ^beaZbZci" ^c\ C6H6 eda^X^Zh VcY egd\gVbh# >c dgYZg id Z[[ZXi^kZan XVggn dji i]Z cVi^dcÉh X^k^a VZgdcVji^Xh VcY heVXZ eda^X^Zh! ]ZVYfjVgiZgh bV^ciV^ch XadhZ gZaVi^dch]^eh l^i] i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ VcY di]Zg :mZXji^kZ 7gVcX] d[ÒXZh Z#\# D[ÒXZ d[ HX^ZcXZ VcY IZX]cdad\n Eda^Xn VcY D[ÒXZ d[ BVcV\ZbZci VcY 7jY\Zi # =ZVY" fjVgiZgh i]gdj\] ^ih D[ÒXZ d[ :miZgcVa GZaVi^dch Vahd ldg`h gZ\jaVgan l^i] di]Zg J#H# \dkZgcbZci V\ZcX^Zh hjX] Vh i]Z 9ZeVgibZcih d[ 9Z" [ZchZ! =dbZaVcY HZXjg^in! HiViZ! VcY IgVchedgiVi^dc# I]Z ]ZVYfjVg" iZghÉ AZ\^haVi^kZ 6[[V^gh hiV[[ ^ciZg[VXZh l^i] bZbWZgh d[ 8dc\gZhh VcY i]Z^g hiV[[h! i]Z *% hiViZ \dkZgcdgh VcY di]Zg adXVa d[ÒX^Vah# I]Z ]ZVY" fjVgiZghÉ :YjXVi^dc iZVb ldg`h l^i] bjhZjbh! jc^kZgh^i^Zh VcY @"&' hX]ddah id egdbdiZ ZmXZaaZcXZ ^c hX^ZcXZ! iZX]cdad\n! Zc\^cZZg^c\ VcY bVi]ZbVi^Xh HI:B ZYjXVi^dc# EgZhh Wg^ZÒc\h VcY bZY^V ^c[dgbV" i^dc gZfjZhih VgZ ]VcYaZY Wn i]Z ]ZVYfjVgiZgh EjWa^X 6[[V^gh hiV[[#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

199

C6H6

;jijgZ;a^\]i 8ZcigVa DeZcZY 9ZX# &(! &...! Vi i]Z 6bZh GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg! i]Z ldgaYÉh Òghi [jaa"hXVaZ k^gijVa V^gedgi Xdcigda idlZg ]Zaeh V^ga^cZh VcY V^gedgih ^begdkZ i]Z ejWa^XÉh Ón^c\ ZmeZg^ZcXZ#

AMES RESEARCH CENTER (MOFFETT FIELD, CALIF.)

C

6H6Éh 6bZh GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg ^h h^ij" ViZY ^c i]Z ]ZVgi d[ 8Va^[dgc^VÉh H^a^Xdc KVaaZn! cZVg i]Z ]^\]"iZX] XdbeVc^Zh! ZcigZ" egZcZjg^Va kZcijgZh! jc^kZgh^i^Zh VcY di]Zg aVWdgVidg^Zh i]Vi [jZa i]Z gZ\^dcÉh gZejiVi^dc [dg iZX]cdad\n YZkZadebZci VcY gZhZVgX]# >iÉh V Òii^c\ adXVi^dc [dg 6bZh! V C6H6 aZVYZg ^c hjX] b^hh^dc"ZcVWa^c\! Xjii^c\"ZY\Z ldg`# CVbZY [dg ?dhZe] H# 6bZh! V [djcY^c\ bZbWZg VcY adc\i^bZ X]V^gbVc &.&."&.(. d[ i]Z CVi^dcVa 6Yk^hdgn 8dbb^iiZZ [dg 6Zgd" cVji^Xh C686 ! i]Z XZciZg ^h adXViZY Vi Bd[" [Zii ;ZYZgVa 6^gÒZaY! V [dgbZg cVkVa V^g WVhZ# ;daadl^c\ ^ih [djcY^c\ ^c &.(. Vh i]Z hZXdcY C686 aVWdgVidgn! 6bZh ]dhiZY i]Z ldgaYhÉ \gZViZhi XdaaZXi^dc d[ l^cY ijccZah# >c &.*-!

6bZh WZXVbZ eVgi d[ i]Z C6H6 [Vb^an# IdYVn! i]Z XZciZg deZgViZh bdgZ i]Vc ( W^aa^dc ^c XVe^iVa Zfj^ebZci VcY ^h ]dbZ id '!(%% ldg`" Zgh# I]Z XZciZgÉh XjggZci Y^gZXidg ^h 9g# H^bdc E# ÆEZiZÇ LdgYZc 7g^\# <Zc#! JH6; GZi #

200

NASA

6bZh eZghdccZa ldg` dc ZkZgni]^c\ [gdb b^hh^dc YZh^\c! id [jcYVbZciVa gZhZVgX]! id YZkZade^c\ Xg^i^XVa cZl iZX]cdad\^Zh! VcY VcVano^c\ hX^Zci^ÒX YViV# 6bZh ^h V l^YZan gZXd\c^oZY aZVYZg ^c Vaa ineZh d[ ^c[dgbV" i^dc iZX]cdad\n! ^cXajY^c\ hjeZgXdbeji^c\! bdYZa^c\! cZildg`^c\ VcY ^ciZaa^\Zci Xdb" ejiZg hnhiZbh# 6bZh hX^Zci^hih VgZ e^dcZZg" ^c\ cZl Vjidcdbdjh hnhiZbh [dg gdWdi^X Zm" eadgVi^dc VcY ]jbVc heVXZ b^hh^dch# 6bZh Vahd ^h Vi i]Z [dgZ[gdci d[ gZhZVgX] ^cid cZl bViZg^Vah i]Vi l^aa gZYjXZ heVXZXgV[i lZ^\]i VcY ^cXgZVhZ XVggn^c\ XVeVX^in! VcY aZVYh ^c YZkZadebZci d[ VYkVcXZY i]ZgbVa egdiZX" i^dc hnhiZbh [dg heVXZ igVchedgiVi^dc VcY eaVcZiVgn"Zcign b^hh^dch# 6bZh ^h V C6H6 [dgXZ ^c heVXZ W^dad\n!

W^diZX]cdad\n VcY ]jbVc [VXidgh ldg`# ;dg bdgZ i]Vc (% nZVgh i]Z XZciZg ]Vh Ódlc eVnadVYh dc V kVg^Zin d[ heVXZXgV[i id WZiiZg jcYZghiVcY ]dl a^k^c\ dg\Vc^hbh gZhedcY id b^Xgd\gVk^in VcY gVY^Vi^dc# IdYVn! 6bZh ^h ]VgY Vi ldg` YZkZade^c\ XVeVW^a^i^Zh id ZmeVcY ]jbVc a^[Z ^cid i]Z jc^kZghZ# I]gdj\] ^ih ldg` ^c VhigdW^dad\n! i]Z XZciZg hZZ`h \gZViZg jcYZghiVcY^c\

d[ i]Z dg^\^ch VcY Zkdaji^dc d[ a^[Z# 6bZh VhhZih! hjX] Vh i]Z @ZeaZg iZaZhXdeZ id WZ aVjcX]ZY ^c '%%.! hjeedgi C6H6Éh hZVgX] [dg ]VW^iVWaZ Zck^gdcbZcih djih^YZ djg eaVcZi# 9gVl^c\ dc ^ih ZmeZgi^hZ ^c ^c[gV" gZY Vhigdcdbn VcY eaVcZiVgn hX^ZcXZ! i]Z XZciZg ^h Vahd gZhedch^WaZ [dg i]Z hX^Zci^ÒX VheZXih d[ i]Z HigVidhe]Zg^X DWhZgkVidgn [dg >c[gVgZY 6higdcdbn HD;>6 Vhigdc" dbn V^gXgV[i# HD;>6 ]Zaeh VhigdcdbZgh hijYn ]dl i]Z ZaZbZcih d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ! [gdb hiVgh id eaVcZih id dg\Vc^X bdaZXjaZh! VgZ Y^hig^WjiZY Vbdc\ i]Z Xdhbdh# >c XdaaVWdgVi^dc l^i] i]Z ;ZYZgVa 6k^Vi^dc 6Yb^c^higVi^dc VcY di]Zg V\ZcX^Zh! 6bZh ]Zaeh YZh^\c V^g igV[ÒX Xdcigda hnhiZbh id bV`Z XdbbZgX^Va Vk^Vi^dc hV[Zg VcY bdgZ Z[ÒX^Zci# I]Z XZciZg ^h gZYZÒc^c\ WVh^X Xdc" XZeih d[ V^g deZgVi^dch VcY ^h YZkZade^c\ iZX]cdad\^Zh id Wddhi i]Z XVeVX^in d[ i]Z cVi^dcÉh V^g igVchedgiVi^dc hnhiZb# ;dg i]Z 8dchiZaaVi^dc Egd\gVbÉh Z[[dgi id Wj^aY heVXZXgV[i VcY aVjcX] VcY hjg[VXZ hje" edgi hnhiZbh [dg V cZl \ZcZgVi^dc d[ Zmeadg" Zgh! 6bZh l^aa ]Zae egZeVgZ iZX]cdad\^Zh [dg Wdi] ]jbVc Ó^\]ih id i]Z bddc VcY i]Z

gdWdi^X egZXjghdgh i]Vi l^aa eVkZ i]Z lVn# 6bZh ^h aZVY^c\ i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z ]ZVi h]^ZaY i]Vi l^aa egdiZXi XgZlh VWdVgY i]Z Dg^dc XgZl ZmeadgVi^dc kZ]^XaZ# ;dg i]^h! C6H6 ^h YgVl^c\ dc 6bZhÉ g^X] ]Zg^" iV\Z ^c YZkZade^c\ hnhiZbh [dg Zcign ^cid :Vgi]Éh VcY di]Zg eaVcZihÉ Vibdhe]ZgZh! hjX] Vh i]Z i]ZgbVa egdiZXi^dc hnhiZb [dg i]Z eaVccZY BVgh HX^ZcXZ AVWdgVidgn# Di]" Zg 6bZh gZhedch^W^a^i^Zh [dg Dg^dc ^cXajYZ bVcV\^c\ Ó^\]i hd[ilVgZ YZkZadebZci VcY hjeedgi [dg \j^YVcXZ! heVXZ cVk^\Vi^dc VcY Xdcigda hnhiZbh# ;dg 6gZh >! i]Z Òghi cZl ]jbVc aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ id WZ YZh^\cZY ^c YZXVYZh! 6bZh Zc\^cZZgh VgZ ]Zae^c\ YZkZade i]Z gdX`ZiÉh ]ZVai] bdc^idg^c\ hnhiZb! ^ih [Vjai YZiZXi^dc hd[ilVgZ VcY kZ]^XaZ kZg^ÒXVi^dc hnhiZbh# 9gVl^c\ dc ^ih ZmeZg^ZcXZ ^c XdbejiVi^dcVa Ój^Y YncVb^Xh! 6bZh ^h XdcYjXi^c\ h^bjaV" i^dch d[ i]Z 6gZh VhXZci id ]Zae ^YZci^[n i]Z WZhi eVi] [dg i]Z gdX`Zi id Ón dc ^ih lVn ^cid heVXZ# Jh^c\ ^ih ]jbVc [VXidgh ZmeZg^ZcXZ! 6bZh l^aa egdk^YZ Zfj^ebZci VcY VYkVcXZY h^bjaVidgh [dg Ó^\]i XdcigdaaZgh VcY YZkZade eVgih d[ i]Z 8dchiZaaVi^dc igV^c^c\ egd\gVb# Ijgc^c\ id gdWdi^X b^hh^dch! 6bZhÉ hbVaa"hViZaa^iZ egd_ZXih d[ÒXZ ^h YZh^\c^c\ egdWZh id \Vi]Zg YZiV^aZY YViV VWdji i]Z bddc! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z AjcVg 8GViZg DWhZg" kVi^dc VcY HZch^c\ HViZaa^iZ A8GDHH # A8GDHH l^aa hbVh] ^cid dcZ d[ i]Z bddcÉh edaVg gZ\^dch id YZiZXi VcY bZVhjgZ lViZg ^c i]Z ajcVg hd^a! bjX] a^`Z i]Z ]VbbZgh jhZY Wn i]Z È).Zgh VcY ZVgan egdheZXidgh id hZVgX] [dg egZX^djh bZiVah#

DRYDEN FLIGHT RESEARCH CENTER (EDWARDS, CALIF.)

I

]Z =j\] A# 9gnYZc ;a^\]i GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg! adXViZY ^c 8Va^[dgc^VÉh Bd_VkZ 9ZhZgi WZcZVi] i]Z heVX^djh h`^Zh i]Vi \VkZ 6bZg^XV ^ih Òghi Vk^Vi^dc ]ZgdZh l^i] i]Z Æg^\]i hij[[!Ç ^h gZXd\c^oZY Vh i]Z egZb^Zg Ò\]i gZhZVgX] VcY iZhi dg\Vc^oVi^dc [dg i]Z kVa^YVi^dc d[ ]^\]"g^h`! e^dcZZg^c\ VZgdheVXZ iZX]cdad\n! heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc XdcXZeih VcY i]Z XdcYjXi d[ hX^ZcXZ b^hh^dc dWhZgkVi^dch# I]Z XZciZg ^h cVbZY [dg i]Z VZgdcVji^" XVa hX^Zci^hi l]d hZgkZY Vh C686Éh Y^gZXidg [gdb &.),"&.*- VcY i]Zc hZgkZY Vh C6H6Éh YZejin VYb^c^higVidg [gdb &.*- jci^a ]^h

YZVi] ^c &.+*# I]Z XZciZgÉh XjggZci Y^gZX" idg ^h @Zk^c A# EZiZghZc# I]Z XZciZg dg^\^cViZY ^c &.)+! l]Zc gZ" hZVgX]Zgh [gdb i]Z C686 AVc\aZn 6ZgdcVj" i^XVa BZbdg^Va AVWdgVidgn XVbZ id BjgdX 6gbn 6^g 7VhZ! cdl `cdlc Vh :YlVgYh 6^g ;dgXZ 7VhZ! id hjeedgi i]Z Òghi M"& gdX`Zi eaVcZ hjeZghdc^X Ó^\]ih# 9gnYZc ^h adXViZY Vi :YlVgYh VY_VXZci id Gd\Zgh 9gn AV`Z! l]^X] Vi )) hfjVgZ b^aZh ^h i]Z aVg\Zhi Ygn aV`ZWZY ^c i]Z ldgaY# >i egdk^YZh Vc jcg^" kVaZY dbc^"Y^gZXi^dcVa V^gÒZaY ^c VYY^i^dc id :YlVgYhÉ eVkZY gjclVnh# 9gnYZc Ó^Zh V kVg^Zin d[ gZhZVgX] V^gXgV[i VcY ]Vh eVgi^X^eViZY ^c bVcn ^bedgiVci VZgdheVXZ VX]^ZkZbZcih# I]ZhZ ^cXajYZ hjeZghdc^X VcY ]neZghdc^X Ó^\]i! Y^\^iVa Ón" Wn"l^gZ Xdcigda hnhiZbh! hjeZgXg^i^XVa l^c\h!

VcY i]Z Ó^\]i iZhih VcY aVcY^c\h d[ bdgZ i]Vc *% heVXZ h]jiiaZ b^hh^dch# 9gnYZc Vahd lVh i]Z adXVi^dc d[ i]Z AjcVg AVcY^c\ GZhZVgX] KZ]^XaZ iZhi Ó^\]ih! Ó^\]ih d[ i]Z M"&* gdX`Zi eaVcZ VcY a^[i^c\ WdYn Ó^\]ih Yjg^c\ i]Z &.*%h! È+%h VcY È,%h# I]Z XZciZg XdcYjXih Ó^\]i iZhih id hjeedgi VZgdcVji^Xh gZhZVgX] egd\gVbh VcY Xdcig^WjiZh id VZgd" cVji^XVa iZX]cdad\^Zh! Vk^Vi^dc hV[Zin! heVXZ igVchedgiVi^dc! VcY :Vgi] VcY heVXZ hX^ZcXZ b^hh^dch# 8jggZci 9gnYZc egd_ZXih ^cXajYZ/ HigVidhe]Zg^X DWhZgkVidgn [dg >c[gV" gZY 6higdcdbn HD;>6 # 9gnYZc bVcV\Zh YZkZadebZci VcY Ó^\]i iZhih d[ i]^h XdadhhVa V^gWdgcZ dWhZgkVidgn# HD;>6 XdbeaZbZcih i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ VcY \gdjcY" WVhZY dWhZgkVidg^Zh# >i XVgg^Zh V )%!%%%" edjcY ^c[gVgZY iZaZhXdeZ ^c V bdY^ÒZY 7dZ" ^c\ ,),HE V^gXgV[i i]Vi egdb^hZh id gZkZVa ^c[dgbVi^dc VWdji i]Z Xdhbdh jcViiV^cVWaZ [gdb \gdjcY"WVhZY ^c[gVgZY iZaZhXdeZh# 8dchiZaaVi^dc Egd\gVb# 9gnYZc bVc" V\Zh i]Z VWdgi Ó^\]i iZhih [dg i]Z Dg^dc XgZl ZmeadgVi^dc kZ]^XaZ 8:K # I]^h Z[[dgi ^c" XajYZh ild eVY VWdgi iZhih! h^bjaVi^c\ VWdgih Yjg^c\ V aVjcX]"eVY ZbZg\ZcXn! VcY [djg VhXZci VWdgih! h^bjaVi^c\ VWdgih Yjg^c\ Òghi" hiV\Z Ó^\]i d[ i]Z Dg^dc heVXZXgV[i# 9gnYZc ^h bVcV\^c\ i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z 8:K Ó^\]i" iZhi Vgi^XaZh VcY i]Z VWdgi"iZhi WddhiZg! l]^X] l^aa aVjcX] i]Z Ó^\]i"iZhi Vgi^XaZ [dg i]Z VhXZci VWdgi iZhih# 9gnYZc Vahd ]Vh gZhedch^W^a^in [dg eVgVX]jiZ Ygde iZhih d[ i]Z Dg^dc gZXdkZgn hnhiZbh# 9gnYZc Zc\^cZZgh l^aa X]ZX` dji ^chigjbZciVi^dc [dg i]Z Dg^dc$6gZh > gdX`Zi aVjcX] h^iZ! VcY i]Z XZciZgÉh iVaZci edda l^aa ]Zae YZh^\c i]Z Dg^dc gZ"Zcign VcY aVcY^c\ eVi]lVnh [dg ^ih gZijgc [gdb heVXZ#

All of us at Metropole want to thank-you for 50 years of expertise in creating ground breaking, earth shaking vehicles

and platforms that have carried our TDRSS S-band diplexers around the world and back.

NASA did not select or approve this advertiser and does not endorse and is not responsible for the views or statements contained in this advertisement.

MPI Metropole Products, Inc. 2040 Jefferson Davis Hwy. • Stafford,Virginia 22554 540.659.2132 • fx. 540.659.2133 • e. metropole@aol.com

www.MetropoleProducts.com 50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

201

C6H6$ 8VgaV I]dbVh

>cid i]Z WajZ I]Z 9gnYZc ;a^\]i GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg XdcYjXiZY i]Z M")-7 7aZcYZY L^c\ 7dYn V^gXgV[iÉh Òghi Ó^\]i dc ?jan '%! '%%,#

M")-7 7aZcYZY L^c\ 7dYn# I]^h gVY^XVa! gZbdiZan e^adiZY hjW" hXVaZ iZX]cdad\n YZbdchigVidg ed^cih id V [jijgZ d[ Z[ÒX^Zci V^gXgV[i# 9gnYZcÉh gdaZ ^c M")- Ó^\]i iZhih! l^i] YZh^\cZg 7dZ^c\ VcY 8gVcÒZaY 6ZgdheVXZ AiY#! d[ 7ZY[dgY! :c\aVcY! ZmZbea^ÒZh i]Z XZciZgÉh XdaaVWd" gVi^dch l^i] ^cYjhign# >ciZaa^\Zci ;a^\]i 8dcigda HnhiZbh# 9gnYZc e^dcZZgZY i]Z Ve" ea^XVi^dc d[ ÆhZa["aZVgc^c\Ç hd[ilVgZ ^c V^gXgV[i Ó^\]i Xdcigda XdbejiZgh VWdVgY V ]^\]an bdY^ÒZY C;"&* V^gXgV[i# >c i]Z [jijgZ i]^h iZX]cdad\n XdjaY ZcVWaZ YVbV\ZY V^gXgV[i id gZXdcÒ\jgZ i]Z^g Ó^\]i Xdcigda hnh" iZbh [dg hV[Z Ó^\]i ^c i]Z [VXZ d[ di]Zgl^hZ XViVhigde]^X YVbV\Z# M")(6# I]^h jce^adiZY gZhZVgX] V^gXgV[i WZXVbZ i]Z Òghi hXgVb" _Zi"edlZgZY V^gXgV[i id Ón# HXgVb_Zi Zc\^cZh XdjaY ^cXgZVhZ i]Z eVn" adVY [dg [jijgZ ]neZghdc^X kZ]^XaZh Wn jh^c\ dmn\Zc [gdb i]Z Vibd" he]ZgZ ^chiZVY d[ XVggn^c\ ^i dcWdVgY Vh Vc dm^Y^oZg# 6 b^aZhidcZ lVh VX]^ZkZY ^c BVgX] '%%)! l]Zc Vc M")(6 iZhi XgV[i ÓZl Vi *!%%% be] [dg && hZXdcYh! hZii^c\ V ldgaY gZXdgY [dg V^g"WgZVi]^c\ egdejah^dc# I]Z gZXdgY lVh Wgd`Zc i]Z [daadl^c\ CdkZbWZg l]Zc Vc M")(6 ÓZl Vi cZVgan BVX] &%! Vabdhi ,!%%% be]# Egdk^Y^c\ hjeedgi [dg i]Z hX^Zci^ÒX Xdbbjc^in! 9gnYZc XdaaZXih ^c[dgbVi^dc dc heZX^Va Vibdhe]Zg^X hVbea^c\! Zck^gdcbZciVa bdYZa" ^c\ VcY hZchdg iZhi^c\ b^hh^dch ldgaYl^YZ! jh^c\ ild ]^\]"Vai^ijYZ :G"' V^gXgV[i! YZg^kZY [gdb i]Z J' gZXdccV^hhVcXZ eaVcZ# 6ahd!

9gnYZc deZgViZh V bdY^ÒZY 98"- _Zia^cZg Vh Vc V^gWdgcZ aVWdgVidgn [dg \adWVa Zck^gdcbZciVa hjgkZnh# 9gnYZc ]Vh hjeedgiZY i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ egd\gVb h^cXZ i]Z XZciZg ]dhiZY i]Z VeegdVX]"VcY"aVcY^c\ iZhih d[ i]Z egdidineZ h]jiiaZ :c" iZgeg^hZ ^c &.,,! gZaZVhZY [gdb i]Z WVX` d[ ^ih ,), XVgg^Zg# AZVY^c\

202

NASA

h]jiiaZ deZgVi^dch [dg i]Z VeegdVX] VcY aVcY^c\ iZhih lVh >hVVX Æ>`ZÇ <^aaVb! aViZg 9gnYZcÉh Y^gZXidg [gdb &.,-"&.-&# <^aaVb lVh C6H6Éh Òghi 6[g^XVc"6bZg^XVc XZciZg Y^gZXidg# IdYVn! l]Zc h]jiiaZh aVcY Vi :YlVgYh 6^g ;dgXZ 7VhZ! i]Zn VgZ egZeVgZY Vi 9gnYZc [dg [Zggn^c\ id i]Z @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg ^c ;adg^YV dc ide d[ dcZ d[ C6H6Éh ild bdY^ÒZY 7dZ^c\ ,), h]jiiaZ XVgg^Zg V^gXgV[i# 9gnYZc gZhZVgX]Zgh VcY heZX^Vaan igV^cZY e^adih VgZ e^dcZZg^c\ i]Z jhZ d[ gZbdiZan e^adiZY V^gXgV[i ÒiiZY l^i] Zck^gdcbZciVa hZc" hdgh i]Vi XVc V^Y ^c ZkZgni]^c\ [gdb l^aYÒgZ YZiZXi^dc id Xa^bVida" d\n# >`]VcV! V hX^Zci^ÒXVaan ^chigjbZciZY EgZYVidg 7 jcbVccZY VZg" ^Va kZ]^XaZ! ^h jhZY Wn 9gnYZc gZhZVgX]Zgh id XdcYjXi :Vgi] hX^ZcXZ b^hh^dch# 9gnYZc Vahd iZhih VYkVcXZY VZgdcVji^Xh! egdejah^dc VcY V^gXgV[i Ó^\]i Xdcigda iZX]cdad\^Zh [dg [jijgZ ]^\]"Vai^ijYZ! gZbdiZan e^adiZY! V^gXgV[i# HeZX^Va [VX^a^i^Zh Vi i]Z XZciZg ^cXajYZ V ]^\]"iZbeZgVijgZ aVWdgV" idgn XVeVWaZ d[ gZea^XVi^c\ [g^Xi^dc"^cYjXZY ]ZVi dc V^gXgV[i! V aVW [dg V^gXgV[i Ó^\]i ^chigjbZciVi^dc YZh^\c VcY V YViV VcVanh^h [VX^a^in id egdXZhh Ó^\]i gZhZVgX] YViV# Hde]^hi^XViZY iZhi gVc\Z [VX^a^i^Zh ZcVWaZ i]Z XVeijgZ d[ egZX^hZ YViV [gdb Ó^\]i gZhZVgX] b^hh^dch# 9gnYZcÉh GZhZVgX] 6^gXgV[i >ciZ\gVi^dc ;VX^a^in! jc^fjZ id C6H6! iZhih V^gXgV[i Ó^\]i Xdcigdah! Vk^dc^Xh VcY di]Zg ZaZXigdc^X hnhiZbh i]gdj\] VY" kVcXZY h^bjaVidgh i]Vi XVc WZ ^ciZ\gViZY l^i] i]Z gZhZVgX] V^gXgV[i# I]Z XZciZg Vahd gZXZcian ZhiVWa^h]ZY i]Z 9gnYZc 6^gXgV[i DeZgV" i^dch ;VX^a^in ^c EVabYVaZ! 8Va^[# AdXViZY VY_VXZci id i]Z gjclVnh VcY iVm^lVnh d[ 6^g ;dgXZ EaVci )'! i]^h [dgbZg V^gXgV[i egdYjX" i^dc eaVci ]Vh WZXdbZ ]dbZ id hZkZgVa d[ 9gnYZcÉh ÓZZi d[ hX^ZcXZ V^gXgV[i! ^cXajY^c\ HD;>6 VcY i]Z 98"- V^gWdgcZ aVWdgVidgn# I]Zn

l^aa WZ _d^cZY ^c i]Z cZVg [jijgZ Wn 9gnYZcÉh ild :G"'h VcY V <ja[" higZVb">>># I]Z [VX^a^in ^cXdgedgViZh '&%!%%% hfjVgZ [ZZi d[ ]Vc\Vg heVXZ l^i] Vc Zfj^kVaZci Vbdjci d[ heVXZ YZkdiZY id aVWdgVidg^Zh! bV^ciZcVcXZ h]deh! d[ÒXZ heVXZ VcY gZaViZY [jcXi^dch# BdgZ i]Vc &!%%% [ZYZgVa VcY XdcigVXidg ZbeadnZZh ldg` Vi i]Z XZciZg ^c V ]^\] YZhZgi Zck^gdcbZci Vh heZXiVXjaVg Vh ^i ^h HeVgiVc# I]Zn iV`Z eg^YZ ^c Ón^c\ i]Z [jijgZ Òghi#

GLENN RESEARCH CENTER AT LEWIS FIELD (CLEVELAND, OHIO)

C6H6

L

^i] ^ih adc\ ]^hidgn ^c V^gXgV[i egdejah^dc VcY ^ih bdYZgc ^ckdakZ" bZci ^c heVXZ gZhZVgX]! ^i ^h dcan Òii^c\ i]Vi C6H6Éh ?d]c =# <aZcc GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg Vi AZl^h ;^ZaY ldjaY ]VkZ V cVbZ i]Vi ]dcdgh Wdi] Vc VhigdcVji VcY V aZVYZg ^c VZgdcVji^Xh# AdXViZY VY_VXZci id 8aZkZaVcYÉh =de`^ch >ciZgcVi^dcVa 6^gedgi! i]Z XZciZg ^h cVbZY ^c ]dcdg d[ ?d]c =# <aZcc! i]Z [dgbZg VhigdcVji VcY J#H# HZcVidg [gdb D]^d l]d WZXVbZ i]Z Òghi 6bZg^XVc id dgW^i i]Z :Vgi] dc ;ZW# '%! &.+'! VcY <Zdg\Z L# AZl^h! [dgbZg C686 Y^gZXidg d[ 6ZgdcVji^XVa GZhZVgX]# I]Z XZciZgÉh ('* VXgZh VgZ ]dbZ id &*% Wj^aY^c\h VcY higjXijgZh! l]^X] ^cXajYZ l^cY ijccZah! Zc\^cZ iZhi [VX^a^i^Zh! b^Xgd\gVk^in gZhZVgX] [VX^a^i^Zh! heVXZ Xdbbjc^XVi^dc [VX^a^i^Zh! iZhi aVWdgVidg^Zh VcY Zc\^cZZg^c\ d[ÒXZh# <aZcc Vahd bVc" V\Zh i]Z +!)%%"VXgZ Eajb 7gdd` HiVi^dc cZVg HVcYjh`n! D]^d# I]Z XZciZg XdcYjXih gZhZVgX] ^c VZgdcVji^Xh iZX]cdad\n VcY YZkZadeh heVXZÓ^\]i hnhiZbh# BdgZ i]Vc (!&%% [ZYZgVa ZbeadnZZh VcY Xdc" igVXidgh ldg` Vi AZl^h ;^ZaY VcY Eajb 7gdd` HiVi^dc# I]Z XZciZgÉh XjggZci Y^gZXidg ^h 9g# LddYgdl L]^iadl! ?g# ;daadl^c\ i]Z ZhiVWa^h]bZci d[ i]Z AVc\aZn VcY 6bZh GZhZVgX] 8ZciZgh! XdchigjXi^dc d[ l]Vi lVh dg^\^cVaan C686Éh 6^gXgV[i :c\^cZ GZhZVgX] aVWdgVidgn WZ\Vc ^c &.)&# >c &.)-! i]Z [VX^a^in lVh cVbZY ^c ]dcdg d[ AZl^h VcY ^i lVh ^cXdgedgViZY ^cid C6H6 &% nZVgh aViZg# <aZccÉh cVbZ lVh VYYZY id i]Z XZciZgÉh i^iaZ dc BVgX] &! &...# =^hidg^XVaan! <aZcc ]Vh aZY gZhZVgX] dc a^fj^Y ]nYgd\Zc gdX`Zi Zc" \^cZh VcY hiV\Zh! hjX] Vh i]Z 8ZciVjg Xgnd\Zc^X jeeZg hiV\Z jhZY dc i]Z 6iaVh VcY I^iVc gdX`Zih [dg ]^\]"ZcZg\n b^hh^dch id i]Z bddc VcY eaVcZih# >i ]Vh e^dcZZgZY VcY iZhiZY VYkVcXZY YZh^\ch d[ ^dc VcY ZaZX" ig^X Zc\^cZh VcY i]gjhiZgh! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z ]^\]an hjXXZhh[ja eg^bVgn egdejah^dc hnhiZb [dg i]Z 9ZZe HeVXZ & b^hh^dc# I]Z ZaZXig^XVa edlZg hnhiZb YZkZadeZY [dg jhZ dc i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc Vahd lVh V egdYjXi d[ <aZcc gZhZVgX]! YZh^\c VcY VcVanh^h# Dc"\d^c\ V^gXgV[i egdejah^dc gZhZVgX] Vi <aZcc ]Vh Xdcig^WjiZY id gZ" YjX^c\ edaaji^dc ^c Ó^\]i VcY bV`^c\ V^gXgV[i Zc\^cZh hV[Z VcY Zck^gdc" bZciVaan hdjcY# >c &.-,! i]Z XZciZg VcY i]Z C6H6$^cYjhign VYkVcXZY ijgWdegde iZVb lZgZ VlVgYZY i]Z egZhi^\^djh 8daa^Zg Igde]n [dg i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ V cZl [jZa"Z[ÒX^Zci ijgWdegde egdejah^dc hnhiZb# I]Z igde]n! VlVgYZY VccjVaan [dg djihiVcY^c\ 6bZg^XVc VZgdcVji^Xh VcY Vh" igdcVji^Xh VX]^ZkZbZcih! gZXd\c^oZh `Zn VYkVcXZh ^c i]Z eZg[dgbVcXZ! Z[ÒX^ZcXn dg hV[Zin d[ V^g VcY heVXZ kZ]^XaZh# >c VZgdcVji^Xh hV[Zin gZ" hZVgX]! dcZ d[ i]Z Wjh^Zhi [VX^a^i^Zh Vi <aZcc ^h i]Z ^X^c\ gZhZVgX] ijc" cZa! l]^X] ^h jhZY id Xdci^cjdjhan ^begdkZ i]Z Ó^\]i hV[Zin d[ ÒmZY l^c\ VcY gdiVgn V^gXgV[i! id iZhi ^XZ VXXjbjaVi^dc dc i]Z l^c\h VcY WdY^Zh d[ V^geaVcZh VcY id kZg^[n i]Z gZhjaih l^i] Ó^\]i gZhZVgX]#

<aZcc ]Vh ild aVg\Z hjeZghdc^X egdejah^dc l^cY ijccZah/ i]Z -" Wn +";ddi HjeZghdc^X L^cY IjccZa VcY i]Z 6WZ H^akZghiZ^c &%" Wn &%";ddi HjeZghdc^X L^cY IjccZa# I]Z -m+! C6H6Éh dcan igVchdc^X egdejah^dc l^cY ijccZa! ]Vh WZZc VXi^kZan ^ckdakZY ^c gZhZVgX] iZhi" ^c\ h^cXZ &.)-# 6^gXgV[i hjX] Vh i]Z 6YkVcXZY IjgWdegde! i]Z CV" i^dcVa 6ZgdheVXZ EaVcZ! i]Z 6YkVcXZY IVXi^XVa ;^\]iZg! i]Z ?d^ci Hig^`Z ;^\]iZg VcY i]Z =^\]"HeZZY 8^k^a IgVchedgi lZgZ iZhiZY ^c i]^h [VX^a^in# >c &.*+! jcYZg i]Z aZVYZgh]^e d[ H^akZghiZ^c VcY :j\ZcZ LVha^Zlh`^! i]Z &%" Wn &%";ddi HjeZghdc^X L^cY IjccZa lVh Wgdj\]i dc a^cZ# I]Z [VX^a^in lVh gZ"cVbZY [dg H^akZghiZ^c ^c &..)# I]Z ijccZa ]Vh bVYZ kVajVWaZ Xdcig^Wji^dch id i]Z VYkVcXZbZci d[ [jcYVbZciVa hjeZghdc^X egdejah^dc iZX]cdad\n! i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ 6iaVh"8Zc" iVjg! HVijgc VcY 6iaVh"6\ZcV XaVhh aVjcX] kZ]^XaZh! VcY kZ]^XaZ"[d" XjhZY gZhZVgX] egd\gVbh! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z =^\]"HeZZY 8^k^a IgVchedgi! i]Z CVi^dcVa 6ZgdheVXZ EaVcZ VcY i]Z ?d^ci Hig^`Z ;^\]iZg# <aZcc ]Vh V adc\ ]^hidgn d[ YZkZade^c\ hiViZ"d["i]Z"Vgi Xdbbjc^" XVi^dch iZX]cdad\^Zh# >c &.-- i]Z XZciZg lVh VlVgYZY Vc :bbn [dg YZkZade^c\ V ]^\]"Z[ÒX^ZcXn igVkZa^c\"lVkZ ijWZ jhZY ^c i]Z 8dbbjc^" XVi^dch IZX]cdad\n HViZaa^iZ! l]^X] lVh aVjcX]ZY ^c &.,+# I]Z ijWZ Va" adlZY i]Z hViZaa^iZ id deZgViZ ^c i]Z @j"WVcY VcY Vi ]^\] edlZg aZkZah# 6h V gZhjai! hbVaaZg! aZhh"ZmeZch^kZ \gdjcY gZXZ^kZgh XdjaY WZ jhZY VcY iZaZk^h^dc XdjaY WZ igVchb^iiZY id gZbdiZ VgZVh d[ i]Z ldgaY! XgZ" Vi^c\ V gZa^VWaZ \adWVa Xdbbjc^XVi^dch cZildg`# >c HZeiZbWZg &..(! i]Z 6YkVcXZY 8dbbjc^XVi^dc IZX]cdad\n HViZaa^iZ lVh aVjcX]ZY id eVkZ i]Z lVn [dg i]Z hViZaa^iZ ^cYjhign id ji^a^oZ i]Z @V"WVcY heZX" igjb VcY id YZbdchigViZ VYkVcXZY Xdbbjc^XVi^dc iZX]cdad\^Zh VcY hZgk^XZh# I]Z 6YkVcXZY 8dbbjc^XVi^dch IZX]cdad\n HViZaa^iZ lVh Vc deZgVi^dcVa heVXZ"WVhZY iZhiWZY jhZY id kVa^YViZ i]Z jhZ d[ Vaa"Y^\^iVa! ]^\]"WVcYl^Yi]! dc"YZbVcY! ^ciZ\gViZY bjai^bZY^V hZgk^XZh# <aZccÉh Xdbbjc^XVi^dch ZmeZgi^hZ Xdci^cjZh id Xdcig^WjiZ id i]Z VZgdheVXZ ^cYjhign VcY l^aa WZ Veea^ZY id [jijgZ ZmeadgVi^dc b^hh^dch#

OZgd"< AdXdbdi^dc 6higdcVji 9dc EZii^i k^h^iZY C6H6 <aZccÉh :mZgX^hZ 8djciZgbZVhjgZh AVWdgVidgn id iZhi i]Z :c]VcXZY OZgd"\gVk^in AdXdbdi^dc H^bjaVidg ZOAH ! l]^X] lVh YZh^\cZY VcY Wj^ai Wn Zc\^cZZgh Vi <aZcc VcY i]Z 8aZkZaVcY 8a^c^X id h^bjaViZ ]dl VhigdcVjih ZmZgX^hZ Yjg^c\ heVXZ igVkZa#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

203

C6H6

7^\ Zfj^ebZci 6 AVjcX] E]VhZ H^bjaVidg dg =^\] 8VeVX^in 8Zcig^[j\Z Vi i]Z <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg#

<aZcc ^h C6H6Éh eg^bVgn XZciZg [dg ldg` ^c i]Z ÒZaYh d[ Ój^Y! XdbWjhi^dc VcY di]Zg Ódl hnhiZbh# <aZcc aVWdgVidg^Zh VgZ Vahd jhZY [dg iZhi^c\ bViZg^Vah VcY higjXijgZh [dg jhZ ^c Wdi] Vibdhe]Zg^X Ó^\]i VcY heVXZ# >c i]Z &..%h! cZVgan ZkZgn h]jiiaZ Ó^\]i XVgg^ZY Vc ZmeZg^bZci YZkZadebZci Wn <aZcc hX^" Zci^hih# I]^h gZhZVgX] Xdci^cjZh VWdVgY i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc# Add`^c\ [dglVgY! C6H6 ]Vh Vhh^\cZY <aZcc i]Z gdaZ d[ bVcV\^c\ i]Z hZgk^XZ bdYjaZ VcY heVXZXgV[i VYVeiZg! Wdi] d[ l]^X] VgZ ZaZbZcih d[ i]Z cZl Dg^dc XgZl ZmeadgVi^dc kZ]^XaZ# I]Z hZgk^XZ bdYjaZ l^aa WZ jhZY id bVcZj" kZg Dg^dc l]^aZ ^c dgW^i! id egdk^YZ ZaZXig^XVa edlZg jh^c\ hdaVg VggVnh [dg Wdi] ^i VcY i]Z XgZl bdYjaZ ]djh^c\ i]Z VhigdcVjih! VcY id kZci i]ZgbVa ZcZg\n \ZcZgViZY VWdVgY Dg^dc# <aZcc l^aa ]VkZ Zc\^cZZg^c\ VcY bVcV\ZbZci dkZgh^\]i d[ AdX`]ZZY BVgi^c! i]Z Dg^dc eg^bZ XdcigVXidg! VcY l^aa eZg[dgb ^cYZeZc" YZci kZg^ÒXVi^dc VcY kVa^YVi^dc VXi^k^i^Zh#

204

NASA

<aZcc Zc\^cZZgh l^aa Vahd ldg` l^i] 7dZ" ^c\! i]Z egdYjXi^dc XdcigVXidg d[ i]Z 6gZh > XgZl aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ gdX`Zi jeeZg hiV\Z! Veean^c\ i]Z XZciZgÉh egZk^djh ZmeZg^ZcXZ [gdb i]Z 8ZciVjg egd\gVb ^c aVg\Z a^fj^Y Xgnd\Zc^X Zc\^cZh VcY hiV\Zh# <aZcc l^aa ]VkZ aZVY XZciZg gdaZh ^c i]Z 6gZh > jeeZg hiV\Z i]gjhi kZXidg Xdcigda hnhiZb! i]Z hiV\ZÉh ZaZXig^XVa edlZg VcY Y^hig^Wji^dc hnhiZb! YZkZadebZciVa Ó^\]i ^chigjbZciV" i^dc hnhiZb VcY [jZa aZV` YZiZXi^dc hZchdg hnhiZb# >c hjeedgi d[ i]Z 6gZh >"M Ó^\]i! <aZcc ^h gZhedch^WaZ [dg i]Z YZh^\c! [VWg^" XVi^dc VcY iZhi^c\ d[ i]Z jeeZg hiV\Z bVhh h^bjaVidg# I]^h Ó^\]i ]VgYlVgZ ^h WZ^c\ Wj^ai ^c"]djhZ VcY iZhiZY Vi <aZcc [VX^a^i^Zh# <aZcc ^h hjeedgi^c\ di]Zg ZaZbZcih d[ i]Z 8dchiZaaVi^dc Egd\gVb Vh i]Zn ZbZg\Z! VcY l^aa d[[Zg XdcXZeijVa YZh^\ch d[ cZl heVXZ kZ]^XaZ hnhiZbh VcY [jijgZ XVeVW^a^i^Zh! Vaa Wj^aY^c\ dc i]Z XZciZgÉh VZgdcVji^Xh VcY heVXZ egdejah^dc ]Zg^iV\Z#

GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER (GREENBELT, MD.)

A

dXViZY _jhi djih^YZ d[ LVh]^c\idc! 9#8#!

C6H6Éh <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg ]Vh V gVi]Zg ^begZhh^kZ bVcYViZ "" id WZiiZg jcYZghiVcY i]Z Zci^gZ jc^kZghZ# CVbZY [dg i]Z [Vi]Zg d[ bdYZgc gdX`Zign!

GdWZgi =# <dYYVgY! i]Z XZciZg lVh XgZViZY dc BVn &! &.*. VcY ^h ]dbZ id bdgZ i]Vc -!%%% hX^Zci^hih! Zc\^cZZgh VcY gZhZVgX]Zgh Zc\V\ZY ^c jcYZghiVcY^c\ :Vgi] hX^ZcXZ! i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb VcY i]Z jc^kZghZ WZndcY# I]Z XZciZgÉh XjggZci Y^gZXidg ^h 9g# :YlVgY ?# LZ^aZg# >c V Wdd` XZaZWgVi^c\ <dYYVgYÉh )%i] Vcc^kZghVgn! AVcZ :# LVaaVXZ lgdiZ! Æ:c\^" cZZgh VcY hX^Zci^hih Y^Y cdi \d id ldg` [dg <dYYVgY dg C6H6 [dg bdcZn# I]Zn lZci id ldg` i]ZgZ WZXVjhZ i]Zn lZgZ ÒgZY je l^i]

ZmX^iZbZci dkZg i]Z egdheZXi d[ Zmeadg^c\ V [gdci^Zg cd ]jbVc ]VY ZciZgZY WZ[dgZ#Ç <dYYVgY ]Vh aVjcX]ZY bdgZ i]Vc '-, b^h" h^dch ^c V eZg^dY d[ )- nZVgh! VcY ]Vh Wj^ai ^chigjbZcih [dg heVXZXgV[i i]Vi ]VkZ hijY^ZY ZkZgn eaVcZi ^c djg hdaVg hnhiZb Vh lZaa Vh di]" Zg XZaZhi^Va WdY^Zh! ^cXajY^c\ HVijgcÉh bddch I^iVc VcY :cXZaVYjh# <dYYVgY hX^Zci^hih ]VkZ YZh^\cZY VcY bVcV\ZY hdbZ d[ C6H6Éh bdhi XdbeaZm hX^Zci^ÒX heVXZXgV[i i]Vi ]VkZ Ódlc b^aa^dch d[ b^aZh ^c :Vgi] dgW^i VcY WZndcY# I]ZhZ ^cXajYZ i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ! i]Z 8dhb^X 7VX`\gdjcY :meadgZg l]^X] aZY id V CdWZa Eg^oZ ^c e]nh^Xh [dg ^ih eg^cX^eVa ^ckZhi^\Vidg! ?d]c 8# BVi]Zg VcY i]Z :Vgi] DWhZgk^c\ HnhiZb! l]^X] bdc^idgh :Vgi]Éh X]Vc\^c\ Xa^bViZ# <dYYVgY ^h gZhedch^WaZ [dg bdgZ i]Vc (% di]Zg heVXZXgV[i i]Vi \Vi]Zg YViV VWdji :Vgi]Éh Vibdhe]ZgZ! i]Z Zck^gdc" bZci WZilZZc :Vgi] VcY i]Z hjc! VcY bV`Z YZZe heVXZ dWhZgkVi^dch i]Vi ]Zae id ZmeVcY `cdlaZY\Z VWdji i]Z [dgbVi^dc VcY Zkdaji^dc d[ \VaVm^Zh# <dYYVgYÉh hX^Zci^ÒX hViZaa^iZ ^c" kZhi^\Vi^dch VgZ hjeeaZbZciZY Wn YViV \Vi]" ZgZY [gdb hjWdgW^iVa Ó^\]ih! \gdjcY"WVhZY dWhZgkVidg^Zh VcY di]Zg aVWdgVidgn ^chigj" bZcih ^c i]Z J#H# VcY VWgdVY# <dYYVgYÉh <gZZcWZai XVbejh XdciV^ch bdgZ i]Vc *% Wj^aY^c\h VcY gZhZVgX] aVWd" gVidg^Zh# I]Z XZciZg Vahd deZgViZh VcY bVc" V\Zh i]Z LVaadeh ;a^\]i ;VX^a^in! V aVjcX] gVc\Z adXViZY dc K^g\^c^VÉh :VhiZgc H]dgZ# 6ahd jcYZg <dYYVgYÉh jbWgZaaV VgZ i]Z <dY" YVgY >chi^ijiZ [dg HeVXZ HijY^Zh ^c CZl Ndg` 8^in! V gZcdlcZY XZciZg [dg Xa^bViZ gZhZVgX]!

VcY i]Z >cYZeZcYZci KZg^ÒXVi^dc VcY KVa^YV" i^dc ;VX^a^in ^c LZhi K^g\^c^V! Vc dg\Vc^oVi^dc gZhedch^WaZ [dg ^cYZeZcYZcian Vhhjg^c\ i]Z hV[Zin d[ b^hh^dc Xg^i^XVa XdbejiZg hd[ilVgZ# I]Z <dYYVgY XZciZg Vahd ]Vh gZhedch^W^a^in [dg C6H6Éh heVXZÓ^\]i igVX`^c\ VcY YViV VX" fj^h^i^dc cZildg`h! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z L]^iZ HVcYh 8dbeaZm adXViZY cZVg AVh 8gjXZh! C#B# DeZg" Vi^c\ Vi <dYYVgY VgZ ild [jcXi^dcVaan ^YZci^" XVa hViZaa^iZ \gdjcY iZgb^cVah! l]^X] ZchjgZ jc^ciZggjeiZY Xdbbjc^XVi^dch WZilZZc kVg^" djh \gdjcY hiVi^dch! C6H6Éh dgW^i^c\ ÓZZi d[ IgVX`^c\ VcY 9ViV GZaVn HViZaa^iZh! XjhidbZg heVXZXgV[i VcY i]Z XdbejiZg hnhiZbh i]Vi hjeedgi hjX] heVXZXgV[i# <dYYVgY Vahd bVc" V\Zh V hj^iZ d[ \gdjcY hiVi^dch ^c di]Zg adXV" i^dch VgdjcY i]Z \adWZ [dg igVX`^c\! XdbbVcY" ^c\ VcY VXfj^g^c\ YViV [gdb C6H6 heVXZXgV[i# I]Z XZciZg ^h iVh`ZY l^i] YZkZade^c\ lVnh id VgX]^kZ VcY Y^hig^WjiZ i]Z hX^Zci^ÒX YViV VXXj" bjaViZY [gdb i]Z bVcn b^hh^dch ^i hjeedgih#

9ZbdchigVi^c\ C6H6Éh Xdbb^ibZci id ZmiZgcVa eVgicZgh]^eh! <dYYVgY ]Vh bdgZ i]Vc )% nZVgh d[ ZmeZg^ZcXZ bVcV\^c\ i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ hViZaa^iZh deZgViZY Wn i]Z CVi^dcVa DXZVc^X VcY 6ibdhe]Zg^X 6Yb^c" ^higVi^dc id [dgZXVhi hZkZgZ lZVi]Zg VcY igVX` ]jgg^XVcZh# I]Z XZciZg ]Vh Wj^ai VcY deZgViZY bdgZ gZhZVgX] hViZaa^iZh YZY^XVi" ZY id i]Z hijYn d[ djg ]dbZ eaVcZi i]Vc Vcn di]Zg ^chi^iji^dc ^c i]Z ldgaY VcY Vahd YZ" kZadeh ^chigjbZcih i]Vi VgZ Ódlc VWdVgY heVXZXgV[i deZgViZY Wn di]Zg cVi^dch VcY di]Zg [ZYZgVa V\ZcX^Zh# AVWdgVidg^Zh i]Vi YZkZade hde]^hi^XViZY hX^Zci^ÒX ^chigjbZcih Ódlc VWdVgY hViZaa^iZh VgZ V `Zn <dYYVgY [ZVijgZ# KVXjjb X]Vb" WZgh! h]V`Zg iVWaZh! VXdjhi^X iZhi XZaah VcY V =^\] 8VeVX^in 8Zcig^[j\Z Vaadl hViZaa^iZ higjXijgZh id WZ hjW_ZXiZY id Zck^gdcbZciVa XdcY^i^dch i]Vi b^b^X i]dhZ ZcXdjciZgZY ^c VXijVa heVXZÓ^\]i# HViZaa^iZ 8dcigda 8ZciZgh VgZ Y^hig^WjiZY VXgdhh i]Z XZciZg id igVX` VcY bV^ciV^c i]Z heVXZXgV[i VcY ^chigjbZcih [dg )( dc\d^c\ hViZaa^iZ b^hh^dch# 6 hZeVgViZ Xdcigda XZciZg ^c 7Vai^bdgZ! BY#! deZgViZh VcY bdc^idgh XadhZan i]Z =jW" WaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ VcY i]Z ]ZVai] d[ ^ih hnhiZbh VcY Zfj^ebZci# <dYYVgY hX^Zci^hih VcY Zc\^cZZgh VgZ XjggZcian ldg`^c\ l^i] iZVbh d[ VhigdcVjih Vi i]Z ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg id eaVc i]Z h]jiiaZ Ó^\]i id bV^ciV^c VcY gZeV^g i]Z iZaZhXdeZ ^c i]Z aViZ hjbbZg d[ '%%-! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z heZX^ÒX iVh`h id WZ eZg[dgbZY Wn heVXZlVa`^c\ VhigdcVjih# <dYYVgY ^h Vahd ]dbZ id dcZ d[ i]Z aVg\" Zhi XaZVc gddbh jhZY ^c i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb# 8aZVc gddbh ]Zae `ZZe Òc\Zgeg^cih! Yjhi VcY di]Zg V^gWdgcZ XdciVb^cVcih VlVn [gdb hZch^i^kZ ^chigjbZcih# I]Z [VX^a^in jhZh ÒkZ ]j\Z [Vch i]Vi egdk^YZ ejgZ V^g VcY Vc Zck^" gdcbZci l]ZgZ aVg\Z hViZaa^iZh jcYZg\d ÒcVa iZhi VcY VhhZbWan VcY heVXZ h]jiiaZ eVnadVYh XVc WZ egZeVgZY [dg h]^ebZci id aVjcX]^c\ h^iZh# I^cn b^XgdZaZXigdc^X YZk^XZh VgZ Vh" hZbWaZY VcY hZb^XdcYjXidgh VgZ egdXZhhZY ^c V YZkZadebZci aVWdgVidgn Vi <dYYVgY# >c hjeedgi d[ C6H6Éh cZl ZmeadgVi^dc \dVah! <dYYVgY l^aa ]VkZ V bV_dg gdaZ ^c i]Z AjcVg EgZXjghdg GdWdi^X Egd\gVb! V cZXZh" hVgn hiZe ^c 6bZg^XVÉh gZijgc id i]Z bddc# <dYYVgY ^h gZhedch^WaZ [dg i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ AEGEÉh Òghi b^hh^dc! i]Z AjcVg GZXdc" cV^hhVcXZ DgW^iZg# AGD l^aa egdk^YZ Xg^i^XVa ^c[dgbVi^dc VWdji i]Z bddc id ]Zae C6H6 hZaZXi hV[Z aVcY^c\ h^iZh l^i] XdbeZaa^c\ Zm" eadgVi^dc VcY hX^Zci^ÒX [ZVijgZh#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

205

CLEAR-COM CONGRATULATES NASA FOR 50 YEARS OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY. Thank you for choosing Clear-Com intercom systems for your mission critical communications in: Test and Evaluation Command and Control Training and Simulation

RAISING PERFORMANCE

www.clearcom.com © 2007, Vitec Group Communications, LLC. All rights reserved. ® Clear-Com is a registered trademark of The Vitec Group plc.

C6H6Ă&#x2030;h 8dchiZaaVi^dc Egd\gVb l^aa Vahd gZan dc i]Z <dYYVgY iZVb# <dYYVgY l^aa WZ gZhedch^WaZ [dg GVY^d ;gZfjZcXn G; Zc\^cZZg^c\! ^cXajY^c\ Xdbbjc^XVi^dch VcY igVX`^c\! [dg 8dchiZaaVi^dc# <dYYVgY Vahd egdk^YZh hjeedgi ^c i]Z VgZVh d[ gVY^Vi^dc Zc\^cZZg^c\! Vii^ijYZ Xdcigda hnhiZb bdYZa^c\ VcY hnhiZbh Zc\^cZZg^c\ heVcc^c\ Xdbbjc^" XVi^dch! Vk^dc^Xh! Ă&#x201C;^\]i eZg[dgbVcXZ! hV[Zin VcY b^hh^dc VhhjgVcXZ# <dYYVgY Vahd ]Vh WZZc \^kZc gZhedch^W^a^in [dg Xdbbjc^XVi^dch! igVX`^c\ VcY YViV ]VcYa^c\ [dg i]Z Dg^dc XgZl ZmeadgVi^dc kZ]^XaZ# I]Z XZciZg l^aa YZkZade VcY iZhi Dg^dcĂ&#x2030;h gVY^d hnhiZbh VcY VciZccVh id WZ jhZY Yjg^c\ :Vgi]"dgW^iVa VcY ajcVg Ă&#x201C;^\]ih#

C6H6

GODDARD INSTITUTE FOR SPACE STUDIES (NEW YORK CITY, N.Y.)

C

6H6Ă&#x2030;h <dYYVgY >chi^ijiZ [dg HeVXZ HijY^Zh! Vi 8dajbW^V Jc^kZg" h^in ^c CZl Ndg` 8^in! ^h gZhedch^WaZ [dg `ZZe^c\ igVX` d[ i]Z ZkZg"X]Vc\^c\ ldgaY! dg Vi aZVhi ^ih Xa^bViZ# <>HH ^h V XdbedcZci aVWdgVidgn d[ C6H6Ă&#x2030;h <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg :Vgi]"Hjc :meadgVi^dc 9^k^h^dc VcY V jc^i d[ I]Z :Vgi] >chi^" ijiZ Vi 8dajbW^V Jc^kZgh^in# 7Z\jc ^c &.+& Wn 9g# GdWZgi ?Vhigdl id XdcYjXi WVh^X gZhZVgX] ^c heVXZ hX^ZcXZh ^c hjeedgi d[ <dYYVgY egd" \gVbh! <>HH cdl Zbe]Vh^oZh V WgdVY hijYn d[ \adWVa Xa^bViZ X]Vc\Z# I]Z [VX^a^inĂ&#x2030;h XjggZci Y^gZXidg ^h 9g# ?VbZh :# =VchZc# 6i i]Z ^chi^ijiZ! hX^Zci^hih VXgdhh V l^YZ gVc\Z d[ Y^hX^ea^cZh hijYn cVijgVa VcY ]jbVc"XVjhZY X]Vc\Zh ^c djg Zck^gdcbZci i]Vi dXXjg dc kVg^djh i^bZ hXVaZh [gdb YZXVYZh id b^aaZcc^V VcY i]Vi V[[ZXi i]Z ]VW^i" VW^a^in d[ djg eaVcZi# I]Z ^chi^ijiZ ^h cdiZY [dg YZkZade^c\ \adWVa bdY" Zah d[ Vibdhe]Zg^X! aVcY"hjg[VXZ VcY dXZVc^X egdXZhhZh Vh V bZVch d[ V^Y^c\ egZY^Xi^dc d[ djg Xa^bViZĂ&#x2030;h [jijgZ Zkdaji^dc# HX^Zci^hih Vi i]Z ^chi^ijiZ jhZ XdbegZ]Zch^kZ \adWVa YViV hZih! i]Z hijYn d[ eVhi ZkZcih dc :Vgi] hjX] V eVaZdXa^bViZ X]Vc\Z! VcY Zkdak^c\ `cdlaZY\Z VWdji di]Zg eaVcZihĂ&#x2030; Xa^bViZh id Vhh^hi i]Z^g ldg` ^c i]^h hdX^Vaan ^bedgiVci gZhZVgX] Ă&#x2019;ZaY#

INDEPENDENT VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION FACILITY (FAIRMONT, W.VA.)

A

dXViZY ^c i]Z ]ZVgi d[ LZhi K^g\^c^VĂ&#x2030;h ZbZg\^c\ iZX]cdad\n hZX" idg! i]Z C6H6 >cYZeZcYZci KZg^Ă&#x2019;XVi^dc VcY KVa^YVi^dc ;VX^a^in lVh ZhiVWa^h]ZY ^c &..( Vh eVgi d[ Vc V\ZcXn"l^YZ higViZ\n id egdk^YZ i]Z ]^\]Zhi VX]^ZkVWaZ aZkZah d[ hV[Zin VcY Xdhi"Z[[ZXi^kZcZhh [dg C6H6 b^hh^dc Xg^i^XVa hd[ilVgZ# I]Z C6H6 >K K ;VX^a^in lVh [djcYZY jcYZg i]Z C6H6 D[Ă&#x2019;XZ d[ HV[Zin VcY B^hh^dc 6hhjgVcXZ Vh V Y^gZXi gZhjai d[ gZXdbbZcYVi^dch bVYZ Wn i]Z CVi^dcVa GZhZVgX] 8djcX^a VcY i]Z GZedgi d[ i]Z EgZh^" YZci^Va 8dbb^hh^dc dc i]Z HeVXZ H]jiiaZ 8]VaaZc\Zg 6XX^YZci# H^cXZ i]Zc! i]Z [VX^a^in ]Vh ZmeZg^ZcXZY Xdci^cjVa \gdli] ^c eZghdc" cZa! egd_ZXih! XVeVW^a^i^Zh VcY VXXdbea^h]bZcih! VcY ]Vh Xdcig^WjiZY iVc\^Wan id C6H6Ă&#x2030;h ^begdkZY hV[Zin gZXdgY# IdYVn! >K K ^h Vc V\ZcXn" aZkZa [jcXi^dc YZaZ\ViZY [gdb D[Ă&#x2019;XZ d[ HV[Zin VcY B^hh^dc 6hhjgVcXZ

208

NASA

BdjciV^cZZg hiViZ bddc ;jaa bddc g^h^c\ dkZg i]Z >cYZeZcYZci KZg^Ă&#x2019;XVi^dc VcY KVa^YVi^dc ;VX^a^in ^c ;V^gbdci! L#KV#

id i]Z <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg VcY bVcV\ZY Wn i]Z [VX^a^in# I]Z [VX^a^inĂ&#x2030;h eg^bVgn Wjh^cZhh! hd[ilVgZ >K K! ^h hedchdgZY Wn DHB6 Vh V hd[ilVgZ VhhjgVcXZ iZX]cdad\n# I]Z C6H6 >K K Egd\gVb hig^kZh id ^begdkZ hd[ilVgZ hV[Zin! gZa^" VW^a^in VcY fjVa^in d[ C6H6 egd\gVbh VcY b^hh^dch i]gdj\] Z[[ZXi^kZ Veea^XVi^dch d[ hnhiZbh VcY hd[ilVgZ >K K bZi]dYh! egVXi^XZh VcY iZX]c^fjZh# I]Z egd\gVbĂ&#x2030;h k^h^dc ^h id WZ kVajZY [dg ^ih hjeZg^dg eZg" [dgbVcXZ ^c ^cYZeZcYZci hd[ilVgZ kVa^YVi^dc VcY kZg^Ă&#x2019;XVi^dc! ^ih VW^a" ^in id egdk^YZ ]^\]"XdcĂ&#x2019;YZcXZ hV[Zin VcY b^hh^dc VhhjgVcXZ d[ C6H6 hd[ilVgZ! ^ih edh^i^kZ ^beVXi dc i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ ]^\] fjVa^in hd[i" lVgZ! VcY ^ih ZmeZgi^hZ ^c hd[ilVgZ Zc\^cZZg^c\# I]Z [VX^a^in Vahd bVcV\Zh VcY eZg[dgbh Xjii^c\"ZY\Z gZhZVgX] ^c i]Z Ă&#x2019;ZaY d[ hd[ilVgZ Zc\^cZZg^c\ eg^bVg^an Vh ^i gZaViZh id hd[ilVgZ hV[Zin! fjVa^in! kZg^Ă&#x2019;XVi^dc VcY kVa^YVi^dc iZhiVW^a^in! VcY gZa^VW^a^in# DHB6 ]Vh YZaZ\ViZY id i]Z [VX^a^in i]Z bVcV\ZbZci d[ i]Z DHB6 Hd[ilVgZ 6hhjgVcXZ GZhZVgX] Egd\gVb! l]^X] ^h YZh^\cZY id VYYgZhh [jcYV" bZciVa hd[ilVgZ VhhjgVcXZ egdWaZbh# I]Z [VX^a^in eZg[dgbh gZhZVgX] YZh^\cZY id ZcVWaZ i]Z egd\gVb id `ZZe eVXZ l^i] YZkZade^c\ iZX]" cdad\^Zh VcY id Ă&#x2019;cY Z[[ZXi^kZ lVnh d[ eZg[dgb^c\ >K K VcY Zc]VcX^c\ hd[ilVgZ Zc\^cZZg^c\ egVXi^XZh i]gdj\]dji C6H6# I]Z bZc VcY ldbZc d[ i]Z [VX^a^in ldg` ]VgY id eVgi^X^eViZ ^c i]Z k^iVa^in d[ i]Z hjggdjcY^c\ Xdbbjc^i^Zh! VcY id Zc\V\Z i]Z X^i^oZch d[ Ă&#x2020;GdX`Zi 7dnĂ&#x2021; =dbZg =^X`VbĂ&#x2030;h ]dbZ hiViZ ^c i]Z ZmX^i^c\ ZmeZg^ZcXZh VcY WZcZĂ&#x2019;ih d[[ZgZY Wn C6H6Ă&#x2030;h ejghj^i d[ ZmeadgVi^dc VcY Y^hXdkZgn# I]Z [VX^a^inĂ&#x2030;h ldg`[dgXZ Xdch^hih d[ ',* \dkZgcbZci VcY XdcigVXidg ZbeadnZZh# I]Z XjggZci Y^gZXidg d[ i]Z [VX^a^in ^h 9g# 7jiX] 8V[[Vaa#

JET PROPULSION LABORATORY (PASADENA, CALIF.)

L

]Zc i]Z ldgaY hZZh cZl ^bV\Zh d[ di]Zg eaVcZih VcY bddch ^c djg hdaVg hnhiZb! C6H6Ă&#x2030;h ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn ]Vh d[iZc eaVnZY V gdaZ ^c dWiV^c^c\ i]dhZ ^bV\Zh# 7ji i]Z aVWĂ&#x2030;h ]^hidgn WZ\Vc adc\ WZ[dgZ i]Z HeVXZ 6\Z# >c &.(+! hijYZcih Vi l]Vi lVh i]Zc i]Z <j\\Zc]Z^b 6ZgdcVji^XVa AVWdgVidgn! eVgi d[ i]Z 8Va^[dgc^V >chi^ijiZ d[ IZX]cdad\n jcYZg i]Z

C6H6

;gdb EVhVYZcV id BVgh BdW^a^in iZhi^c\ [dg i]Z BVgh :meadgVi^dc GdkZg ' Vi i]Z ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn#

Y^gZXi^dc d[ I]ZdYdgZ kdc @VgbVc! WZ\Vc id XdcYjXi ZmeZg^bZcih l^i] a^fj^Y"egdeZaaVci gdX`Zi Zc\^cZh ^c i]Z 6ggdnd HZXd _jhi djih^YZ d[ EVhVYZcV# I]Z J#H# 6gbn hjWhZfjZcian ]ZaeZY 8VaiZX] VXfj^gZ aVcY ^c i]Z 6ggdnd HZXd id Wj^aY iZhi^c\ [VX^a^i^Zh [dg gdX`Zih i]Vi a^[iZY ]ZVk^an aVYZc V^geaVcZh ^cid i]Z V^g# 9jg^c\ LdgaY LVg >>! kdc @VgbVcÉh iZVb YZkZadeZY hda^Y" VcY a^fj^Y"egdeZaaVci gdX`Zi WddhiZgh [dg i]Z V^geaVcZh! VcY YZh^\cZY aVg\Zg ]^\]"Vai^ijYZ gdX`Zih# I]Z [VX^a^in lVh gZdg\Vc^oZY ^c &.)) Vh i]Z ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn VcY [dXjhZY dc gZhZVgX] VcY YZkZadebZci iZhih d[ \j^YZY b^hh^aZh VcY di]Zg Zmeadh^kZh# ?EA lVh igVch[ZggZY [gdb i]Z J#H# 6gbn id C6H6 ^c 9ZXZbWZg &.*-# 6h deedhZY id di]Zg C6H6 XZciZgh! ?EA ldg`h [dg C6H6 jcYZg V XdcigVXi! V egVXi^XZ i]Vi WZ\Vc ^c &.+'# I]Z aVWdgVidgn ^h XjggZcian Y^gZXiZY Wn 9g# 8]VgaZh :aVX]^# ?EA idYVn Xdbeg^hZh &,, VXgZh cZmi id i]Z h^iZ d[ kdc @VgbVcÉh ZVgan gdX`Zi iZhi [VX^a^i^Zh# I]Z daYZhi dg^\^cVa Wj^aY^c\ hi^aa hiVcY^c\ Vi ?EA ^h cd# &&! Òghi Xdc" higjXiZY [dg jhZ ^c i]Z gdX`Zi egd\gVb# >i ^h idYVn i]Z ?EA HeVXZ HX^" ZcXZh AVWdgVidgn# Di]Zg dg^\^cVa Wj^aY^c\h jhZY ^c i]Z Òghi gdX`Zi iZhi egd\gVbh gZbV^c ^c jhZ# I]Z B^hh^dch DeZgVi^dc Wj^aY^c\ lVh Wj^ai ^c &.*-! Vadc\ l^i] i]Z Adl IZbeZgVijgZ AVWdgVidgn VcY i]Z =^\] KVXjjb AVWdgVidgn# 6 hZg^Zh d[ aVWdgVidg^Zh jhZY ^c heVXZ VXi^k^i^Zh lZgZ XdchigjXiZY Vi ?EA ^c i]Z &.+%h# I]ZhZ ^cXajYZ i]Z HeVXZXgV[i 6hhZbWan ;VX^a^in!

8dcigda HnhiZbh AVWdgVidgn! VcY 8ZaZhi^Va H^bjaVidg Wj^aY^c\# I]Z HeVXZ H^bjaVidg ;VX^a^in lVh VYYZY ^c &.+' VcY i]Z HeVXZ ;a^\]i DeZg" Vi^dch 8dbbVcY ;VX^a^in ^c &.+(# I]Z :Vgi] HeVXZ HX^ZcXZ! E]nh^XVa

HX^ZcXZh! HeZXigdhXden AVWdgVidgn! <ngd AVWdgVidgn! BV\cZi^X AVWd" gVidgn! VcY :ck^gdcbZciVa AVWdgVidg^Zh lZgZ VYYZY id i]Z ?EA gdhiZg WZilZZc &.+* VcY &.+,# I]Z XZciZgÉh bV^c VYb^c^higVi^dc Wj^aY^c\ &-% lVh XdbeaZiZY ^c &.+)# Di]Zg cZl [VX^a^i^Zh ^cXajYZ V GdWdi^Xh AVWdgVidgn! VYYZY ^c &.,&!

Vc >hdideZ I]ZgbdZaZXig^X HnhiZbh AVW ^c &.,'! Vc :Vgi] VcY HeVXZ HX^ZcXZ AVWdgVidgn ^c &.-*! V B^XgdYZk^XZh AVWdgVidgn ^c &.-+! VcY i]Z DWhZgkVi^dcVa >chigjbZcih AVW ^c &.-.# I]Z cZlZhi Wj^aY^c\h VgZ i]Z >c"H^ij >chigjbZcih AVW '%%& VcY i]Z Dei^XVa >ciZg[ZgdbZiZgn 9ZkZadebZci AVW '%%' # ?EA idYVn Xdbeg^hZh &,, VXgZh cZmi id i]Z h^iZ d[ kdc @VgbVcÉh ZVgan gdX`Zi iZhi [VX^a^i^Zh# ?EA ]Vh bVcV\ZY VcY deZgViZY cZVgan ZkZgn bV_dg J#H# ^ciZgeaVc" ZiVgn ZmeadgVi^dc b^hh^dc# I]ZhZ ^cXajYZ i]Z ZVgan GVc\Zg VcY Hjg" kZndg ajcVg egdWZh0 i]Z BVg^cZg hZg^Zh d[ heVXZXgV[i i]Vi ÓZl eVhi KZcjh VcY BVgh ^c i]Z &.+%h0 i]Z K^`^c\ aVcYZgh! l]^X] bVYZ i]Z Òghi hjXXZhh[ja J#H# aVcY^c\h VcY ZmeadgVi^dch d[ i]Z BVgi^Vc hjg[VXZ ^c &.,+0 i]Z ]^hidg^X KdnV\Zg & VcY ' heVXZXgV[i! l]^X] ZmeadgZY i]Z dji" Zg gZ\^dch d[ i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z Y^hiVci eaVcZih ?je^iZg! HVijgc! JgVcjh! VcY CZeijcZ# I]Z XZciZg Vahd bVcV\ZY i]Z ]ZVgin BVgh Hd_djgcZg gdkZg VcY i]Z il^c BVgh GdkZgh He^g^i VcY Deedgij" c^in! l]^X] aVcYZY dc i]Z GZY EaVcZi ^c '%%) VcY VgZ hi^aa gdVb^c\ VcY Zmeadg^c\ ^ih hjg[VXZ0 i]Z dgW^i^c\ BVgh HjgkZndg VcY BVgh 8a^bViZ DgW^iZg! l]^X] ]VkZ hcVeeZY ]jcYgZYh d[ i]djhVcYh d[ ]^\]"gZhdaj" i^dc ^bV\Zh d[ i]Z eaVcZi [gdb dgW^i0 i]Z BV\ZaaVc VcY <Va^aZd heVXZ egdWZh0 VcY bVcn bdgZ VYkVcXZY eaVcZiVgn ZmeadgVi^dc heVXZXgV[i#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

209

?EA ^h gZhedch^WaZ [dg hnhiZbh Zc\^cZZg" ^c\ ^c hjeedgi d[ i]Z 8dchiZaaVi^dc Egd\gVb# >c VYY^i^dc! ?EA l^aa egdk^YZ hjeedgi id i]Z Dg^dc XgZl ZmeadgVi^dc kZ]^XaZ i]ZgbVa egdiZXi^dc hnhiZb VYkVcXZY YZkZadebZci egd_ZXi# Di]Zg ?EA Vhh^\cbZcih ^c C6H6Ă&#x2030;h Z[[dgi id gZcZl ]jbVc ZmeadgVi^dc WZndcY adl :Vgi] dgW^i ^cXajYZ HV[Zin GZa^VW^a^in FjVa^in 6hhjgVcXZ! hjeedgi [dg ^ciZ\gViZY ]VoVgY VcVanh^h VcY g^h` VhhZhhbZci# I]Z aVWdgVidgn l^aa Xd"aZVY hnhiZbh Zc\^cZZg" ^c\ VcY ^ciZ\gVi^dc hd[ilVgZ VcY Vk^dc^Xh hnhiZbh ^ciZ\gVi^dc0 hjeedgi i]Z YZkZade" bZci d[ 8dchiZaaVi^dc kZ]^XaZ gZfj^gZbZcih! igVYZ hijY^Zh! VcY egdXZhh VcY iddah d[Ă&#x2019;XZh0 VcY hjeedgi cVk^\Vi^dc VcY igVX`^c\! edlZg! XdbbVcY! Xdcigda! Xdbbjc^XVi^dc VcY ^c[dgbVi^dc! di]Zg egd\gVb"l^YZ ]jbVc [VXidgh! VcY \gdjcY$b^hh^dc deZgVi^dch hnh" iZbh ^ciZ\gVi^dc \gdjeh#

JOHNSON SPACE CENTER (HOUSTON, TEXAS)

I

]Z ]ZVgi d[ C6H6Ă&#x2030;h ]jbVc heVXZĂ&#x201C;^\]i egd\gVb a^Zh ^c IZmVh Vi i]Z AncYdc 7# ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg# CVbZY [dg djg cVi^dcĂ&#x2030;h (+i] egZh^YZci! i]Z XdbeaZm h^ih ^c i]Z b^Yhi d[ &!+%% VXgZh dc i]Z hdji]ZVhi ZY\Z d[ =djhidcĂ&#x2030;h X^in a^b^ih# I]Z XZciZg deZcZY ^c &.+& Vh i]Z BVccZY HeVXZXgV[i 8ZciZg id ]djhZ i]Z ldg`[dgXZ i]Vi ldjaY YZkZade i]Z heVXZXgV[i! igV^c i]Z VhigdcVjih VcY hjeedgi djg cVi^dcĂ&#x2030;h Z[[dgih id aVcY V bVc dc i]Z bddc VcY hV[Zan gZijgc ]^b id :Vgi] Wn i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z YZXVYZ# I]Z XZc" iZgĂ&#x2030;h dg^\^cVa b^hh^dc ]Vh ZmeVcYZY id ^cXajYZ egd\gVbh l^i] adc\"YjgVi^dc heVXZĂ&#x201C;^\]ih! ^ckdak^c\ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa eVgicZgh! VcY egZeVg" ^c\ [dg 6bZg^XVĂ&#x2030;h cZmi \gZVi aZVeh ^c ]jbVc heVXZĂ&#x201C;^\]i# 6h eVgi d[ i]^h dc\d^c\ Zkdaj" i^dc! C6H6 XdchigjXiZY ldgaY"XaVhh [VX^a^i^Zh id egdk^YZ jc^fjZ deedgijc^i^Zh id bZZi i]Z X]VaaZc\Zh VcY dW_ZXi^kZh VhhdX^ViZY l^i] i]Z V\ZcXnĂ&#x2030;h \dVah# I]Z XZciZgĂ&#x2030;h XjggZci Y^gZXidg ^h [dgbZg VhigdcVji B^X]VZa A# 8dVih# >cXajYZY ^c i]Z hegVla^c\ ?d]chdc XVbejh VgZ Wj^aY^c\h YZh^\cZY id hjeedgi i]Z igV^c" ^c\ d[ i]Z J#H# VhigdcVji Xdgeh VcY i]dhZ [gdb i]Z cVi^dch l]d VgZ eVgicZgh ^c heVXZ h]jiiaZ b^hh^dch VcY i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc# =^\]an ji^a^oZY Wn i]ZhZ ^cY^k^YjVah ^h i]Z HeVXZ KZ]^XaZ BdX`je ;VX^a^in! l]^X]

]djhZh [jaa"h^oZ gZVa^hi^X bdX`jeh d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ Ă&#x201C;^\]i YZX` VcY b^Y"YZX`! V [jaa"h^oZ h]jiiaZ [jhZaV\Z bdX`je! VcY bdX`jeh d[ kVg^djh bdYjaZh d[ i]Z heVXZ hiVi^dc# AdXViZY l^i]^c i]Z bdX`je [VX^a^in VgZ ild iddah jhZY ^c i]Z YZkZadebZci VcY ZkVajVi^dc d[ heVXZ" lVa` Zfj^ebZci VcY iZX]c^fjZh/ V egZX^h^dc V^g"WZVg^c\ Ă&#x201C;ddg VcY V eVgi^Va \gVk^in h^bjaV" idg# Id [jgi]Zg egZeVgZ [dg heVXZlVa`h! Vh" igdcVjih igV^c Vi i]Z Hdccn 8VgiZg IgV^c^c\ ;VX^a^in! adXViZY V [Zl b^aZh [gdb i]Z XZciZg# I]^h cZjigVa WjdnVcXn aVWdgVidgn [ZVijgZh V edda XdciV^c^c\ +#' b^aa^dc \Vaadch d[ lViZg l]ZgZ VhigdcVjih VcY i]Z^g igV^cZgh ZmeZg^" ZcXZ h^bjaViZY lZ^\]iaZhhcZhh! Vaadl^c\ i]Zb id igV^c [dg heVXZlVa`h! gZĂ&#x2019;cZ egdXZYjgZh VcY kZg^[n ]VgYlVgZ XdbeVi^W^a^in# 6higdcVjih Vahd heZcY ]djgh ^c i]Z ?V`Z <Vgc IgV^c^c\ ;VX^a^in l]ZgZ i]Zn egZeVgZ [dg aVjcX]! aVcY^c\! eVn" adVY VcY heVXZ hiVi^dc deZgVi^dch! VcY gZcYZo" kdjh VXi^k^i^Zh Wn igV^c^c\ l^i] bdi^dc"WVhZY h^bjaVidgh ^b^iVi^c\ i]Z k^WgVi^dch! cd^hZ VcY k^Zlh ZmeZg^ZcXZY Wn XgZlh dc dgW^i# CZVgWn :aa^c\idc ;^ZaY ]djhZh i]Z XZc" iZgĂ&#x2030;h V^gXgV[i deZgVi^dch# 6higdcVjih gZXZ^kZ heVXZĂ&#x201C;^\]i gZVY^cZhh igV^c^c\ ^c I"(- IVadc hjeZghdc^X _Zih! VcY e^adi VhigdcVjih igV^c l^i] heZX^Vaan bdY^Ă&#x2019;ZY _Zi V^gXgV[i id b^b^X i]Z VeegdVX] VcY aVcY^c\ d[ h]jiiaZ dgW^iZgh# C6H6Ă&#x2030;h deZgVi^dch Vi i]Z V^gĂ&#x2019;ZaY Vahd ^cXajYZ egd\gVbh jh^c\ V 8". V^gXgV[i [dg gZYjXZY" \gVk^in gZhZVgX]! ild [jaan deZgVi^dcVa L7"*, V^gXgV[i [dg ]^\]"Vai^ijYZ gZhZVgX]! VcY i]Z HjeZg <jeen V^gXgV[i! l]dhZ jc^fjZ ]^c\ZY cdhZ Vaadlh aVg\Z e^ZXZh d[ XVg\d id WZ igVch" edgiZY id di]Zg C6H6 adXVi^dch# 6h eVgi d[ i]Z^g igV^c^c\! VhigdcVji XgZlh ldg` XadhZan l^i] i]Z iZVbh d[ i]Z B^hh^dc 8dc" igda 8ZciZg# H^cXZ ?jcZ (! &.+*! i]Z B88 ]Vh WZZc Vc ^ciZ\gVa eVgi d[ i]Z hjXXZhh d[ C6H6Ă&#x2030;h ]jbVc heVXZĂ&#x201C;^\]i b^hh^dch# ;gdb a^[id[[ jci^a i]Z XgZl gZijgch id :Vgi]! i]Z B88 hZgkZh Vh i]Z cjXaZjh d[ Xdbbjc^XVi^dc VcY hjeedgi# HiVgi^c\ l^i] i]Z <Zb^c^ >K heVXZlVa`^c\ b^hh^dc! iZVbh d[ ZmeZg^ZcXZY Zc\^cZZgh VcY iZX]c^X^Vch ^c =djhidc ]VkZ XdcigdaaZY ZkZgn Ă&#x201C;^\]i [dg i]Z <Zb^c^! 6edaad! H`naVW! 6edaad" Hdnjo IZhi Egd_ZXi VcY heVXZ h]jiiaZ egd\gVbh VcY deZgVi^dch VWdVgY i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc# I]Z dg^\^cVa B88 XdcĂ&#x2019;\jgVi^dc d[ ild ^YZci^XVa B^hh^dc DeZgVi^dch 8dcigda Gddbh adXViZY dc hZeVgViZ Ă&#x201C;ddgh lVh bdY^Ă&#x2019;ZY VcY Zc]VcXZY ^c i]Z &.-%h! gZhjai^c\ ^c Ă&#x201C;^\]i Xdc" igda gddbh l^i] XVeVW^a^i^Zh id h^bjaiVcZdjhan hjeedgi V heVXZ hiVi^dc :meZY^i^dc XgZl VcY V h]jiiaZ XgZl ^c Ă&#x201C;^\]i# >c i]Z b^Y"&..%h! l]^aZ

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

211

C6H6

GZVYn [dg V hdV`^c\ 6c VhigdcVji egZeVgZh id igV^c ^c i]Z ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZgÉh cZjigVa WjdnVcXn aVWdgVidgn#

C6H6Éh VhigdcVjih gZh^YZY dc i]Z Gjhh^Vc heVXZ hiVi^dc B^g! i]Z B88 iZVbh d[ Ó^\]i XdcigdaaZgh VcY hjeedgi hiV[[ bdkZY ^cid Vc ZgV d[ h]VgZY gZhedch^W^a^i^Zh l^i] V Xdcigda XZciZg ^c BdhXdl# Dc Cdk# '! '%%%! i]Z Òghi :meZY^i^dc XgZl Vgg^kZY Vi i]Z heVXZ hiVi^dc! VcY h^cXZ i]Vi i^bZ! i]Z B88 ]Vh bdc^idgZY i]Z hiVi^dcÉh VXi^k^i^Zh ZkZgn b^cjiZ d[ ZkZgn YVn! VcY ldg`ZY l^i] C6H6Éh ^ciZgcVi^dcVa eVgicZgh id VX]^ZkZ b^hh^dc hjXXZhh# Di]Zg ?d]chdc [VX^a^i^Zh XdciV^c V igZVhjgZ igdkZ d[ -%% edjcYh d[ ajcVg bViZg^Vah gZijgcZY [gdb i]Z bddc WZilZZc &.+. VcY &.,'# I]ZhZ ajcVg hVbeaZh Xdci^cjZ id WZ hijY^ZY idYVn Wn hX^Zci^hih [gdb VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY# Dg^\^cVaan ]djhZY ^c i]Z XZciZgÉh AjcVg GZXZ^k^c\ AVWdgVidgn! i]Z bViZg^Vah lZgZ bdkZY ^c &.,. id i]Z AjcVg HVbeaZ AVWdgVidgn ;VX^a^in! V k^gijVaan ^cYZhigjXi^WaZ ild"hidgn [VX^a^in jcYZg i]Z Y^gZXi^dc d[ i]Z XZciZgÉh 6higdbViZg^Vah 6Xfj^h^i^dc VcY 8jgVi^dc D[ÒXZ# 6adc\ l^i] i]Z ajcVg hVbeaZh! i]Z d[ÒXZ bV^ciV^ch [djg di]Zg XdaaZXi^dch d[ ZmigViZggZhig^Va hVbeaZh! ^cXajY^c\ bZiZdg^iZh [gdb 6ci" VgXi^XV! Xdhb^X Yjhi XdaaZXiZY ^c i]Z higVidhe]ZgZ! hdaVg l^cY hVbeaZh XdaaZXiZY Wn i]Z <ZcZh^h heVXZXgV[i! VcY ^ciZghiZaaVg VcY XdbZiVgn Yjhi hVbeaZh XdaaZXiZY Yjg^c\ i]Z gZXZci HiVgYjhi b^hh^dc#

212

NASA

Id hjeedgi ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i! iZVbh Vi ?d]chdc ]Zae l^i] i]Z bVcV\ZbZci VcY YZkZadebZci! iZhi^c\! egdYjXi^dc VcY YZa^kZgn d[ Vaa J#H# ]jbVc heVXZXgV[i VcY Vaa ]jbVc heVXZXgV[i"gZaViZY [jcXi^dch ^cXajY^c\ a^[Z hjeedgi hnhiZbh! edlZg hnhiZbh! XgZl Zfj^ebZci! ZaZX" ig^XVa edlZg \ZcZgVi^dc VcY Y^hig^Wji^dc \j^YVcXZ! cVk^\Vi^dc VcY Xdcigda! Xdda^c\ hnhiZbh! higjXijgZh! Ó^\]i hd[ilVgZ! gdWdi^Xh! heVXZ" hj^ih VcY heVXZlVa`^c\ Zfj^ebZci# Egd_ZXih YZkZadeZY Vi ?d]chdc ]VkZ egdYjXZY hX^Zci^ÒX VcY bZY^XVa VYkVcXZh! Vh lZaa Vh heVXZÓ^\]i iZX]cdad\^Zh i]Vi lZgZ VYVeiZY id WZcZÒi ]jbVc`^cY ^c Veea^XVi^dch [dg bZY^X^cZ! ZcZg\n! igVchedgiVi^dc! V\g^XjaijgZ! Xdbbjc^XVi^dch VcY ZaZXigdc^Xh# >c i]Z [jijgZ ?d]chdc l^aa hZgkZ Vh i]Z h^iZ [dg egd\gVb bVcV\Z" bZci d[ i]Z V\ZcXnÉh 8dchiZaaVi^dc Egd\gVb# IZVbh Vi ?d]chdc VgZ ldg`^c\ l^i] eVgicZgh [gdb di]Zg C6H6 XZciZgh id YZkZade i]Z Dg^dc XgZl ZmeadgVi^dc kZ]^XaZ# 6ahd jcYZglVn ^h i]Z iZhi^c\ VcY VcVanh^h d[ i]Z heVXZXgV[iÉh ]jbVc ^ciZg[VXZ VcY Vk^dc^Xh hd[ilVgZ! ^ih i]ZgbVa VcY ]ZVi hnhiZbh! VcY i]Z XgZl ZhXVeZ hnhiZb! Vh lZaa Vh i]Z YZh^\c VcY XgZVi^dc d[ i]Z cZmi \ZcZgVi^dc d[ heVXZhj^ih VcY ajcVg aVcYZgh#

C6H6$6bVcYV 9^aaZg

EZV hdje I]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ 8]VaaZc\Zg bdkZh i]gdj\] i]Z [d\ Ydlc i]Z ("b^aZ XgVlaZg lVn Zc gdjiZ id AVjcX] EVY (.6 VcY ^ih Òghi aVjcX] ^c 6eg^a &.-(#

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER (FLORIDA)

C

VbZY [dg i]Z 6bZg^XVÉh (*i] egZh^YZci! C6H6Éh ?d]c ;# @Zc" cZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg ^h i]Z eg^bVgn J#H# heVXZedgi! C6H6 aVjcX] XZciZg VcY ]dbZ id i]Z cVi^dcÉh ÓZZi d[ heVXZ h]jiiaZ dgW^iZgh# >i ^h [gdb @ZccZYn i]Vi i]Z [Vb^a^Vg VcY ValVnh YgVbVi^X XdjciYdlc gZ" [gV^c "" ÆIZc! c^cZ! Z^\]i! hZkZc! h^m! ÒkZ! [djg! i]gZZ! ild! dcZ! VcY lZ ]VkZ a^[id[[ Ç "" ^h WgdVYXVhi id gVei VjY^ZcXZh i]gdj\]dji i]Z ldgaY# 8jggZcian! i]Z h]jiiaZ dgW^iZgh VgZ ]djhZY! bV^ciV^cZY VcY hZgk^XZY ^c i]Z XZciZgÉh dgW^iZg egdXZhh^c\ [VX^a^i^Zh! VhhZbWaZY l^i] i]Z di]Zg

heVXZ h]jiiaZ XdbedcZcih ^c i]Z bVhh^kZ KZ]^XaZ 6hhZbWan 7j^aY^c\!

VcY aVjcX]ZY ^cid heVXZ [gdb V eV^g d[ aVjcX] XdbeaZmZh# ;gdb &.+- id &.,'! i]Z XZciZg aVjcX]ZY c^cZ 6edaad Ó^\]ih id i]Z bddc# >i ^h VY_VXZci id i]Z J#H# 6^g ;dgXZÉh 8VeZ 8VcVkZgVa aVjcX] gVc\Z l]ZgZ b^hh^aZ iZhih VgZ XdcYjXiZY VcY ZmeZcYVWaZ hViZaa^iZ"XVggn^c\ gdX`Zih VgZ egdXZhhZY VcY aVjcX]ZY# @ZccZYn! ]dbZ id cZVgan &*!%%% X^k^a" ^Vc! b^a^iVgn VcY ^cYjhign ZbeadnZZh! [ZVijgZh V aVg\Z k^h^idg XZciZg XdbeaZm i]Vi ^cXajYZh bjhZjb"fjVa^in Zm]^W^ih! h]deh! gZhiVjgVcih! V heVXZ h]jiiaZ ZmeZg^ZcXZ VcY Vc >B6M i]ZViZg# 6 HVijgc K gdX`Zi ^h Vahd ]djhZY [dg ejWa^X Y^heaVn Vi i]Z k^h^idg XZciZg# @ZccZYnÉh XjggZci Y^gZXidg ^h L^aa^Vb Æ7^aaÇ EVghdch#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

213

C6H6

;jijgZ bddc djiedhi 6c ^cÓViVWaZ ajcVg ]VW^iVi WZ^c\ iZhiZY Vi AVc\aZn GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg#

@ZccZYn a^Zh dc '&."hfjVgZ b^aZh dc ;adg^YVÉh XdVhi! *% b^aZh ZVhi d[ i]Z X^in d[ DgaVcYd! dc BZgg^ii >haVcY! adXViZY WZilZZc i]Z >cY^Vc VcY 7VcVcV G^kZgh l^i] aVjcX] eVY VXXZhh dc i]Z 6iaVci^X DXZVc# I]Z XZciZg ]Vh V jc^fjZ YZh^\cVi^dc Vh V l^aYa^[Z hVcX" ijVgn! l]ZgZ WVaY ZV\aZh! Vaa^\Vidgh! ]Zgdch VcY di]Zg l^aYa^[Z XdZm^hi l^i] ]jbVch# I]Z cVijgVa VgZVh ^cXajYZ i]Z BZgg^ii >haVcY CV" i^dcVa L^aYa^[Z GZ[j\Z VcY V bV_dg eVgi d[ i]Z 8VcVkZgVa CVi^dcVa HZVh]dgZ# I]Z Òghi J#H# VhigdcVjih aVjcX]ZY VWdVgY i]Z GZYhidcZ 6i" aVh! VcY I^iVc >> gdX`Zih [gdb b^a^iVgn aVjcX] eVYh adXViZY Vi i]Z 6^g ;dgXZ 8VeZ 8VcVkZgVa 6^g HiVi^dc# I]Z Òghi HVijgc > VcY >7 gdX`Zih lZgZ Vahd aVjcX]ZY [gdb 8VeZ 8VcVkZgVa# ;daadl^c\ EgZh^YZci @ZccZYnÉh BVn '*! &.+& heZZX] id 8dc\gZhh VccdjcX^c\ i]Z

214

NASA

ajcVg aVcY^c\ \dVa! C6H6 WZ\Vc id VXfj^gZ aVcYh VY_VXZci id i]Z 6^g ;dgXZ WVhZ dc BZg" g^ii >haVcY# Dc i]Vi VgZV! i]Z V\ZcXn Wj^ai cZl Wj^aY^c\h VcY aVjcX] XdbeaZmZh id hje" edgi i]Z HVijgc K aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ VcY 6edaad heVXZXgV[i# AVjcX] 8dbeaZm (.! Xdch^hi^c\ d[ ild cZVgan ^YZci^XVa aVjcX] eVYh! 6 VcY 7! lVh XdchigjXiZY! l^i] heVXZ gZhZgkZY [dg V i]^gY hjX] HVijgc K eVY ]VY ^i WZZc cZZY" ZY# 6 aVjcX] Xdcigda XZciZg lVh Wj^ai l]ZgZ XdcigdaaZgh bdc^idgZY i]Z XdjciYdlc [dg ZVX] HVijgc aVjcX]# Id VhhZbWaZ ZVX] d[ i]Z bddc"WdjcY aVjcX] kZ]^XaZh! i]Z *'*"[ddi iVaa K67 lVh ZgZXiZY# >ch^YZ i]Z higjXijgZ! i]Z i]gZZ hiV\Zh d[ i]Z HVijgc K! Vadc\ l^i] i]Z 6edaad heVXZXgV[i! lZgZ VhhZbWaZY VcY hiVX`ZY dc ide d[ V bdW^aZ aVjcX] eaVi[dgb# I]Z aVhi HVijgc K lVh aVjcX]ZY ^c BVn &.,(!

XVggn^c\ i]Z H`naVW heVXZ hiVi^dc id dgW^i! i]Z dcan jhZ d[ i]Z HVijgc K Vh V XVg\d"XVggn^c\ heVXZ aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ# Jh^c\ V bdY^ÒZY kZg" h^dc d[ i]Z HVijgc K eVYh! i]Z hbVaaZg HVijgc >7 gdX`Zi lVh jhZY [gdb &.,("&.,* id aVjcX] i]Z i]gZZ H`naVW XgZlh VcY i]Z 6bZg^XVc Vh" igdcVjih l]d eVgi^X^eViZY ^c i]Z J#H#"Hdk^Zi Jc^dc 6edaad"Hdnjo IZhi Egd_ZXi# ;dg i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ egd\gVb! @Zc" cZYn bVYZ bdY^ÒXVi^dch id dg gZiV^cZY ^ih 6edaad"ZgV [VX^a^i^Zh! ^cXajY^c\ aVjcX] 8dbeaZm (. 6 VcY 7 VcY i]Z ^ciZg^dg ]^\] WVnh d[ i]Z K67! i]Z bdW^aZ aVjcX]^c\ eaVi" [dgb VcY hadl"bdk^c\ XgVlaZg igVchedgiZg# I]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ :ciZgeg^hZ lVh jhZY Vh V egdidineZ kZ]^XaZ id iZhi i]Z aVjcX] eVY bdY^ÒXVi^dch! eVk^c\ i]Z lVn [dg i]Z Òghi heVXZ h]jiiaZ aVjcX] ^c 6eg^a &.-&#

@ZccZYn VYYZY di]Zg Wj^aY^c\h id hjeedgi h]jiiaZ Ó^\]i deZgVi^dch! ^cXajY^c\ cZl dgW^iZg egdXZhh^c\ [VX^a^i^Zh! l]^X] VXi Vh ]Vc\Vgh [dg i]Z l^c\ZY kZ]^XaZh! Vh lZaa Vh eVnadVY VcY dgY^cVcXZ Wj^aY^c\h [dg i]Z h]jiiaZh VcY i]Z^g WddhiZg gdX`Zih VcY XVg\dZh# 6 gjclVn lVh Wj^ai cZVg i]Z aVjcX] eVYh id VXXdbbdYViZ i]Z \a^Y^c\ gZijgc d[ i]Z heVXZ eaVcZh! l^i] i]Z Òghi h]jiiaZ aVcY^c\ Vi i]Z XZciZgÉh gjclVn iV`" ^c\ eaVXZ Vi i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z 8]VaaZc\Zg HIH")&7 b^hh^dc ^c &.-)# 6 jc^fjZ )*,!%%% hf# [i# HeVXZ HiVi^dc EgdXZhh^c\ ;VX^a^in lVh XdchigjXiZY ^c &..) id egdXZhh VcY iZhi aVg\Z bdYjaZh! igjhh hZ\bZcih! hdaVg eVcZah! ZiX# eg^dg id aVjcX]# @ZccZYn aVjcX]Zh bVcn hX^Zci^ÒX VcY lZVi]Zg heVXZXgV[i ^cid dgW^i VWdVgY kVg^djh ZmeZcYVWaZ aVjcX] kZ]^XaZh hjX] Vh 9ZaiV! 6i" aVh! EZ\Vhjh! IVjgjh! I^iVc VcY 6i]ZcV XaVhh gdX`Zih# I]Z XZciZg ]Vh gZhedch^W^a^in [dg bVcV\^c\ hViZaa^iZ aVjcX]Zh Vi di]Zg aVjcX] h^iZh! ^cXajY^c\ 8VeZ 8VcVkZgVa 6^g ;dgXZ HiVi^dc0 KVcYZcWZg\ 6^g ;dgXZ 7VhZ! 8Va^[#0 VcY @dY^V`! 6aVh`V# Id ]Zae VYkVcXZ C6H6Éh 8dchiZaaVi^dc Egd" \gVb! @ZccZYn l^aa ]VcYaZ Vaa \gdjcY deZgV" i^dch d[ djg cZmi \ZcZgVi^dc heVXZXgV[i VcY aVjcX] kZ]^XaZh# I]Z ild HVijgc K"ijgcZY" h]jiiaZ aVjcX] eVYh l^aa WZ XdckZgiZY V\V^c! i]^h i^bZ id hjeedgi i]Z cZl XgZlZY 6gZh > VcY XVg\d"XVggn^c\ 6gZh K aVjcX] kZ]^XaZh# @ZccZYn l^aa ]VcYaZ \gdjcY egdXZhh^c\ VcY aVjcX] deZgVi^dch d[ i]Z 6gZh gdX`Zih VcY gZ" XdkZgn d[ i]Z Dg^dc XgZl ZmeadgVi^dc kZ]^XaZ XVehjaZh VcY gZXdkZgn d[ i]Z Òghi"hiV\Z hda^Yh d[ i]Z 6gZh > VcY 6gZh K kZ]^XaZh# I]Z Òghi iZhi Ó^\]i aVjcX] d[ Vc 6gZh > aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ ^h eaVccZY [dg ZVgan '%%.! l^i] i]Z gZcZlVa d[ ]jbVc aVjcX]Zh id i]Z bddc [gdb @ZccZYn haViZY id WZ\^c Wn '%'%#

LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER (HAMPTON, VA.)

L

]Zc AVc\aZn GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg WZXVbZ V eVgi d[ C6H6 Vi i]Z V\ZcXnÉh ^cXZe" i^dc! i]Z cVhXZci dg\Vc^oVi^dc gZXZ^kZY cdi dcan V k^iVa gZhZVgX] [VX^a^in! Wji Vahd V e^ZXZ d[ 6bZg^XVc ]^hidgn# I]Z HVbjZa E# AVc\aZn GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg! cVbZY [dg i]Z 6bZg^XVc Vk^Vi^dc e^dcZZg l]d [djcYZY i]Z Hb^i]hdc^Vc 6higde]nh^" XVa DWhZgkVidgn! lVh ZhiVWa^h]ZY ^c &.&, Vh 6bZg^XVÉh Òghi X^k^a^Vc VZgdcVji^Xh gZhZVgX]

aVWdgVidgn [dg i]Z CVi^dcVa 6Yk^hdgn 8db" b^iiZZ [dg 6ZgdcVji^Xh# I]Zc `cdlc Vh i]Z AVc\aZn 6ZgdcVji^XVa BZbdg^Va AVWdgVidgn! i]Z [VX^a^in deZcZY ^ih Òghi l^cY ijccZa iZhi XZciZg ^c &.'%# AVc\aZnÉh hZXdcY ijccZa! i]Z KVg^VWaZ 9Zch^in IjccZa! XgZViZY Wn BVm Bjc` VcY ^chiVaaZY ^c &.''! ]ZaeZY id gZkd" aji^dc^oZ ZVgan VZgdcVji^XVa YZh^\c Wn X]VgVX" iZg^o^c\ hZg^Zh d[ V^g[d^ah# I]ZhZ V^g[d^a hZg^Zh VgZ hi^aa jhZY Wn V^gXgV[i YZh^\cZgh idYVn# GZhZVgX] Vi AVc\aZn ^begdkZY i]Z eZg[dg" bVcXZ VcY XVeVW^a^i^Zh d[ X^k^a VcY b^a^iVgn V^g" XgV[i# 9jg^c\ LdgaY LVg >>! i]Z =Vbeidc! KV#!

[VX^a^in iZhiZY cZVgan Vaa J#H# b^a^iVgn XdbWVi eaVcZh# 6[iZg i]Z lVg! C686 gZhZVgX]Zgh [d" XjhZY dc ^hhjZh gZaVi^c\ id ]^\]"heZZY Ó^\]i# 6 Y^[[ZgZcXZ lVh cdiZY WZilZZc XdckZci^dcVa l^cY ijccZa YViV VcY V^gXgV[i eZg[dgbVcXZ Yjg^c\ ]^\]"heZZY bVcZjkZgh# Id gZbZYn i]^h h^ijVi^dc! Zc\^cZZg ?d]c HiVX` YZkZadeZY V XdcXZei [dg V hadiiZY"i]gdVi l^cY ijccZa YZ" h^\c i]Vi ZcVWaZY iZhi^c\ Vi ]^\]"heZZY Xdc" Y^i^dch bdgZ XadhZan bViX]^c\ VXijVa Ó^\]i XdcY^i^dch# I]Z hadiiZY"i]gdVi ijccZa YZh^\c lVh VlVgYZY V 8daa^Zg Igde]n VcY deZcZY V eVi]lVn id hjeZghdc^X V^gXgV[i YZkZadebZci# AVc\aZn Zc\^cZZgh YZh^\cZY bVcn ]^\]" heZZY iZhi V^geaVcZh# I]ZhZ ]^hidg^X V^gXgV[i ^cXajYZY i]Z hdjcY WVgg^Zg WgZV`^c\ M"&! VcY i]Z M"&*! i]Z Òghi l^c\ZY V^gXgV[i id Ón ^cid heVXZ# AViZg! M"&* gZhZVgX] ldjaY eVkZ i]Z lVn [dg i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ ZgV# L]Zc AVc\aZn lVh VWhdgWZY ^cid C6H6 ^ih Zc\^cZZgh! gZhZVgX] aVWh VcY ]^hidg^X VZgd" heVXZ YViV WZXVbZ i]Z Wj^aY^c\ WadX`h d[ i]Z cZl [ZYZgVa heVXZ V\ZcXn# 8jggZcian i]Z XZc" iZg ^h aZY Wn AZhV 7# GdZ# >c i]Z aViZ &.*%h! 6bZg^XVÉh egd_ZXi id eji ]jbVch ^c heVXZ! BZgXjgn! lVh YZkZadeZY ^c AVc\aZn gZhZVgX] aVWh VcY ijccZah! VcY bVc" V\ZY Vi i]Z XZciZg Wn i]Z V\ZcXnÉh heVXZ iVh` \gdje# I]^h \gdje aViZg ZmeVcYZY VcY bdkZY dc id WZXdbZ i]Z BVccZY HeVXZXgV[i 8ZciZg cdl ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg ^c =djhidc# Eg^" dg id i]Z bdkZ! i]Z dg^\^cVa hZkZc BZgXjgn VhigdcVjih igV^cZY VcY a^kZY Vi AVc\aZn# AVc\aZn Vahd eaVnZY `Zn gdaZh ^c <Zb^c^!

6edaad VcY H`naVW egd\gVbh# AVc\aZn Zc\^" cZZgh gZÒcZY VcY YZkZadeZY i]Z [ZVh^W^a^in d[ gZcYZokdjh VcY YdX`^c\ l]^aZ ^c dgW^i VgdjcY i]Z bddc# AVc\aZn YZh^\cZY VcY deZgViZY h^bjaVidgh i]Vi VaadlZY VhigdcVjih id aZVgc iZX]c^fjZh [dg e^adi^c\ i]Z AjcVg BdYjaZ# =^\]"gZhdaji^dc ajcVg hjg[VXZ bVeh! bVYZ [gdb e]did\gVe]h iV`Zc Wn C6H6 AVc\aZnÉh AjcVg DgW^iZg heVXZXgV[i! VaadlZY b^hh^dc

JUVENT

Dynamic Motion Therapy

Maintain and strengthen muscle and bone.

Improves postural stability (balance).

Low magnitude acoustic (mechanical) vibration.

Gentle, simple, and safe treatment - only 20 minutes a day in home or clinic environment.

Years of research funded by NASA, NIH and the U.S. Army.

Congratulations NASA! Happy 50th Anniversary!

www.juvent.com

300 Atrium Drive Somerset, NJ 08873 USA 1-732-748-8866 1-877-209-9600 (Toll free) Juvent, Dynamic Motion Therapy, and the symbol are trademarks of Juvent Medical, Inc. Copyright © 2007 Juvent Medical, Inc.

NASA did not select or approve this advertiser and does not endorse and is not responsible for the views or statements contained in this advertisement.

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

215

Parachutes and Aerodynamic Deceleration Systems for this World and Beyond.

45 South Satellite Road, PO Box 207, South Windsor CT 06074-0207, USA Tel: 860-528-0092 • Fax: 860-528-8122 • Website: www.pioneer.aero.com

”NASA did not select or approve this advertiser and does not endorse and is not responsible for the views or statements contained in this advertisement.”

Trusted Partner

Congratulations NASA on 50 years of exploration and discovery.

At Raytheon, we’re proud of our reputation as the world’s leading developer of technologies in defense and government electronics, space and information technology. We’re also proud that this reputation rests upon a foundation of trust with customers, employees, suppliers and communities. This combination of trust and technology is delivering distinct operational advantages and information superiority to customers, worldwide.

www.raytheon.com © 2007 Raytheon Company. All rights reserved.

“Customer Success Is Our Mission” is a registered trademark of Raytheon Company.

NASA did not select or approve this advertiser and does not endorse and is not responsible for the views or statements contained in this advertisement.

eaVccZgh id X]ddhZ i]Z hV[Zhi aVcY^c\ h^iZh [dg 6edaad VcY i]Z gdWdi^X HjgkZndg heVXZXgV[i# Di]Zg jcbVccZY heVXZ egdWZh i]Vi ^ckdakZY AVc\aZn gZhZVgX]Zgh ^cXajYZ i]Z :X]d! :meadgZg VcY E6<:DH :Vgi] hViZaa^iZh! l]^X] XVg" g^ZY ZmeZg^bZcih [dg hX^Zci^ÒX gZhZVgX] VcY iZaZXdbbjc^XVi^dch# AVc\aZn ]Vh Vahd eaVnZY V `Zn gdaZ ^c heVXZ igVchedgiVi^dc [dg hbVaa eVnadVYh VcY hViZaa^iZh# >c i]Z b^Y"&.*%h! AVc\aZn gZhZVgX]Zgh WZ\Vc YZkZade^c\ V XdcXZei i]Vi WZXVbZ `cdlc Vh HXdji# HXdji gdX`Zih lZgZ aVjcX]ZY dc K^g\^c^VÉh :VhiZgc H]dgZ! ]dbZ id idYVnÉh LVaadeh ;a^\]i ;VX^a^in# I]Z HXdji hda^Y"[jZaZY gdX`Zi lVh Vbdc\ C6H6Éh bdhi gZa^" VWaZ lVnh d[ ad[i^c\ hbVaa hViZaa^iZh ^cid :Vgi] dgW^i! WZ\^cc^c\ l^i] ^ih ^cVj\jgVa Ó^\]i ^c &.+%# 6[iZg 6edaad! AVc\aZn aZY i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z K^`^c\ b^hh^dch id BVgh# I]Z il^c heVXZXgV[i Xdch^hiZY d[ Vc dgW^iZg VcY aVcYZg VcY lZgZ i]Z Òghi ild heVXZXgV[i id hjXXZhh[jaan hd[i aVcY dc i]Z GZY EaVcZi! l^i] K^`^c\ > aVcY^c\ dc BVghÉ 8]gnhZ EaVc^i^V i]Z EaV^ch d[ <daY dc ?jan '%! &.,+! hZkZc nZVgh id i]Z YVn V[iZg CZ^a 6gbhigdc\ Òghi hiZeeZY dc i]Z bddc# 6h Vc ZmiZch^dc d[ ^begdk^c\ VcY jcYZghiVcY^c\ Ó^\]i! AVc\aZn WZ" \Vc hijYn^c\ i]Z Vibdhe]ZgZ# JcYZghiVcY^c\ :Vgi]! i]Z Vibdhe]ZgZ! VcY ]dl ]jbVc VXi^k^in V[[ZXih i]Zb! Vh lZaa Vh jcYZghiVcY^c\ i]Z ZcZg\n WVaVcXZ WZilZZc :Vgi] VcY i]Z hjc! ^h i]Z \dVa d[ AVc\aZnÉh HX^ZcXZ 9^gZXidgViZ# AVc\aZn hX^Zci^hih ]VkZ YZkZadeZY cZl lVnh id hijYn i]Z ldgaYÉh dXZVch VcY aVcY bVhhZh! ÒcY^c\ VYkVcXZY bZi]dYh id YZiZXi edaaji^dc# DcZ hjX] gZhZVgX] egd_ZXi lVh i]Z =Vad\Zc DX" XjaiVi^dc :meZg^bZci! Vc Vibdhe]Zg^X hViZaa^iZ YZeadnZY Wn i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ# >i \Vi]ZgZY iZbeZgVijgZ! dodcZ VcY di]Zg YViV jhZY id hijYn VcY WZiiZg jcYZghiVcY i]Z X]Zb^hign d[ i]Z Vibdhe]ZgZ# Di]Zg AVc\aZn heVXZ igVchedgiVi^dc ldg` ^cXajYZY YZh^\c VcY iZhih d[ heVXZ eaVcZ XdcÒ\jgVi^dch# I]ZhZ ^cXajYZY YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z M"&* gdX`Zi eaVcZ VcY i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ# H]jiiaZ YZh^\ch lZgZ hjW_ZXiZY id bdgZ i]Vc +%!%%% ]djgh d[ l^cY ijccZa iZhi^c\ WZ[dgZ i]Z ÒcVa h]VeZ d[ i]Z l^c\ZY XgV[i lVh hZaZXiZY# AVc\aZn Zc\^cZZgh YZh^\cZY V hbVaa a^[i^c\ WdYn XVaaZY i]Z =A"'% Vh V edhh^WaZ [Zggn XgV[i id VcY [gdb i]Z eaVccZY HeVXZ HiVi^dc ;gZZYdb# GZXZci XdbbZgX^Va ^ciZgZhi ]Vh WZZc h]dlc ^c edhh^Wan YZkZade^c\ i]Z =A"'% Vh V iVm^ [dg eg^kViZ heVXZÓ^\]ih ^cid :Vgi] dgW^i# DcZ d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZÉh aVg\Zhi eVnadVYh! i]Z Adc\ 9jgVi^dc :m" edhjgZ ;VX^a^in A9:; ! lVh YZh^\cZY Wn AVc\aZn# I]Z ]j\Z hViZaa^iZ XVgg^ZY *, heVXZ ZmeZg^bZcih VcY lVh dgW^iZY [dg h^m nZVgh WZ[dgZ ^ih gZijgc id :Vgi]! Vahd VWdVgY i]Z h]jiiaZ# 9ViV dWiV^cZY [gdb A9:; ]Vh WZZc jhZY ^c YZh^\c^c\ [jijgZ heVXZXgV[i# IgjZ id ^ih VZgdcVji^Xh gddih! AVc\aZn Zc\^cZZgh Xdci^cjZ id h]VeZ VcY ^begdkZ i]Z lVn eaVcZh Ón# AVc\aZn gZhZVgX]Zgh VgZ ldg`^c\ id bV`Z V^gXgV[i fj^ZiZg! hV[Zg VcY bdgZ Z[ÒX^Zci# I]ZnÉgZ Vahd YZkZade" ^c\ iZX]cdad\^Zh id gZYjXZ YZaVnh VcY ]Zae i]Z cVi^dcVa V^g igVchedgiV" i^dc hnhiZb XdeZ l^i] ZkZc bdgZ igV[ÒX ^c i]Z [jijgZ# 8jggZci ldg` Wj^aYh dc nZVgh d[ ^ccdkVi^dc hjXXZhhZh# =^\]"heZZY V^gXgV[i [ZVijgZ cVggdlZY [jhZaV\Zh e^cX]ZY ^c cZVg i]Z l^c\h VcY hjeZgXg^i^XVa l^c\h [dg ^cXgZVhZY Z[ÒX^ZcXn! i]Vc`h id AVc\aZn gZ" hZVgX]Zg G^X]VgY L]^iXdbW# 6^geaVcZh VcY i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZh ]VkZ \gVe]^XVa Æ\aVhh XdX`e^iÇ Y^heaVnh [dg ^begdkZY ZVhZ d[ jhZ Vh V gZhjai d[ AVc\aZn ldg`# 6^ga^cZgh VgZ cdl Zfj^eeZY l^i] V^gWdgcZ egZY^Xi^kZ gVYVg! YZkZadeZY VcY iZhiZY Wn AVc\aZn! i]Vi h^\c^ÒXVcian gZYjXZh i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ YZVYan l^cY h]ZVg VXX^YZcih# EaVcZh VgZ bVYZ l^i] bdgZ Z[ÒX^Zci! a^\]iZg"lZ^\]i Xdbedh^iZ bViZg^Vah WZXVjhZ d[ i]Z XZciZgÉh

ZmiZch^kZ ldg` ^c bViZg^Vah hX^ZcXZ# 6^gedgi gjclVnh! Vh lZaa Vh ]^\]" lVnh! VgZ \gddkZY id ]Zae gZYjXZ ]nYgdeaVc^c\ VXX^YZcih Yjg^c\ gV^cn lZVi]Zg! i]Vc`h id AVc\aZn hijY^Zh# IdYVn! AVc\aZn Zc\^cZZgh VgZ YZkZade^c\ iZX]cdad\n [dg bdgZ [jZa" Z[ÒX^Zci VcY Zck^gdcbZciVaan [g^ZcYan V^gXgV[i VcY gdidgXgV[i# AVc\aZn gZhZVgX] Vahd ^h [dXjh^c\ dc iZX]cdad\^Zh i]Vi l^aa Vaadl V^ga^cZgh VcY di]Zg V^gXgV[i id Ón [VhiZg VcY ]^\]Zg "" Vi hjeZghdc^X VcY ZkZc ]n" eZghdc^X heZZYh# GZhZVgX]Zgh VgZ ldg`^c\ dc XdX`e^i Y^heaVn hnhiZbh i]Vi ldjaY ^begdkZ hV[Zin Wn \^k^c\ e^adih V XaZVg ZaZXigdc^X e^XijgZ d[ l]ViÉh djih^YZ! ^cXajY^c\ iZggV^c! di]Zg V^g igV[ÒX VcY i]Z V^gedgi hjg" [VXZ! cd bViiZg l]Vi i]Z lZVi]Zg dg i^bZ d[ YVn# AVc\aZn gZhZVgX]Zgh Xdci^cjZ id ldg` dc lVnh id WZiiZg Y^V\cdhZ VcY egZY^Xi V^gXgV[i VcY bZX]Vc^XVa [V^ajgZh! ZheZX^Vaan ^c daYZg eaVcZh i]Vi gZbV^c ^c hZgk^XZ# AVc\aZn VZgdcVji^Xh Vahd eaVnh V gdaZ ^c hjeedgi^c\ heVXZ gZhZVgX]! hijYn^c\ hjeZghdc^X VcY ]neZghdc^X heZZY X]VaaZc\Zh i]Vi VgZ [VXZY Wn heVXZXgV[i Yjg^c\ eaVcZiVgn Zcign! YZhXZci VcY aVcY^c\# ;dg i]Z 8dchiZaaVi^dc Egd\gVb! AVc\aZn l^aa dkZghZZ i]Z Dg^dc XgZl ZmeadgVi^dc kZ]^XaZÉh aVjcX] VWdgi hnhiZb ^ciZ\gVi^dc! l^i] eg^bZ XdcigVX" idg dkZgh^\]i VcY VcVanh^h# AVc\aZn l^aa ]VkZ gZhedch^W^a^in [dg Ó^\]i iZhi VcY eVi]ÒcYZg Vgi^XaZh egdYjXi^dc [dg XgZl bdYjaZ! aVjcX] VWdgi hnhiZb VcY hZeVgVi^dc ]VgYlVgZ# >i l^aa aZVY i]Z Dg^dc AVcY^c\ HnhiZb 6YkVcXZY 9ZkZadebZci Egd_ZXi! hjeedgi i]Z I]ZgbVa EgdiZXi^dc HnhiZb 6YkVcXZY 9ZkZadebZci Egd_ZXi! egdk^YZ VZgd"i]ZgbVa! \j^YVcXZ! cVk^\Vi^dc VcY Xdc" igda! VcY Vk^dc^Xh hd[ilVgZ! VcY egdk^YZ Y^heaVnh VcY Xdcigdah hjeedgi [dg Dg^dcÉh XgZl XdbeVgibZci# AVc\aZn Vahd l^aa egdk^YZ ^cYZeZcYZci VcVan" h^h VcY hnhiZbh Zc\^cZZg^c\ VcY ^ciZ\gVi^dc hjeedgi [dg Dg^dc VcY di]Zg ZaZbZcih id WZ nZi YZkZadeZY Vh eVgi d[ i]Z 8dchiZaaVi^dc Egd\gVb# AVc\aZn ]Vh bV_dg gdaZh ^c i]Z 6gZh > XgZl aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ# I]ZhZ ^cXajYZ VZgdYncVb^X YZh^\c d[ i]Z Zci^gZ aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ! Xdbe^a^c\ Vc VZgdYncVb^X YViVWVhZ VcY YZkZade^c\ VZgdZaVhi^X^in iZhih VcY VcVanh^h# AVc\aZn Vahd l^aa eVgi^X^eViZ ^c igV_ZXidgn VcVanhZh [dg i]Z 6gZh gdX`Zih#

MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER (HUNTSVILLE, ALA.)

L

]Zc EgZh^YZci @ZccZYn XVaaZY ^c &.+& [dg C6H6 id eaVXZ V bVc dc i]Z bddc! i]Z V\ZcXn ijgcZY id BVgh]Vaa HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8Zc" iZg id XgZViZ i]Z ^cXgZY^Wan edlZg[ja gdX`Zi cZZYZY id bV`Z i]Vi edh" h^WaZ# IdYVn! C6H6 ^h ldg`^c\ id gZijgc id i]Z bddc! VcY ]Vh dcXZ V\V^c ijgcZY id BVgh]Vaa! [dg Vc ZkZc bdgZ edlZg[ja gdX`Zi i]Vi l^aa ZcVWaZ i]Z ZhiVWa^h]bZci d[ Vc djiedhi dc i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ# H^cXZ ^ih WZ\^cc^c\ ^c &.+%! BVgh]Vaa ]Vh egdk^YZY i]Z V\ZcXn l^i] b^hh^dc Xg^i^XVa YZh^\c! YZkZadebZci VcY ^ciZ\gVi^dc d[ i]Z aVjcX] VcY heVXZ hnhiZbh gZfj^gZY [dg heVXZ deZgVi^dch! ZmeadgVi^dc VcY hX^Zc" i^ÒX b^hh^dch# BVgh]Vaa egdk^YZY i]Z gdX`Zih i]Vi edlZgZY 6bZg^XVch id i]Z bddc! YZkZadeZY i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ egdejah^dc hnhiZb! VcY bVc" V\ZY i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ H`naVW! HeVXZaVW! heVXZ hiVi^dc cdYZh! i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ! i]Z 8]VcYgV M"GVn DWhZgkVidgn VcY bVcn di]Zg hX^Zci^ÒX ^chigjbZcih# I]Z XZciZg ]Vh V g^X] ]^hidgn d[ ^ciZ\gVi" ^c\ heVXZ hnhiZbh VcY ]VgYlVgZ [gdb XdcXZei^dc id deZgVi^dc# BVg" h]VaaÉh jc^fjZ VW^a^in id a^c` hX^ZcXZ VcY ZmeadgVi^dc egdk^YZh VchlZgh id hX^Zci^ÒX fjZhi^dch! ^che^gVi^dc id V cZl \ZcZgVi^dc! VcY ^ccdkVi^dc [dg i]Z [jijgZ d[ heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

217

Space Doc

The most valuable team member is the one who helps keep the team whole.

r 0OTJUF )FBMUI $FOUFST r /BUJPOBM &YBNT BOE 4DSFFOJOH r "CTFODF .BOBHFNFOU r 8FMMOFTT BOE )FBMUI 1SPNPUJPO r &OWJSPONFOUBM )FBMUI BOE 4BGFUZ

CHS Onsite Health Centers are the first line of defense against lost work days and reduced productivity. As the largest provider of occupational health services to NASA, our customized onsite centers promote a healthier workforce with immediate and preventive health management, accessible medical follow-up, environmental safety, and compliance. We anticipate, recognize and evaluate health hazards in the workplace to protect employees and the environment.

Keep your workforce and the environment healthy with CHS’ onsite solution.

For more information on CHS Onsite Health Centers, call 800-761-6333 or visit www.chsmedical.com.

Who Can You Afford to be Without Tomorrow? © 2007 Comprehensive Health Services, Inc.

C6H6

;^gZ edlZg 6 GdX`ZiYncZ GH"-- Zc\^cZ iZhi Vi i]Z <Zdg\Z 8# BVgh]Vaa HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg ^c '%%(#

I]Z XZciZg ^h cVbZY [dg [dgbZg 6gbn X]^Z[ d[ hiV[[! hZXgZiVgn d[ hiViZ VcY CdWZa EZVXZ Eg^oZ l^ccZg <Zc# <Zdg\Z 8# BVgh]Vaa VcY ^h ad" XViZY dc i]Z J#H# 6gbnÉh GZYhidcZ 6ghZcVa# I]Z cjXaZjh d[ i]Z C6H6 dg\Vc^oVi^dc ^c =jcihk^aaZ lVh [dgbZY ^c &.+% [gdb i]Z J#H# 6gbnÉh 9ZkZadebZci DeZgVi^dch 9^k^h^dc! eVgi d[ i]Z 6gbn 7Vaa^hi^X B^hh^aZ 6\ZcXn# LZgc]Zg kdc 7gVjc VcY ]^h <ZgbVc gdX`Zi Zc\^cZZg^c\ iZVb ]ZVYZY i]Z cZl dg\Vc^oVi^dc! l]^X] lVh hiV[[ZY Wn ]jcYgZYh d[ J#H# gdX`Zi Zc\^cZZgh VcY hX^Zci^hih# BVcn [VX^a^i^Zh! Wj^aY^c\h! iZhi Zfj^e" bZci VcY aVWdgVidg^Zh jhZY ^c i]Z 6gbn b^hh^aZ VcY gdX`Zi egd\gVbh lZgZ Vahd igVch[ZggZY id C6H6# Eg^dg id i]Z^g igVch[Zg id C6H6! i]Z 6gbn gdX`Zi iZVb ^c =jcihk^aaZ ]VY YZkZadeZY i]Z GZYhidcZ VcY ?j" e^iZg b^hh^aZh# I]Z ?je^iZg WZXVbZ i]Z aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ [dg :meadgZg >!

6bZg^XVÉh Òghi hViZaa^iZ# I]Z GZYhidcZ b^hh^aZ ZkdakZY ^cid i]Z GZY" hidcZ gdX`Zi i]Vi XVgg^ZY VhigdcVjih 6aVc H]ZeVgY VcY <jh <g^hhdb ^c BZgXjgn XVehjaZh dc i]Z cVi^dcÉh Òghi hjWdgW^iVa heVXZ aVjcX]Zh ^c BVn VcY ?jan d[ &.+&# 9jg^c\ i]Z &.+%h! BVgh]Vaa Zc\^cZZgh YZkZadeZY VcY iZhiZY i]Z hiV\Zh VcY Zc\^cZh i]Vi edlZgZY i]Z HVijgc K aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ id i]Z bddc# IZhi Òg^c\h d[ i]Z \^Vci HVijgc hiV\Zh VcY gdX`Zi Zc\^cZh hdbZi^bZh XdjaY WZ ]ZVgY [gdb Vh [Vg Vh &%% b^aZh VlVn# BVgh]Vaa egdk^YZY C6H6 l^i] V idiVa d[ (' HVijgc gdX`Zih! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z h^m kZ]^XaZh i]Vi a^[iZY VhigdcVjih id i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ# BVgh]Vaa Vahd YZkZadeZY i]Z AjcVg Gdk^c\ KZ]^XaZ! i]Z ^ccdkVi^kZ ild"hZVi kZ]^XaZ Yg^kZc Wn i]Z 6edaad &*! &+ VcY &, VhigdcVjih# I]Z &%" [ddi"adc\ gdkZgh! l]^X] igVkZaZY VXgdhh i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ Vi c^cZ b^aZh eZg ]djg! VaadlZY i]Z VhigdcVjih id igVchedgi iddah VcY Zfj^ebZci id i]Z bdhi \Zdad\^XVaan ^ciZgZhi^c\ h^iZh cZVg i]Z^g aVcY^c\ WVhZ# L]Zc i]Z^g

igZ`h lZgZ XdbeaZiZ! ZVX] gdkZg XdjaY gZijgc Vh bjX] Vh '%% edjcYh d[ gdX` VcY hd^a hVbeaZh WVX` id i]Z AjcVg BdYjaZh [dg gZijgc id :Vgi]# H`naVW! 6bZg^XVÉh Òghi XgZlZY heVXZ hiVi^dc! lVh Wj^ai Vi BVgh]Vaa jh" ^c\ i]Z i]^gY hiV\Z d[ i]Z HVijgc K gdX`Zi# I]gZZ XgZlh d[ VhigdcVjih a^kZY dcWdVgY H`naVW Yjg^c\ &.,( VcY &.,) ^c gdiVi^dch Vh adc\ Vh -) YVnh# >bedgiVci ZaZbZcih d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ lZgZ YZh^\cZY VcY YZkZa" deZY Vi BVgh]Vaa! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z bV^c Zc\^cZh! ZmiZgcVa [jZa iVc` VcY hda^Y gdX`Zi WddhiZgh# I]Z ZmiZgcVa iVc` VcY hda^Y WddhiZgh VgZ ^ciZ" \gVa id i]Z YZh^\c d[ i]Z cZl 6gZh XgZl aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ# 9jg^c\ i]Z &.-%h VcY &..%h! BVgh]Vaa lVh Vahd gZhedch^WaZ [dg hZkZgVa h]jiiaZ eVnadVYh! ^cXajY^c\ HeVXZaVW# 7ZndcY ^ih gdX`Zi ]Zg^iV\Z! BVgh]Vaa ]Vh Vahd WZZc ^ckdakZY ^c i]Z YZkZadebZci VcY ZmZXji^dc d[ X]VaaZc\^c\ hX^Zci^ÒX b^hh^dch# BVg" h]VaaÉh hX^Zci^ÒX hijY^Zh gVc\Z [gdb i]Z W^gi] d[ V ]jgg^XVcZ dc :Vgi] id i]Z YZVi] d[ V hiVg ^c heVXZ# I]Z 8]VcYgV M"gVn DWhZgkVidgn VcY i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ ^aajhigViZ BVgh]VaaÉh VeegdVX] id hX^ZcXZ Ä XgZVi^c\ VcY bVcV\^c\ eaVi[dgbh i]Vi ZcVWaZ i]Z ^ciZgcVi^dcVa hX^" Zci^ÒX Xdbbjc^in id bV`Z h^\c^ÒXVci Y^hXdkZg^Zh VWdji :Vgi] VcY i]Z jc^kZghZ# BVgh]Vaa Vahd eaVnZY V aZVY^c\ gdaZ ^c eVgicZgh]^e l^i] HiVc" [dgY Jc^kZgh^in dc <gVk^in EgdWZ 7! V \ngdhXdeZ"WVhZY ZmeZg^bZci id iZhi ild egZY^Xi^dch d[ 6aWZgi :^chiZ^cÉh \ZcZgVa i]Zdgn d[ gZaVi^k^in# >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc deZgVi^dch YZeZcY ]ZVk^an dc hjeedgi [gdb BVgh]Vaa# I]Z XZciZgÉh EVnadVY DeZgVi^dch 8ZciZg hZgkZh Vh C6H6Éh eg^bVgn heVXZ hiVi^dc hX^ZcXZ XdbbVcY edhi! XddgY^cVi^c\ i]Z deZgVi^dc d[ Vaa J#H# hX^Zci^ÒX VcY XdbbZgX^Va ZmeZg^bZcih dc i]Z hiVi^dc! bVcV\^c\ XdchiVci :Vgi]"id"hiVi^dc hX^ZcXZ Xdbbjc^XVi^dch# BVgh]Vaa Vahd Xdci^cjZh id YZkZade! ^ciZ\gViZ! VcY iZhi bV_dg heVXZ

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

219

hiVi^dc XdbedcZcih ^cXajY^c\ i]Z :ck^gdcbZciVa 8dcigda VcY A^[Z Hjeedgi HnhiZb! l]^X] egdk^YZh V hV[Z VcY Xdb[dgiVWaZ Zck^gdcbZci [dg i]Z XgZl VcY ZchjgZh i]Z^g hjeean d[ lViZg VcY V^g VgZ ejgZ# IdYVn! jcYZg i]Z aZVYZgh]^e d[ XZciZg Y^gZXidg 9Vk^Y 6# @^c\! BVg" h]Vaa ^h heZVg]ZVY^c\ i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ ZhhZci^Va ]VgYlVgZ! iZX]cda" d\^Zh VcY XVeVW^a^i^Zh id ZchjgZ i]Z hjXXZhh d[ ]jbVc b^hh^dch id i]Z bddc# I]Z XZciZg ^h gZhedch^WaZ [dg YZkZade^c\ VcY bVcV\^c\ V hZg^Zh d[ gdWdi^X egdWZh VcY aVcYZgh! eVk^c\ i]Z lVn l^i] Xg^i^XVa ^c[dgbVi^dc VWdji i]Z bddcĂ&#x2030;h hjg[VXZ [dg [jijgZ ]jbVc aVcY^c\h# BVgh]VaaĂ&#x2030;h jc^fjZ XVeVW^a^i^Zh l^aa Vahd WZ jhZY id ]Zae YZkZade i]Z cZmi \ZcZgVi^dc d[ heVXZ igVchedgiVi^dc VcY egdejah^dc hnhiZbh# L^i] i]Z YZh^\c VcY YZkZadebZci d[ C6H6Ă&#x2030;h cZl aVjcX] kZ]^XaZh Ă&#x201E; i]Z 6gZh > XgZl aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ VcY i]Z 6gZh K XVg\d aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ Ă&#x201E; 6bZg^XVĂ&#x2030;h cZmi ]jbVc _djgcZnh id i]Z bddc l^aa WZ\^c Vi BVgh]Vaa# I]Z XZciZg bVcV\Zh i]Z 6gZh Egd_ZXi D[Ă&#x2019;XZ [dg C6H6# 6gZh > l^aa igVchedgi i]Z Dg^dc XgZl ZmeadgVi^dc kZ]^XaZ id i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc VcY YZa^kZg jcXgZlZY XVg\d eVnadVYh id heVXZ# 6gZh K l^aa XVggn ]ZVkn"a^[i eVnadVYh id heVXZ [dg jhZ Wn ZmeadgVi^dc b^hh^dch! ^cXajY^c\ i]dhZ i]Vi l^aa gZijgc ]jbVch id i]Z bddc# I]ZhZ kZ]^XaZh l^aa hZgkZ i]Z YjVa ejgedhZ d[ ZhiVWa^h]^c\ V eZgbVcZci ajcVg djiedhi VcY ZmiZcY^c\ djg ]jbVc egZhZcXZ WZndcY :Vgi] dgW^i# I]Z BVgh]Vaa XZciZg dXXje^Zh bdgZ i]Vc &!-%% VXgZh dc GZYhidcZ 6ghZcVa VcY ^h ]dbZ id bdgZ i]Vc '%% Wj^aY^c\h VcY heZX^Va^oZY [VX^a^" i^Zh YZY^XViZY id hjeedgi^c\ XjggZci VcY [jijgZ b^hh^dch# I]Z CVi^dcVa EVg` HZgk^XZ ]Vh YZh^\cViZY [djg d[ BVgh]VaaĂ&#x2030;h iZhi [VX^a^i^Zh Vh CVi^dcVa =^hidg^X aVcYbVg`h# I]ZhZ ^cXajYZ i]Z GZYhidcZ iZhi hiVcY! i]Z Egdejah^dc VcY HigjXijgVa IZhi ;VX^a^in! i]Z HVijgc K 9ncVb^X IZhi HiVcY! VcY i]Z CZjigVa 7jdnVcXn H^bjaVidg# I]Z XZc" iZgĂ&#x2030;h HVijgc K gdX`Zi! dc ejWa^X Y^heaVn ^c i]Z J#H# HeVXZ GdX`Zi 8ZciZg! lVh Vahd YZXaVgZY V cVi^dcVa aVcYbVg`#

XgZl aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ VcY i]Z XdgZ hiV\Z d[ i]Z 6gZh K XVg\d aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ! ^i l^aa Vahd egdYjXZ bV_dg e^ZXZh d[ i]Z Dg^dc XgZl heVXZXgV[i#

NASA SHARED SERVICES CENTER (MISSISSIPPI) I]Z C6H6 H]VgZY HZgk^XZh 8ZciZg! adXViZY dc i]Z \gdjcYh d[ C6H6Ă&#x2030;h HiZcc^h HeVXZ 8ZciZg! ^h Vc ^ccdkVi^kZ! ejWa^X"eg^kViZ eVgicZg" h]^e Vbdc\ C6H6! i]Z hiViZh d[ B^hh^hh^ee^ VcY Adj^h^VcV! VcY 8db" ejiZg HX^ZcXZh 8dgedgVi^dc# I]Z XZciZg egdk^YZh Xdch^hiZci! ]^\]" fjVa^in hjeedgi hZgk^XZh ^c i]Z VgZVh d[ Ă&#x2019;cVcX^Va bVcV\ZbZci! ]jbVc gZhdjgXZh! ^c[dgbVi^dc iZX]cdad\n VcY egdXjgZbZci id i]Z V\ZcXn# G^X]VgY :# 6gWji]cdi XjggZcian hZgkZh Vh :mZXji^kZ 9^gZXidg# 6h V h]VgZY hZgk^XZh dg\Vc^oVi^dc! i]Z CHH8 egdk^YZh Xdhi hVk^c\h [dg i]Z V\ZcXn i]gdj\] Xdchda^YVi^dc! hiVcYVgY^oVi^dc VcY VjidbVi^dc d[ hZaZXi Wjh^cZhh egdXZhhZh# Egd_ZXiZY VccjVa hVk^c\h VgZ Zhi^bViZY Vi + b^aa^dc eZg nZVg V[iZg hiVW^a^oVi^dc d[ i]Z CHH8# I]^h Vaadlh C6H6 id gZ[dXjh Z[Ă&#x2019;X^ZcX^Zh \V^cZY VcY ^ih gZhdjgXZh dc V\ZcXn XdgZ b^hh^dch# ;daadl^c\ =jgg^XVcZ @Vig^cV! 6Yb^c^higVidg B^X]VZa 9# <g^[Ă&#x2019;c gZV[" Ă&#x2019;gbZY C6H6Ă&#x2030;h Xdbb^ibZci id adXViZ i]Z CHH8 ^c B^hh^hh^ee^! VcY dc BVgX] &! '%%+! i]Z CHH8 deZcZY [dg Wjh^cZhh# DcZ nZVg aViZg! ^c BVgX] '%%,! i]Z CHH8 lVh hZaZXiZY Ă&#x2019;ghi gjccZg"je [dg i]Z 7Zhi CZl H]VgZY HZgk^XZh Dg\Vc^oVi^dc :mXZaaZcXZ 6lVgY# I]Z VlVgY! ZhiVW" a^h]ZY Wn i]Z H]VgZY HZgk^XZh VcY DjihdjgX^c\ CZildg`! V Y^k^h^dc d[ i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa FjVa^in VcY EgdYjXi^k^in 8ZciZg! ^h gZXd\c^oZY cV" i^dcVaan Vh i]Z ]^\]Zhi VXXdaVYZ [dg h]VgZY hZgk^XZh dg\Vc^oVi^dch# :beadn^c\ cZVgan ((% X^k^a hZgkVcih VcY hZgk^XZ egdk^YZg VhhdX^ViZh l^i] cjbWZgh id VeegdVX] ),% ^c i]Z [jijgZ! i]Z CHH8 iV`Zh eg^YZ ^c ^ih ]^\]an h`^aaZY! ]^\]an ZYjXViZY egd[Zhh^dcVa ldg`[dgXZ#

MICHOUD ASSEMBLY FACILITY

PLUM BROOK STATION

(NEW ORLEANS, LA.)

(SANDUSKY, OHIO)

8

B

Vaa ^i 6bZg^XVĂ&#x2030;h gdX`Zi [VXidgn# I]Z B^X]djY 6hhZbWan ;VX^a^in! ^c ZVhiZgc CZl DgaZVch! bVcV\ZY Wn i]Z BVgh]Vaa HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg! lVh ZhiVWa^h]ZY Vh V bVcj[VXijg^c\ XdbeaZm id egdYjXZ hiV\Zh d[ i]Z HVijgc gdX`Zi# ;dg i]Z aVhi i]gZZ YZXVYZh! ^i ]Vh egdYjXZY i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZĂ&#x2030;h aVg\Z ZmiZgcVa [jZa iVc`h! VcY ^h XjggZcian egZeVg^c\ id Wj^aY hiV\Zh d[ i]Z 6gZh gdX`Zih i]Vi l^aa edlZg ]jbVc^inĂ&#x2030;h gZijgc id i]Z bddc# I]Z B^X]djY h^iZ! egZk^djhan deZgViZY Wn i]Z J#H# b^a^iVgn! lVh hZaZXiZY ^c HZeiZbWZg &.+& [dg V HVijgc hiV\Z [VWg^XVi^dc [VX^a^in# Cdi dcan Y^Y i]Z h^iZ egdk^YZ i]Z heVXZ cZZYZY id bVcj[VXijgZ i]Z ('#-"[ddi l^YZ HVijgc K Ă&#x2019;ghi hiV\Z! Wji i]Z >ciZgXdVhiVa LViZglVn ad" XVi^dc lVh ^YZVa [dg i]Z igVchedgiVi^dc d[ i]Z Ă&#x2019;c^h]ZY egdYjXih# I]Z adXVi^dc lVh Vahd XdckZc^Zci id i]Z B^hh^hh^ee^ Zc\^cZ iZhi hiVcYh Vi l]Vi ^h cdl HiZcc^h HeVXZ 8ZciZg# >c 9ZXZbWZg &.+(! i]Z [VX^a^in XdbeaZiZY ^ih Ă&#x2019;ghi HVijgc > gdX`Zi# >c i]Z b^Y"&.,%h! B^X]djY lVh gZiddaZY [dg i]Z egdYjXi^dc d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZĂ&#x2030;h &*)"[ddi"adc\ VcY ',"[ddi"l^YZ ZmiZgcVa iVc`h# I]Z Vh" hZbWan gZfj^gZY i]Z XgZVi^dc d[ cZl Ă&#x2019;mijgZh bdgZ i]Vc ]Va[ i]Z aZc\i] d[ V [ddiWVaa Ă&#x2019;ZaY! VcY hZkZgVa hidg^Zh ]^\]# Ldg` hjeedgi^c\ i]Z 8dchiZaaVi^dc Egd\gVb WZ\Vc gZXZcian Vi B^" X]djY# Cdi dcan l^aa i]Z [VX^a^in bVcj[VXijgZ i]Z jeeZg hiV\Z d[ i]Z 6gZh >

VcV\ZY Wn <aZcc GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg! i]Z Eajb 7gdd` HiVi^dc ^h ]dbZ id [djg jc^fjZ C6H6 iZhi [VX^a^i^Zh# Eajb 7gdd` HiVi^dc ^h V [dgbZg 6gbn DgY^cVcXZ Ldg`h [gdb l]^X] i]Z C686 VXfj^gZY +%% VXgZh ^c &.*+ id Wj^aY V cjXaZVg iZhi gZVXidg cdl WZ^c\ YZXdb" b^hh^dcZY # 6[iZg C6H6Ă&#x2030;h ZhiVWa^h]bZci! i]Z V\ZcXn VXfj^gZY [gdb i]Z 9Z" [ZchZ 9ZeVgibZci i]Z gZbV^c^c\ -!%%%"eajh VXgZh d[ aVcY [dg i]Z XdchigjXi^dc d[ gdX`Zi iZhi [VX^a^i^Zh# Eajb 7gdd` HiVi^dc lVh ^YZVa [dg i]Z aVg\Z hV[Zin odcZh gZfj^gZY [dg i]Z gZVXidg VcY di]Zg eaVccZY iZhi [VX^a^i^Zh# Eajb 7gdd`Ă&#x2030;h HeVXZ EdlZg ;VX^a^in ^h i]Z ldgaYĂ&#x2030;h aVg\Zhi heVXZ Zck^gdcbZci h^bjaVi^dc X]VbWZg! VcY ]Vh WZZc jhZY id iZhi eVgih d[ ZkZgni]^c\ [gdb BVgh aVcYZgh id heVXZ hiVi^dc ZaZbZcih# I]Z HeVXZXgV[i Egdejah^dc ;VX^a^in iZhih aVg\Z a^fj^Y"]nYgd\Zc"[jZaZY gdX`Zi Zc\^cZ jeeZg hiV\Zh VcY Zc\^cZh Wn h^bjaVi^c\ ]^\]"Vai^ijYZ Ă&#x201C;^\]i# I]Z 8gnd\Zc^X EgdeZaaVci IVc` ;VX^a^in ^h jhZY [dg aVg\Z"hXVaZ ZmeZg^bZcih jh^c\ Xgnd\Zc^X a^fj^Y ]nYgd\Zc! VcY ^h hjeeaZbZciZY Wn V 8gnd\Zc^X 8dbedcZcih AVWdgVidgn! V cZl [VX^a^in [dg gZhZVgX] ^ckdak^c\ hjeZg"XdaY bViZg^Vah# ;^cVaan! i]Z =neZghdc^X IjccZa ;VX^a" ^in ^h V l^cY ijccZa i]Vi XVc iZhi egdejah^dc hnhiZbh ^c XdcY^i^dch h^bjaVi^c\ Ă&#x201C;^\]i Vi heZZYh ZmXZZY^c\ BVX] *#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

221

The spark of innovation.

At LSI, our success is built on delivering more than technology.

Our mission is to deliver the spark of innovation that brings people and information together.

For more than a decade, LSI has been providing NASA industryleading technologies to gather and manage data and images from space. With our experience in storage computing, we contributed to the Columbia supercomputer, improving the safety of space exploration. And our advanced compression technology has helped NASA create and broadcast real-time high definition images from the outer reaches of space.

As partners in innovation, LSI congratulates NASA on celebrating 50 years of sparking exploration and discovery. lsi.com

NASA did not select or approve this advertiser and does not endorse and is not responsible for the views or statements contained in this advertisement.

C6H6

GZVYn [dg iZhi^c\ 6 ldg`Zg egZeVgZh V heVXZ h]jiiaZ bV^c Zc\^cZ [dg iZhi^c\ Vi i]Z HiZcc^h HeVXZ 8ZciZg#

JOHN C. STENNIS SPACE CENTER (MISSISSIPPI)

I

]Z gdVg d[ gdX`Zih ^h [gZfjZcian ]ZVgY VXgdhh =VcXdX` 8djcin!

B^hh#! dg^\^cVi^c\ dc i]Z \gdjcYh d[ i]Z ?d]c 8# HiZcc^h HeVXZ 8ZciZg# 6i HiZcc^h! cVbZY ^c &.-- ^c ]dcdg d[ B^hh^hh^ee^Ă&#x2030;h adc\"hZgk^c\ J#H# hZcVidg [daadl^c\ i]gZZ egZk^djh ^cXVgcVi^dch Ă&#x201E; B^hh^hh^ee^ IZhi DeZgVi^dch &.+& ! B^hh^hh^ee^ IZhi ;VX^a^in &.+* ! VcY CVi^dc" Va HeVXZ IZX]cdad\n AVWdgVidg^Zh &.,) Ă&#x201E; gdX`Zi Zc\^cZ egdejah^dc iZhi Ă&#x2019;g^c\h VgZ XdcYjXiZY dc V hZg^Zh d[ hiVi^X iZhi hiVcYh# I]Z hiVcYh VgZ higjXijgZh i]Vi ]daY Ydlc ^cY^k^YjVa gdX`Zi hiV\Zh VcY Zc\^cZh hd i]Vi i]Zn XVc WZ Ă&#x2019;gZY Vh i]Zn VgZ Yjg^c\ Vc VXijVa heVXZĂ&#x201C;^\]i# I]Z hiVcYh VgZ hjggdjcYZY Wn V &'*!%%%"VXgZ VXdjhi^XVa Wj[[Zg odcZ! l]^X] ^h ^ciZcYZY id VWhdgW bjX] d[ i]Z k^WgVi^dc VcY hdjcY \ZcZg" ViZY Wn i]Z iZhi^c\ d[ i]Z aVg\Z Zc\^cZh VcY hiV\Zh# Dc DXi# '*! &.+&! [daadl^c\ EgZh^YZci @ZccZYnĂ&#x2030;h bddc aVcY^c\ egd" edhVa! C6H6 YZX^YZY id Wj^aY V iZhi^c\ XdbeaZm heZX^Ă&#x2019;XVaan [dg i]Z HVi" jgc K bddc gdX`Zi dc i]Z &(!*%%"VXgZ h^iZ ^c gjgVa B^hh^hh^ee^# 6i i]Z i^bZ! i]Z iZhi [VX^a^in lVh i]Z aVg\Zhi XdchigjXi^dc egd_ZXi ZkZg XVgg^ZY dji ^c B^hh^hh^ee^ ]^hidgn! VcY i]Z hZXdcY aVg\Zhi ^c i]Z cVi^dc# H^iZ hZ" aZXi^dc lVh Yg^kZc Wn i]Z VkV^aVW^a^in d[ VXXZhh id XVcVah VcY lViZglVnh i]Vi ldjaY Vaadl C6H6 id bdkZ gdX`Zih [gdb i]Z VhhZbWan h^iZ ^c CZl DgaZVch id i]Z iZhi h^iZ VcY i]Zc dclVgY id i]Z^g aVjcX]^c\ WVhZ Vi i]Z @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg ^c ;adg^YV# I]Z Ă&#x2019;ghi hiVi^X iZhi Ă&#x2019;g^c\ d[ V HVijgc

K H">> hZXdcY"hiV\Z gZhZVgX] Zc\^cZ idd` eaVXZ dc 6eg^a '(! &.++# GZ\j" aVg iZhi^c\ d[ H">8 Ă&#x2019;ghi VcY H">> hZXdcY hiV\Zh WZ\Vc ^c &.+,# 6i i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z 6edaad Egd\gVb! i]Z iZhi hiVcYh lZgZ bdY^Ă&#x2019;ZY id iZhi i]Z Zc\^cZh jhZY dc i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ dgW^iZgh# ;dg ZVX] h]jiiaZ b^hh^dc! i]Z dgW^iZgĂ&#x2030;h i]gZZ a^fj^Y Zc\^cZh jcYZg\d VXXZeiVcXZ iZhi^c\ Vi HiZcc^h# I]Z Zc\^cZ ^h bdjciZY kZgi^XVaan ^c i]Z 6"' IZhi HiVcY! l]ZgZ ^i ^h ^\c^iZY VcY Ă&#x2019;gZY [dg kVgn^c\ YjgVi^dch VcY i]gjhi hZii^c\h# I]Z Zc\^cZh VgZ i]Zc h]^eeZY Wn igjX` id i]Z @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg [dg ^chiVaaVi^dc ^c Vc dgW^iZg# HiZcc^h Zc\^cZZgh Vahd XdcYjXi iZhi^c\ [dg ^cY^k^YjVa Zc\^cZ XdbedcZcih! bV`^c\ hjgZ Vaa eVgih ]VkZ WZZc hjW_ZXiZY id aVjcX] Zck^gdcbZcih WZ[dgZ jhZ ^c V h]jiiaZ b^hh^dc# I]Z Ă&#x2019;ghi hjXXZhh[ja [jaa"YjgVi^dc h]jiiaZ Zc\^cZ iZhi Ă&#x201E; i]Z Ă&#x2019;ghi l^i]dji Vc ZVgan h]jiYdlc Ă&#x201E; idd` eaVXZ dc ?jcZ ')! &.,*# Dc 6j\# '%! &..%! V bV" _dg b^aZhidcZ ^c gdX`Zi egdejah^dc iZhi^c\ lVh gZVX]ZY l]Zc h]jiiaZ Zc\^cZh lZgZ iZhi Ă&#x2019;gZY dc Vaa i]gZZ iZhi hiVcYh dc i]Z hVbZ YVn# HiZcc^h ^h jhZY id iZhi VcY Ă&#x201C;^\]i"XZgi^[n EgVii L]^icZn GdX`Zi" YncZĂ&#x2030;h GH"+- Zc\^cZh jhZY ^c i]Z 9ZaiV >K ZmeZcYVWaZ aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ egd\gVb# I]Z GH"+- Zc\^cZ l^aa Vahd WZ jhZY ^c i]Z 6gZh K XVg\d aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ# HiZcc^h lVh Vahd ^ckdakZY ^c Zc\^cZ YZkZadebZci [dg i]Z egdedhZY M"(( gZjhVWaZ heVXZ kZ]^XaZ# Dc BVgX] &+! &..+!

HiZcc^h XdcYjXiZY i]Z Ă&#x2019;ghi iZhi d[ V hjWhXVaZ Xgnd\Zc^X [jZa iVc` ^ciZcYZY [dg jhZ ^c i]Z M"(( gZjhVWaZ aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ egd_ZXi# HiZcc^h Vahd XdcYjXiZY iZhih dc i]Z MGH"''%% A^cZVg 6Zgdhe^`Z Zc\^cZ [dg i]Z M"(( egd\gVb! YViV [gdb l]^X] XdjaY ]Zae l^i] YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z ?"'M Zc\^cZ id WZ jhZY dc i]Z 6gZh aVjcX] kZ]^XaZh#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

223

Information Technology Communications Science & Engineering T echnical Services Ser vices Technical Working with NASA since 1984, InDyne has supported: NASA Headquarters • Kennedy Space Center • Johnson Space Center • Stennis Space Center Glenn Research Center • Goddard Space Flight Center • Marshall Space Flight Center • Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Launch Communications • Payload Planning • Crew Training • Mission Support NASA did not select or approve this advertiser and does not endorse and is not responsible for the views or statements contained in this advertisement

11800 Sunrise Valley Drive, Suite 250 / Reston, VA 20191 / 703-903-6900 / www.indyneinc.com

Congratulating NASA for 50 Years of Achievement

SEI NASA MSFC Engineering Design Services Contract Planning, Architectural and Engineering Design Construction Project Support Cost Estimating

SEI Group, Inc. • 303 Williams Ave. • Suite 135 • Huntsville, AL 35801 256-533-0500 x336 • www.seigroupinc.com NASA did not select or approve this advertiser and does not endorse and is not responsible for the views or statements contained in this advertisement.

C6H6

Dc 6j\# '(! '%%,! HiZcc^h Wgd`Z \gdjcY [dg ^ih Òghi cZl aVg\Z gdX`Zi iZhi hiVcY h^cXZ i]Z &.+%h# I]Z cZl 6"( iZhi hiVcY l^aa egd" k^YZ Vai^ijYZ iZhi^c\ [dg i]Z ?"'M Zc\^cZ l]^X] l^aa edlZg i]Z jeeZg hiV\Zh d[ C6H6Éh cZmi"\ZcZgVi^dc 6gZh > VcY 6gZh K gdX`Zih# I]Z (%%"[ddi iVaa 6"( iZhi hiVcY l^aa Vaadl Zc\^cZZgh id h^bjaViZ XdcY^" i^dch Vi Y^[[ZgZci Vai^ijYZh Wn \ZcZgVi^c\ hiZVb id gZYjXZ egZhhjgZ ^c i]Z iZhi XZaa# IZhi^c\ dc i]Z 6"( hiVcY ^h hX]ZYjaZY id WZ\^c ^c aViZ '%&%# >c Cdk# '%%+! HiZcc^hÉ Zm^hi^c\ 6"& hiVcY lVh ]VcYZY dkZg id i]Z 8dchiZaaVi^dc Egd\gVb [dg iZhi^c\ ?"'M a^fj^Y Zc\^cZh l]^X] l^aa edlZg i]Z 6gZh & jeeZg hiV\Z VcY i]Z 6gZh K ZVgi] YZeVgijgZ hiV\Z# I]Z ]VcYdkZg bVg`ZY V gZijgc id [dgb [dg i]Z ]^hidg^X hiVcY! l]^X] Òghi iZhiZY i]Z dg^\^cVa ?"' ^c i]Z &.+%h# HiZcc^h Vahd l^aa YZkZade VcY iZhi a^fj^Y egdeZaaVci hnhiZbh [dg i]Z 6gZh gdX`Zih! hjX] Vh [jZa a^cZh! e^eZh! iVc`h! VXijVidgh VcY kVakZ VhhZbWa^Zh# 6aa d[ HiZcc^hÉ iZhi [VX^a^i^Zh VgZ a^c`ZY id\Zi]Zg Wn V hZkZc"VcY"V" ]Va["b^aZ"adc\ hnhiZb d[ XVcVah jhZY [dg igVchedgi^c\ a^fj^Y [jZa egdeZa" aVcih# Di]Zg eVgih d[ i]Z iZhi XdbeaZmZh ^cXajYZ Xdcigda XZciZgh! YViV VXfj^h^i^dc [VX^a^i^Zh! V aVg\Z ]^\]"egZhhjgZ \Vh [VX^a^in! V ]^\]"egZhhjgZ ^cYjhig^Va lViZg [VX^a^in hZgkZY Wn V ++"b^aa^dc"\Vaadc gZhZgkd^g VcY V eaVci [dg \ZcZgVi^c\ ZaZXig^XVa edlZg# H^cXZ &.--! HiZcc^h ]Vh YZkZadeZY V gdaZ ^c gZbdiZ hZch^c\! egd" k^Y^c\ V cjbWZg d[ jhZ[ja Veea^XVi^dch [dg jh^c\ hViZaa^iZ ^bV\Zgn id Zc]VcXZ V\g^XjaijgVa egdYjXi^k^in VcY id hjeedgi aVcY jhZ eaVcc^c\ VcY cVijgVa Y^hVhiZg gZa^Z[ Z[[dgih# HiZcc^h ]dhih C6H6Éh GdX`Zi Egdejah^dc IZhi BVcV\ZbZci 7dVgY! l]^X] ]Vh V\ZcXn"l^YZ _jg^hY^Xi^dc dkZg Vaa C6H6 gdX`Zi Zc\^cZ iZhi" ^c\! ^cXajY^c\ [VX^a^i^Zh Vi i]Z BVgh]Vaa HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg ^c 6aV" WVbV! i]Z L]^iZ HVcYh IZhi ;VX^a^in ^c CZl BZm^Xd! VcY <aZcc GZ" hZVgX] 8ZciZgÉh Eajb 7gdd` HiVi^dc ^c D]^d# HiZcc^h! XjggZcian ]ZVYZY Wn [dgbZg VhigdcVji GdWZgi 8VWVcV! ^h ]dbZ id bdgZ i]Vc ^ih C6H6 [VX^a^i^Zh# BdgZ i]Vc i]^gin di]Zg V\ZcX^Zh VcY dg\Vc^oVi^dch VgZ adXViZY Vi i]Z XZciZg! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z CVi^dcVa 9ViV 7jdn 8ZciZg deZgViZY Wn CD66! Vc d[ÒXZ d[ i]Z CVkVa GZhZVgX] aVWdgV" idgn! AdX`]ZZY BVgi^cÉh B^hh^hh^ee^ HeVXZ VcY IZX]cdad\n 8ZciZg! i]Z CVkVa BZiZdgdad\n VcY DXZVcd\gVe]n 8dbbVcY! CVkn HeZX^Va 7dVi IZVb IlZcin"Ild VcY i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ Hdji]Zgc B^hh^hh^ee^Éh =^\] EZg[dgbVcXZ K^hjVa^oVi^dc 8ZciZg#

WALLOPS FLIGHT FACILITY (WALLOPS ISLAND, VA.)

A

dXViZY dc K^g\^c^VÉh :VhiZgc H]dgZ! VcY bVcV\ZY Wn i]Z <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg! LVaadeh gdji^cZan XdcYjXih aVjcX]Zh d[ hjW" dgW^iVa VcY hbVaa dgW^iVa gdX`Zih# :hiVWa^h]ZY ^c &.)*! LVaadeh ^h dcZ d[ i]Z daYZhi gdX`Zi aVjcX] h^iZh ^c i]Z ldgaY# >c hjeedgi d[ C6H6Éh HX^ZcXZ B^hh^dc 9^gZXidgViZ! LVaadeh"bVc" V\ZY hjWdgW^iVa hdjcY^c\ gdX`Zih! hX^Zci^ÒX WVaaddch VcY V^gXgV[i egd" k^YZ hX^Zci^hih VcY hijYZcih ldgaY l^YZ VXXZhh id XdcYjXi :Vgi] VcY heVXZ gZhZVgX]# EVgicZg^c\ l^i] i]Z B^Y"6iaVci^X GZ\^dcVa HeVXZedgi Vi LVaadeh! i]Z [VX^a^in aVjcX]Zh hbVaa gdX`Zih XVggn^c\ hViZaa^iZh [dg \dkZgcbZci VcY XdbbZgX^Va XjhidbZgh# >c VYY^i^dc! C6H6 ]Vh ZhiVW" a^h]ZY eVgicZgh]^eh l^i] di]Zg \dkZgcbZci V\ZcX^Zh VcY ZYjXVi^dc dg\Vc^oVi^dch adXViZY Vi LVaadeh! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z J#H# CVkn! i]Z J#H# 8dVhi <jVgY! CD66 VcY i]Z BVg^cZ HX^ZcXZ 8dchdgi^jb# I]Z LVaadeh ;a^\]i ;VX^a^in ^h XjggZcian Y^gZXiZY Wn 9g# ?d]c 8VbeWZaa#

<ddY HXdji HXdji gdX`Zih aVjcX]ZY Vi i]Z LVaadeh ;a^\]i ;VX^a^in ]VkZ WZZc jhZY id eaVXZ hbVaa hViZaa^iZh ^cid dgW^i VcY [dg gZhZVgX]#

WHITE SANDS TEST FACILITY (LAS CRUCES, N.M.)

A

dXViZY ^c hdji]lZhiZgc CZl BZm^Xd! i]Z L]^iZ HVcYh [VX^a^in! bVcV\ZY Wn i]Z ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg! iZhih gdX`Zi egdejah^dc hnhiZbh VcY ]VgYlVgZ jhZY ^c heVXZ Ó^\]i! ^cXajY^c\ [jaa"h^oZ Xdbed" cZcih d[ i]Z 6edaad HZgk^XZ Egdejah^dc Zc\^cZ! i]Z AjcVg BdYjaZÉh Zc\^cZh! VcY Zc\^cZh jhZY id bVcZjkZg i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ kZ]^XaZh ^c heVXZ# L]^iZ HVcYh Zc\^cZZgh Vahd ]VkZ iZhiZY gdX`Zih jhZY dc jeeZg hiV\Zh d[ b^a^iVgn aVjcX] kZ]^XaZh VcY eaVcZiVgn heVXZXgV[i# >c i]Z iZhih!

Zc\^cZZgh ZchjgZ i]Vi i]Z Zc\^cZh VcY i]gjhiZgh VgZ Wjgc^c\ l^i] i]Z g^\]i i]gjhi VcY iZbeZgVijgZh cZZYZY ^c i]Z^g b^hh^dch# Di]Zg aVWdgV" idg^Zh iZhi i]Z X]Zb^XVa! bZiVaajg\^XVa VcY di]Zg e]nh^XVa egdeZgi^Zh d[ i]Z ]VgYlVgZ# IZX]c^X^Vch VgZ Vahd igV^cZY Vi i]Z [VX^a^in id XVgZ[jaan ]VcYaZ i]Z ]VoVgYdjh VcY idm^X X]Zb^XVah jhZY id edlZg i]Z Zc\^cZh# ;daadl^c\ i]Z^g iZhi Òg^c\h! i]Z jc^ih VgZ Y^hVhhZbWaZY! XaZVcZY VcY hijY^ZY id YZiZgb^cZ Vcn X]Vc\Zh i]Vi b^\]i WZ cZZYZY ^c Z^i]Zg i]Z^g YZh^\c dg deZgVi^dch# I]Z L]^iZ HVcYh iZhih bV`Z [dg V hV[Zg VcY bdgZ gZa^VWaZ egdejah^dc hnh" iZb [dg Wdi] bVccZY VcY gdWdi^X heVXZÓ^\]i# I]Z [VX^a^in ^h XjggZcian bVcV\ZY Wn ;gVc` 7Zco# 9Vk^Y =^ii d[ i]Z C6H6 :YjXVi^dcVa IZX]cdad\n HZgk^XZh iZVb Vahd Xdc" ig^WjiZY id i]^h Vgi^XaZ#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

225

IZc EgZh^YZcih VcY C6H6

By John M. LOGSDON

In NASA’s 50-year history, 10 men have held the office of president of the United States. Because the president and his staff set NASA’s agenda and request the budget resources needed to carry it out, the White House has had great influence over the content and pace of the nation’s civilian space efforts. Congress must approve or modify the president’s space initiatives and budget proposals, but historically lawmakers have made only minor changes to what the president has proposed.

I

]Z dXXjeVcih d[ i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ h^cXZ &.*- d[iZc ]VkZ XadhZ" an ^YZci^ÒZY i]Z^g d[ÒXZh l^i] C6H6! hdbZi^bZh ^c kZgn eZg" hdcVa lVnh# ?d]c ;# @ZccZYn VcY ]^h Wgdi]Zg GdWZgi WZXVbZ [g^ZcYh l^i] VhigdcVji ?d]c <aZcc! VcY G^X]VgY C^mdc i]dj\]i ^i lVh ^bedgiVci [dg 6bZg^XVc hdX^Zin ^c V i^bZ d[ XjaijgVa ijbjai id ]VkZ ]ZgdZh hjX] Vh VhigdcVjih# =dlZkZg! i]Z bV^c Yg^kZg d[ egZh^YZci^Va VXi^k^in dc heVXZ lVh cVi^dcVa eda^Xn# ;gdb 9l^\]i 9# :^hZc]dlZgÉh ^ch^hiZcXZ i]Vi C6H6 WZ V X^k^a^Vc V\ZcXn! id @ZccZYnÉh X]VaaZc\Z id 8dc\gZhh VcY i]Z cVi^dc id [jcY i]Z Òghi ]jbVc bddc aVcY^c\ id Zc" ]VcXZ 6bZg^XVÉh \adWVa eda^i^XVa hiVcY^c\! id <Zdg\Z L# 7jh]Éh egd" edhVa i]Vi 6bZg^XV aZVY i]Z lVn ^c hZii^c\ je Vc djiedhi dc i]Z bddc VcY hZcY ZmeadgZgh id BVgh! heVXZ ]Vh WZZc Vc ^bedgiVci! ZkZc ^[ cdi XZcigVa! ZaZbZci d[ i]Z bdYZgc egZh^YZcXn# :VX] egZh^YZci ]Vh bVYZ ]^h dlc Xdcig^Wji^dc id i]Vi ]^hidgn#

@^aa^Vc VcY K^XZ EgZh^YZci G^X]VgY B# C^mdc i]Vi ^i bVYZ bdgZ hZchZ id XgZViZ V hZeVgViZ X^k^a^Vc heVXZ V\ZcXn id XVggn dji Vc deZc egd\gVb d[ hX^Zci^ÒX VXi^k^i^Zh VcY id Zc\V\Z ^c ^ciZgcVi^dcVa XddeZgVi^dc# I]^h ldjaY egdk^YZ V XdcigVhi id i]Z XadhZY VcY hZXgZi^kZ Hdk^Zi heVXZ Z[" [dgi# :^hZc]dlZg eji V kZgn ]^\] eg^dg^in dc ^c^i^Vi^c\ V ]^\]an XaVhh^ÒZY gZXdccV^hhVcXZ hViZaa^iZ Z[[dgi! VcY ]Vk^c\ V X^k^a^Vc V\ZcXn VXi^kZ ^c heVXZ Vahd XdjaY hZgkZ Vh V lVn d[ aZhhZc^c\ ViiZci^dc dc J#H# cVi^dcVa hZXjg^in heVXZ Z[[dgih# 7VhZY dc i]ZhZ Xdch^YZgVi^dch! :^hZc]dlZg ^c 6eg^a &.*- egdedhZY i]Z XgZVi^dc d[ l]Vi WZXVbZ C6H6 VcY h^\cZY i]Z aZ\^haVi^dc XgZVi^c\ i]Z cZl V\ZcXn dc ?jan '. d[ i]Z hVbZ nZVg#

9l^\]i 9# :^hZc]dlZg! &.*("&.+& l^\]i 9# :^hZc]dlZg VeegdkZY i]Z Òghi J#H# heVXZ b^hh^dc ^c &.**! V hX^Zci^ÒX hViZaa^iZ id WZ aVjcX]ZY Vh eVgi d[ i]Z &.*," &.*- >ciZgcVi^dcVa <Zde]nh^XVa NZVg# =Z Vahd bVYZ i]Z `Zn YZX^h^dch i]Vi aZY id i]Z XgZVi^dc d[ C6H6 ^c &.*- Vh i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh YZWViZY ]dl WZhi id gZhedcY id i]Z hjgeg^hZ Hdk^Zi aVjcX] d[ Hejic^` dc DXi# )! &.*,# :^hZc]dlZg ^c^i^Vaan Y^hb^hhZY i]Z Hdk^Zi [ZVi Vh ÆdcZ hbVaa WVaa ^c i]Z V^g#Ç L]^aZ ]Z lVh XdggZXi i]Vi Hejic^` Y^Y cdi edhZ Vc ^bb^cZci i]gZVi id J#H# hZXjg^in! ]Z b^h_jY\ZY i]Z h]dgi"iZgb ejWa^X gZVXi^dc VcY lVh jcVWaZ id XVab 6bZg^XVc [ZVgh# I]Z egZh^YZciÉh Òghi ^cXa^cVi^dc lVh id ]VkZ Vaa J#H# heVXZ Z[[dgih! ^cXajY^c\ i]dhZ d[ V X^k^a^Vc X]VgVXiZg! bVcV\ZY Wn i]Z 9ZeVgibZci d[ 9Z[ZchZ# =Z lVh Xdck^cXZY! ]dlZkZg! Wn ]^h hX^ZcXZ VYk^hdg ?VbZh

226

NASA

C6H6

9

;^kZ HiVg Ig^WjiZ EgZh^YZci 9l^\]i 9# :^hZc]dlZg VcY Bgh# <Zdg\Z 8# BVgh]Vaa jckZ^a V WgdcoZ Wjhi d[ <Zc# <Zdg\Z 8# BVgh]Vaa Yjg^c\ i]Z BVgh]Vaa HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZgÉh YZY^XVi^dc XZgZbdcn ^c =jcihk^aaZ! 6aV# dc HZei# -! &.+%#

C6H6

7g^ZÒc\ i]Z X]^Z[ EgZh^YZci ?d]c ;# @ZccZYn gZXZ^kZh V Wg^ZÒc\ ^c &.+' [gdb BV_# GdXXd EZigdcZ d[[ XVbZgV Yjg^c\ V idjg d[ 7adX`]djhZ () Vi i]Z 8VeZ 8VcVkZgVa B^hh^aZ IZhi 6ccZm# ;gdb aZ[i id g^\]i/ C6H6 6Yb^c^higVidg ?VbZh LZWW! K^XZ EgZh^YZci AncYdc ?d]chdc! Y^gZXidg d[ i]Z AVjcX] DeZgVi^dch 8ZciZg @jgi 9ZWjh! @ZccZYn! jc^YZci^ÒZY 6^g ;dgXZ <ZcZgVa VcY HZXgZiVgn d[ 9Z[ZchZ GdWZgi BXCVbVgV#

:^hZc]dlZg lVciZY id a^b^i i]Z cZl V\ZcXnÉh VbW^i^dch0 ]Z Y^Y cdi lVci id XgZViZ Vcdi]Zg aVg\Z WjgZVjXgVXn XdbeZi^c\ [dg V h]VgZ d[ \dkZgcbZci [jcYh# =Z V\gZZY id igVch[Zg 9ZeVgibZci d[ 9Z[ZchZ [VX^a^i^Zh VcY XVeVW^a^i^Zh cZZYZY id XVggn dji C6H6Éh b^hh^dch# Bdhi cdiVWaZ lZgZ i]Z 6gbnÉh ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn VcY i]Z <ZgbVc gdX`Zi iZVb! aZY Wn LZgc]Zg kdc 7gVjc VcY WVhZY Vi i]Z 6gbn 7Va" a^hi^X B^hh^aZ 6\ZcXn# =Z Vahd \VkZ C6H6 i]Z Vhh^\cbZci d[ XVggn^c\ dji l]Vi WZXVbZ Egd_ZXi BZgXjgn! V gZhZVgX] Z[[dgi V^b^c\ Vi aZVgc" ^c\ l]Zi]Zg ^i lVh edhh^WaZ id hZcY V ]jbVc ^cid dgW^i# >i lVh :^hZc" ]dlZg l]d Y^XiViZY i]Vi i]Z Òghi \gdje d[ VhigdcVjih XdbZ [gdb i]Z gVc`h d[ b^a^iVgn e^adih! i]Z \gdje ]Z [Zai WZhi egZeVgZY id iV`Z dc i]Z g^\dgh d[ heVXZÓ^\]i# 7ji ]Z gZ[jhZY kVg^djh egdedhVah id ZciZg ^cid V ÆheVXZ gVXZÇ l^i] i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc! higZhh^c\ i]Vi l]^aZ C6H6 XdjaY \^kZ eg^dg^in id heZX^ÒX heVXZ Z[[dgih i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh XdjaY XVggn dji WZ[dgZ i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc! i]Z eg^bVgn _jhi^ÒXVi^dc [dg hjX] Z[[dgih ]VY id WZ i]Z^g ^cig^ch^X b^a^iVgn! hX^Zci^ÒX dg iZX]cdad\^XVa kVajZ# L]Zc :^hZc]dlZg aZVgcZY ^c i]Z aVhi bdci]h d[ ]^h egZh^YZcXn i]Vi C6H6 lVh i]^c`^c\ VWdji hZcY^c\ eZdeaZ id i]Z bddc Vh eVgi d[ ^ih adc\"gVc\Z eaVc! ]Z lVh higdc\ ^c ]^h k^Zl i]Vi hjX] V jhZ d[ ejWa^X gZhdjgXZh XdjaY cdi WZ _jhi^ÒZY# 6h :^hZc]dlZg aZ[i d[ÒXZ ^c ?VcjVgn &.+&! C6H6 Y^Y cdi ]VkZ V XaZVg k^Zl d[ ^ih [jijgZ#

?d]c ;# @ZccZYn! &.+&"&.+(

?

d]c ;# @ZccZYn l^aa cd YdjWi WZ gZbZbWZgZY Vh i]Z J#H# aZVYZg l]d ^c &.+& Vh`ZY i]Z Xdjcign id Xdbb^i id hZcY^c\ 6bZg^XVch id i]Z bddc ÆWZ[dgZ i]^h YZXVYZ ^h dji#Ç 7ji @ZccZYnÉh Vii^ijYZ id" lVgY i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb lVh XdbeaZm# =Z ZciZgZY i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ i]^c`^c\ heVXZ XdjaY WZ Vc VgZV [dg iZch^dc"gZYjX^c\ XddeZgVi^dc l^i] i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc! VcY ]Z cZkZg \VkZ je i]Vi ]deZ ZkZc Vh ]Z VeegdkZY i]Z eZVXZ[ja bdW^a^oVi^dc d[ i]Z hjWhiVci^Va ]jbVc VcY ÒcVcX^Va gZhdjgXZh cZZYZY id bZZi i]Z ajcVg aVcY^c\ \dVa ]Z ]VY egdedhZY# 6i ]^h ?jcZ (")! &.+& hjbb^i bZZi^c\ ^c K^ZccV l^i] Hd" k^Zi EgZb^Zg C^`^iV @]gjh]X]Zk! @ZccZYn hj\\ZhiZY! ÆL]n YdcÉi lZ Yd ^i id\Zi]Zg4Ç 6[iZg Òghi gZhedcY^c\ edh^i^kZan! i]Z cZmi YVn @]gjh]X]Zk gZedgiZYan hV^Y Æcd!Ç dc i]Z \gdjcYh i]Vi Vc V\gZZbZci dc Y^hVgbVbZci bjhi XdbZ Òghi# DcZ edh^i^kZ YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z K^ZccV hjbb^i XVbZ l]Zc ?VXfjZa^cZ @ZccZYn iVa`ZY id @]gjh]" X]Zk VWdji i]Z Hdk^Zi heVXZ Z[[dgi Vi V hiViZ Y^ccZg# H]Z ^ccdXZcian Vh`ZY ^[ i]Z egZb^Zg XdjaY hZcY ]Zg dcZ d[ i]Z ejee^Zh d[ V Yd\ i]Vi i]Z Hdk^Zih ]VY Ódlc ^c dgW^i# 6XXdgY^c\ id @ZccZYn VYk^hdg 6gi]jg B# HX]aZh^c\Zg! ?g#! ild bdci]h aViZg Æild cZgkdjh Gjhh^Vch XVbZ l^i] 6bWVhhVYdg BZch]^`dk ^cid i]Z DkVa D[ÒXZ Vi i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

227

C6H6

WZVg^c\ V iZgg^ÒZY hbVaa Yd\# I]Z egZh^YZci hV^Y! Æ=dl Y^Y i]^h Yd\ \Zi ]ZgZ4Ç =^h l^[Z hV^Y! Æ>Éb V[gV^Y > Vh`ZY @]gjh]X]Zk [dg ^i ^c K^ZccV# > lVh _jhi gjcc^c\ dji d[ i]^c\h id hVn#Ç CZVg i]Z ZcY d[ ]^h egZh^YZcXn! @ZccZYn gZijgcZY id i]Z ^YZV d[ hjeZgedlZg XddeZgVi^dc ^c heVXZ# HeZV`^c\ WZ[dgZ i]Z Jc^iZY CVi^dch dc HZei# '%! &.+(! ]Z egdedhZY ÆV _d^ci ZmeZY^i^dc id i]Z bddcÇ VcY Vh`ZY! Æl]n h]djaY bVcÉh Òghi Ó^\]i id i]Z bddc WZ V bViiZg d[ cV" i^dcVa XdbeZi^i^dc4Ç =dlZkZg bjX] ]Z b^\]i ]VkZ l^h]ZY id XddeZgViZ! @ZccZYn ^c &.+& ]VY hZi i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh dc V XdjghZ id ZciZg! VcY l^c! V gVXZ id i]Z bddc# I]^h YZX^h^dc XVbZ ^c i]Z V[iZgbVi] d[ i]Z ]j\Z \adWVa VcY YdbZhi^X gZVXi^dc id i]Z 6eg^a &'! &.+& Hdk^Zi aVjcX] d[ i]Z Òghi ]jbVc id dgW^i :Vgi]! Njg^ <V\Vg^c# :^\]i YVnh aViZg! @ZccZYn Vh`ZY [dg V XgVh] gZk^Zl id ^YZci^[n V ÆheVXZ egd\gVb l]^X] egdb^hZh YgV" bVi^X gZhjaih ^c l]^X] lZ XdjaY l^c#Ç 6h eVgi d[ i]Z XgVh] gZk^Zl i]Vi i]Z egZh^YZci ]VY dgYZgZY! K^XZ EgZh^YZci AncYdc 7# ?d]chdc bZi l^i]! Vbdc\ di]Zgh! LZgc]Zg kdc 7gVjc# 6[iZg i]Vi bZZi^c\! kdc 7gVjc lgdiZ V aZiiZg hVn^c\ d[ V bddc aVcY^c\ \dVa! ÆLZ ]VkZ V hedgi^c\ X]VcXZ# L^i] Vc Vaa"dji XgVh] egd\gVb > i]^c` lZ XdjaY VXXdbea^h] i]^h dW_ZXi^kZ ^c &.+,"+-#Ç ?d]chdc fj^X`an gZedgiZY i]^h _jY\bZci id @ZccZYn! VcY ^c Z[[ZXi i]Z Y^Z lVh XVhi# Dc BVn '*! &.+&! @ZccZYn VYYgZhhZY V _d^ci hZhh^dc d[ 8dc\gZhh id VccdjcXZ ]^h YZX^h^dc id \d id i]Z bddc# =Z WVX`ZY je i]^h YZX^" h^dc l^i] gZbVg`VWaZ ÒcVcX^Va Xdbb^ibZcih# >c i]Z ^bbZY^ViZ V[" iZgbVi] d[ ]^h heZZX]! C6H6Éh WjY\Zi lVh ^cXgZVhZY Wn -. eZgXZci! VcY Wn Vcdi]Zg &%& eZgXZci i]Z [daadl^c\ nZVg# Id XVggn dji 6edaad!

C6H6 WZXVbZ i]Z aVg\Z Zc\^cZZg^c\ dg\Vc^oVi^dc XZciZgZY dc YZkZa" de^c\ XVeVW^a^i^Zh [dg ]jbVc heVXZ Ó^\]i i]Vi ^i ^h idYVn# @ZccZYn lVh eVgi^XjaVgan YgVlc id i]Z VhigdcVjih! l]d WZXVbZ edejaVg hnbWdah d[ Vc VYb^c^higVi^dc i]Vi ZbWgVXZY i]Z CZl ;gdci^Zg# ?d]c <aZcc lVh V [gZfjZci k^h^idg id i]Z @ZccZYnh =nVcc^hedgi! BVhh#!

XdbedjcY! l]ZgZ ]Z lViZg h`^ZY l^i] ?VXfjZa^cZ @ZccZYn VcY hjXXZhh" [jaan adWW^ZY i]Z egZh^YZci dc WZ]Va[ d[ i]Z VhigdcVjih g^\]i id hZaa i]Z^g ZmXajh^kZ hidg^Zh id A^[Z bV\Vo^cZ# L]Zc <aZccÉh ;g^ZcYh]^e HZkZc b^h" h^dc aVjcX]ZY ;ZW# '%! &.+' dc a^kZ cVi^dcVa iZaZk^h^dc @ZccZYn lViX]ZY gVeian Vadc\ l^i] b^aa^dch d[ ]^h [Zaadl XdjcignbZc# @ZccZYn ]VY V YZZe Xdbb^ibZci id i]Z eda^i^XVa \dVa d[ WZVi^c\ i]Z Hdk^Zih! Wji eg^kViZan aVX`ZY V k^h^dcVgn ^ciZgZhi ^c heVXZ! YZhe^iZ ]^h d[iZc hi^gg^c\ ejWa^X g]Zidg^X ÆLZ X]ddhZ id \d id i]Z bddc ^c i]^h YZXVYZ VcY Yd i]Z di]Zg i]^c\h! cdi WZXVjhZ i]Zn VgZ ZVhn! Wji WZXVjhZ i]Zn VgZ ]VgYÇ # I]^h XdcigVY^Xi^dc ^h VeeVgZci ^c V iVeZ gZ" XdgY^c\ d[ V L]^iZ =djhZ bZZi^c\ i]Vi dXXjggZY Cdk# '&! &.+'# I]Z gZXdgY^c\! gZaZVhZY ^c '%%& Wn i]Z ?d]c ;# @ZccZYn A^WgVgn ^c 7dhidc!

YdXjbZcih @ZccZYn [ZcY^c\ d[[ i]Z XdcXZgch d[ C6H6 6Yb^c^higVidg ?VbZh LZWW i]Vi i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh g^h`ZY V kZgn ejWa^X [V^ajgZ ^c ^ih ejh] id VX]^ZkZ i]Z ajcVg aVcY^c\ \dVa# LZWW VhhZgiZY i]Vi lZ h]djaY ]VkZ WgdVYZg \dVah ^c heVXZ VXi^k^i^Zh# ÆI]^h ^h! l]Zi]Zg lZ a^`Z ^i dg cdi V gVXZ!Ç @ZccZYn hV^Y# :kZgni]^c\ lZ Yd P^c heVXZR dj\]i id WZ i^ZY ^cid \Zii^c\ id i]Z bddc V]ZVY d[ i]Z Gjhh^Vch#Ç @ZccZYn idaY LZWW i]Vi l^cc^c\ i]Z bddc gVXZ Æ^h i]Z ide eg^dg^in d[ i]Z V\ZcXn VcY ZmXZei [dg YZ[ZchZ! i]Z ide eg^dg^in d[ i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh \dkZgc" bZci# Di]Zgl^hZ! lZ h]djaYcÉi WZ heZcY^c\ i]^h `^cY d[ bdcZn! WZ" XVjhZ >Éb cdi i]Vi ^ciZgZhiZY ^c heVXZ#Ç 6[iZg i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh [dgXZY i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc id gZbdkZ cjXaZVg b^hh^aZh [gdb 8jWV! @ZccZYn hiVgiZY id WZa^ZkZ i]ZgZ lVh V edhh^" W^a^in d[ aZhh iZchZ gZaVi^dch WZilZZc i]Z ild Xdjcig^Zh# =^h &.+(

egdedhVa [dg V _d^ci b^hh^dc id i]Z bddc lVh a^`Zan V egdYjXi d[ i]Vi WZa^Z[# L^i] i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ hjeZgedlZg Xdc[gdciVi^dc Y^b^c^h]ZY! ]Z XdjaY gZijgc id ]^h dg^\^cVa XdcXZei d[ heVXZ Vh Vc VgZcV [dg Zc" ]VcXZY XddeZgVi^dc WZilZZc i]Z hjeZgedlZgh# I]Vi edhh^W^a^in fj^X`an Y^hVeeZVgZY l^i] @ZccZYnÉh VhhVhh^cVi^dc dc Cdk# ''! &.+(# L]Vi b^\]i ]VkZ ]VeeZcZY id 6edaad VcY C6H6 dkZgVaa! ]VY @ZccZYn heZci Vcdi]Zg ÒkZ nZVgh ^c i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ! XVc dcan WZ V bViiZg d[ heZXjaVi^dc# LZ `cdl i]Z ejWa^XÉh VhhdX^Vi^dc d[ i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb l^i] @ZccZYn lVh hd higdc\ i]Vi h^m YVnh V[iZg @ZccZYn lVh VhhVhh^cViZY! i]Z cZl egZh^YZci! AncYdc ?d]chdc! Vc" cdjcXZY ^c V cVi^dcl^YZ iZaZk^h^dc VYYgZhh i]Vi i]Z C6H6 XZciZg [gdb l]^X] djg bddc kdnV\Zgh ldjaY aVjcX] ldjaY WZ cVbZY ^c @ZccZYnÉh ]dcdg# C6H6Éh BVccZY HeVXZXgV[i 8ZciZg lVh cVbZY ^c ?d]chdcÉh ]dcdg ^c &.,(! h]dgian V[iZg ]^h YZVi]# 6 aZhh \gVcY Wji kZgn Òii^c\ ig^WjiZ id i]Z VhhVhh^cViZY egZh^YZci idd` eaVXZ dc i]Z ZkZc^c\ d[ ?jan '%! &.+.! l]Zc Vc Vcdcnbdjh X^i^oZc eaVXZY V hbVaa WdjfjZi d[ Ódl" Zgh dc i]Z @ZccZYn \gVkZh^iZ Vi 6ga^c\idc CVi^dcVa 8ZbZiZgn l^i] V cdiZ i]Vi gZVY! ÆBg# EgZh^YZci! i]Z :V\aZ ]Vh aVcYZY#Ç

AncYdc 7# ?d]chdc! &.+("&.+.

A

ncYdc ?d]chdc gZbVg`ZY id _djgcVa^hi LVaiZg 8gdc`^iZ ^c V &.+. ^ciZgk^Zl! Æ> i]^c` > heZci bdgZ i^bZ ^c i]Z heVXZ ÒZaY ½ je id É+( i]Vc > Y^Y V[iZg > WZXVbZ egZh^YZci#Ç 6h HZcViZ bV_dg^in aZVYZg! ?d]chdc aZY i]Z Xdc\gZhh^dcVa ejh] id fj^X`an VeegdkZ i]Z aZ\^haVi^dc i]Vi Wgdj\]i C6H6 ^cid WZ^c\# 6h k^XZ egZh^YZci! ?d]chdc eaVnZY Vc ^bedgiVci gdaZ ^c YZÒc^c\ VcY dkZghZZ^c\ i]Z ajcVg aVcY^c\ Z[[dgi VcY di]Zg @ZccZYn heVXZ ^c^i^Vi^kZh# =Z ejh]ZY ]VgY [dg i]Z YZX^h^dc id \d id i]Z bddc! lg^i^c\ ^c V bZbd id i]Z egZh^YZci! ÆI]^h Xdjcign h]djaY WZ gZVa^hi^X VcY gZXd\c^oZ i]Vi di]Zg cVi^dch! gZ\VgYaZhh d[ i]Z^g Ve" egZX^Vi^dc d[ djg ^YZVa^hi^X kVajZh! l^aa iZcY id Va^\c i]ZbhZakZh l^i] i]Z Xdjcign l]^X] i]Zn WZa^ZkZ l^aa WZ i]Z ldgaY aZVYZg Ä i]Z l^ccZg ^c i]Z adc\ gjc# 9gVbVi^X VXXdbea^h]bZcih ^c heVXZ VgZ WZ^c\ ^YZci^ÒZY Vh V bV_dg ^cY^XVidg d[ ldgaY aZVYZgh]^e#Ç

I]Z eaZY\Z [jaÒaaZY Dc ?jan &+! &.+. AVYn 7^gY ?d]chdc! [dgbZg EgZh^YZci AncYdc 7# ?d]chdc! VcY K^XZ EgZh^YZci He^gd 6\cZl k^Zl 6edaad &&Éh a^[id[[ [gdb i]Z heVXZ XZciZg cVbZY [dg i]Z egZh^YZci l]d bVYZ i]Z bddc aVcY^c\ eaZY\Z#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

229

G^X]VgY B# C^mdc! &.+."&.,) 6 bdbZci dc :Vgi] 6 i]Vc` ndj cdiZ ^chZi Cdgi]"K^ZicVbZhZ EgZh^YZci =d 8]^ B^c] hZci id EgZh^YZci AncYdc ?d]chdc ^c VeegZX^Vi^dc d[ ]^h hZcY^c\ i]Z 6edaad - :Vgi]g^hZ e]did#

:Vgan ^c ]^h egZh^YZcXn! dc BVgX] '(! &.+*! ^c V eg^kViZ e]dcZ XdckZghVi^dc l^i] HZcVidg ?d]c BX8aZaaVc 9"6G ! ?d]chdc hed`Z d[ ]^h Xdci^cjZY Xdbb^ibZci id i]Z ajcVg \dVa/ ÆLZ ]deZ ^i ldg`h dji Vaa g^\]i!Ç hV^Y ?d]chdc# ÆLZ \di V adc\ lVnh id \d# I]ZhZ Wdnh Pi]Z Hdk^ZihR VgZ `^cY d[ gjcc^c\ g^c\h VgdjcY jh! Wji lZ YdcÉi \Zi ]di jci^a lZ \Zi gZVa WZ]^cY VcY i]Zc lZ hiVgi add`" ^c\ [dg hdbZWdYn id bV`Z V hXVeZ\dVi dji d[ ½ Wji ½ lZ i]^c` lZ \di V [V^g X]VcXZ id `ZZe je l^i] i]ZhZ eZdeaZ Wn É,%#Ç BX8aZaaVc gZhedcYZY! ÆLZ h]djaY `ZZe je#Ç ?d]chdc VYYZY! ÆD]! i]^h gZhZVgX] ^h i]Z bdhi ^bedgiVci i]^c\ lZ XVc Yd# ?d]c! ,* eZgXZci d[ i]Z i]^c\h lZ l^aa WZ bV`^c\ '* nZVgh [gdb cdl lZ ]VkZ cZkZg ]ZVgY d[ cdl# I]ViÉh ]dl [Vhi i]Z ldgaY X]Vc\Zh#Ç >c VYY^i^dc id gZXd\c^o^c\ i]Z WZcZÒih d[ djg heVXZ Z[[dgih! ?d]chdc YZ[ian ldg`ZY id dWiV^c eVhhV\Z d[ i]Z J#C# DjiZg HeVXZ IgZV" in! l]^X] lVh WVhZY dc eg^cX^eaZh Òghi ZcjcX^" ViZY Wn i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh l]^aZ @ZccZYn lVh egZh^YZci# I]Z igZVin WVgh i]Z eaVXZbZci d[ cjXaZVg lZVedch dg di]Zg lZVedch d[ bVhh YZhigjXi^dc ^c heVXZ! a^b^ih i]Z jhZ d[ i]Z bddc VcY di]Zg XZaZhi^Va WdY^Zh id eZVXZ[ja ejgedhZh! VcY [dgW^Yh Vcn \dkZgcbZci [gdb XaV^b^c\ V XZaZhi^Va WdYn! WZXVjhZ i]Zn VgZ i]Z Xdbbdc ]Zg^iV\Z d[ bVc`^cY# I]Z igZVin lVh gZVYn [dg h^\cVijgZ ^c LVh]^c\idc! 9#8#!

AdcYdc VcY BdhXdl dc ?Vc# ',! &.+,! i]Z

230

NASA

ZkZc^c\ i]Z 6edaad & ÒgZ idd` i]Z a^kZh d[ Vh" igdcVjih <jh <g^hhdb! :Y L]^iZ! VcY Gd\Zg 8]V[[ZZ# 6h ]^h egZh^YZcXn egd\gZhhZY! ?d]chdcÉh VY" b^c^higVi^dc WZXVbZ [dXjhZY dc ]^h <gZVi Hd" X^Zin egd\gVbh! YZVa^c\ l^i] jgWVc k^daZcXZ! VcY bdhi d[ Vaa! i]Z \gdl^c\ ^ckdakZbZci ^c i]Z K^ZicVb LVg! l]^X] jai^bViZan ldjaY Yg^kZ ?d]chdc [gdb d[ÒXZ# ;ZZa^c\ h]VX`aZY Wn i]Z \gdl^c\ Xdhih VcY jcedejaVg^in d[ i]Z J#H# Xdbb^ibZci id i]Z lVg! ?d]chdc dcXZ k^h^iZY i]Z B^X]djY 6hhZbWan ;VX^a^in ^c CZl DgaZVch! l]ZgZ i]Z HVijgc WddhiZgh lZgZ Vh" hZbWaZY0 l]^aZ i]ZgZ! ]Z idaY VhigdcVji LVaan HX]^ggV! Æ>iÉh idd WVY# LZ ]VkZ i]^h \gZVi XV" eVW^a^in! Wji ^chiZVY d[ iV`^c\ VYkVciV\Z d[ ^i! lZÉaa egdWVWan _jhi e^hh ^i VlVn#Ç ?d]chdc Y^Y! ]dlZkZg! gZbV^c Xdbb^iiZY id bZZi^c\ i]Z \dVa d[ aVcY^c\ dc i]Z bddc WZ[dgZ &.,%! VcY egdk^YZY i]Z WjY\ZiVgn VcY eda^i^XVa hjeedgi cZZYZY# L]Zc i]Z 6edaad & VXX^YZci dXXjggZY ^c ?VcjVgn &.+,! ]^h hje" edgi [dg C6H6 cZkZg lVkZgZY# =Z VaadlZY i]Z heVXZ V\ZcXn id aZVY i]Z VXX^YZci ^ckZh" i^\Vi^dc VcY id iV`Z i]Z hiZeh cZZYZY id \Zi 6edaad WVX` dc igVX`# =dlZkZg! ?d]chdc lVh jcl^aa^c\ id Ve" egdkZ h^\c^ÒXVci [jcY^c\ d[ Vcn bV_dg egd\gVbh id [daadl 6edaad# 6h V gZhjai! i]Z C6H6 WjY\Zi Yjg^c\ i]Z ÒcVa nZVgh d[ ]^h egZh^YZcXn WZ\Vc V egZX^e^idjh YdlclVgY ha^YZ! VcY YZX^h^dch lZgZ bVYZ cdi id dgYZg

G

^X]VgY C^mdc lVh ^c i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ! h^ii^c\ l^i] 8]^Z[ d[ HiV[[ GdWZgi =VaYZ" bVc VcY VhigdcVji ;gVc` 7dgbVc! l]Zc CZ^a 6gbhigdc\ VcY 7joo 6aYg^c lVa`ZY dc i]Z bddc dc ?jan '%! &.+.# =^hidgn gZXdgYh i]Vi ]Z h^bean XaVeeZY VcY hV^Y! Æ=ddgVn!Ç l]Zc 6gbhigdc\ hiZeeZY dc id i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ# C^mdc lVh VXjiZan VlVgZ d[ i]Z ^bedg" iVcXZ d[ i]Z bddc aVcY^c\ id J#H# egZhi^\Z ^c i]Z ldgaY# =Z bVYZ gZbVg`h k^V V e]dcZ ]dd`je id i]Z bddc"lVa`^c\ VhigdcVjih! hVn^c\! Æ6h ndj iVa` id jh [gdb i]Z HZV d[ IgVcfj^a^in! ^i ^che^gZh jh id gZYdjWaZ djg Z[[dgih id Wg^c\ eZVXZ VcY igVcfj^a^in id :Vgi]#Ç I]ZhZ ldgYh jcYZghXdgZY ]^h k^Zl i]Vi J#H# aZVYZgh]^e ^c heVXZ lVh eVgi d[ J#H# aZVYZgh]^e ^c \adWVa Y^eadbVXn# ;daadl^c\ i]Z bddc lVa`! C^mdc ÓZl id i]Z EVX^ÒX id \gZZi i]Z 6edaad && VhigdcVjih VWdVgY i]Z JHH =dgcZi V[iZg i]Z^g gZijgc id :Vgi] dc ?jan ')! &.+.# I]Vi CdkZbWZg! C^mdc WZXVbZ i]Z Òghi egZh^YZci id ViiZcY V heVXZ aVjcX]! i]Z hjXXZhh[ja a^[id[[ d[ i]Z 6edaad &' XgZl! l]^X] WZ\Vc ^cVjhe^X^djhan l]Zc i]Z HVijgc K gdX`Zi lVh higjX` Wn a^\]ic^c\ h]dgian V[iZg a^[id[[# I]Z igZbZcYdjh [ZZa^c\ d[ cVi^dcVa ig^" jbe] [daadl^c\ i]Z Òghi bddc aVcY^c\h lVh ÓZZi^c\! ]dlZkZg! VcY C^mdc gZ_ZXiZY C6H6Éh VbW^i^djh edhi"6edaad eaVch! l]^X] ^cXajYZY YZkZade^c\ V hZg^Zh d[ aVg\Z heVXZ hiVi^dch!

Xdci^cjZY b^hh^dch id i]Z bddc! VcY Vc ^c^i^Va b^hh^dc id BVgh ^c i]Z &.-%h# >c V BVgX] ,! &.,% hiViZbZci! ]Z hZi dji V eda^Xn [dg heVXZ i]Vi ]Vh WZZc ^c Z[[ZXi ZkZg h^cXZ/

C6H6

VYY^i^dcVa 6edaad ]VgYlVgZ! hjX] Vh i]Z HVi" jgc K bddc gdX`Zi# 7n i]Z i^bZ ]Z aZ[i d[ÒXZ ^c ?VcjVgn &.+.! C6H6 lVh dc i]Z Wg^c` d[ VXXdbea^h]^c\ i]Z \dVa hZi dji [dg ^i Vabdhi Z^\]i nZVgh ZVga^Zg! Wji i]Z V\ZcXn ]VY cd hZchZ d[ l]Vi ^i ldjaY WZ Vh`ZY id Yd dcXZ ^i ]VY iV`Zc 6bZg^XVch id i]Z bddc# >c V ÒcVa ^gdc^X [ddicdiZ id i]Z ?d]chdc egZh^YZcXn! ]Z hZci! Vh V \ddYl^aa \ZhijgZ id Vaa ldgaY aZVYZgh! i]Z [Vbdjh :Vgi]g^hZ e]did iV`Zc dc 8]g^hibVh :kZ &.+- [gdb ajcVg dg" W^i Wn 6edaad - VhigdcVji L^aa^Vb 6cYZgh# Id ]^h \gZVi hjgeg^hZ! ?d]chdc gZXZ^kZY WVX` V hbVaa i]Vc`"ndj XVgY lg^iiZc ^c ;gZcX] [gdb i]Z aZVYZg l]d ]VY bdhi idgbZciZY i]Z Vhe^" gVi^dch d[ ]^h egZh^YZcXn! Cdgi] K^ZicVbZhZ egZh^YZci =d 8]^ B^c]#

CARPET

CLEANING NOW USES C6H6

ROCKET SCIENCE

LZaXdb^c\ i]Z ]ZgdZh EgZh^YZci G^X]VgY C^mdc dcWdVgY i]Z JHH =dgcZi ?jan ')! &.+. lZaXdb^c\ i]Z gZijgc^c\ 6edaad && VhigdcVjih#

ÆLZ bjhi i]^c` d[ PheVXZ VXi^k^i^ZhR Vh eVgi d[ V Xdci^cj^c\ egdXZhh VcY cdi Vh V hZg^Zh d[ hZeVgViZ aZVeh! ZVX] gZfj^g^c\ V bVhh^kZ XdcXZcigVi^dc d[ ZcZg\n# HeVXZ ZmeZcY^ijgZh bjhi iV`Z i]Z^g egdeZg eaVXZ l^i]^c V g^\dg" djh hnhiZb d[ cVi^dcVa eg^dg^i^Zh#Ç AZhh i]Vc ild bdci]h aViZg! ]dlZkZg! C^m" dc _d^cZY 6bZg^XVch ^c egVn^c\ [dg i]Z hV[Z gZijgc d[ i]Z 6edaad &( VhigdcVjih# =Z ÓZl id =VlV^^ id \gZZi i]Z gZijgc^c\ XgZl VcY VlVgYZY VhigdcVjih ?VbZh AdkZaa! ;gZY =V^hZ VcY ?VX` Hl^\Zgi i]Z BZYVa d[ ;gZZYdb# Æ<gZVicZhh XdbZh cdi h^bean ^c ig^jbe] Wji ^c VYkZgh^in!Ç C^mdc hV^Y# Æ>i ]Vh WZZc hV^Y i]Vi VYkZgh^in ^cigdYjXZh V bVc id ]^bhZa[#Ç 7n i]Z i^bZ C^mdc aZ[i i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ! i]Z C6H6 WjY\Zi ]VY [VaaZc [gdb ^ih eZV` d[ Vabdhi ) eZgXZci d[ i]Z idiVa [ZYZgVa WjY\Zi id aZhh i]Vc & eZgXZci# >i ]Vh gZbV^cZY Vi i]Vi adlZg aZkZa [dg i]Z aVhi (% eajh nZVgh# 6i i]Vi aZkZa! C6H6 YZX^YZY ^i XdjaY cdi Xdci^c" jZ id deZgViZ i]Z hnhiZbh ^i ]VY YZkZadeZY [dg 6edaad VcY XadhZY Ydlc i]Z egdYjXi^dc a^cZh [dg i]Z 6edaad heVXZXgV[i VcY HVijgc K gdX`Zi l]^aZ Vahd XVcXZaa^c\ i]gZZ ajcVg b^h" h^dch Ä 6edaad &-! &. VcY '%#

C^mdc gZ_ZXiZY! ]dlZkZg! ZcY^c\ i]Z J#H# ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i egd\gVb! VcY V\V^chi i]Z VYk^XZ d[ bVcn d[ ]^h iZX]c^XVa VcY WjY\Zi" Vgn VYk^hZgh ^c ?VcjVgn &.,'! VeegdkZY i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ V cZl XgZl"XVggn^c\ kZ]^XaZ! i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ# HdbZ ^c C^mdcÉh D[ÒXZ d[ BVcV\ZbZci VcY 7jY\Zi hdj\]i id bV`Z YZ" h^\c X]Vc\Zh [dg Xdhi"Xjii^c\ gZVhdch# I]ZgZ Vahd lZgZ 6^g ;dgXZ gZfj^gZbZcih i]Vi i]Z h]jiiaZ WZ VWaZ id aVjcX] [gdb KVcYZcWZg\ 6^g ;dgXZ 7VhZ! 8Va^[#! VcY WZ VWaZ id bVcZj" kZg jedc gZZcign hd i]Vi ^i XdjaY aVcY Vi dg cZVg i]Z hVbZ adXVi^dc [gdb l]^X] ^i ]VY WZZc aVjcX]ZY0 i]ZhZ gZfj^gZbZcih VYYZY iZX]c^XVa XdbeaZm^in id i]Z h]jiiaZ YZh^\c# Eda^i^Xh Vahd eaVnZY V eVgi! l^i] C^mdc lVci" ^c\ id Wddhi ]^h gZZaZXi^dc egdheZXih ^c &.,' Wn gZVhhjg^c\ VZgdheVXZ ldg`Zgh! ZheZX^Vaan ^c ZaZXidgVa kdiZ"g^X] 8Va^[dgc^V! i]Vi i]Z cZl h]jiiaZ egd\gVb ldjaY egdiZXi i]Z^g _dWh# C6H6 idaY i]Z egZh^YZci i]Z h]jiiaZ ldjaY WZ XVeVWaZ d[ gdji^cZ VcY V[[dgYVWaZ heVXZ aVjcX]Zh VcY deZgVi^dch# =Z gZea^ZY! ÆBZc VgZ Ón^c\ ^c heVXZ cdl VcY l^aa Xdci^cjZ id Ón ^c heVXZ! VcY lZÉY WZhi WZ V eVgi d[ ^i#Ç C^mdc bZi dc ?Vc# *! &.,' l^i] C6H6 6Yb^c^higVidg

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

231

The Carpet and Rug Institute adapted x-ray fluorescence used for the space shuttle to measure soil removal in carpet for its Seal of Approval certification program.

Talk about a down to earth application of space technology!

And just one more example of NASA’s extraordinary 50 years of progress and discovery.

For a list of certified products, visit carpet-rug.org.

Photo credits: EADS Astrium, ESA AOES Medialab, ESA - D. Ducros, ESA/CNES/Arianespace-Service Optique.

Giving life to space applications for over 40 years

The battery: Pumping with energy. Pulsing with power. It is the heart of any space application. Saft gives life to satellites, launchers and probes with its high-power, low-weight, and highly reliable batteries. With over 40 years of experience, Saft is at the center of todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s space missions.

Saft America, Inc.

www.saftbatteries.com

space@saftbatteries.com

107 Beaver Ct. Cockeysville, MD 21030 Phone: 410-771-3200 Fax: 410-771-0234

C6H6 C6H6

<gVcY deZc^c\ 6WdkZ! aZ[i/ EgZh^YZci <ZgVaY ;dgY deZch i]Z cZl Hb^i]hdc^Vc CVi^dcVa 6^g VcY HeVXZ BjhZjb ?jan &! &.,+ # ;dgY! l^i] Hb^i]hdc^Vc HZXgZiVgn 9^aa^dc G^eaZn VcY bjhZjb Y^gZXidg! 6edaad && VhigdcVji B^X]VZa 8daa^ch! k^Zl V edgi^dc d[ i]Z 6edaad"Hdnjo heVXZXgV[i# =dcdg^c\ V heVXZ ]Zgd 6WdkZ! g^\]i/ 6higdcVji CZ^a 6gbhigdc\ gZXZ^kZh i]Z Òghi 8dc\gZhh^dcVa HeVXZ BZYVa d[ =dcdg [gdb EgZh^YZci ?^bbn 8VgiZg! dc DXi# &! &.,-! C6H6Éh '%i] Vcc^kZghVgn# >c i]Z WVX`\gdjcY VgZ VhigdcVji ;gVc` 7dgbVc VcY GdWZgi ;gdhX]! C6H6Éh Ò[i] VYb^c^higVidg#

?VbZh ;aZiX]Zg VcY 9Zejin 6Yb^c^higVidg <Zdg\Z Adl id VccdjcXZ i]Z ÒcVa h]jiiaZ YZX^h^dc Vi ]^h lZhiZgc L]^iZ =djhZ ^c HVc 8aZbZciZ! 8Va^[# 6i i]Vi bZZi^c\! VXXdgY^c\ id dcZ VXXdjci! C^mdc ÆhiViZY i]Vi C6H6 h]djaY higZhh X^k^a^Vc Veea^XVi^dch Wji h]djaY cdi ]Zh^iViZ id cdiZ i]Z b^a^iVgn jhZh Vh lZaa# =Z h]dlZY ^ciZgZhi ^c i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ gdj" i^cZ deZgVi^dch VcY fj^X` gZVXi^dc i^bZh! [dg ]Z hVl i]Vi i]ZhZ XdjaY Vaadl i]Z h]jiiaZ id ]Zae ^c Y^hVhiZgh hjX] Vh ZVgi]fjV`Zh dg ÓddYh# =Z Vahd a^`ZY i]Z ^YZV d[ jh^c\ i]Z h]jiiaZ id Y^hedhZ d[ cjXaZVg lVhiZ Wn aVjcX]^c\ ^i ^cid heVXZ# ;aZiX]Zg bZci^dcZY i]Vi ^i b^\]i WZXdbZ edh" h^WaZ id XdaaZXi hdaVg edlZg ^c dgW^i VcY WZVb ^i id :Vgi] ^c i]Z [dgb d[ ZaZXig^X^in# C^mdc gZea^ZY i]Vi hjX] YZkZadebZcih iZcY id ]VeeZc bjX] bdgZ fj^X`an i]Vc eZdeaZ ZmeZXi! VcY i]Vi i]Zn h]djaY cdi ]Zh^iViZ id iVa` VWdji i]Zb# =Z a^`ZY i]Z [VXi i]Vi dgY^cVgn eZdeaZ! l]d ldjaY cdi WZ ]^\]an"igV^cZY VhigdcVjih! ldjaY WZ VWaZ id Ón ^c i]Z h]jiiaZ#Ç 7n YZX^Y^c\ i]Z eg^dg^in d[ heVXZ Z[[dgih ]VY id WZ Xdch^YZgZY Vadc\ di]Zg YZbVcYh dc i]Z [ZYZgVa WjY\Zi! VcY Wn Veegdk^c\ d[ heVXZ h]jiiaZ YZkZadebZci! C^mdc aV^Y i]Z [djcYVi^dc [dg C6H6Éh Z[[dgih [dg i]Z cZmi i]gZZ YZXVYZh! V eZg^dY X]VgVXiZg^oZY Wn i]Z 8dajbW^V 6XX^YZci >ckZhi^\Vi^dc 7dVgY Vh ÆhigV^c^c\ id Yd idd bjX] l^i] idd a^iiaZ#Ç

<ZgVaY G# ;dgY! &.,)"&.,,

9

jg^c\ ]^h i]gZZ nZVgh Vh egZh^YZci [daadl^c\ C^mdcÉh gZh^\cVi^dc! <ZgVaY ;dgY \VkZ a^b^iZY ViiZci^dc id heVXZ ^hhjZh# =Z lVh V hje" edgiZg d[ C6H6! ]V^a^c\ Vaa i]Z lVn WVX` id ]^h Xdc\gZhh^dcVa hZgk^XZ dc i]Z =djhZ HZaZXi 8dbb^iiZZ dc 6higdcVji^Xh VcY HeVXZ :meadgV" i^dc! l]^X] ]ZaeZY YgV[i i]Z &.*- HeVXZ 6Xi# >c ?jan &.,*! ;dgY XZa" ZWgViZY i]Z hjXXZhh[ja 6edaad"Hdnjo IZhi Egd_ZXi b^hh^dc! egZY^Xi^c\ Æi]Z YVn ^h cdi [Vg d[[ l]Zc heVXZ b^hh^dch bVYZ edhh^WaZ Wn i]^h Òghi _d^ci Z[[dgi l^aa WZ bdgZ dg aZhh XdbbdceaVXZ#Ç =Z Vahd hVajiZY i]Z aVcY^c\h d[ i]Z il^c K^`^c\ gdWdi^X ZmeadgZgh dc BVgh! hVn^c\ dc i]Z

dXXVh^dc d[ i]Z Òghi aVcY^c\ dc ?jan '%! &.,+! ÆDjg VX]^ZkZbZcih ^c heVXZ gZegZhZci cdi dcan i]Z ]Z^\]i d[ iZX]cdad\^XVa h`^aa! i]Zn Vahd gZÓZXi i]Z WZhi ^c djg Xdjcign Ä djg X]VgVXiZg! i]Z XVeVX^in [dg XgZVi^k" ^in VcY hVXg^ÒXZ! VcY V l^aa^c\cZhh id gZVX] ^cid i]Z jc`cdlc#Ç AViZg ^c &.,+! ]Z VeegdkZY i]Z h^bjaiVcZdjh YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z ild aVg\Z heVXZ hX^ZcXZ b^hh^dch i]Vi WZXVbZ i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ VcY i]Z <Va^aZd b^hh^dc id ?je^iZg#

?^bbn 8VgiZg! &.,,"&.-&

?

^bbn 8VgiZg lVh eZg]Veh i]Z aZVhi hjeedgi^kZ d[ J#H# ]jbVc heVXZ Z[[dgih d[ Vcn egZh^YZci ^c i]Z aVhi ]Va["XZcijgn! Wji Vh V igV^cZY Zc\^cZZg! ]Z idd` V higdc\ ^ciZgZhi ^c i]Z YZkZadebZcih ^c eaVcZiVgn ZmeadgVi^dc i]Vi dXXjggZY dc ]^h lViX]# 6 egZh^YZci^Va hiViZbZci d[ heVXZ eda^Xn ^hhjZY ^c DXidWZg &.,- hV^Y! ÆDjg heVXZ eda^Xn l^aa WZ" XdbZ bdgZ Zkdaji^dcVgn gVi]Zg i]Vc XZciZg^c\ VgdjcY V h^c\aZ! bVh" h^kZ Zc\^cZZg^c\ [ZVi# EajgVa^hi^X dW_ZXi^kZh VcY cZZYh d[ djg hdX^Zin l^aa hZi i]Z XdjghZ [dg [jijgZ heVXZ Z[[dgih#Ç DcZ ^hhjZ i]Vi eZgh^hiZY i]gdj\]dji i]Z 8VgiZg VYb^c^higVi^dc lVh i]Z Veegdeg^ViZ cjbWZg d[ heVXZ h]jiiaZ dgW^iZgh id Wj^aY! VcY i]Z [jijgZ d[ i]Z h]jiiaZ egd\gVb dkZgVaa# C6H6 Vg\jZY ÒkZ dgW^iZgh lZgZ cZZYZY id egdk^YZ Zcdj\] XVeVW^a^in [dg i]Z bVcn b^hh^dch ^i Vci^X^eViZY# 8Vgi" Zg YZX^YZY id VeegdkZ XdchigjXi^dc d[ dcan [djg Vadc\ l^i] ÆhigjXijgVa heVgZhÇ [dg V Ò[i] kZ]^XaZ# I]dhZ heVgZ eVgih lZgZ jhZY V YZXVYZ aViZg id Wj^aY V gZeaVXZbZci dgW^iZg V[iZg i]Z 8]VaaZc\Zg VXX^YZci# >c &.,.! 8Vgi" Zg Xdch^YZgZY iZgb^cVi^c\ i]Z HeVXZ H]jiiaZ Egd\gVb! \^kZc ^ih iZX]c^XVa VcY hX]ZYjaZ egdWaZbh# =Z lVh VYk^hZY! ]dlZkZg! i]Vi i]Z egd\gVb lVh idd [Vg Vadc\ id bV`Z hjX] V bdkZ egdYjXi^kZ VcY i]Z h]jiiaZ lVh cZZYZY id aVjcX] gZXdccV^hhVcXZ hViZaa^iZh gZfj^gZY id kZg^[n Vgbh Xdcigda V\gZZ" bZcih Ä V ide 8VgiZg eg^dg^in# 7VhZY dc i]ZhZ Xdch^YZgVi^dch! ]Z YZX^YZY id Xdci^cjZ i]Z egd\gVb# 8VgiZg ]VY ]deZY i]Z Òghi h]jiiaZ aVjcX] ldjaY dXXjg Yjg^c\ ]^h iZgb ^c d[ÒXZ! Wji ^i ha^eeZY id 6eg^a &.-&#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

233

International

C6H6

>c &.,,! 8VgiZg Xdcig^WjiZY V bZhhV\Z id i]Z \daYZc e]dcd\gVe] gZXdgYh eaVXZY dc i]Z il^c KdnV\Zg heVXZXgV[i! l]^X] cdl VgZ igVkZa" ^c\ ^c ^ciZghiZaaVg heVXZ# I]Z bZhhV\Z hiViZY/ LZ XVhi i]^h bZhhV\Z ^cid i]Z Xdhbdh# >i ^h a^`Zan id hjgk^kZ V W^aa^dc nZVgh ^cid djg [jijgZ! l]Zc djg X^k^a^oVi^dc ^h egd[djcYan Va" iZgZY VcY i]Z hjg[VXZ d[ i]Z :Vgi] bVn WZ kVhian X]Vc\ZY# D[ i]Z '%% W^aa^dc hiVgh ^c i]Z B^a`n LVn \VaVmn! hdbZ Ä eZg]Veh bVcn Ä bVn ]VkZ ^c]VW^iZY eaVcZih VcY heVXZ[Vg^c\ X^k^a^oVi^dch# >[ dcZ hjX] X^k^a^oVi^dc ^ciZgXZeih KdnV\Zg VcY XVc jcYZghiVcY i]ZhZ gZ" XdgYZY XdciZcih! ]ZgZ ^h djg bZhhV\Z/ ÈI]^h ^h V egZhZci [gdb V hbVaa Y^hiVci ldgaY! V id`Zc d[ djg hdjcYh! djg hX^ZcXZ! djg ^bV\Zh! djg bjh^X! djg i]dj\]ih! VcY djg [ZZa^c\h# LZ VgZ ViiZbei^c\ id hjgk^kZ djg i^bZ hd i]Vi lZ bVn a^kZ ^cid ndjgh# LZ ]deZ hdbZYVn! ]Vk^c\ hdakZY i]Z egdWaZbh lZ [VXZ! id _d^c V Xdbbjc^in d[ \VaVXi^X X^k^a^oVi^dch# I]^h gZXdgY gZegZhZcih djg ]deZ VcY djg YZiZgb^cV" i^dc! VcY djg \ddY l^aa ^c V kVhi VcY VlZhdbZ jc^kZghZ#É ?djgcVa^hi =j\] H^YZn lgdiZ ^c &.,- i]Vi l]^aZ WZ^c\ Wg^Z[ZY Wn i]Z aViZ VhigdcdbZg 8Vga HV\Vc VWdji eaVcZiVgn ZmeadgVi^dc! 8VgiZg! ÆZnZh Wg^\]i l^i] i]Z hZchZ d[ VYkZcijgZ! jg\ZY i]Vi Vcn cZl b^hh^dch id BVgh hZZ` dji bdjciV^ch VcY kVaaZnh VcY daY kdaXVcdZh ^chiZVY d[ hiVn^c\ dc i]Z bdgZ aZkZa dg \Zcian gdaa^c\ hjg[VXZh#Ç 8VgiZg idd` i]Z dXXVh^dc d[ C6H6Éh '%i] W^gi]YVn dc DXi# &! &.,-! id k^h^i i]Z @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg VcY WZhidl i]Z Òghi 8dc\gZhh^dcVa HeVXZ BZYVah d[ =dcdg dc VhigdcVjih CZ^a 6gbhigdc\! ;gVc` 7dgbVc! EZiZ 8dcgVY! ?d]c <aZcc! 6aVc H]ZeVgY VcY 7Ziin <g^hhdb! i]Z l^[Z d[ VhigdcVji <jh <g^hhdb# >c ]^h gZbVg`h i]Vi YVn! 8VgiZg hV^Y! ÆA^`Z i]Z hZV! i]Z aVcY! VcY i]Z V^g! heVXZ l^aa WZXdbZ Vc Zck^gdcbZci ^c l]^X] ]jbVc WZ^c\h XVc a^kZ VcY ldg` [dg i]Z lZa[VgZ d[ i]Z^g heZ" X^Zh#Ç 8VgiZg XdcXajYZY ]^h gZbVg`h Wn hiVi^c\! Æ>c i]Z aVhi VcVanh^h! i]Z X]VaaZc\Z d[ heVXZ iV`Zh jh kZgn XadhZ id i]Z ]ZVgi d[ i]^c\h# >i Wg^c\h jh [VXZ id [VXZ l^i] i]Z bnhiZg^Zh d[ XgZVi^dc! bViiZg! ZcZg\n!

VcY a^[Z# I]Z bZc lZ ]dcdg idYVn bZi i]Vi X]VaaZc\Z! VcY lZgZ ZfjVa id ^i# Djg cVi^dc bZi i]Vi X]VaaZc\Z! VcY lVh ZfjVa id ^i# 6cY ^c i]Z ÒcVa ild YZXVYZh d[ i]Z '%i] XZcijgn! 6bZg^XV l^aa gZVX] dji dcXZ bdgZ id i]Z WZVjin VcY bnhiZgn d[ heVXZ# 6cY! dcXZ bdgZ! 6bZg^XV l^aa WZ ZfjVa id i]Z iVh`#Ç

GdcVaY L# GZV\Vc! &.-&"&.-.

G

dcVaY GZV\Vc! i]gdj\]dji ]^h Z^\]i nZVgh ^c d[ÒXZ! \VkZ C6H6 VcY i]Z X^k^a^Vc heVXZ egd\gVb higdc\ g]Zidg^XVa hjeedgi! VcY ]^h ldgYh Xdb[dgiZY V Y^higVj\]i cVi^dc ^c i]Z V[iZgbVi] d[ i]Z ?Vc# '-! &.-+ 8]VaaZc\Zg VXX^YZci# ;daadl^c\ i]Z igV\ZYn! GZV\Vc Vji]dg^oZY V egZh^YZci^Va Xdbb^hh^dc! X]V^gZY Wn [dgbZg HZXgZiVgn d[ HiViZ L^aa^Vb Gd\Zgh! id ^ckZhi^\ViZ i]Z Y^hVhiZg# I]ZgZ lZgZ ') heVXZ h]jiiaZ Ó^\]ih eg^dg id i]Z 8]VaaZc\Zg VXX^YZci# ;dg i]Z Òghi Ó^\]i d[ 8dajbW^V! YZh^\cViZY HIH"& 6eg^a &'"&)! &.-& !

VcY e^adiZY Wn VhigdcVjih ?d]c Ndjc\ VcY GdWZgi 8g^eeZc! GZV\Vc lViX]ZY i]Z aVjcX] [gdb i]Z A^cXdac 7ZYgddb ^c i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ! l]ZgZ ]Z ]VY _jhi gZijgcZY i]Z egZk^djh YVn V[iZg gZXdkZg^c\ [gdb Vc VhhVhh^cVi^dc ViiZbei# 6XXdgY^c\ id Vji]dg G^X]VgY GZZkZh! ÆGZV\Vc lVh i]g^aaZY! VcY ]Z adkZY hZZ^c\ C6H6 hX^Zci^hih VcY iZX]c^X^Vch Vi =djhidc 8dcigda lVk^c\ hbVaa 6bZg^XVc ÓV\h l]Zc i]Z aVjcX] lVh YZ" XaVgZY V hjXXZhh#Ç Dc i]Z ;djgi] d[ ?jan! &.-'! GZV\Vc lVh Vi :YlVgYh 6^g ;dgXZ 7VhZ ^c 8Va^[dgc^V id lViX] i]Z aVcY^c\ d[ i]Z [djgi] h]jiiaZ b^hh^dc0 ]Z \gZZiZY 8dajbW^V XgZl bZbWZgh I]dbVh BVii^c\an VcY

EgZh^YZci^Va hVajiZ 8dajbW^V HIH") VhigdcVjih I]dbVh @# BVii^c\an! [dgZ\gdjcY! VcY =Zcgn L# =VgihÒZaY hVajiZ EgZh^YZci GdcVaY GZV\Vc VcY Òghi aVYn CVcXn GZV\Vc [daadl^c\ i]Z^g )i] d[ ?jan &.-' aVcY^c\ Vi :YlVgYh 6^g ;dgXZ 7VhZ! 8Va^[#

=Zcgn =VgihÒZaY VcY lViX]ZY Vh i]Z hZXdcY h]jiiaZ dgW^iZg 8]VaaZc\Zg! dc ide d[ ^ih XVgg^Zg V^gXgV[i! idd` d[[ dc ^ih ^c^i^Va _djgcZn id i]Z @Zc" cZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg [dg V aVjcX] aViZg ^c &.-'# I]Z egZh^YZci dkZggjaZY bdhi d[ ]^h VYk^hZgh VcY \VkZ C6H6 ]^h Ve" egdkVa id YZkZade V heVXZ hiVi^dc# C6H6 ]VY hdj\]i i]Vi VeegdkVa &* nZVgh ZVga^Zg VcY WZZc [dgXZY id lV^i jci^a i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ lVh Ón^c\ dc V gZ\jaVg WVh^h# GZV\Vc VccdjcXZY ]^h VeegdkVa ^c i]Z bdhi ejW" a^X lVn edhh^WaZ! Yjg^c\ ]^h ?Vc# '*! &.-) HiViZ d[ i]Z Jc^dc VYYgZhh# Æ6 heVXZ hiVi^dc l^aa eZgb^i fjVcijb aZVeh ^c djg gZhZVgX] ^c hX^ZcXZ! Xdbbjc^XVi^dch! ^c bZiVah! VcY ^c a^[ZhVk^c\ bZY^X^cZh l]^X] XdjaY WZ bVcj[VXijgZY dcan ^c heVXZ!Ç GZV\Vc hV^Y# >c i]Z hVbZ heZZX]! ]Z Vahd ^cY^XViZY i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh ldjaY ^ck^iZ ^ih Vaa^Zh id eVgi^X^eViZ ^c i]Z heVXZ hiVi^dc egd\gVb# >ciZgcVi^dcVa XddeZgVi^dc ^c heVXZ ]VY WZZc \^kZc V Wddhi Yjg^c\ i]Z C^mdc VYb^c^higVi^dc! VcY :jgdeZ VcY 8VcVYV ]VY bVYZ jhZ[ja Xdcig^Wji^dch id i]Z HeVXZ H]jiiaZ Egd\gVb# 7ji Wn ^ck^i^c\ di]Zgh id eVgi^X^eViZ [gdb i]Z hiVgi ^c YZÒc^c\! YZkZade^c\! VcY jh^c\ i]Z heVXZ hiVi^dc! GZV\Vc bVYZ J#H# aZVYZgh]^e i]gdj\] XddeZgVi^dc V XZcigVa [ZVijgZ d[ C6H6Éh VXi^k^i^Zh# >c i]Z ZVgan nZVgh d[ ]^h VYb^c^higVi^dc! ]Z ]VY X]VgVXiZg^oZY i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc Vh Vc ÆZk^a Zbe^gZ!Ç Wji ^c ]^h ÒcVa nZVgh ^c d[ÒXZ! GZV\Vc Y^hXjhhZY aVg\Z"hXVaZ heVXZ XddeZgVi^dc l^i] Hdk^Zi EgZh^YZci B^`V^a <dgWVX]Zk# 9jg^c\ i]Z GZV\Vc VYb^c^higVi^dc! i]ZgZ lVh V \gZVi YZVa d[ Zbe]V" h^h dc heVXZ Vh Vc VgZcV [dg XdbbZgX^Va VXi^k^i^Zh# >c gZhedchZ! C6H6 XgZViZY Vc D[ÒXZ d[ 8dbbZgX^Va Egd\gVbh VcY ^ciZch^ÒZY ^ih Z[[dgih id Vhh^hi i]dhZ l]d hVl egdÒi"bV`^c\ ediZci^Va ^c kVg^djh [dgbh d[ heVXZ VXi^k^i^Zh# GZV\Vc lVh haViZY id \^kZ Vcdi]Zg HiViZ d[ i]Z Jc^dc VYYgZhh dc ?Vc# '-! &.-+! i]Z YVn i]Vi i]Z 8]VaaZc\Zg VXX^YZci dXXjggZY# 6h gZedgiZY Wn Vji]dg G^X]VgY GZZkZh! ]Z lVh ^c i]Z DkVa D[ÒXZ! iVa`^c\ l^i] ]^h egZhh V^YZ AVggn HeZV`Zh! VWdji Vc jeXdb^c\ ajcX] l^i] cZildg` cZlh VcX]dgh# ÆHjYYZcan! ]^h Yddg Wjghi deZc! VcY K^XZ EgZh^YZci 7jh] XVbZ

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

235

I]Z 7jh] VYb^c^higVi^dc heZci bjX] d[ ^ih gZbV^c^c\ i^bZ ^c d[ÒXZ ign^c\ id ÒcY V lVn id \Zi i]^h heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc egdedhVa VXXZeiZY Wn i]Z 9ZbdXgVi^X bV_dg^in ^c 8dc\gZhh VcY Wn i]Z \ZcZgVa ejWa^X# :kZc hdbZ ^c i]Z C6H6 aZVYZgh]^e lZgZ h`Zei^XVa d[ VYY^c\ V egd\gVb id gZijgc id i]Z bddc id C6H6Éh Zm^hi^c\ iVh`h d[ Ón^c\ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ VcY YZkZade^c\ V heVXZ hiVi^dc# 7n i]Z i^bZ i]Vi 7jh] aZ[i i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ! i]Z HeVXZ :meadgVi^dc >c^i^Vi^kZ lVh YZVY# 6cdi]Zg egZh^YZc" i^Va ^c^i^Vi^kZ! i]Z B^hh^dc id EaVcZi :Vgi] Ä id jhZ V cZildg` d[ :Vgi] dWhZgk^c\ hViZaa^iZh id jcYZghiVcY i]Z YncVb^Xh d[ \adWVa Xa^bViZ X]Vc\Z "" ]Vh egdkZY id WZ V bdgZ aVhi^c\ aZ\VXn# 9^hVeed^ciZY Wn C6H6Éh gZVXi^dc id i]Z egZh^YZciÉh &.-. ZmeadgV" i^dc egdedhVah VcY Wn i]Z aVjcX] d[ i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ l^i] V b^hh]VeZc b^ggdg! i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ ^c &..% Xdbb^hh^dcZY V hZVgX]" ^c\ dkZgVaa VhhZhhbZci d[ C6H6 i]Vi lVh ]ZVYZY Wn VZgdheVXZ ^cYjh" ign ZmZXji^kZ CdgbVc 6j\jhi^cZ# >i XdcXajYZY i]Vi ÆC6H6 ^h XjggZcian dkZgXdbb^iiZY ^c iZgbh d[ egd\gVb dWa^\Vi^dch gZaVi^kZ id gZhdjgXZh VkV^aVWaZ Ä ^c h]dgi! ^i ^h ign^c\ id Yd idd bjX]#Ç I]Z 7jh] VYb^c^higVi^dc egdedhZY h^\c^ÒXVci WjY\Zi ^cXgZVhZh [dg C6H6 ^c gZhedchZ id i]^h dWhZgkVi^dc# =dlZkZg! 7jh] lVh eZghjVYZY C6H6 ldjaY cdi X]Vc\Z [dg i]Z WZiiZg jcYZg ^ih XjggZci bVcV\ZbZci! VcY ^c ZVgan &..'! ]Z gZeaVXZY C6H6 6Yb^c^higVidg G^X]VgY Igjan l^i] 9Vc^Za <daY^c! l]d ]VY heZci bdhi d[ ]^h XVgZZg ldg`^c\ dc cV" i^dcVa hZXjg^in heVXZ egd\gVbh# <daY^c kdlZY id Wg^c\ V Æ[VhiZg! WZi" iZg! X]ZVeZgÇ VeegdVX] id C6H6Éh egd\gVbh#

<Zdg\Z =#L# 7jh]! &.-."&..(

6

h <Zdg\Z 7jh] idd` d[ÒXZ ^c ?VcjVgn &.-.! i]ZgZ lVh V l^YZhegZVY hZchZ ^c i]Z heVXZ Xdbbjc^in i]Vi C6H6 cZZYZY V cZl! X]VaaZc\^c\ \dVa id XdbeaZiZ ^ih gZXdkZgn [gdb i]Z 8]VaaZc\Zg VXX^YZci VcY eji ^i dc V edh^i^kZ eVi] [dg i]Z [jijgZ# 7jh] V\gZZY l^i] i]^h WZa^Z[! VcY Vh`ZY ]^h k^XZ egZh^YZci! 9Vc FjVnaZ! id egZeVgZ V bV_dg cZl heVXZ ^c^i^V" i^kZ# 7jh] VccdjcXZY l]Vi WZXVbZ `cdlc Vh i]Z HeVXZ :meadgVi^dc >c^i^Vi^kZ ^c V heZZX] dc ?jan '%! &.-.! i]Z '%i] Vcc^kZghVgn d[ i]Z 6edaad && aVcY^c\# =Z XVaaZY [dg ÆV adc\"gVc\Z! Xdci^cj^c\ Xdbb^ibZci# ;^ghi! [dg i]Z Xdb^c\ YZXVYZ! [dg i]Z &..%h/ HeVXZ HiVi^dc ;gZZ" Ydb! djg Xg^i^XVa cZmi hiZe ^c Vaa djg heVXZ Zc" YZVkdgh# 6cY cZmi! [dg i]Z cZl XZcijgn/ 7VX` id i]Z bddc0 WVX` id i]Z [jijgZ# 6cY i]^h i^bZ! WVX` id hiVn# 6cY i]Zc V _djgcZn ^cid idbdg" gdl! V _djgcZn id Vcdi]Zg eaVcZi/ V bVccZY b^hh^dc id BVgh#Ç 6YYZY 7jh]/ ÆL]n i]Z bddc4 L]n BVgh4 7ZXVjhZ ^i ^h ]jbVc^inÉh YZhi^cn id hig^kZ! id hZZ`! id ÒcY# 6cY WZXVjhZ ^i ^h 6bZg^XVÉh YZhi^cn id aZVY# ;gdb i]Z kdn" V\Zh d[ 8dajbWjh Ä id i]Z DgZ\dc IgV^a Ä id i]Z _djgcZn id i]Z bddc ^ihZa[ Ä ]^hidgn egdkZh i]Vi lZ ]VkZ cZkZg adhi Wn egZhh^c\ i]Z a^b^ih d[ djg [gdci^Zgh#Ç

236

NASA

BVg`^c\ 6edaad EgZh^YZci <Zdg\Z =#L# 7jh] heZV`h Vi i]Z '%i] Vcc^kZghVgn XZaZWgVi^dc d[ i]Z 6edaad bddc aVcY^c\ ?jan '%! &.-. l]^aZ VccdjcX^c\ ]^h VYb^c^higVi^dcÉh heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc \dVah# 7Z]^cY i]Z egZh^YZci VgZ C6H6 6Yb^c^higVidg G^X]VgY Igjan! Òghi aVYn 7VgWVgV 7jh]! CZ^a 6gbhigdc\! K^XZ EgZh^YZci 9Vc FjVnaZ VcY B^X]VZa 8daa^ch#

C6H6

^c! [daadlZY XadhZan Wn i]Z cZl CVi^dcVa HZXjg^in 8djcX^a Y^gZXidg! ?d]c Ed^cYZmiZg! VcY EVi 7jX]VcVc PXdbbjc^XVi^dch V^YZR# 7jh] WZ\Vc id heZV`! Wji ]Z lVh ^ciZggjeiZY Wn 7jX]VcVc hVn^c\/ ÈH^g! i]Z 8]VaaZc\Zg _jhi WaZl je É ÈD]! cd É i]Z egZh^YZci hV^Y! Ygdee^c\ ]^h [VXZ ^cid ]^h g^\]i ]VcY#Ç 6h GZV\Vc lViX]ZY i]Z cZlh XdkZgV\Z! lgdiZ GZZkZh! ÆHdbZWdYn Vh`ZY l]Zi]Zg ^i ]VY WZZc l^hZ id ]VkZ V X^i^oZc! i]Z iZVX]Zg! 8]g^hiV BX6ja^[[Z! dc WdVgY# ÈI]ZnÉgZ Vaa X^i^oZch!É PCVi^dcVa HZXjg^in 8djcX^aR hed`ZheZghdc @VgcV HbVaa lgdiZ Vh GZV\Vc iVa`ZY# ÈI]Vi ^h i]Z aVhi [gdci^Zg! i]Z bdhi ^bedgiVci! i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb ]Vh WZZc bdhi hjXXZhh[ja# LZÉkZ WZXdbZ hd XdcÒYZci i]Vi i]^h XdbZh Vh hjX] V h]dX`#ÉÇ GZV\Vc i]Zc lVh Vh`ZY! Èl]Vi XVc lZ iZaa i]Z X]^aYgZc4É =Z gZhedcYZY! ÈE^dcZZgh ]VkZ ValVnh \^kZc i]Z^g a^kZh dc i]Z [gdci^Zg# I]Z egdWaZb ^h i]Vi ^iÉh bdgZ d[ V h]dX` id Vaa Vh lZ hZZ ^i ]VeeZc^c\! cdi _jhi ]ZVg hdbZi]^c\ b^aZh VlVn Ä Wji lZ bjhi bV`Z ^i XaZVg i]Vi a^[Z \dZh dc#É GZV\VcÉh i]dj\]ih lZgZ igVchaViZY ^cid i]Z heZZX] ]Z \VkZ id i]Z cVi^dc i]Vi V[iZgcddc! ^c l]^X] ]Z hV^Y! ÆLZÉgZ hi^aa e^dcZZgh# I]Z 8]VaaZc\Zg XgZl lZgZ ejaa^c\ jh ^cid i]Z [jijgZ! VcY lZÉaa Xdci^cjZ id [daadl i]Zb ½ LZÉaa Xdci^cjZ djg fjZhi ^c heVXZ# I]ZgZ l^aa WZ bdgZ h]jiiaZ Ó^\]ih VcY bdgZ h]jiiaZ XgZlh VcY! nZh! bdgZ kdajciZZgh! bdgZ X^k^a^Vch! bdgZ iZVX]Zgh ^c heVXZ# Cdi]^c\ ZcYh ]ZgZ#Ç 6[iZg i]Z 8]VaaZc\Zg VXX^YZci! ]dlZkZg! GZV\Vc YZX^YZY id egd]^W^i i]Z jhZ d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ id aVjcX] XdbbZgX^Va Xdbbjc^XVi^dc hVi" Zaa^iZh# I]Z h]jiiaZ gZijgcZY id Ó^\]i l^i] i]Z HIH"'+ b^hh^dc d[ 9^h" XdkZgn HZei# '."DXi# (! &.-- ! Vh i]Z GZV\Vc VYb^c^higVi^dc ldjcY id V XadhZ#

C6H6

AVjcX] YVn k^h^i LViX]^c\ i]Z aVjcX] d[ heVXZ h]jiiaZ 9^hXdkZgn VcY ^ih XgZl! l]^X] ^cXajYZY VhigdcVji VcY HZcVidg ?d]c <aZcc dc DXi# '.! &..- VgZ VhigdcVji :^aZZc 8daa^ch ^c Ó^\]i hj^i l^i] jc^YZci^ÒZY XdbeVc^dch! C6H6 6Yb^c^higVidg 9Vc^Za <daY^c! VhigdcVji GdWZgi 8VWVcV! Òghi aVYn =^aaVgn GdY]Vb 8a^cidc VcY EgZh^YZci 7^aa 8a^cidc#

7^aa 8a^cidc! &..("'%%&

H

eVXZ lVh cdi V ]^\] eg^dg^in Yjg^c\ i]Z Z^\]i nZVgh d[ i]Z 8a^c" idc VYb^c^higVi^dc# L]^aZ di]Zg VgZVh d[ \dkZgcbZci VXi^k^in hVl h^\c^ÒXVci ^cXgZVhZh ^c WjY\Zi dkZg i]dhZ Z^\]i nZVgh! C6H6Éh WjY\Zi VXijVaan YZXgZVhZY Yjg^c\ i]Z i^bZ i]Vi 7^aa 8a^cidc lVh egZh^YZci! VcY C6H6 higj\\aZY id XVggn dji i]Z b^hh^dch Vhh^\cZY id ^i# L]Zc ]Z ZciZgZY i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ ^c ?VcjVgn &..(! EgZh^YZci 8a^cidc lVh VYk^hZY Wn ]^h WjY\Zi Y^gZXidg i]Vi ]Z h]djaY XVcXZa i]Z heVXZ hiVi^dc egd\gVb! l]^X] lVh lZaa WZ]^cY hX]ZYjaZ VcY dkZg WjY" \Zi# >chiZVY! 8a^cidc VXXZeiZY V egdedhVa [gdb C6H6 6Yb^c^higVidg 9Vc <daY^c! l]d ]VY WZZc `Zei dc Yjg^c\ i]Z X]Vc\Z ^c VYb^c^higV" i^dch! VcY ]^h Gjhh^Vc XdjciZgeVgih# <daY^c egdedhZY i]Z Zm^hi^c\ heVXZ hiVi^dc! cVbZY ;gZZYdb Yjg^c\ i]Z GZV\Vc VYb^c^higVi^dc! WZ gZYZh^\cZY ^c V lVn i]Vi ldjaY XdbW^cZ J#H# VcY Gjhh^Vc"Wj^ai ZaZ" bZcih# <daY^c egdb^hZY hX]ZYjaZ VcY WjY\Zi hVk^c\h [gdb i]Z gZYZ" h^\c# 7ji l]Vi lVh d[ bdgZ ^ciZgZhi id 8a^cidc VcY ]^h k^XZ egZh^YZci! 6a <dgZ! lZgZ i]Z edh^i^kZ eda^i^XVa VcY cdc"egda^[ZgVi^dc ^beVXih d[ V _d^ci Gjhh^Vc"J#H# heVXZ egd_ZXi# 7n i]Z ZcY d[ &..(! Gjhh^V ]VY WZXdbZ V [jaa eVgicZg ^c V gZcVbZY >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc! id" \Zi]Zg l^i] :jgdeZ! ?VeVc VcY 8VcVYV# >c ]^h ?Vc# '*! &..) HiViZ d[ i]Z Jc^dc VYYgZhh! 8a^cidc Zbe]Vh^oZY i]Z hjW_ZXi d[ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa heVXZ XddeZgVi^dc! hVn^c\! ÆI]^h ^h V egdb^h^c\ bdbZci# >chiZVY d[ Wj^aY^c\ lZVedch ^c heVXZ! Gjhh^Vc hX^Zci^hih l^aa ]Zae jh Wj^aY i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc#Ç 6h i]Z heVXZ hiVi^dc lVh WZ^c\ YZkZadeZY! J#H# heVXZ h]jiiaZh ÓZl id i]Z Gjhh^Vc heVXZ hiVi^dc B^g# I]^h XddeZgVi^dc ]VY WZ\jc Yjg^c\ i]Z ÒcVa nZVg d[ i]Z 7jh] VYb^c^higVi^dc! Wji lVh \gZVian ZmeVcYZY V[" iZg &..(# 8a^cidc lVh dc ]VcY ^c =djhidc id \gZZi VhigdcVji H]Vccdc AjX^Y V[iZg h]Z gZijgcZY [gdb &,. YVnh VWdVgY B^g# 8a^cidc Vahd lVh egZhZci dc DXi# '.! &..- Vi C6H6 h @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg id lViX]

?d]c <aZccÉh gZijgc id heVXZ l^i] i]Z aVjcX] d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ 9^hXdkZgn# >c CdkZbWZg '%%%! V[iZg hZkZgVa nZVgh d[ hX]ZYjaZ YZaVnh! V _d^ci Gjhh^Vc"6bZg^XVc XgZl WZ\Vc a^k^c\ dc i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc! VcY i]ZgZ ]VkZ WZZc eZdeaZ VWdVgY i]Z hiVi^dc ZkZg h^cXZ# I]ZgZ lZgZ hZkZgVa jchjXXZhh[ja ^c^i^Vi^kZh Yjg^c\ i]Z 8a^cidc VY" b^c^higVi^dc id YZkZade V gZeaVXZbZci [dg i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ Vh V lVn d[ XVggn^c\ ]jbVch VcY XVg\d ^cid heVXZ# Bdhi cdiVWaZ lVh i]Z M"(( h^c\aZ"hiV\Z"id"dgW^i egd\gVb! l]^X] ejh]ZY i]Z a^b^ih d[ iZX]cdad\^XVa gZVY^cZhh VcY jai^bViZan lVh XVcXZaZY l^i]dji V iZhi Ó^\]i# >c 6j\jhi &..+! hZkZgVa C6H6 hX^Zci^hih VccdjcXZY i]Vi i]Zn ]VY [djcY l]Vi b^\]i WZ igVXZh d[ eg^b^i^kZ WVXiZg^Va a^[Z ^c V bZiZdg^iZ d[ BVgi^Vc dg^\^c# >c gZVXi^dc id i]^h VccdjcXZbZci! 8a^cidc ]ZaY Vc ^begdbeij egZhh Xdc[ZgZcXZ dc i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ hdji] aVlc VcY hV^Y! Æ> Vb YZiZgb^cZY i]Vi i]Z 6bZg^XVc heVXZ egd\gVb l^aa eji ^ih [jaa ^ciZaaZXijVa edlZg VcY iZX]cdad\^XVa egdlZhh WZ]^cY i]Z hZVgX] [dg [jgi]Zg Zk^YZcXZ d[ a^[Z dc BVgh#Ç =Z VYYZY! Æ> ]VkZ Vh`ZY i]Z k^XZ egZh^YZci id XdckZcZ Vi i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ WZ[dgZ i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z nZVg V W^eVgi^hVc heVXZ hjbb^i dc i]Z [jijgZ d[ 6bZg^XVÉh heVXZ egd\gVb# 6 h^\c^ÒXVci ejgedhZ d[ i]^h hjbb^i l^aa WZ id Y^hXjhh ]dl 6bZg^XV h]djaY ejghjZ VchlZgh id i]Z hX^Zci^ÒX fjZhi^dch gV^hZY Wn i]^h ÒcY" ^c\#Ç I]^h hjbb^i lVh ^cYZZY ]ZaY ^c 9ZXZbWZg &..+! Wji ^i gZhjaiZY ^c a^iiaZ X]Vc\Z id Z^i]Zg C6H6Éh egd\gVbh dg ^ih WjY\Zi#

<Zdg\Z L# 7jh]! '%%&"egZhZci

>

c i]Z nZVgh h^cXZ i]Z Òghi VhigdcVji XgZl ]Vh a^kZY VWdVgY ^i! i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc ]Vh Xdci^cjZY id ]VkZ WjY\Zi VcY bVcV\ZbZci egdWaZbh# I]Z 7jh] VYb^c^higVi^dc ZciZgZY d[" ÒXZ ^c ?VcjVgn '%%&! VcY Wn b^YnZVg! i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ ]VY eji i]Z egd\gVb dc egdWVi^dc! l^i] cd \jVgVciZZ ^ih VhhZbWan ldjaY egdXZZY Vh eaVccZY# I]^h YZX^h^dc Vc\ZgZY i]Z hiVi^dc eVgicZgh#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

237

Formed in 2006, United Launch Alliance combines the successful Atlas and Delta expendable launch vehicle programs to offer cost-effective and reliable launch services to U.S. government customers, including NASA, the Department of Defense, the National Reconnaissance OfďŹ ce and other organizations.

Congratulations NASA!

www.ulalaunch.com

L]^iZ =djhZ $EVja BdghZ

L]^iZ =djhZ \gZZi^c\ EgZh^YZci <Zdg\Z L# 7jh] bV`Zh V e]dcZ XVaa id i]Z XgZl bZbWZgh d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ 9^hXdkZgn VcY i]Z :meZY^i^dc && XgZl VWdVgY i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc ?jan &&! '%%+ #

GVi]Zg i]Vc WZ^c\ V [dgZ^\c eda^Xn VhhZi! i]Z heVXZ hiVi^dc egd\gVb lVh ^c YVc\Zg d[ WZXdb^c\ V [dgZ^\c eda^Xn egdWaZb# 9Vc <daY^c! l]d ]VY hiVnZY dc Yjg^c\ i]Z Òghi nZVg d[ i]Z 7jh] VYb^c^higVi^dc! i]ZgZWn WZXdb^c\ i]Z adc\Zhi"hZgk^c\ C6H6 VYb^c^higVidg! aZ[i i]Z _dW ^c CdkZbWZg '%%&# I]Z L]^iZ =djhZ gZeaVXZY ]^b l^i] dcZ d[ ^ih ide WjY\Zi d[ÒX^Vah! HZVc DÉ@ZZ[Z# DÉ@ZZ[Z lVh ldg`^c\ id gZhidgZ Z[[ZXi^kZ bVcV\ZbZci Xdcigda dkZg i]Z heVXZ hiVi^dc egd\gVb VcY hZi dji V cZl k^h^dc [dg i]Z gZhi d[ C6H6 l]Zc i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ dgW^iZg 8dajbW^V Wgd`Z VeVgi Yjg^c\ gZZcign dc ;ZW# &! '%%(! `^aa^c\ i]Z hZkZc VhigdcVjih VWdVgY# >c ]^h bZ" bdg^Va heZZX] [dg i]Z VhigdcVjih \^kZc Vi i]Z ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg! 7jh] hV^Y! ÆI]Z XVjhZ d[ ZmeadgVi^dc VcY Y^hXdkZgn ^h cdi Vc dei^dc lZ X]ddhZ0 ^i ^h V YZh^gZ lg^iiZc ^c i]Z ]jbVc ]ZVgi# LZ VgZ i]Vi eVgi d[ XgZVi^dc l]^X] hZZ`h id jcYZghiVcY Vaa XgZVi^dc# LZ ÒcY i]Z WZhi Vbdc\ jh! hZcY i]Zb [dgi] ^cid jcbVeeZY YVg`cZhh! VcY egVn i]Zn l^aa gZijgc# I]Zn \d ^c eZVXZ [dg Vaa bVc`^cY! VcY Vaa bVc`^cY ^h ^c i]Z^g YZWi#Ç >c XdcigVhi id i]Z 8]VaaZc\Zg igV\ZYn! i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ Y^Y cdi ZhiVWa^h] V egZh^YZci^Va Xdbb^hh^dc id ^ckZhi^\ViZ i]Z VXX^" YZci# >chiZVY! i]Z 8dajbW^V 6XX^YZci >ckZhi^\Vi^dc 7dVgY lVh X]Vg" iZgZY Wn C6H6! Wji deZgViZY ^cYZeZcYZcian d[ i]Z V\ZcXn# >c ^ih 6j\jhi '%%( gZedgi! i]Z WdVgY cdiZY i]Vi i]ZgZ ]VY WZZc ÆV [V^a" jgZ d[ cVi^dcVa aZVYZgh]^eÇ ^c cdi gZeaVX^c\ i]Z V\^c\ heVXZ h]jiiaZ VcY! bdgZ [jcYVbZciVaan! ^c cdi egdk^Y^c\ V ÆhigViZ\^X k^h^dcÇ id \j^YZ J#H# X^k^a^Vc heVXZ VXi^k^i^Zh# I]^h dWhZgkVi^dc hZgkZY Vh V XViVanhi [dg 7jh] VcY ]^h VYk^hZgh# 7n i]Z ZcY d[ HZeiZbWZg! i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ ]VY YZX^YZY id eji [dgi] _jhi i]Z `^cY d[ higViZ\^X k^h^dc i]Z WdVgY ]VY hj\\ZhiZY# 7jh] VccdjcXZY cZl heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc eaVch ^c V heZZX] Vi C6H6 =ZVYfjVgiZgh dc ?Vc# &)! '%%)# @Zn id i]Z cZl k^h^dc lVh i]Z ^ciZci id Æ^beaZbZci V hjhiV^cZY VcY V[[dgYVWaZ ]jbVc VcY gdWdi^X egd\gVb id ZmeadgZ i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb VcY WZndcY!Ç l^i] i]Z \dVa d[ ZmiZcY^c\ djg Æ]jbVc egZhZcXZ VXgdhh i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb! hiVgi^c\ l^i] V ]jbVc

gZijgc id i]Z bddc Wn i]Z nZVg '%'%! ^c egZeVgVi^dc [dg ]jbVc Zmead" gVi^dc d[ BVgh VcY di]Zg YZhi^cVi^dch#Ç I]Z egZh^YZci Vahd VccdjcXZY i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ ldjaY cdi Ón V[iZg '%&%! Vi l]^X] i^bZ i]Z VhhZbWan d[ i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc ldjaY WZ XdbeaZiZY! VcY V cZl heVXZXgV[i! cVbZY i]Z XgZl ZmeadgVi^dc kZ]^XaZ! ldjaY WZ YZkZadeZY id iV`Z eZdeaZ ^cid dgW^i VcY ZkZcijVaan id i]Z bddc# HZVc DÉ@ZZ[Z aZ[i i]Z _dW d[ C6H6 VYb^c^higVidg ^c BVgX] '%%*# I]Z L]^iZ =djhZ hZaZXiZY Vh ]^h gZeaVXZbZci B^X]VZa <g^[Òc! V bjai^" YZ\gZZY Zc\^cZZg Xdbb^iiZY id ^beaZbZci^c\ i]Z k^h^dc aV^Y dji Wn 7jh]# >c X]ddh^c\ <g^[Òc [dg i]Z _dW! i]Z egZh^YZci hZci id C6H6 V iVa" ZciZY ^cY^k^YjVa eZg]Veh jc^fjZan fjVa^ÒZY id aZVY i]Z V\ZcXn idlVgY i]Z cZl ZmeadgVi^dc k^h^dc#

CONCLUSION I]Z &% egZh^YZcih l]d ]VkZ aZY i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh h^cXZ C6H6 lVh XgZViZY ZVX] ]VkZ ]VY Vc ^beVXi dc i]Z cVi^dcÉh X^k^a^Vc heVXZ Z[" [dgih# L^i] i]Z cZl Zbe]Vh^h dc heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc Vh i]Z dkZgg^Y^c\ \dVa [dg C6H6! i]Z fjZhi^dc ^h l]Zi]Zg [jijgZ egZh^YZcih l^aa V\gZZ l^i] i]Vi Zbe]Vh^h# L]Zc @ZccZYn hZi V ajcVg aVcY^c\ ÆWZ[dgZ i]^h YZXVYZ ^h djiÇ Vh V cVi^dcVa \dVa ^c &.+&! ]Z lVh VYk^hZY i]ZgZ lVh V gZVhdcVWaZ edhh^W^a^in i]Z Òghi aVcY^c\ XdjaY ]VeeZc ^c &.+, dg &.+-! l]Zc ]Z eaVccZY id hi^aa WZ egZh^YZci# 7n XdcigVhi! i]Z ZmeadgVi^dc eaVc hZi dji ^c '%%) Wn <Zdg\Z L# 7jh] ^h [jcYVbZciVaan deZc"ZcYZY# :kZc ^ih Òghi bV_dg \dVa! V gZijgc id i]Z bddc Wn '%'%! l^aa cdi dXXjg jci^a Vi aZVhi ild bdgZ egZh^YZcih ]VkZ [daadlZY 7jh] id i]Z DkVa D[ÒXZ# =^h eaVc egZhZcih Wdi] V X]VaaZc\Z VcY Vc deedgijc^in id i]dhZ egZh^YZcih nZi id WZ X]dhZc# L^aa i]Zn V\gZZ l^i] i]Z adc\ iZgb \dVa d[ ZmiZcY" ^c\ ]jbVc egZhZcXZ VXgdhh i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb4 Dg l^aa i]Zn Vh` C6H6 id \d ^c V Y^[[ZgZci Y^gZXi^dc4 Dcan i^bZ l^aa iZaa#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

239

C6H6 VcY ^ih >ciZgV\ZcXn! 6XVYZb^X! >cYjhign VcY >ciZgcVi^dcVa EVgicZgh

By Roger D. LAUNIUS

From NASA’s very origins, its leaders, as well as other government officials, realized that the agency would need a variety of partners to accomplish its expansive exploration and research mission. In terms of the interagency, academic, industry, and international partnerships that were struck by NASA, an unusual set of relations emerged in the first years of the agency. In no small part, the approach sought to build on the capabilities of each external organization rather than duplicate them across many groups.

240

NASA

C6H6

I

# @Z^i] <aZccVc! C6H6Éh Òghi VYb^c^higVidg! egdkZY egZhX^Zci ^c Zchjg^c\ i]Vi C6H6 gZbV^cZY gZaVi^kZan hbVaa VcY ]VY bjX] d[ ^ih ldg` YdcZ jcYZg XdcigVXi id eg^kViZ ^cYjhign VcY ZYjXVi^dcVa ^chi^iji^dch# I]^h lVh ^c a^cZ l^i] bVcn eZdeaZÉh XdcXZgch VWdji i]Z \gdl^c\ h^oZ VcY edlZg d[ i]Z [ZYZgVa \dkZgcbZci# L]Zc C6H6 \gZl! Vh ]Z `cZl ^i ldjaY! <aZccVc ig^ZY id Y^gZXi ^i ^c Vc dg" YZgan bVccZg# 6adc\ i]dhZ a^cZh! ]Z iZcVX^djhan ldg`ZY [dg i]Z ^cXdg" edgVi^dc d[ i]Z cdc"b^a^iVgn heVXZ Z[[dgih WZ^c\ XVgg^ZY dji ^c hZkZgVa di]Zg [ZYZgVa V\ZcX^Zh ^cid C6H6 hd i]Vi i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb XdjaY WZ Wgdj\]i id\Zi]Zg ^cid V bZVc^c\[ja l]daZ# I]Z bdhi ^bedgiVci hZi d[ gZaVi^dch i]Vi C6H6 ]VY id YZkZade lVh l^i] di]Zg [ZYZgVa V\ZcX^Zh! ZheZX^Vaan i]Z 9ZeVgibZci d[ 9Z[ZchZ 9d9 # I]Z CVi^dcVa 6ZgdcVji^Xh VcY HeVXZ 6Xi d[ &.*- ZhiVWa^h]ZY C6H6 l^i] V WgdVY bVcYViZ id ZmeadgZ VcY jhZ heVXZ [dg ÆeZVXZ[ja ejgedhZh [dg i]Z WZcZÒi d[ Vaa bVc`^cY#Ç I]Z XdgZ d[ C6H6 XVbZ [gdb i]Z ZVga^Zg CVi^dcVa 6Yk^hdgn 8dbb^iiZZ [dg 6ZgdcVji^Xh l^i] ^ih -!%%% ZbeadnZZh VcY i]gZZ gZhZVgX] aVWdgVidg^Zh# C6H6 fj^X`an ^cXdg" edgViZY di]Zg dg\Vc^oVi^dch! cdiVWan i]Z heVXZ hX^ZcXZ \gdje d[ i]Z CVkVa GZhZVgX] AVWdgVidgn ^c BVgnaVcY! i]Z ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgV" idgn bVcV\ZY Wn i]Z 8Va^[dgc^V >chi^ijiZ d[ IZX]cdad\n [dg i]Z 6gbn!

VcY i]Z 6gbn 7Vaa^hi^X B^hh^aZ 6\ZcXn ^c =jcihk^aaZ! 6aV# L^i]^c V h]dgi i^bZ V[iZg C6H6Éh [dgbVa dg\Vc^oVi^dc! i]Z cZl V\ZcXn idd` dkZg bVcV\ZbZci d[ heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc egd_ZXih [gdb di]Zg [ZYZgVa V\ZcX^Zh! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z J#H# 6^g ;dgXZ# I]ZhZ VXi^k^i^Zh gZa^ZY [jaan dc i]Z ZmeZgi^hZ VcY gZhdjgXZh d[ i]Z J#H# 6^g ;dgXZ ^c hZZ^c\ i]Zb id [gj^i^dc# DcZ d[ i]Z ZVga^Zhi Wdggdl^c\h d[ 9d9 iZX]" cdad\n XVbZ id C6H6 Vh aVjcX] kZ]^XaZh dg^\^cVaan YZkZadeZY [dg i]Z YZa^kZgn d[ cjXaZVg lZVedch# Bdhi d[ i]Z aVjcX]Zgh jhZY Wn C6H6 Yjg^c\ ^ih [dgbVi^kZ nZVgh dg^\^cViZY Vh b^a^iVgn WVaa^hi^X b^hh^aZh# >i lVh! VcY gZbV^ch! i]Z [jcYVbZciVa iZX]cdad\n cZXZhhVgn [dg X^k^a heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc! VcY ^i XVbZ aVg\Zan [gdb i]Z b^a^iVgn# >c ^ih ^c[VcXn! C6H6Éh aZVYZgh Vahd ZhiVWa^h]ZY i]Z bVccZg ^c l]^X] i]Z V\ZcXn ldjaY YZVa l^i] ^cYjhig^Va eVgicZgh# I]Z CVi^dcVa 6ZgdcVji^Xh VcY HeVXZ 6Xi d[ &.*- Vci^X^eViZY i]Vi i]Z V\ZcXn ldjaY XdcigVXi l^i] ^cYjhign [dg bjX] d[ ^ih VXi^k^i^Zh# >c V h^\c^ÒXVci eda^Xn VXi^dc! ^i ZmiZcYZY id C6H6 i]Z egdXjgZbZci Vji]dg^in XdciV^cZY ^c i]Z 6gbZY HZgk^XZh EgdXjgZbZci 6Xi d[ &.),# I]^h gZXd\c^oZY i]Vi C6H6 ldjaY WZ ZhiVWa^h]^c\ V eVgicZgh]^e l^i] bVcn d[ i]Z hVbZ XdbeVc^Zh l^i] l]^X] i]Z 9d9 VagZVYn ]VY adc\hiVcY^c\ gZaVi^dch!

VcY i]Vi eVgicZgh]^e ldjaY WZ h^b^aVg id i]Vi VagZVYn ZhiVWa^h]ZY l^i] i]Z 9d9#

>ciZgcVi^dcVa iZVbldg` HZc^dg [dgZ^\c \dkZgcbZci d[ÒX^Vah eVgi^X^eVi^c\ ^c i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc k^h^i^c\ i]Z @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg# 6i XZciZg [gdci gdl! h^mi] [gdb aZ[i ^h C6H6Éh c^ci] VYb^c^higVidg! 9Vc^Za <daY^c#

9jg^c\ i]Z 6edaad ZgV C6H6 ZmiZcYZY i]^h WVh^X VeegdVX] id YZVa" ^c\ l^i] ^cYjhign# Id ^cXdgedgViZ i]Z \gZVi Vbdjci d[ ldg` jcYZg" iV`Zc id gZVX] i]Z bddc Wn i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z &.+%h ^cid i]Z [dgbVa WjgZVjXgVXn cZkZg hZZbZY V eVgi^XjaVgan hVkkn ^YZV! VcY Vh V gZhjai Yjg^c\ i]Z YZXVYZ hdbZl]ZgZ WZilZZc -% VcY .% eZgXZci d[ C6H6Éh dkZgVaa WjY\Zi lZci [dg XdcigVXih id ejgX]VhZ \ddYh VcY hZgk^XZh [gdb di]Zgh# ?VbZh LZWW! C6H6Éh VYb^c^higVidg WZilZZc &.+& VcY

&.+-! [djcY i]Vi i]^h VeegdVX] lVh Wdi] \ddY eda^i^Xh VcY i]Z WZhi lVn d[ \Zii^c\ 6edaad YdcZ dc i]Z egZh^YZci^Vaan"VeegdkZY hX]ZYjaZ# >i lVh Vahd kZgn cZVgan i]Z dcan lVn id ]VgcZhh i]Z iVaZci VcY ^chi^" iji^dcVa gZhdjgXZh VagZVYn ^c Zm^hiZcXZ ^c i]Z ZbZg\^c\ VZgdheVXZ ^cYjhign VcY i]Z XdjcignĂ&#x2030;h aZVY^c\ gZhZVgX] jc^kZgh^i^Zh# I]^h WVh^X VeegdVX] Xdci^cjZh id \j^YZ C6H6 egd\gVbh# I]Z Wja` d[ i]Z ldg` ]Vh WZZc YdcZ Wn ^cYjhign l^i] C6H6 dkZgh^\]i VcY bVcV\ZbZci# Dc Vcdi]Zg [gdci! C6H6 ]VY V adc\hiVcY^c\ ^ciZgZhi ^c cjgijg^c\ hX^ZcXZ VcY iZX]cdad\n egd_ZXih Vi jc^kZgh^i^Zh# >c &.*-! <aZccVc hZi ^c bdi^dc i]Z Ă&#x2019;ghi XddgY^cViZY Z[[dgi Wn ZhiVWa^h]^c\ V Jc^kZg" h^in GZhZVgX] Egd\gVb D[Ă&#x2019;XZ Vi i]Z C6H6 =ZVYfjVgiZgh jcYZg i]Z Y^gZXi^dc d[ i]Z D[Ă&#x2019;XZ d[ 6ZgdcVji^XVa VcY HeVXZ GZhZVgX]# I]^h dg\Vc^oVi^dc! Vi i]Z WZ]Zhi d[ i]Z iZX]c^XVa egd\gVb d[Ă&#x2019;XZh! dkZghVl V hbVaa Ă&#x2020;gZhZVgX] Wn XdcigVXiĂ&#x2021; egd\gVb# >c BVn &.+%! <aZccVc gZdg\Vc^oZY i]^h higjXijgZ VcY XgZViZY i]Z D[Ă&#x2019;XZ d[ GZ" hZVgX] <gVcih VcY 8dcigVXih Vh Vc VYb^c^higVi^kZ jc^i d[ C6H6 id XddgY^cViZ gZhZVgX] XdcYjXiZY Wn cdcegdĂ&#x2019;i ^chi^iji^dch# I]^h Z[[ZXi^kZan bVYZ i]Z cZl dg\Vc^oVi^dc i]Z a^V^hdc WZilZZc C6H6 VcY bdhi jc^kZgh^i^Zh! VXi^c\ dc WZ]Va[ d[ egd\gVb d[Ă&#x2019;XZh [dg ldg` eZg[dgbZY djih^YZ i]Z V\ZcXn# L^i]^c V [Zl bdci]h d[ i]Z 6edaad Xdbb^ibZci ^c &.+&! LZWW aZY C6H6 Ydlc dcZ d[ ^ih bdhi ^ccdkVi^kZ eVi]h d[ i]Z ZgV# =Z Zh" iVWa^h]ZY i]Z HjhiV^c^c\ Jc^kZgh^in Egd\gVb HJE id jhZ jc^kZg" h^i^Zh [dg hdX^dZXdcdb^X \dVah# HJE ^ckdakZY V WgdVY"WVhZY hZi d[ ^c^i^Vi^kZh id ^cXgZVhZ i]Z h^oZ VcY fjVa^in d[ hX^Zci^Ă&#x2019;X VcY iZX]c^" XVa H I ZYjXVi^dc egd\gVbh l^i] i]Z \dVa d[ gZh]Ve^c\ i]Z cVi^dc i]gdj\] aVg\Z"hXVaZ H I VXi^k^i^Zh# Jh^c\ [Zaadlh]^eh! \gVcih VcY [VX^a^i^Zh bdc^Zh! ^i V^bZY Vi ZmeVcY^c\ i]Z cjbWZg d[ hX^Zci^hih VcY Zc\^cZZgh! ZheZX^Vaan l^i] VYkVcXZY YZ\gZZh0 hegZVY^c\ [ZYZgVa aVg" \ZhhZ [Vg WZndcY i]Z egZk^djhan hZi WdjcYh ^cid \Zd\gVe]^XVaan VcY Zi]c^XVaan VcY gVX^Vaan hZeVgViZY ^chi^iji^dch# LZWW ]deZY id Zci^XZ djihiVcY^c\ hijYZcih id Zcgdaa ^c egd\gVbh VXgdhh i]Z cVi^dc gVi]Zg i]Vc Vi dcan V [Zl Za^iZ hX]ddah# =Z Vahd hdj\]i id jhZ i]ZhZ [jcYh [dg ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn gZhZVgX] VXgdhh WgdVY VgZVh d[ gZhZVgX]! ZkZc ^cXajY^c\ hdX^Va hX^Zci^hih! l]d ldjaY hijYn i]Z ^beVXih d[ hX^ZcXZ VcY iZX]cdad\n# ;^cVaan! LZWW ^ciZcYZY HJE Vh V higViZ\^X! egdVXi^kZ Z[[dgi id VYkVcXZ hdX^Zin Vh V l]daZ! l^i] C6H6 eaVn^c\ V `Zn gdaZ# HJE egdkZY hjXXZhh[ja ^c Wj^aY^c\ hjeedgi [dg C6H6 VcY i]Z 6edaad egd\gVb Yjg^c\ i]Z &.+%h! ^c cd hbVaa bZVhjgZ WZXVjhZ aVg\Z hjbh d[ bdcZn l^i] gZaVi^kZan [Zl gZhig^Xi^dch lZgZ bVYZ VkV^aVWaZ cVi^dcl^YZ# 7ji LZWWĂ&#x2030;h aVg\Zg \dVa d[ jh^c\ jc^kZgh^i^Zh [dg C6H6"WVhZY hdX^d"^cYjh" ig^Va egd\gZhh! YZhe^iZ ^ih ^YZVa^hi^X dg^\^ch VcY cdWaZ dW_ZXi^kZh! egdkZY Zajh^kZ# IgV^c^c\ aVg\Z cjbWZgh d[ hX^Zci^hih VcY Zc\^cZZgh! l]^X] HJE [VX^a^iViZY! Ze^idb^oZY l]Vi i]Z egd\gVb Y^Y WZhi# C6H6Ă&#x2030;h Z[[dgih id igVch" [dgb 6bZg^XVc hdX^Zin ^c i]^h lVn! lZgZ Vi WZhi bVg\^cVaan hjXXZhh[ja# IdYVn! C6H6Ă&#x2030;h D[Ă&#x2019;XZ d[ :YjXVi^dc! aZY Wn ?dnXZ AZVk^ii L^ciZg" idc! [dXjhZh dc iVg\ZiZY ^ckZhibZcih ^c 6bZg^XVĂ&#x2030;h @"&' hX]ddah! jc^kZgh^in hnhiZbh VcY ^c[dgbVa ZYjXVi^dc V^bZY Vi ]Zae^c\ YZkZa" de i]Z cVi^dcĂ&#x2030;h hX^ZcXZ! iZX]cdad\n! Zc\^cZZg^c\! VcY bVi]ZbVi^Xh ldg`[dgXZ d[ i]Z [jijgZ i]gdj\] V Y^kZghZ edgi[da^d d[ ZYjXVi^dc ^c^i^Vi^kZh# I]ZhZ ^c^i^Vi^kZh! XddgY^cViZY i]gdj\] i]Z V\ZcXnĂ&#x2030;h :Y" jXVi^dc 8ddgY^cVi^c\ 8dbb^iiZZ! hZZ` id ^che^gZ! Zc\V\Z! ZYjXViZ VcY Zbeadn i]Z cZmi \ZcZgVi^dc d[ ZmeadgZgh i]gdj\] aZhhdch! bV" iZg^Vah! gZhZVgX] deedgijc^i^Zh VcY ]VcYh"dc VXi^k^i^Zh i]Vi YgVl dc C6H6Ă&#x2030;h jc^fjZ b^hh^dch#

;^cVaan! i]Z 8daY LVg XdciZmi ^c l]^X] i]Z J#H# X^k^a heVXZ egd\gVb VgdhZ ZchjgZY i]Vi [dgZ^\c eda^Xn dW_ZXi^kZh Ydb^cViZY i]Z cVijgZ d[ i]Z VXi^k^in# I]^h cVijgVaan aZY id i]Z cZZY [dg XddeZgVi^kZ kZcijgZh l^i] Vaa^Zh# 8dc\gZhh hV^Y Vh bjX] ^c i]Z CVi^dcVa 6ZgdcVji^Xh VcY HeVXZ 6Xi d[ &.*-! l]Zc ^i ^chZgiZY V XaVjhZ bVcYVi^c\ i]Z cZl heVXZ V\ZcXn id Zc\V\Z ^c ^ciZgcVi^dcVa egd_ZXih l^i] di]Zg cVi^dch [dg i]Z WZiiZgbZci d[ Vaa ]jbVc`^cY# I]^h aZ\^haVi^dc egdk^YZY Vji]dg^in [dg ^ciZgcVi^dcVa V\gZZbZcih ^c i]Z WgdVY gVc\Z d[ egd_ZXih ZhhZci^Va [dg i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ heVXZ hX^ZcXZ VcY iZX]cdad\n# I]Z hXdeZ d[ C6H6Ă&#x2030;h ^ciZgcVi^dcVa egd\gVb ]Vh WZZc [dgi^Ă&#x2019;ZY h^cXZ i]Vi i^bZ Wn gZ" eZViZY ^ckdakZbZci l^i] i]Z Jc^iZY CVi^dch! W^aViZgVa VcY bjai^aViZgVa igZVi^Zh! VcY V ]dhi d[ aZhh [dgbVa ^ciZgcVi^dcVa V\gZZbZcih# C6H6 ]Vh d[iZc lgZhiaZY l^i] ]dl WZhi id ^beaZbZci ^ih WgdVY bVc" YViZ id XdcYjXi ^ciZgcVi^dcVa eVgicZgh]^eh# :Vgan dc! V\ZcXn aZVYZgh YZkZadeZY V hZi d[ ZhhZci^Va eg^cX^eaZh \j^Y^c\ ^ih gZaVi^dch l^i] ^ciZg" cVi^dcVa eVgicZgh# I]ZhZ gZbV^cZY ^c eaVXZ jci^a i]Z eVgicZgh]^e! ^c i]Z ZVgan &..%h! id Wj^aY i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc# Â&#x2122; 8ddeZgVi^dc ^h jcYZgiV`Zc dc V egd_ZXi"Wn"egd_ZXi WVh^h! cdi dc Vc dc"\d^c\ WVh^h [dg V heZX^Ă&#x2019;X Y^hX^ea^cZ! \ZcZgVa Z[[dgi! ZiX# Â&#x2122; :VX] XddeZgVi^kZ egd_ZXi bjhi WZ Wdi] bjijVaan WZcZĂ&#x2019;X^Va VcY hX^Zci^Ă&#x2019;XVaan kVa^Y# Â&#x2122; HX^Zci^Ă&#x2019;X$iZX]c^XVa V\gZZbZci bjhi egZXZYZ Vcn eda^i^XVa Xdb" b^ibZci# Â&#x2122; ;jcYh igVch[Zgh l^aa cdi iV`Z eaVXZ WZilZZc eVgicZgh! Wji ZVX] l^aa WZ gZhedch^WaZ [dg ^ih dlc Xdcig^Wji^dc id i]Z egd_ZXi# Â&#x2122; 6 aa eVgicZgh l^aa XVggn dji i]Z^g eVgi d[ i]Z egd_ZXi l^i]dji iZX]" c^XVa dg bVcV\Zg^Va ZmeZgi^hZ egdk^YZY Wn i]Z di]Zg# Â&#x2122; HX^Zci^Ă&#x2019;X YViV l^aa WZ bVYZ VkV^aVWaZ! [dg ZVgan VcVanh^h! id gZ" hZVgX]Zgh Vaa cVi^dch ^ckdakZY ^c i]Z egd_ZXi# 8ddeZgVi^kZ egd_ZXih d[[ZgZY ild kZgn h^\c^Ă&#x2019;XVci VYkVciV\Zh d[ jhZ id i]Z V\ZcXn ^c i]Z cVi^dcVa eda^i^XVa VgZcV# ;^ghi! Wn i]Z i^bZ d[ i]Z ajcVg aVcY^c\h i]Zn Wgdj\]i \gZViZg aZ\^i^bVXn id C6H6Ă&#x2030;h dkZgVaa b^h" h^dc# HZXdcY! Vai]dj\] [Vg [gdb WZ^c\ V XdaYan"XVaXjaVi^c\ bdkZ! V\gZZ" bZcih l^i] [dgZ^\c cVi^dch XdjaY Vahd ]Zae id ^chjaViZ heVXZ egd_ZXih

â&#x20AC;Śduring the decade somewhere between 80 and 90 percent of NASAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s overall budget went for contracts to purchase goods and services from others. James Webb found that this approach was both good politics and the best way of getting Apollo done on the presidentially-approved schedule. It was also very nearly the only way to harness the talent and institutional resources already in existence in the emerging aerospace industry and in the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s leading-research universities. [gdb YgVhi^X WjY\ZiVgn VcY eda^i^XVa X]Vc\Zh# >ciZgcVi^dcVa eVgicZgh! i]Zc! XdjaY WZ hiVW^a^o^c\ [VXidgh [dg Vcn heVXZ egd_ZXi! ^c ZhhZcXZ V WjalVg` id lZVi]Zg Y^[Ă&#x2019;Xjai YdbZhi^X hidgbh# >c *% nZVgh! C6H6 ]Vh XdcXajYZY bdgZ i]Vc '!%%% XddeZgVi^kZ V\gZZbZcih l^i] di]Zg cVi^dch [dg i]Z XdcYjXi d[ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa heVXZ egd_ZXih# L]^aZ bdhi d[ i]ZhZ ]VkZ WZZc W^aViZgVa ^c [dXjh Ă&#x201E; hjX] Vh i]Z kZgn Ă&#x2019;ghi l]^X] aZY id i]Z 6adjZiiZ b^hh^dc l^i] 8VcVYV ^c &.+'

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

241

Ä l]^aZ hdbZ! VcY ^cXgZVh^c\an hd! VgZ bjai^" cVi^dcVa Z[[dgih# C6H6Éh ^ciZgcVi^dcVa VXi^k^" i^Zh idd` V cZl VcY hig^`^c\an bdgZ XdbeaZm eVi] ^c i]Z &.-%h l^i] i]Z ZhiVWa^h]bZci d[ V heVXZ hiVi^dc egd\gVb# ;gdb ^ih djihZi Wdi] C6H6 VcY i]Z GZV\Vc VYb^c^higVi^dc Zb" e]Vh^oZY ^i Vh Vc ^ciZgcVi^dcVa Z[[dgi# C6H6 [dg\ZY V\gZZbZcih Vbdc\ i]^giZZc cVi^dch Ä ^cXajY^c\ ?VeVc! 8VcVYV VcY hZkZgVa :jgd" eZVc cVi^dch Ä id iV`Z eVgi ^c l]Vi lVh i]Zc XVaaZY i]Z HeVXZ HiVi^dc ;gZZYdb egd\gVb ^c &.-*# I]^h eVgicZgh]^e lVh ^ciZcYZY id bVm^b^oZ iZX]cdad\^XVa XVeVW^a^in l]^aZ gZ" YjX^c\ i]Z Xdhi id ZVX] eVgi^X^eVi^c\ cVi^dc# 7ji i]Z ^c\Zc^djh VheZXi d[ i]Z VggVc\ZbZci lVh i]Vi ^i ]ZaeZY gZeaVXZ i]Z g^kVagn d[ i]Z 8daY LVg Vh V bZVch d[ hiVW^a^o^c\ hjeedgi VcY [jcY^c\ [dg C6H6 Wn a^c`^c\ i]Z heVXZ egd\gVbÉh bV_dg Z[[dgi id nZi Vcdi]Zg J#H# [dgZ^\c eda^Xn dW_ZXi^kZ Ä ^c i]^h XVhZ! ^ciZg" cVi^dcVa XddeZgVi^dc# >c hd Yd^c\! ZkZgn eVgi" cZgh]^e Wgdj\]i \gZViZg aZ\^i^bVXn id i]Z dkZgVaa egd\gVb VcY ]ZaeZY ^chjaViZ ^i [gdb YgVhi^X WjY\ZiVgn VcY eda^i^XVa egZhhjgZh# I]^h cZl he^c dc Vc daY ^YZV idd` V YgVbVi" ^X ijgc ^c i]Z [Vaa d[ &..( l]Zc C6H6 cZ\di^" ViZY V aVcYbVg` YZX^h^dc id ^cXajYZ Gjhh^V ^c i]Z Wj^aY^c\ d[ Vc ^ciZgcVi^dcVa heVXZ hiVi^dc# >c i]Z edhi"8daY LVg ZgV! Vh i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh lgZhiaZY l^i] [dgZ^\c eda^Xn fjZhi^dch V^bZY Vi hjeedgi^c\ YZbdXgVi^X gZ[dgbh ^c :VhiZgc :jgdeZ VcY Gjhh^V! i]^h YZX^h^dc egdk^YZY Vc ^bedgiVci a^c`V\Z [dg Xdci^cjVi^dc d[ i]Z heVXZ hiVi^dc Z[[dgi ^cid i]Z '&hi XZcijgn# ?jhi Vh hdbZ bZbWZgh d[ 8dc\gZhh ^c i]Z ZVgan &.+%h i]dj\]i d[ heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc eg^bVg^an Vh V idda d[ [dgZ^\c eda^Xn \dVah! hdbZ bZb" WZgh ^c i]Z &..%h Xdch^YZgZY i]Z bdYZgc XddeZgVi^kZ V\gZZbZcih [dg i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc >HH bdgZ ^bedgiVci i]Vc i]Z di]Zg gZVhdch [dg Wj^aY^c\ i]Z hiVi^dc# L^i] i]Z VYY^i^dc d[ Gjhh^V Vh V hiVi^dc eVgicZg ^c &..(! ]dlZkZg! i]Z J#H# edh^i^dc dc ^ciZgcVi^dcVa XdaaVWdgVi^dc X]Vc\ZY# L]ZgZVh :jgdeZ VcY ?VeVc Xdcig^WjiZY VYY"dc egZhhjg^oZY gZhZVgX] bdYjaZh VcY di]Zg Æeaj\"^cÇ XdbedcZcih! i]Z Gjhh^Vch lZgZ id egdk^YZ hZkZgVa Xg^i^XVa heVXZ hiV" i^dc bdYjaZh l^i]dji l]^X] i]Z hnhiZb XdjaY cdi [jcXi^dc# I]^h VeegdVX] id Xda" aVWdgVi^dc Zkd`ZY XdcXZgc ^c i]Z heVXZ eda^Xn Xdbbjc^in# 9dbZhi^X dW_ZXi^dch id YZeZcYZcXZ dc Gjhh^Vc iZX]cdad\n lZgZ WVhZY dc XdcXZgch VWdji ad\^hi^Xh hjeean! eda^i^XVa VcY ZXdcdb^X hiVW^a^in! fjZhi^dch VWdji iZX]c^XVa gZa^VW^a^in! ediZci^Va [dg

adhh d[ J#H# _dWh! VcY igVY^i^dcVa egZhhjgZh id bV^ciV^c J#H# Xdcigda dkZg Xg^i^XVa b^h" h^dc ZaZbZcih# 6h V eVgi d[ i]^h ^ciZgcVi^dcVa V\gZZbZci! C6H6 Vahd \V^cZY VXXZhh id i]Z Gjhh^Vc heVXZ hiVi^dc B^g! aVjcX]ZY ^c &.-+ VcY VYYZY id i]ZgZ V[iZg# 6 hZg^Zh d[ H]jiiaZ$B^g YdX`^c\ b^hh^dch [daadlZY WZilZZc &..* VcY &..-# 6i V [jcYVbZciVa aZkZa i]Z heVXZ hiV" i^dc B^g h]djaY WZ Xdch^YZgZY V igZbZcYdjh hjXXZhh hidgn [dg i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc$Gjhh^V# >i XdbW^cZY i]Z WajhiZg d[ [dgbZg Hdk^Zi Jc^dc EgZb^Zg C^`^iV @]gjh]X]Zk! i]Z \gVXZ d[ Gjhh^Vc Ä J#H# WVaaZi YVcXZg B^`]V^a 7Vgnh]" c^`dk! i]Z \Zc^jh d[ Gjhh^Vc Vji]dg VcY ]^hid" g^Vc 6aZ`hVcYg Hdao]Zc^ihnc! i]Z eVgVcd^V d[ [dgbZg Hdk^Zi Jc^dc aZVYZg ?dhZ[ HiVa^c! VcY i]Z Wg^aa^VcXZ d[ Gjhh^Vc cjXaZVg e]nh^X^hi 6cYgZ^ HV`]Vgdk id XgZViZ V lZ^gY! j\an VcY ]^\]an hjXXZhh[ja heVXZ kZ]^XaZ# B^g Xdc_jgZY X]VgVXiZg^oVi^dch Vh Y^kZghZ Vh \gZVi VcY \gVXZ[ja! ^cXdc\gjdjh VcY Vl`lVgY! Zhi]Zi^" XVaan eaZVh^c\ VcY igdjWa^c\! Vaa ^c i]Z hVbZ b^cY# HdbZ ]VkZ YZhXg^WZY B^g Vh V \^Vci I^c`Zgidn ! V iZgb i]Vi gZXVaah ^ih XdchigjX" i^dc VcY jc\V^can e]nh^XVa X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh# >ch^YZ! B^g add`ZY V XajiiZgZY bZhh l^i] dW" hdaZiZ Zfj^ebZci! ÓdVi^c\ WV\h d[ igVh]! i]Z gZh^YjZ d[ Yjhi! VcY V Xgjhi i]Vi \gZl bdgZ ZmiZch^kZ l^i] i]Z eVhh^c\ nZVgh# 6higdcVji B^X]VZa ;dVaZ hV^Y ^i gZb^cYZY ]^b d[ ÆV [gVi ]djhZ! Wji bdgZ dg\Vc^oZY VcY WZiiZg add`ZY V[iZg#Ç :kZc hd! B^g hZgkZY ^ih ejgedhZ jci^a ^i ÒcVaan YZdgW^iZY ^c i]Z heg^c\ d[ '%%&! &* nZVgh V[iZg ^ih aVjcX]# I]Z Òghi YdX`^c\ b^hh^dc idd` eaVXZ ^c ?jan &..* l]Zc i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ 6iaVci^h HIH",&! YdX`ZY l^i] B^g# I]^h lVh i]Z Òghi d[ c^cZ h]jiiaZ$B^g a^c`"jeh WZilZZc &..* VcY &..-! ^cXajY^c\ gZcYZokdjh! YdX`^c\!

VcY XgZl igVch[Zgh# I]ZhZ b^hh^dch h^\" cVaZY V cZl V\Z d[ XddeZgVi^dc ^c heVXZ! l]ZgZ ZmeadgVi^dc d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ ldjaY WZ bZVhjgZY bdgZ ^c iZgbh d[ l]Vi V XdVa^i^dc d[ hiViZh ]VY VXXdbea^h]ZY gVi]Zg i]Vc l]Vi V h^c\aZ cVi^dc ]VY YdcZ# 6[iZg i]Z XZgZbdc^Zh [daadl^c\ i]Z gZc" YZokdjh VcY YdX`^c\ d[ 6iaVci^h id B^g! i]Z ild \gdjeh d[ heVXZ[VgZgh jcYZgidd` hZkZgVa YVnh d[ _d^ci hX^Zci^ÒX ^ckZhi^\Vi^dch ^ch^YZ i]Z HeVXZaVW bdYjaZ ijX`ZY ^c 6iaVci^h XVg\d WVn# BVcn d[ i]Z ZmeZg^bZcih lZgZ V^bZY Vi ^cXgZVh^c\ jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z ]jbVc WdYn VcY i]Z b^Xgd\gVk^in Zck^gdcbZci# I]Z ^ciZgcVi^dcVa Xdchdgi^jb Wj^aY^c\ i]Z >HH idd` Vcdi]Zg aZVe [dglVgY ^c &..-

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

243

0VS

5PQ 5FO 1SPHSBN

ESFBNT UBLF

G MJHIU 5PQ TUVEFOUT "XBSE XJOOJOH GBDVMUZ %FEJDBUFE TUBGG 3FOPXOFE SFTFBSDI 6OJRVF DPVSTFT BOE GBDJMJUJFT 4JHOBUVSF EFQBSUNFOU

*TBBD 8FTMFZ &LPUP $MBTT PG 1I %

+FGG $IFFL $MBTT PG 1I % -FTMFZ 8FJU[ $MBTT PG . 4 $MBTT PG 1I %

BFSP UBNV FEV

C6H6

6bZg^XVc ^cYjhig^Va b^\]i 8dcigVXidg ZbeadnZZh jcYZgiV`Z X]ZX`dji d[ i]Z 6edaad &, Ó^\]i ]VgYlVgZ! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z ajcVg gdk^c\ kZ]^XaZ VcY ajcVg bdYjaZ! Vi i]Z BVccZY HeVXZXgV[i 8ZciZg ^c =djhidc! IZmVh# 6higdcVjih a^`Z ?VX` HX]b^ii VcY <ZcZ 8ZgcVc dc i]Z gdkZg gZa^ZY dc i]Z iVaZcih d[ C6H6 ZbeadnZZh VcY eg^kViZ hZXidg XdcigVXidgh id \Zi i]Zb id i]Z bddc VcY WVX`#

l^i] i]Z aVjcX] d[ ^ih Òghi ZaZbZcih Ä i]Z Gjhh^Vc"Wj^ai OVgnV VcY 6bZg^XVc"Wj^ai Jc^in bdYjaZh Ä i]Vi lZgZ bViZY id\Zi]Zg# Di]Zg ZaZ" bZcih [daadlZY VcY ^c i]Z [Vaa d[ '%%% i]Z Òghi XgZl d[ dcZ VhigdcVji VcY ild XdhbdcVjih dXXje^ZY i]Z hiVi^dc# 6 idiVa d[ &+ XgZlh ]VkZ Xdci^cjdjhan hZgkZY VWdVgY i]Z hiVi^dc [dg bdci]h Vi V i^bZ i]gdj\]

i]Z ZcY d[ '%%,# L]^aZ i]ZgZ ]VkZ WZZc Zcdgbdjh Y^[ÒXjai^Zh id WZ dkZgXdbZ ^c i]Z egd_ZXi Ä Xdhi dkZggjch! fjZhi^dch VWdji i]Z fjVa" ^in d[ hX^ZcXZ id WZ jcYZgiV`Zc! i]Z gdaZ d[ X^k^a^Vch l]d lVci id Ón Ä dcZ bVn Veegdeg^ViZan XdcXajYZ i]Vi i]Z >HH Z[[dgi ]Vh i]jh [Vg egdkZc hjXXZhh[ja#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

245

HijYZci edlZg Ide/ Jc^kZgh^in d[ 6aVWVbV ^c =jcihk^aaZ VcY 6aVWVbV 6 B hijYZcih Xdjci Ydlc id aVjcX] gdX`Zih XdciV^c^c\ hX^ZcXZ ZmeZg^bZcih Vi i]Z GZYhidcZ 6ghZcVa ^c =jcihk^aaZ! 6aV# I]Z hijYZcih eVgi^X^eViZY ^c V egd\gVb hedchdgZY Wn i]Z BVgh]Vaa HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg i]Vi bdi^kViZh hijYZcih id ejghjZ hX^ZcXZ! bVi] VcY Zc\^cZZg^c\ XVgZZgh# 8ZaZWgVi^c\ 8dajbWjh 6WdkZ/ C6H6 9Zejin 6Yb^c^higVidg H]VcV 9VaZ _d^cZY <ZgbVc 8]VcXZaadg 6c\ZaV BZg`Za ^c gZY ! :jgdeZVc VhigdcVjih! :kZgZi 9jYZ` :69H HeVXZ IgVchedgiVi^dc ! VcY :jgdeZVc HeVXZ 6\ZcXn :H6 9^gZXidg <ZcZgVa ?ZVc"?VXfjZh 9dgYV^c ^c 7gZbZc! <ZgbVcn! dc BVn (! '%%+! id bVg` i]Z XdbeaZi^dc d[ :H6 h >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc 8dajbWjh bdYjaZ#

6h i]Z Ă&#x2019;ghi YZXVYZ d[ i]Z ilZcin"Ă&#x2019;ghi XZcijgn egdXZZYh! i]Z Z[[dgi id YZkZade i]Z >HH egdb^hZY V [jijgZ eZgbVcZci egZhZcXZ ^c heVXZ VcY i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ gZcZlZY ZmeadgVi^dc d[ i]Z bddc VcY BVgh# 6 igjan ^ciZgcVi^dcVa Z[[dgi! &, cVi^dch VgZ ldg`^c\ id\Zi]Zg dc i]Z egd_ZXi! ^cXajY^c\ 8VcVYV! i]Z cVi^dch d[ LZhiZgc :jgdeZ! ?VeVc! i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh VcY Gjhh^V# :kZc hd i]Z >HH gZbV^ch V Y^[Ă&#x2019;Xjai ^hhjZ Vh eda^XnbV`Zgh lgZhiaZ l^i] XdbeZi^c\ eda^i^XVa V\ZcYVh l^i]dji Xdc" hZchjh# >c i]Z V[iZgbVi] d[ i]Z 8dajbW^V h]jiiaZ VXX^YZci ^c '%%(

246

NASA

DcZ d[ i]Z `Zn XdcXajh^dch i]Vi lZ b^\]i gZVX] VWdji Wdi] i]Z XdjghZ d[ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa XddeZgVi^dc ^h i]Vi ^i ]Vh WZZc Vc Zcdgbdjhan Y^[Ă&#x2019;Xjai Wji gZlVgY^c\ egdXZhh# > Vb gZb^cYZY d[ i]Z fjdiZ [gdb LZgc]Zg kdc 7gVjc! Ă&#x2020;lZ XVc a^X` \gVk^in! Wji hdbZi^bZh i]Z eVeZg" ldg` ^h dkZgl]Zab^c\#Ă&#x2021; EZg]Veh i]Z ]VgYZhi eVgi d[ heVXZ Ă&#x201C;^\]i ^h cdi i]Z hX^Zci^Ă&#x2019;X VcY iZX]cdad\^XVa X]VaaZc\Zh d[ deZgVi^c\ ^c Vc ZmXZei^dcVaan [dgZ^\c VcY ]dhi^aZ Zck^gdcbZci Wji ^c i]Z Ydlc"id" ZVgi] Zck^gdcbZci d[ gdj\]"VcY"ijbWaZ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa VcY YdbZhi^X eda^i^Xh# 7ji ZkZc hd! XddeZgVi^kZ heVXZ ZcYZVkdgh ]VkZ WZZc g^X]an gZlVgY^c\ VcY dkZgl]Zab^c\an jhZ[ja! [gdb Vaa bVccZg d[ hX^Zci^Ă&#x2019;X! iZX]c^XVa! hdX^Va! VcY eda^i^XVa eZgheZXi^kZh# >c i]Z ]^hidgn d[ C6H6 VcY ^ih WgdVY WVhZY eVgicZgh]^eh! bjX] ]Vh WZZc VXXdbea^h]ZY! hdbZ Z[[dgih ]VkZ [V^aZY! VcY di]Zgh d[[Zg Xdc" i^cj^c\ ]deZ d[ hjXXZhh# 6i hdbZ aZkZa i]ZhZ Z[[dgih VgZ V bZiVe]dg [dg i]Z heVXZ V\Z Vh V l]daZ# EZg]Veh _djgcVa^hi <gZ\ :VhiZgWgdd` hV^Y ^i WZhi! lg^i^c\ ZadfjZcian VWdji i]Z h^\c^Ă&#x2019;XVcXZ d[ heVXZĂ&#x201C;^\]i ^c I^bZ bV\Vo^cZ _jhi V[iZg i]Z 8dajbW^V VXX^YZci/ 6 heVXZXgV[i ^h V bZiVe]dg d[ cVi^dcVa ^che^gVi^dc/ bV_Zhi^X! iZX]cdad\^XVaan VYkVcXZY! egdYjXZY Vi YZVg Xdhi VcY ZcigjhiZY l^i] egZX^djh XVg\d! g^h^c\ VWdkZ i]Z XdchigV^cih d[ i]Z :Vgi]# I]Z heVXZXgV[i XVgg^Zh djg hZXgZi ]deZ i]Vi i]ZgZ ^h hdbZi]^c\ WZiiZg dji i]ZgZ Ă&#x201E; V ldgaY l]ZgZ lZ bVn hdbZYVn \d VcY aZVkZ i]Z hdggdlh d[ i]Z eVhi WZ]^cY# I]Z heVXZXgV[i g^hZh idlVgY i]Z ]ZVkZch ZmVXian Vh! ^c djg Ă&#x2019;cZhi bdbZcih Vh V cVi^dc! djg ]ZVgih ]VkZ g^hZc idlVgY _jhi^XZ VcY eg^cX^eaZ# Dcan dcZ [ZVijgZ d[ heVXZĂ&#x201C;^\]i ^h ^cZk^iVWaZ/ I]Z jcZmeZXiZY l^aa dXXjg# HeVXZ ^h [jaa d[ VX]^ZkZbZcih! Y^hVeed^cibZcih!

VcY hjgeg^hZh0 eZg]Veh lZ l^aa jhZ ^i id XgZViZ V bdgZ ]deZ[ja [jijgZ# >i egdk^YZh Vc ^bedgiVci deedgijc^in [dg ]jbVch id aZVgc ]dl id a^kZ dc V hbVaa VcY egZ" X^djh ldgaY VcY id aZVkZ [dg di]Zgh#

:69H$YeV

As Webb explained, he hoped to entice outstanding students to enroll in programs across the nation rather than at only a few elite schools.

C6H6

EgZh^YZci <Zdg\Z L# 7jh] XVaaZY [dg XdbeaZi^dc d[ i]Z >HH! gZi^gZbZci d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ Ă&#x201C;ZZi Wn '%&%! VcY ZkZcijVa e]Vh^c\ dji d[ i]Z >HH# 6i egZhZci! C6H6 VcY i]Z ^ciZgcVi^dcVa eVgicZgh VgZ Xdbb^iiZY id Xdci^cj^c\ i]Z >HH XdchigjXi^dc Z[[dgi! Wji ]dl adc\ V[iZg i]Vi ^i l^aa gZbV^c deZgVi^dcVa ^c dgW^i gZbV^ch jcYZX^YZY# Hd l]Vi YdZh Vaa d[ i]^h bZVc4 I]Z h^\c^Ă&#x2019;XVcXZ d[ i]ZhZ _d^ci b^h" h^dch aVg\Zan gZhih dc i]Z^g ^ciZgcVi^dcVa XdciZmi VcY l]Vi i]Zn h^\" cVa [dg i]Z [jijgZ d[ ]jbVc heVXZĂ&#x201C;^\]i# =jbVch d[ hZkZgVa ]jcYgZY nZVgh ]ZcXZ bVn lZaa add` WVX` dc i]^h ZmeZg^ZcXZ Vh i]Z iVc\^WaZ Zk^YZcXZ d[ i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ d[ V XddeZgVi^kZ Z[[dgi i]Vi lVh hjXXZhh[ja ^c XgZVi^c\ V eZgbVcZci egZhZcXZ [dg :Vgi]a^c\h WZndcY i]Z eaVcZi# >i XdjaY! ]dlZkZg! egdkZ id WZ dcan V b^cdg gZhe^iZ ^c i]Z XdbeZi^i^dc Vbdc\ cVi^dch [dg ZXdcdb^X VcY eda^i^XVa hjegZbVXn# I]Z bdhi ^b" edgiVci i]^c\ id gZbZbWZg VWdji ^i! eZg]Veh! ^h i]Vi i]Z [jijgZ ^h cdi nZi lg^iiZc VcY i]Vi ]jbVch ^c i]Z Ă&#x2020;]ZgZ VcY cdlĂ&#x2021; ]VkZ i]Z jc^fjZ deedgijc^in id hjeedgi VcY Xdcig^WjiZ id i]Z hjXXZhh d[ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc Z[[dgih#

“...The expansion of human knowledge of phenomena in the atmosphere and space...”

– National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958

USRA’s 101 member universities salute the men and women of NASA upon the Agency’s 50th year.

U N I VE R S I T I E S S P A C E R E S E A RCH A S S O C I A T I O N

Jc^iZY HiViZh"Hdk^Zi HeVXZ 8ddeZgVi^dc Yjg^c\ i]Z 8daY LVg

By Roald SAGDEEV, University of Maryland, and Susan EISENHOWER, The Eisenhower Institute

Russian space scientist Roald Z. Sagdeev spent a large part of his career viewing NASA from the Soviet Union’s side of the Cold War divide. Sagdeev, the former head of the Russian Space Research Institute, now is the director of the University of Maryland’s East-West Space Science Center. He wrote this essay with his wife, Susan Eisenhower (President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s grandaughter) that traces the long, hard path to space cooperation until the Soviet Union’s dissolution in 1991.

I

:Vhi"LZhi iZVb AZ[i/ 9g# GdVaY HV\YZZk l^i] i]Z Zc\^cZZg^c\ bdYZa d[ i]Z KZ\V ' =VaaZnÉh XdbZi egdWZ &.-+ Vi BdhXdlÉh HeVXZ GZhZVgX] >chi^ijiZ# 6WdkZ/ HjhVc :^hZc]dlZg#

248

NASA

?dcVi]Vc 7aV^g$8DG7>H

]Z HeVXZ 6\Z heVlcZY ild djihiVcY" ^c\ heVXZ egd\gVbh Vh V gZhjai d[ i]Z ]di XdbeZi^i^dc WZilZZc i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh VcY i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc# 7di] Xdjcig^Zh \VkZ eg^bVgn Zbe]Vh^h ^c i]Z^g heVXZ Z[[dgih id V XdbW^cVi^dc d[ cVi^dcVa hZXjg^in VcY [dg" Z^\c eda^Xn dW_ZXi^kZh! ijgc^c\ heVXZ ^cid Vc VgZV d[ VXi^kZ XdbeZi^i^dc [dg eda^i^XVa VcY b^a^iVgn VYkVciV\Z# 6i Òghi! i]^h X]Vg\ZY ed" a^i^XVa Zck^gdcbZci VXXdbbdYViZY cdi]^c\ bdgZ i]Vc hnbWda^X \ZhijgZh d[ XdaaVWdgV" i^dc# Dcan ^c i]Z aViZ &.-%h! l^i] lVgb^c\

C6H6

eda^i^XVa gZaVi^dch! Y^Y bdbZcijb [dg bV_dg heVXZ XddeZgVi^dc WZ\^c id Wj^aY# 6h i]Z Hd" k^Zi Jc^dc cZVgZY XdaaVehZ! l^i] ^ih ^YZdad\^" XVa jcYZge^cc^c\h ZkVedgVi^c\! i]Z ^beZijh [dg i]Z Vgbh gVXZ VcY XdbeZi^i^dc ^c heVXZ YZXa^cZY! Vaadl^c\ Wdi] Xdjcig^Zh id hZg^djh" an ejghjZ higViZ\^X eVgicZgh]^eh ^c heVXZ# I]Z Wjben J#H#"J#H#H#G# gZaVi^dch]^e ^c i]Z nZVgh WZilZZc &.*, VcY &..& d[iZc lVh X]VgVXiZg^oZY Wn eZg^dYh d[ b^higjhi VcY dkZgi ]dhi^a^in Z#\#! i]Z J"' ^cX^YZci! 8jWVc B^hh^aZ 8g^h^h! K^ZicVb LVg! Hdk^Zi ^ckVh^dc d[ 6[\]Vc^hiVc VcY EgZh^YZci Gdc" VaY GZV\VcÉh YZe^Xi^dc d[ i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc Vh Vc ÆZk^a Zbe^gZÇ # EZg^dYh d[ Y iZciZ! ^c XdcigVhi! aZY id i]Z A^b^iZY IZhi"7Vc IgZV" in ^c &.+(! i]Z HigViZ\^X 6gbh A^b^iVi^dc IgZVin ^c &.,'! VcY Vc ZbZg\^c\ J#H#"Hdk^Zi gVeegdX]ZbZci Yjg^c\ &.-*"&..&# I]gdj\]" dji i]^h eda^i^XVa gdaaZg"XdVhiZg eZg^dY d[ ]^hidgn! Wdi] Xdjcig^Zh ^cXgZVhZY VgZVh d[ XddeZgVi^dc! ^cXajY^c\ heVXZ! Vh V hnbWda d[ lVgbZg gZaVi^dch l]^aZ Xjii^c\ XddeZgVi^dc d[[ l]Zc i^Zh ldghZcZY# I]Z W^gi] d[ i]Z HeVXZ 6\Z [daadl^c\ i]Z Hdk^Zi aVjcX] d[ Hejic^` XVbZ dji d[ i]Z Xdc" ÓjZcXZ d[ ild hZZb^c\an ^cXdbeVi^WaZ YZkZa" debZcih# ;gdb i]Z ZcY d[ LdgaY LVg >>! i]Z Hdk^Zih bVYZ gdX`Zih i]Z^g bdhi ^bedgiVci b^a^iVgn VhhZi# 7n i]Z b^Y"&.*%h! i]Zn lZgZ gZVYn id iZhi i]Z^g Òghi ^ciZgXdci^cZciVa WVaa^h" i^X b^hh^aZ >87B # >c &.*,! i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa <Zde]nh^XVa NZVg lVh aVjcX]ZY! V bjai^cV" i^dcVa Z[[dgi id hijYn :Vgi] dc V XdbegZ]Zc" h^kZ! XddgY^cViZY WVh^h# Id ]^\]a^\]i i]Z Z[" [dgi! dg\Vc^oZgh ]VY jg\ZY i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh VcY i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc id Xdch^YZg aVjcX]^c\ V hX^Zci^ÒX hViZaa^iZ# Dc DXi# )! &.*,! V hZZb" ^c\an gdji^cZ iZhi aVjcX] d[ V Hdk^Zi >87B cdl `cdlc Vh i]Z G", gdX`Zi XVgg^ZY i]Z Òghi Vgi^ÒX^Va hViZaa^iZ id dgW^i# Hejic^`Éh aVjcX] ]VY YgVbVi^X gZeZgXjh" h^dch [dg i]Z 8daY LVg g^kVah# 6[iZg gZVe^c\ i]Z Òghi eda^i^XVa Y^k^YZcYh [gdb b^a^iVgn gdX`Zi iZX]cdad\n! i]Z Hdk^Zih Xdci^cjZY id ejghjZ V ]^\]an XaVhh^ÒZY b^a^iVgn"^cYjhig^Va VeegdVX] ^c YZkZade^c\ ^ih heVXZ egd\gVb# 8dckZghZan! i]Z J#H# \dkZgcbZci YZX^YZY id bV`Z C6H6 V ejgZan X^k^a^Vc ZciZgeg^hZ! l]^aZ [dXjh^c\ ^ih b^a^iVgn heVXZ Z[[dgih ^c i]Z EZciV\dc VcY ^ciZaa^\ZcXZ Xdbbjc^in# :Vgan dc! EgZh^YZci 9l^\]i 9# :^hZc]dlZg ejghjZY J#H#"Hdk^Zi XddeZgVi^kZ heVXZ ^c^i^V" i^kZh i]gdj\] V hZg^Zh d[ aZiiZgh ]Z hZci ^c &.*, VcY &.*- id i]Z Hdk^Zi aZVYZgh]^e! Òghi id Eg^bZ B^c^hiZg C^`daV^ 7ja\Vc^c VcY i]Zc id

=VcYh VXgdhh i]Z Y^k^YZ 8dhbdcVji KVaZgn @jWVhdk h^\ch i]Z d[ÒX^Va _d^ci XZgi^ÒXViZ bVg`^c\ i]Z 6edaad"Hdnjo heVXZXgV[i a^c`je ?jan &,! &.,* ! l]^aZ VhigdcVji 9Z`Z HaVnidc ]VcY l^i] lViX] ]Zaeh hiZVYn i]Z YdXjbZci#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

249

The civilian nature of NASA … made it possible for the American researchers to collaborate on and disseminate scientific advances, an opportunity envied by many of us Soviet scientists.

6bZg^XVc VcY Hdk^Zi heVXZ d[ÒX^Vah# 6XVYZ" b^X^Vc 6cVida^ 6# 7aV\dcgVkdk! i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dcÉh gZegZhZciVi^kZ [dg cZ\di^Vi^c\ bja" i^aViZgVa heVXZ hX^ZcXZ XddeZgVi^dc V\gZZ" bZcih! WZXVbZ i]Z \gdjeÉh Òghi Veed^ciZY k^XZ egZh^YZci# =dlZkZg! cdi]^c\ XdjaY ]Ve" eZc ^c i]Z WdYn l^i]dji @gZba^c VeegdkVa# > k^k^Yan gZbZbWZg V [VgZlZaa XdckZghVi^dc l^i] 7aV\dcgVkdk! l]Zc ]Z lVh egZeVg^c\ id gZi^gZ [gdb i]Z Hdk^Zi heVXZ egd\gVb# 7aV\" dcgVkdk! Vc djihiVcY^c\ Vgi^aaZgn Zc\^cZZg VcY \ZcZgVa d[ i]Z egZgZkdaji^dcVgn Gjhh^Vc Vgbn l]d bVcV\ZY id hjgk^kZ Yjg^c\ i]Z Hdk^Zi gZ\^bZ! higdc\an VYk^hZY bZ id `ZZe i]Z Xdbb^iiZZ a^c` Va^kZ# I]Vi ldjaY gZfj^gZ V adi d[ YdbZhi^X Y^eadbVXn! ]Z i]dj\]i# >c" YZZY! bn kZgn Òghi ]jgYaZ lVh id eZghjVYZ i]Z @gZba^c cdi id `^aa Hdk^Zi eVgi^X^eVi^dc ^c i]Z &.,, Xdc[ZgZcXZ ^c IZa 6k^k! >hgVZa# I]Z X^k^a^Vc cVijgZ d[ C6H6! aZ\^haViZY ^c i]Z &.*- HeVXZ 6Xi! bVYZ ^i edhh^WaZ [dg i]Z

8daY LVg hjbb^i 9jg^c\ i]Z^g K^ZccV hjbb^i ?jcZ )! &.+& ! EgZh^YZci ?d]c ;# @ZccZYn Y^hXjhhZY edhh^WaZ heVXZ XddeZgVi^dc l^i] Hdk^Zi EgZb^Zg C^`^iV @]gjh]X]Zk#

250

NASA

6bZg^XVc gZhZVgX]Zgh id XdaaVWdgViZ dc VcY Y^hhZb^cViZ hX^Zci^ÒX VYkVcXZh! Vc deedgij" c^in Zck^ZY Wn bVcn d[ jh Hdk^Zi hX^Zci^hih# I]Z VXijVa ldg` VcY ^cYjhig^Va Z[[dgih [dg i]Z Hdk^Zi heVXZ egd\gVb lZgZ gjc jcYZg i]Z XaVhh^ÒZY jbWgZaaV d[ i]Z B^c^hign d[ <ZcZg" Va BVX]^cZ 7j^aY^c\! l^i] ^ih Zcdgbdjh VcY gVe^Yan ZmeVcY^c\ cZildg` d[ YZh^\c WjgZVjh VcY egdYjXi^dc [VX^a^i^Zh# I]Z b^a^iVgn lVh ^ih eg^cX^eVa Xa^Zci# I]Z b^a^iVgn Vahd dlcZY VcY deZgViZY ZkZgn aVjcX] h^iZ VcY i]Z cZildg` d[ \gdjcY Xdcigda XZciZgh# I]Z b^c^hign ]VY id gZedgi id i]Z 8dbbjc^hi EVginÉh 8ZcigVa 8dbb^iiZZ VcY i]Z 8dbb^hh^dc dc B^a^iVgn" >cYjhig^Va >hhjZh d[ i]Z 8djcX^a d[ B^c^hiZgh# Ldg` WZndcY YZ[ZchZ XdcigVXih lVh \^kZc hZXdcYVgn eg^dg^in# 6h V gZhjai d[ i]^h Xg^i^XVa YZeZcYZcXZ dc i]Z b^a^iVgn! i]Z Hdk^Zi VZgdheVXZ ^cYjhign gZa^ZY Zci^gZan dc YdbZhi^X ]VgYlVgZ! Vaa i]Z lVn Ydlc id i]Z i^c^Zhi ^cY^k^YjVa b^Xgd" XdbedcZcih# I]^h gZhjaiZY ^c Vc ^ciZgcVi^dc" Vaan ^hdaViZY iZX]cdad\^XVa XjaijgZ i]Vi ldjaY ]VkZ XgZViZY Zcdgbdjh WVgg^Zgh d[ ^cXdbeVi" ^W^a^in [dg Vcn _d^ci ZcYZVkdg# >c 6eg^a &.+%! ^c VYkVcXZ d[ V eaVccZY :^hZc]dlZg"@]gjh]X]Zk hjbb^i bZZi^c\! i]Z aZVYZgh]^e d[ BdhXdlÉh hX^Zci^ÒX Xdb" bjc^in lVh Vci^X^eVi^c\ V X]VcXZ [dg bV_dg WgZV`i]gdj\]h ^c W^aViZgVa XddeZgVi^dc! eZg]Veh ^cXajY^c\ i]Z heVXZ VgZV! [daadl^c\ :^hZc]dlZgÉh Æ6idbh [dg EZVXZÇ ^c^i^Vi^kZ# =dlZkZg! i]Z bjX] ZmeZXiZY hjbb^i lVh XVc" XZaaZY ^c i]Z V[iZgbVi] d[ i]Z BVn & Ydlc^c\ d[ V J"' hen eaVcZ dkZg i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc# > lVh WZ\^cc^c\ bn hX^Zci^ÒX XVgZZg Vi i]Z ]ZVgi d[ i]Z Hdk^Zi cjXaZVg ZhiVWa^h]bZci! cdl `cdlc Vh i]Z @jgX]Vidk >chi^ijiZ! VcY lVh kZgn Y^h" Veed^ciZY :^hZc]dlZg ldjaY cdi WZ k^h^i^c\ i]Z ^chi^ijiZ Vh ]VY WZZc gjbdgZY# :Vgan ^c ]^h egZh^YZcXn! ?d]c ;# @ZccZYn bVYZ gZeZViZY ViiZbeih id Zc\V\Z i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc ^c heVXZ XddeZgVi^dc# >c ]^h ^cVj\jgVa VYYgZhh! @ZccZYn hV^Y! ÆAZi Wdi] h^YZh hZZ` id ^ckd`Z i]Z ldcYZgh d[ hX^ZcXZ ^chiZVY d[ ^ih iZggdgh# Id\Zi]Zg aZi jh ZmeadgZ i]Z hiVgh#ÉÉ @]gjh]X]Zk! hi^aa eZghjVYZY d[ i]Z ZiZgcVa hj" egZbVXn d[ Hdk^Zi gdX`Zign! lVh cdi bdkZY# AZhh i]Vc i]gZZ bdci]h V[iZg @ZccZYnÉh ^c" Vj\jgVi^dc! dc 6eg^a &'! &.+&! Hdk^Zi Xdhbd" cVji Njg^ <V\Vg^c WZXVbZ i]Z Òghi ]jbVc id ZhXVeZ :Vgi]Éh \gVk^in# >c i]Z V[iZgbVi] d[ ]^h Wg^Z[ Ó^\]i! i]Z e^adiZY XdbedcZci d[ i]Z Hdk^Zi heVXZ egd\gVb gVe^Yan \gZl id WZXdbZ ^cY^hejiVWan Ydb^cVci dkZg Vcn di]Zg ineZ d[ heVXZ VXi^k^in# D[ÒX^Va Hdk^Zi egdeV\VcYV lVh

6E$L^YZ LdgaY E]did

EgZb^Zg C^`^iV @]gjh]X]Zk# :^hZc]dlZg hj\" \ZhiZY XgZVi^c\ V egdXZhh id hZXjgZ heVXZ [dg eZVXZ[ja jhZh# @]gjh]X]Zk! ]dlZkZg! gZ_ZXiZY i]Z d[[Zg VcY YZbVcYZY i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh Za^b^cViZ ^ih [dglVgY"WVhZY cjXaZVg lZVedch ^c eaVXZh a^`Z Ijg`Zn Vh V egZXdcY^i^dc [dg Vcn heVXZ V\gZZbZci# ;ZZa^c\ ig^jbe]Vci V[iZg Hejic^`Éh aVjcX]! @]gjh]X]Zk lVh XZgiV^c ]^h Xdjcign lVh [Vg V]ZVY d[ i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh ^c iZgbh d[ gdX`Zi iZX]cdad\n VcY heVXZ aVjcX] XVeVW^a^i^Zh! jca^`Z i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dcÉh bdgZ kjacZgVWaZ \ZdhigViZ\^X edh^i^dc ^c i]Z cjXaZ" Vg VgZcV# I]^h ldjaY WZ i]Z Òghi d[ bVcn i^bZh l]Zc heVXZ lVh a^c`ZY l^i] cjXaZVg Y^hVgbV" bZci VcY di]Zg eda^i^XVa ^hhjZh# BZVcl]^aZ! i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh ZcZg\Zi^XVaan egdXZZYZY l^i] ^ih bjai^cVi^dcVa ^c^i^Vi^kZ jcYZg i]Z jbWgZaaV d[ i]Z Jc^iZY CVi^dch id YZkZade V aZ\Va [gVbZldg` [dg eZVXZ[ja heVXZ VXi^k^i^Zh# I]^h ZkZcijVaan aZY id i]Z DjiZg HeVXZ IgZVin VcY XgZVi^dc d[ i]Z Jc^iZY CV" i^dch 8dbb^iiZZ dc i]Z EZVXZ[ja JhZh d[ DjiZg HeVXZ! l]^X] V gZajXiVci Hdk^Zi Jc^dc ZkZcijVaan _d^cZY# >c i]Z hX^Zci^ÒX Xdbbjc^in! i]Z gdaZ d[ Vc ^ciZgcVi^dcVa heVXZ hX^ZcXZ jc^dc lVh Vh" hjbZY Wn i]Z 8dbb^iiZZ dc HeVXZ GZhZVgX]! l^i] ^ih jcjhjVa X]VgiZg \^k^c\ V bVcYViZ id Wdi] hjeZgedlZgh id Veed^ci k^XZ egZh^YZcih# I]^h VggVc\ZbZci deZcZY Vc deedgijc^in [dg Y^Vad\jZ VcY ^c[dgbVa XdciVXih WZilZZc

C6H6$ 9^Zig^X] =VZhZaZg

JcgZVa^oZY VbW^i^dc BdYZa d[ i]Z Hdk^ZihÉ 6abVo Æ9^VbdcYÇ heVXZ hiVi^dc# I]^h egd\gVb d[ i]Z Hdk^ZihÉ B^c^hign d[ 9Z[ZchZ! bZVci Vh V gZhedchZ id i]Z J#H# 6^g ;dgXZÉh h]dgi"a^kZY BVccZY DgW^i^c\ AVWdgVidgn Egd\gVb! lVh ]VbeZgZY Wn iZX]c^XVa VcY [jcY^c\ egdWaZbh VcY ^cÒ\]i^c\ l^i]^c i]Z Hdk^Zi heVXZ egd\gVb#

dWhZhhZY l^i] ZkZgni]^c\ i]Vi ]VeeZcZY ^c dgW^i! ^cXajY^c\ ZaVWdgViZ YZhXg^ei^dch d[ i]Z XdhbdcVjihÉ bZcj Vi i]Z^g aVhi WgZV`[Vhi VcY Vaa d[ i]Z YZiV^ah d[ i]Z^g e]nh^XVa ZmZgX^hZ egd\gVb# :kZgn aVjcX] egdYjXZY hZkZgVa bdgZ Æ=ZgdZh d[ i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc!Ç VcY bdgZ e]did\gVe]h d[ heVXZ hjeZghiVgh ZbWgVXZY Wn @]gjh]X]Zk# 6i i]Z hVbZ i^bZ! i]Z Hdk^" Zih lZgZ aZ[i [Vg WZ]^cY ^c di]Zg `Zn VgZVh d[ heVXZ iZX]cdad\n# I]Z^g Òghi \ZdhiVi^dcVgn iZaZXdbbjc^XVi^dc hViZaa^iZ lVh aVjcX]ZY && nZVgh V[iZg ^ih 6bZg^XVc XdjciZgeVgi# >c i]Z XVhZ d[ \Zii^c\ bZiZdgdad\^XVa YViV [gdb V \Zd" hiVi^dcVgn adXVi^dc! i]Z \Ve lVh ZkZc W^\\Zg# 9Zhe^iZ i]Z Xdci^cjZY heVXZ XdbeZi^i^dc WZilZZc i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh VcY J#H#H#G#! @]gjh]X]Zk hZci @ZccZYn V aZiiZg gV^h^c\ i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ heVXZ XddeZgVi^dc dc V bdYZhi aZkZa V[iZg ?d]c <aZcc WZXVbZ i]Z Òghi 6bZg^XVc id dgW^i :Vgi] dc ;ZW# '%! &.+'# I]Vi aZY id ild gdjcYh d[ Y^hXjhh^dch WZilZZc C6H6Éh 9Zejin 6Yb^c^higVidg =j\] 9gnYZc VcY Hdk^Zi VXVYZb^X^Vc 7aV\dcgVkdk# 6c V\gZZbZci aZY id i]Z deZc^c\ d[ Xdde" ZgVi^dc ^c i]gZZ VgZVh/ & i]Z ZmX]Vc\Z d[ lZVi]Zg YViV [gdb hViZaa^iZh VcY i]Z ZkZcijVa XddgY^cViZY aVjcX]^c\ d[ bZiZdgdad\^XVa hVi" Zaa^iZh0 ' V _d^ci Z[[dgi id bVe i]Z \ZdbV\" cZi^X ÒZaY d[ :Vgi]0 VcY ( XddeZgVi^dc ^c i]Z ZmeZg^bZciVa gZaVn d[ Xdbbjc^XVi^dch# I]^h a^c` WZXVbZ V eg^bVgn [dgjb [dg hjWhZfjZci J#H#"J#H#H#G# ^ciZgVXi^dc dc heVXZ# I]ZgZ lZgZ aVg\Z Y^[[ZgZcXZh WZilZZc i]Z ild cZ\di^Vi^c\ eVgicZgh# I]Z Hdk^Zi 6XVY" Zbn d[ HX^ZcXZh Y^Y cdi gjc i]Z heVXZ egd" \gVb! Wji gVi]Zg hZgkZY Vh Vc d[ÒX^Va [gdci [dg V kVhi cZildg` d[ hZXgZi ZciZgeg^hZh Xdc" igdaaZY Wn i]Z b^a^iVgn VcY 8dbbjc^hi EVgin VeeVgVijh# 6c VhnbbZign Zm^hiZY Vahd ^c

i]Z [VXi i]Vi l]^aZ i]Z Gjhh^Vch `cZl VWdji i]Z 6bZg^XVc eaVcc^c\ egdXZhh! ZkZgni]^c\ VWdji i]Z Hdk^Zi heVXZ egd\gVb lVh V XaVhh^" ÒZY hZXgZi# >c bZZi^c\h Vbdc\ hX^Zci^hih! lZ d[iZc lZgZ VeegdVX]ZY Wn djg XdaaZV\jZh Vi C6H6 Vh`^c\ jh id Y^hXadhZ eaVch VWdji l]Vi lZ lZgZ \d^c\ id Yd cZmi l^i] BVgh! KZcjh VcY di]Zg eaVcZih# >i lVh Y^[ÒXjai id eZg" hjVYZ djg Hdk^Zi Vji]dg^i^Zh! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z egZh^YZci d[ i]Z 6XVYZbn d[ HX^ZcXZh! VXVYZ" b^X^Vc Bhi^haVk @ZaYnh]! i]Vi lZ h]djaY gZ" X^egdXViZ# I]Z Hdk^Zi hnhiZb ]VY V Y^[[ZgZci XjaijgZ VcY bZciVa^in# 6XVYZb^X^Vc @ZaYnh] ]^bhZa[ lVh i]Z hjW_ZXi d[ eVgVcd^Y hZXgZXn# ;dg bVcn nZVgh! @ZaYnh]Éh cVbZ lVh V hiViZ hZXgZi# =Z lVh `cdlc dcan Vh i]Z Vcdcnbdjh ÆX]^Z[ i]Zdg^hi d[ XdhbdcVji^Xh#Ç HZg\Z^ @d" gdaZk! i]Z [djcYZg d[ i]Z Hdk^Zi heVXZ VcY gdX`Zign egd\gVb! lVh aZhh [dgijcViZ# =^h gdaZ Vh ÆX]^Z[ YZh^\cZg d[ XdhbdcVji^XhÇ WZ" XVbZ d[ÒX^Va dcan edhi]jbdjhan# ;daadl^c\ i]Z djhiZg d[ @]gjh]X]Zk ^c DXidWZg &.+)! i]Z cZl Hdk^Zi aZVYZgh]^e d[ AZdc^Y 7gZo]cZk VcY ]^h XdaaZV\jZh idd` ZkZc V ]VgYZg a^cZ idlVgY dkZgVaa J#H#"Hdk^Zi gZaVi^dch# 7gZo]cZk egZk^djhan ]VY hZgkZY Vh i]Z XjgVidg d[ i]Z b^a^iVgn ^cYjhign dc WZ]Va[ d[ i]Z Eda^iWjgd# =Z `cZl lZaa i]ZgZ lVh V Æb^hh^aZ \VeÇ ^c [Vkdg d[ i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh! VcY ]Z lVh VWdji id ZbWVg` dc Vc jcegZX" ZYZciZY Wj^aY je d[ YZiZggZci [dgXZh# I]Z cZ\Vi^kZ Vibdhe]ZgZ Vi ]^\]Zg aZkZah lVh gZ" ÓZXiZY ^c i]Z Hdk^Zi VXVYZbnÉh YZVa^c\h l^i] C6H6# Hdk^Zi deedh^i^dc id i]Z J#H# lVg ^c K^ZicVb aZY id bdgZ W^iiZgcZhh# >c 9ZXZbWZg &.+-! dcan lZZ`h V[iZg G^X]" VgY C^mdcÉh ZaZXi^dc! 6edaad - dgW^iZY i]Z bddc! [daadlZY Wn i]Z ajcVg aVcY^c\ d[ 6edaad && ^c ?jan &.+.# BZVcl]^aZ! i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc

ZmeZg^ZcXZY V hZg^Zh d[ [V^ajgZh ^c ^ih bVccZY ajcVg egd\gVb# I]Z deedgijc^in [dg jh^c\ YgV" bVi^X heVXZ XddeZgVi^dc Z[[dgih Vh V bZVch d[ gZYjX^c\ i]Z J#H#"Hdk^Zi 8daY LVg g^kVagn ]VY eVhhZY# 6h eV^c[ja Vh ^i lVh [dg i]Z Hdk^Zi aZVY" Zgh]^e! i]Z i^bZ d[ i]Z^g XdjcignÉh Ydb^cVcXZ ^c ]ZVkn gdX`Zi aVjcX]^c\ iZX]cdad\n lVh dkZg# 8ddeZgVi^dc ^c heVXZ cdl ldjaY ]VkZ id XdbZ Vi bdgZ bdYZhi aZkZah# I]Z ig^jbe] d[ i]Z 6edaad egd\gVb h^\c^ÒZY V XgjX^Va WZcX]bVg` ^c i]Z hjeZgedlZg heVXZ gVXZ Wn ZcY^c\ Hdk^" Zi aZVYZgh]^e ^c heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc# I]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc lVh h^bean jcVWaZ id bViX] hjX] aVg\Z" hXVaZ J#H# Z[[dgih# Cdg Y^Y i]Z Hdk^Zih ]VkZ Vc ^chi^iji^dcVa higjXijgZ a^`Z C6H6 i]Vi lVh XVeVWaZ d[ gjcc^c\ V egd\gVb a^`Z 6edaad ^c Vc deZc VcY igVcheVgZci lVn# L]^aZ cdi gZVYn id ejWa^Xan VYb^i i]Z^g YZ[ZVi! i]Z Hdk^Zih Vg\jZY i]Vi hX^Zci^ÒX ldg` dc i]Z bddc XdjaY WZ WZi" iZg VX]^ZkZY gdWdi^XVaan# JcbVccZY Hdk^Zi aj" cVg b^hh^dch! ^c^i^Vaan ^cigdYjXZY Vh V h]VYdl egd\gVb l^i] V bjX] hbVaaZg WjY\Zi i]Vc i]Z bVccZY kZgh^dc! dXXjggZY Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ Vh i]Z 6edaad egd\gVb# I]Z Ajcd`]dY bddc gdk" Zgh VcY hVbeaZ gZijgc egdWZh ZVgcZY V \gZVi YZVa d[ VYb^gVi^dc [gdb ^ciZgcVi^dcVa hX^Zc" i^hih# =dlZkZg! ^ch^YZ i]Z^g XadhZ X^gXaZ! i]Z Hdk^Zi aZVYZgh! ^c V gjYZ VlV`Zc^c\! XdcXZYZY i]Vi i]Z ZgV d[ Hdk^Zi Ydb^cVcXZ ^c heVXZ lVh \dcZ [dgZkZg# 8nc^Xh ^c i]Z Hdk^Zi heVXZ Xdb" bjc^in VYYZY Vc ^chjai id i]Z ^c_jgn ^c i]Z [dgb d[ V ÆWVY cZlh! \ddY cZlhÇ _d`Z YgVl" ^c\ dc V \gdl^c\ ^gg^iVci [dg @gZba^c Ä gVe^Yan YZiZg^dgVi^c\ gZaVi^dch l^i] 8]^cV# 6XXdgY^c\ id i]Z _d`Z! i]Z WVY cZlh lVh! ÆI]Z 8]^cZhZ ]VkZ aVcYZY dc i]Z bddc# Hd l]Vi ^h i]Z \ddY cZlh4 >iÉh Vaa d[ i]Zb#Ç I]Z X]VaaZc\Z [dg Wdi] h^YZh lVh YZiZgb^c" ^c\ l]ZgZ id \d cZmi# L]^aZ i]Z 6bZg^XVch

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

251

C6H6

9 iZciZ ^c heVXZ 6[iZg a^c`^c\ je ^c dgW^i! 6edaad"Hdnjo IZhi Egd_ZXi VhigdcVjih I]dbVh HiV[[dgY VcY 9Z`Z HaVnidc \gZZi Hdk^Zi XdhbdcVji 6aZmZ^ AZdcdk ?jan &,! &.,* #

ZkZcijVaan ejghjZY i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ! i]Z Hdk^Zih ZbWVg`ZY dc V egd\gVb id eaVXZ XgZlh ^c heVXZ [dg ZmiZcYZY eZg^dYh d[ i^bZ Wn Wj^aY^c\ i]Z HVanji hZg^Zh d[ dgW^iVa heVXZ hiVi^dch# >c gZVa^in! i]Vi heVXZ hiVi^dc egd\gVb lVh cdi i]Z gZhjai d[ bV_dg WgV^chidgb^c\ dg hZ" g^djh YZWViZh VWdji V cZl cVi^dcVa k^h^dc [dg heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc# >i XVbZ [gdb i]Z hedciVcZ" djh egdXZhh d[ ^ciZgcVa XdbeZi^i^dc WZilZZc g^kVah l^i]^c i]Z Hdk^Zi VZgdheVXZ ^cYjhign# I]Z Hdk^Zi b^a^iVgn ^c^i^Vaan hjeedgiZY i]Z Ve" egdVX]! l]^X] lVh gZb^c^hXZci d[ i]Z J#H# 6^g ;dgXZ BVccZY DgW^i^c\ AVWdgVidgn egd_ZXi! l]^X] lVh XVcXZaZY ^c &.+. V[iZg V h^c\aZ! jc" bVccZY aVjcX]# GZÓZXi^c\ b^a^iVgn eg^dg^i^Zh! i]Z `Zn ^chigjbZci dc ZVgan HVanji hiVi^dch lVh V W^\ dei^XVa :Vgi] dWhZgkVi^dc XVbZgV! i]Z Hdk^Zi kZgh^dc d[ ÆdeZc h`^ZhÇ iZX]cda" d\n# D[ XdjghZ! d[ÒX^Va egdeV\VcYV hV^Y i]^h b^hh^dc ]VY cdi]^c\ id Yd l^i] b^a^iVgn ^ciZg" Zhih# =dlZkZg! h]Vge idc\jZh ^ch^YZ i]Z heVXZ ZhiVWa^h]bZci _d`^c\an Vh`ZY! ÆL]n Yd i]ZhZ

252

NASA

WgVkZ bZc ^c dgW^i haZZe l]Zc Ón^c\ dkZg djg Xdjcign! Wji hiVn VaZgi dkZg 6bZg^XV4Ç 6[iZg i]^h ineZ d[ Vhh^\cbZci lVh eVhhZY id jcbVccZY hen hViZaa^iZh! i]Z gZVa bdi^kVi^dc [dg ZmeVcY^c\ i]Z HVanji egd\gVb WZXVbZ i]Z YZh^gZ id jcYZgiV`Z adc\"YjgVi^dc Ó^\]i# Adc\Zk^in gZXdgYh [dg ]jbVch ^c heVXZ WZ" XVbZ i]Z WZcX]bVg` [dg _jY\^c\ i]Z hjXXZhh d[ i]ZhZ Ó^\]ih# >c dgYZg id bdkZ ^c i]Vi Y^" gZXi^dc! i]Z HVanji egd\gVb ldg`ZY id ZmXZa ^c ild ^bedgiVci VgZVh/ VX]^Zk^c\ i]Z hV[Zin d[ ^ih bVccZY Ó^\]i ]VgYlVgZ VcY YZkZade^c\ V hda^Y WVhZ ^c heVXZ bZY^X^cZ# :kZcijVaan! i]ZhZ ldjaY WZ ild d[ i]Z bdhi ^bedgiVci Xdcig^Wji^dch i]Z Gjhh^Vch ldjaY bV`Z id i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc eVgicZgh]^e# >c i]Z ZVgan &.,%h! i]Z C^mdc VYb^c^higV" i^dc hdj\]i id gZYjXZ J#H#"Hdk^Zi iZch^dch!

VcY aVjcX]ZY V bV_dg Z[[dgi id gZVX] V higViZ" \^X Vgbh a^b^iVi^dc WgZV`i]gdj\]! Vh lZaa Vh cZl XddeZgVi^dc ^c heVXZ# >c &.,%! Yjg^c\ V bZZi^c\ l^i] @ZaYnh]! J#H# 6XVYZbn d[ HX^" ZcXZh EgZh^YZci E]^a^e =VcYaZg bZci^dcZY

Vc 6bZg^XVc bdk^Z hiVgg^c\ <gZ\dgn EZX` VcY <ZcZ =VX`bVc XVaaZY BVgddcZY! ^c l]^X] Hdk^Zi XdhbdcVjih ]ZaeZY gZhXjZ i]gZZ J#H# VhigdcVjih higVcYZY ^c :Vgi] dgW^i# =VcYaZg hj\\ZhiZY i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh VcY J#H#H#G# YZ" kZade V bjijVaan XdbeVi^WaZ YdX`^c\ hnhiZb i]Vi ldjaY bV`Z edhh^WaZ hjX] gZhXjZh! Vh lZaa Vh cdc"ZbZg\ZcXn heVXZ YdX`^c\h# I]^h ^bV\^" cVgn bdk^Z hXZcVg^d idjX]ZY V X]dgY l^i]^c heVXZ Xdbbjc^i^Zh dc Wdi] h^YZh! l]^X] Va" gZVYn ]VY ZmeZg^ZcXZY ZbZg\ZcXn h^ijVi^dch ^c gZVa a^[Z# IVa`h aZY id i]Z 6edaad"Hdnjo IZhi Egd_ZXi YdX`^c\ b^hh^dc d[ &.,*! l]^X] YZkZa" deZY XdbeVi^WaZ gZcYZokdjh VcY YdX`^c\ hnh" iZbh hi^aa ^c jhZ idYVn! VcY i]Z ZhiVWa^h]bZci d[ V [Zl ide^XVa ldg`^c\ \gdjeh ^c Y^[[ZgZci heVXZ hX^ZcXZ VcY Veea^XVi^dch Y^hX^ea^cZh# >beaZbZciVi^dc d[ 6edaad"Hdnjo XddeZgV" i^dc lVh Y^XiViZY Wn i]Z eda^i^XVa l^aa d[ i]Z ild Xdjcig^ZhÉ eda^i^XVa aZVYZgh]^e# I]Z XddeZgVi^dc egZhZciZY V hZg^djh bVcV\ZbZci X]VaaZc\Z [dg Wdi] h^YZh! \^kZc i]Z dkZgVaa aVX` d[ XdbeVi^W^a^" in WZilZZc i]Z ild heVXZ egd\gVbh# C6H6 ]VY

C6H6

EgZ"aVjcX] \Zi"id\Zi]Zg 8gZl bZbWZgh d[ i]Z 6edaad"Hdnjo IZhi Egd_ZXi Vi i]Z @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg# ;gdb aZ[i VgZ VhigdcVjih KVcXZ 7gVcY VcY I]dbVh HiV[[dgY! XdhbdcVjih 6aZ`hZ^ AZdcdk VcY KVaZg^ @jWVhdk! VcY VhigdcVji 9Z`Z HaVnidc#

ÆNdj `cdl!Ç > gZhedcYZY! ÆlZ ]VkZ V h^aZci \ZciaZbVcÉh V\gZZbZci id h]VgZ gZ" hedch^W^a^i^Zh ^c heVXZ# L]^aZ i]Z 6bZg^" XVch VgZ Yd^c\ l^YZ"gVc\Z gZXdccV^hhVcXZ ^c i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb! lZ VgZ XVggn^c\ dc Vc ^ciZch^kZ hijYn d[ KZcjh! _jhi Vh ^[ i]Vi eaVcZi lZgZ YZXaVgZY i]Z eaVcZiVgn iZhi gVc\Z d[ djg heVXZ hX^ZcXZ#Ç 6i Vcdi]Zg bZZi^c\! l]^aZ gZedgi^c\ dc i]Z aViZhi KZcZgV heVXZXgV[i aVcY^c\ dc i]Z hjg[VXZ d[ KZcjh! > ]VY id Xdc[gdci i]Z hVbZ fjZhi^dch# I]^h i^bZ! > lVh a^iZgVaan WZl^a" YZgZY VcY l^i]dji bjX] i]^c`^c\! ^bbZY^" ViZan VchlZgZY i]Z fjZhi^dc d[ l]n 6bZg^" XVch Yd hjX] VcY hjX]/ Æ7ZXVjhZ i]Zn VgZ hdch d[ W^iX]Zh!Ç > gZ" ea^ZY# ;dg hZkZgVa b^cjiZh! i]Z VjY^ZcXZ \VkZ V hiVcY^c\ dkVi^dc# >i lVh XaZVg i]Zn lZgZ Ve" eaVjY^c\ i]Z 6bZg^XVch VcY i]Z^g heVXZ egd" \gVb! l]^X] ]VY XVeijgZY i]Z ^bV\^cVi^dc d[

254

NASA

i]Z Hdk^Zih! YZhe^iZ i]Z ViiZbeih d[ djg d[" ÒX^Va egdeV\VcYV id jcYZgb^cZ i]Z VX]^ZkZ" bZcih d[ i]dhZ Æhdch d[ W^iX]Zh#Ç CZkZgi]ZaZhh! i]Z Hdk^Zi gdWdi^X heVXZ egd\gVb VYkVcXZY Wn aZVgc^c\ [gdb VcY VYVei^c\ id J#H# VX]^ZkZbZcih# 6ci^X^eVi" ^c\ i]Z hjXXZhh d[ i]Z J#H# K^`^c\ b^hh^dc! i]Z Hdk^Zi 6XVYZbn d[ HX^ZcXZh YZX^YZY id VWVcYdc BVgh Vh V eg^dg^in VcY hZZ ]dl i]Z 6bZg^XVc egd\gVb ldjaY YZkZade# I]Z deZc VcY egZY^XiVWaZ cVijgZ d[ i]Z J#H# heVXZ egd" \gVb \VkZ Hdk^Zi hX^Zci^hih Vc deedgijc^in id ÒcY i]Z^g dlc c^X]Z l^i] gZVa^hi^X egd_ZXih i]Vi ldjaY ]VkZ V hX^Zci^ÒX ^beVXi VcY Vkd^Y Y^gZXi XdbeZi^i^dc# Djg KZcZgV egd\gVb id KZcjh lVh fj^iZ hjXXZhh[ja# ;daadl^c\ h^bea^hi^X egdWZh ^c i]Z aViZ &.+%h! lZ bVcV\ZY id YZa^kZg hd" e]^hi^XViZY ]VgYlVgZ id i]Z eaVcZiÉh hjg[VXZ ^c &.,* VcY hZcY WVX` eVcdgVb^X e^XijgZh# 7ZXVjhZ i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh VcY J#H#H#G#

V\gZZY id h]VgZ i]Z gZhjaih d[ C6H6Éh E^d" cZZg KZcjh b^hh^dc ^c &.,- VcY i]Z Hdk^Zi KZcZgV b^hh^dch! hX^Zci^hih VcY heVXZ Zm" eZgih dc Wdi] h^YZh eaVXZY Zcdgbdjh hnb" Wda^X VcY hX^Zci^ÒX kVajZ dc i]Z gZhjaih d[ i]ZhZ _d^ci Z[[dgih# J#H#"Hdk^Zi XddeZgVi^dc ^c a^[Z hX^ZcXZh VcY W^dbZY^XVa gZhZVgX] Vahd idd` gddi ^c i]Z &.,%h# >c &.,,! hZkZc J#H# W^dad\^XVa ZmeZg^" bZcih dg bZY^XVa YZk^XZh ÓZl VWdVgY i]Z Hd" k^Zi 8dhbdh .(+ b^hh^dc! l]^X] Vahd XVgg^ZY ZmeZg^bZcih [gdb ;gVcXZ VcY V cjbWZg d[ Hdk^Zi WadX Xdjcig^Zh# I]^h b^hh^dc ^ckZhi^" \ViZY i]Z ^beVXi d[ adc\"YjgVi^dc heVXZÓ^\]i dc i]Z ]jbVc WdYn# 6 aViZg 8dhbdh b^hh^dc!

8dhbdh &&'. ^c &.,.! XVgg^ZY &, VYY^i^dcVa J#H# ZmeZg^bZcih VcY YZk^XZh# 6cY dc BVn +! &.,.! i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh VcY J#H#H#G h^\cZY V igZVin i]Vi egdk^YZY [dg i]Z YZeadnbZci d[ Vc ^ciZgcVi^dcVa hnhiZb d[ ZbZg\ZcXn WZVXdc gZXZ^kZgh VWdVgY hViZaa^iZh#

C6H6 :jgdeZVc HeVXZ 6\ZcXn C6H6$?EA

HX^ZcXZ dkZg eda^i^Xh Ide/ >bV\Zh [gdb i]Z hjg[VXZ d[ KZcjh iV`Zc Wn i]Z Hdk^ZihÉ KZcZgV &( aVcYZg BVgX] &! &.-' # I]Z hjg[VXZ Xdbedh^i^dc ^h h^b^aVg id iZggZhig^Va WVhVai# 6WdkZ! aZ[i/ JaigVk^daZi k^Zl d[ KZcjhÉ XadjYn [VXZ iV`Zc Wn C6H6Éh E^dcZZg KZcjh DgW^iZg ;ZW# &&! &.,. # I]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh VcY J#H#H#G# V\gZZY id h]VgZ gZhjaih [gdb Wdi] i]Z KZcZgV &( VcY E^dcZZg b^hh^dch# 6WdkZ! g^\]i/ 6gi^hiÉh ^begZhh^dc d[ i]Z <^diid heVXZXgV[i VeegdVX]^c\ =VaaZnÉh XdbZi# I]Z &.-+ b^hh^dc ^ckdakZY Hdk^Zi VcY :jgdeZVc HeVXZ 6\ZcXn heVXZXgV[i! l^i] VXi^kZ ^ckdakZbZci d[ C6H6#

L]Zc GdcVaY GZV\Vc lVh ZaZXiZY id i]Z egZh^YZcXn ^c &.-&! 8daY LVg iZch^dch lZgZ g^h^c\# I]Z Hdk^Zi ^ckVh^dc d[ 6[\]Vc^hiVc! ^b" edh^i^dc d[ bVgi^Va aVl ^c EdaVcY VcY C6IDÉh eaVXZbZci d[ EZgh]^c\ gdX`Zih VcY Xgj^hZ b^h" h^aZh ^c :jgdeZ Ä l]^X] lVh XdjciZgZY Wn ]jg" g^ZY YZeadnbZci d[ i]Z Hdk^ZihÉ HH"'% bZY^" jb"gVc\Z cjXaZVg b^hh^aZh Ä X]VgVXiZg^oZY i]Z iZcdg d[ i]Z eZg^dY# >c i]Z b^Yhi d[ i]Z EdaVcY bVgi^Va aVl Xg^h^h! i]Z GZV\Vc VYb^c^higVi^dc VccdjcXZY dc 9ZX# '.! &.-&! i]Vi ^i ldjaY Va" adl i]Z J#H#"Hdk^Zi heVXZ XddeZgVi^dc V\gZZ" bZci! YjZ [dg gZcZlVa ^c BVn &.-'! id aVehZ# BjijVa hjhe^X^dc \gZl id i]Z ed^ci i]Vi i]Z Hdk^Zih WZ\Vc Viig^Wji^c\ ediZci^Vaan V\\gZh" h^kZ ^ciZci^dch id i]Z HeVXZ H]jiiaZ Egd\gVb# >i ldjaY WZ Vcdi]Zg &% nZVgh WZ[dgZ i]Z XdcY^" i^dch ÒcVaan lZgZ g^eZ V\V^c [dg XddeZgVi^dc# CZkZgi]ZaZhh! ^c i]Z VWhZcXZ d[ V [dgbVa ^ciZg\dkZgcbZciVa V\gZZbZci! i]Z L]^iZ

=djhZ Vji]dg^oZY adl"egdÒaZ XddeZgVi^dc dc V XVhZ"Wn"XVhZ WVh^h# 6bdc\ i]Z VXi^k^" i^Zh i]Vi Xdci^cjZY lZgZ i]Z hViZaa^iZ"WVhZY hZVgX] VcY gZhXjZ Z[[dgih! l]^X] lVh WVhZY dc i]Z XddgY^cViZY jhZ d[ i]Z J#H#" 8VcVY^Vc";gZcX] H6GH6I VcY i]Z Hdk^Zi 8DHE6H hViZaa^iZh id adXViZ V^geaVcZh dg h]^eh ^c Y^higZhh# 7n i]Z b^Y"&.-%h! i]Z Z[" [dgi ]VY ]ZaeZY hVkZ bdgZ i]Vc )%% eZdeaZ# C6H6 Vahd lVh VaadlZY id Xdci^cjZ ldg`^c\ l^i] i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc ^c heVXZ W^dad\n VcY bZY^X^cZ# 6h eVgi d[ i]Vi Z[[dgi! [djg J#H# bZY^XVa YZk^XZh lZgZ jhZY ^c ZmeZg^bZcih dc i]Z &.-( 8dhbdh &*&) b^hh^dc! l]^X] lVh YZkdiZY id eg^bViZ gZhZVgX]# I]Vi iVX^i [dgbVi d[ ^ciZgVXi^dc aZY Wn Hdk^Zi VXVYZb^" X^Vch DaZ\ <VoZc`d VcY 6cVidan <g^\dg^Zk VcY C6H6Éh 9g# 6gcVjaY C^Xd\dhh^Vc! aViZg ldjaY hZgkZ Vh Vc ZmVbeaZ [dg [jijgZ Xdde" ZgVi^dc WZilZZc i]Z Gjhh^Vc heVXZ hiVi^dc

B^g VcY heVXZ h]jiiaZ egd\gVbh VcY dc i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc# BZVcl]^aZ! ZmX]Vc\Zh d[ eaVcZiVgn YViV Xdci^cjZY! Wji Y^hXjhh^dch d[ [jijgZ XddeZgVi^dc ^c eaVc" ZiVgn ZmeadgVi^dc lZgZ XVcXZaaZY# I]Z J#H# h^YZ lVh egV\bVi^X VWdji `ZZe^c\ je ^ih XdciVXih l^i] Hdk^Zi hX^Zci^hih Yjg^c\ i]ZhZ i^bZh i^bZh d[ eda^i^XVa iZch^dch# GZ\j" aVg XdchjaiVi^dch dc heVXZ hX^ZcXZ"gZaViZY ^h" hjZh! [dg ZmVbeaZ! lZgZ XVgg^ZY dji i]gdj\] V X]VccZa WZilZZc i]Z J#H# CVi^dcVa 6XVYZbn d[ HX^ZcXZh VcY i]Z Hdk^Zi 6XVYZbn d[ HX^ZcXZh# 6bZg^XVch lZgZ `ZZcan ^ciZgZhiZY ^c aZVgc^c\ VWdji i]Z Z[[ZXih d[ adc\"YjgVi^dc Ó^\]ih dc i]Z ]jbVc WdYn Ä Vc VgZV l]ZgZ i]Z Hdk^Zih Zc_dnZY V bdcdedan Yjg^c\ C6H6Éh h^m"nZVg ]^Vijh ^c ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i [gdb &.,*"&.-&# >c VYY^i^dc id i]ZhZ XddeZgVi^kZ VXi^k^i^Zh! Hdk^Zi VcY 6bZg^XVc heVXZ hX^Zci^hih gZ\j" aVgan bZi Vi 8dbb^iiZZ dc HeVXZ GZhZVgX]

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

255

H]jiiaZ"B^g ]dd`je I]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ 6iaVci^h HIH",& XdccZXiZY id Gjhh^VÉh B^g heVXZ hiVi^dc! e]did\gVe]ZY Wn i]Z B^g"&. XgZl ?jan )! &..* #

hZhh^dch# 6ZgdheVXZ Zc\^cZZgh VcY d[ÒX^Vah [gdb ^cYjhign Vahd bV^ciV^cZY V h^b^aVg Zc" \V\ZbZci jcYZg i]Z jbWgZaaV d[ i]Z >ciZgcV" i^dcVa 6higdcVji^XVa ;ZYZgVi^dc# 9jg^c\ l]Vi bVcn ldjaY Xdch^YZg i]Z XdaYZhi eZg^dY d[ W^aViZgVa gZaVi^dch ^c i]Z ZVgan &.-%h! i]ZhZ XdciVXih egdYjXZY V kZgn heZX^Va XddeZgVi^kZ egd_ZXi i]Vi hdj\]i id ZmeadgZ =VaaZnÉh XdbZi# I]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh VcY J#H#H#G# Wdi] eVgi^X^eViZY ^c i]Z >ciZg" V\ZcXn 8dchjaiVi^kZ <gdje! l]^X] lVh hZi je ^c &.-& id Wg^c\ id\Zi]Zg heVXZ VcY \gdjcY" WVhZY hijY^Zh d[ i]Z XdbZi Yjg^c\ ^ih &.-+ eVhhV\Z i]gdj\] i]Z ^ccZg hdaVg hnhiZb# 6[iZg YZX^Y^c\ cdi id hZcY V heVXZXgV[i id k^Zl i]Z XdbZi! i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh V\gZZY id eaVn V hjeedgi^c\ gdaZ! l]^X] ^ckdakZY egd" k^Y^c\ \gdjcY"WVhZY dWhZgkVi^dc YViV dc i]Z XdbZi# I]^h YViV lVh jhZY id hjeedgi i]Z eVgVaaZa Hdk^Zi KZ\V &! KZ\V ' VcY :jgdeZVc HeVXZ 6\ZcXn <^diid b^hh^dch# I]Z hjXXZhh d[ i]Z ZcXdjciZg l^i] i]Z XdbZi lVh id WZ Xg^i^" XVaan YZeZcYZci dc egZX^hZ cVk^\Vi^dc# HX^Zc" i^hih [gdb C6H6Éh ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn ^c EVhVYZcV! 8Va^[dgc^V! hj\\ZhiZY V Wg^aa^Vci iZX]c^XVa hXZcVg^d [dg i]Z KZ\V VcY <^diid heVXZXgV[i id jhZ Vi i]Z VeegdVX] id i]Z Xdb" Zi# I]^h ]VY id WZ YdcZ V [Zl YVnh eg^dg id i]Z

256

NASA

Vgg^kVa d[ <^diid ^c dgYZg id ]Zae ^i ]dbZ ^c dc i]Z XZaZhi^Va l]ZgZVWdjih d[ i]Z jai^bViZ iVg" \Zi/ i]Z XdbZiÉh Zajh^kZ cjXaZjh# I]Z l]daZ egdXZYjgZ gZfj^gZY XadhZ XddeZgVi^dc ^c gZVa i^bZ# C6H6Éh 9ZZe HeVXZ CZildg` lVh \^k" Zc Vaa d[ i]Z cZXZhhVgn eVgVbZiZgh [gdb i]Z Hdk^Zi heVXZXgV[i Xdbbjc^XVi^dch hnhiZbh! i]Zc Wdi] h^YZh eZg[dgbZY egZ"Ó^\]i XVa^WgV" i^dc iZhih d[ i]Z ]VgYlVgZ# I]^h ]ZaeZY <^diid cVk^\ViZ bjX] XadhZg id i]Z XdbZiÉh cjXaZjh! egdk^Y^c\ hX^Zci^hih l^i] djihiVcY^c\ YViV VcY egdYjX^c\ hdbZ d[ i]Z bdhi VlZ"^che^g" ^c\ k^YZd [ddiV\Z ZkZg iV`Zc ^c heVXZ# HZkZgVa bdci]h WZ[dgZ! l]Zc i]Z Hdk^Zi KZ\V heVXZ" XgV[i ]VY id gZaZVhZ bZiZdgdad\^XVa WVaadch ^c i]Z Vibdhe]ZgZ d[ KZcjh! i]Z 9ZZe HeVXZ CZildg` eaVnZY V XgjX^Va gdaZ ^c \Zii^c\ i]Z Òghi Y^gZXi h^\cVah [gdb i]ZhZ WVaaddch VcY Xdci^cjZY id igVX` i]Zb Vh i]Zn lZgZ Wj[[ZiZY Wn KZcjhÉ jcjhjVa Vibdhe]Zg^X X^gXjaVi^dc# >gdc^XVaan! hjX] hjXXZhhZh lZgZ VX]^ZkZY YZhe^iZ Xdci^cjZY X]^aan gZaVi^dch WZilZZc i]Z ild \dkZgcbZcih# HZkZgVa eg^kViZ \gdjeh! ]dlZkZg! ldg`ZY id `ZZe J#H#"Hdk^Zi heVXZ i^Zh Va^kZ# 6bdc\ i]Zb lVh i]Z cZl EaVcZiVgn HdX^Zin! l]^X] lVh XgZViZY ^c &.,.

Wn lZaa"`cdlc VhigdcdbZg 8Vga HV\Vc! C6H6 ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn 9^gZXidg 7gjXZ

C6H6

BjggVn! VcY i]Z^g VhhdX^ViZ! e]nh^X^hi Adj^h ;g^ZYbVc# 6[iZg ^ih [djcY^c\ ^c &.-*! i]Z 6h" hdX^Vi^dc d[ HeVXZ :meadgZgh! XdbedhZY d[ eZdeaZ l]d ]VY Ódlc ^c heVXZ! Vahd WZXVbZ Vc ^bedgiVci [dgjb [dg Y^hXjhh^dch dc i]Z WZcZÒih d[ J#H#"Hdk^Zi XddeZgVi^dc ^c ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i# I]ZhZ Z[[dgih ldjaY egdk^YZ V edlZg[ja ^beZijh [dg \Zii^c\ hiVaaZY J#H#"Hd" k^Zi heVXZ XddeZgVi^dc WVX` dc igVX`# Cdi adc\ V[iZg GdcVaY GZV\Vc lVh ZaZXiZY egZh^YZci! C6H6 jg\ZY ]^b id VeegdkZ V heVXZ hiVi^dc id g^kVa i]Z Hdk^Zi hiVi^dc egd\gVb# >c ]^h ?VcjVgn &.-) HiViZ d[ i]Z Jc^dc VYYgZhh! GZV\Vc VccdjcXZY ]Z lVh Y^gZXi^c\ C6H6 id ÆYZkZade V eZgbVcZcian bVccZY heVXZ hiVi^dc ½ l^i]^c i]Z YZXVYZÇ VcY Æ^ck^iZ di]Zg Xdjc" ig^Zh id eVgi^X^eViZ#Ç EZ\\n ;^cVgZaa^! V hZc^dg d[ÒX^Va ^c C6H6Éh ^ciZgcVi^dcVa d[ÒXZ Vi i]Z i^bZ! gZXVaaZY i]Vi GZV\VcÉh VeegdkVa d[ l]Vi WZXVbZ `cdlc Vh HeVXZ HiVi^dc ;gZZYdb lVh ÆV aZVYZgh]^e ^hhjZ kZgn bjX] ^c i]Z XdciZmi d[ i]Z 8daY LVg# LZ lZgZ X]VaaZc\^c\ i]Z Hd" k^Zih ^c i]Z ]^\] \gdjcY d[ heVXZ# LZ ]VY id hVn i]Vi ;gZZYdb ldjaY WZ W^\\Zg VcY WZiiZg i]Vc i]Z Hdk^Zi heVXZ hiVi^dc#Ç I]Z dg^\^cVa Zh" i^bViZ lVh i]Vi ;gZZYdb ldjaY Xdhi VWdji - W^aa^dc# >i lVh Zck^h^dcZY id WZ ^c dgW^i Wn &..' ^c dgYZg id XZaZWgViZ i]Z *%%i] Vcc^kZghVgn d[ 8]g^hide]Zg 8dajbWjhÉ Y^hXdkZgn d[ 6bZg^XV# L]^aZ i]Z Hdk^Zih lZgZ cdi ^ck^iZY id _d^c i]Z ;gZZYdb egd_ZXi! i]Z GZV\Vc VYb^c^h" igVi^dc ^cY^XViZY ^ih l^aa^c\cZhh id gZhjbZ heVXZ XddeZgVi^dc l^i] i]Z J#H#H#G# eg^dg id i]Z &.-) HiViZ d[ i]Z Jc^dc VYYgZhh# Dcan YVnh WZ[dgZ i]Z heZZX]! i]Z VYb^c^higVi^dc eg^kViZan hj\\ZhiZY id BdhXdl V h^bjaViZY heVXZ gZhXjZ YZbdchigVi^dc b^hh^dc ^c l]^X] J#H# VhigdcVjih [gdb i]Z heVXZ h]ji" iaZ ldjaY Vhh^hi Hdk^Zi XdhbdcVjih VWdVgY V HVanji hiVi^dc# 7di] eg^kViZan VcY ejWa^Xan! i]Z Hdk^Zi gZhedchZ lVh Xdda! WZXVjhZ d[ i]Z eZgXZ^kZY VhnbbZign d[ V b^hh^dc ^c l]^X] i]Z Hdk^Zi XgZl lVh ^c igdjWaZ VcY i]Z J#H# XgZl ldjaY VXi Vh gZhXjZgh# I]Z Hdk^Zi \dkZgcbZci Vahd gZk^kZY i]Z cdi^dc [gdb i]Z @]gjh]X]Zk ZgV i]Vi heVXZ XddeZgVi^dc ldjaY WZ edhh^WaZ dcan ^[ i]ZgZ lZgZ egd\gZhh ^c heVXZ Vgbh Xdcigda# I]Z eg^bVgn ed^ci d[ XdciZci^dc lVh i]Z GZV\Vc VYb^c^higVi^dcÉh egdedhZY HigViZ\^X 9Z" [ZchZ >c^i^Vi^kZ! l]^X] ]VY WZZc VccdjcXZY ^c BVgX] &.-(# ;gdb i]Z hiVgi d[ i]Z GZV" \Vc VYb^c^higVi^dc! ]dlZkZg! egZhhjgZ [dg XddeZgVi^dc ^c heVXZ ]VY WZZc bdjci^c\# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! HZc# ÆHeVg`Ç BVihjcV\V [gdb =VlV^^ lVh Vbdc\ i]dhZ lVgc^c\ d[

C6H6

IZVb e]did BZbWZgh d[ i]Z HIH"&&) VcY :meZY^i^dc && XgZlh ^c i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dcÉh 9Zhi^cn AVWdgVidgn ?jan '%%+ # ;gdb i]Z aZ[i [gdci gdl VgZ VhigdcVjih 6cYgZl I]dbVh! :^aZZc 8daa^ch! XdhbdcVji HZg\Z^ @g^`aZk :meZY^i^dc && VcY VhigdcVji ?d]c E]^aa^eh :meZY^i^dc && # ;gdb i]Z aZ[i WVX` gdl VgZ VhigdcVjih Hd^X]^ Cd\jX]^ ?VeVc ! ?VbZh @Zaan! 8]Vga^Z 8VbVgYd! LZcYn AVlgZcXZ VcY HiZe]Zc GdW^chdc#

i]Z YVc\Zgh d[ lZVedc^o^c\ heVXZ VcY XVaa" ^c\ [dg Vc Æ^ciZgcVi^dcVaan YZkZadeZY heVXZ hiVi^dc Vh Vc VaiZgcVi^kZ#Ç I]Z J#H# HZcViZ ^hhjZY V bdgZ [dgbVa XVaa [dg gZcZlVa d[ J#H#"Hdk^Zi heVXZ XddeZgV" i^dc l^i] eVhhV\Z d[ ?d^ci GZhdaji^dc '(+ dc DXi# &%! &.-)# EgZh^YZci GZV\Vc h^\cZY i]Z gZhdaji^dc dc DXi# (%! cdi^c\ J#H# gZVY^cZhh Æid ldg` l^i] i]Z Hdk^Zih dc XddeZgVi^dc ^c heVXZ ^c egd\gVbh l]^X] VgZ bjijVaan WZcZÒ" X^Va VcY egdYjXi^kZ#Ç L]Zc B^`]V^a <dgWVX]Zk ZbZg\ZY Vh i]Z Hdk^Zi aZVYZg ^c &.-*! GZV\Vc i]dj\]i ]Z ]VY [djcY V l^aa^c\ eVgicZg# <dgWVX]Zk lVh ^ciZgZhiZY ^c gZYjX^c\ i]Z Hdk^Zi YZ[ZchZ WjY\Zi! VcY l^i] i]Z hd"XVaaZY :jgdb^h" h^aZ ^hhjZ hi^aa jcgZhdakZY! ]^h \dkZgcbZci fj^X`an h^\cVaZY ^ih gZVY^cZhh [dg V cZl gdjcY d[ Vgbh Xdcigda cZ\di^Vi^dch l^i] i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh# L]Zc GZV\Vc VcY <dg" WVX]Zk bZi ^c <ZcZkV i]Vi CdkZbWZg id Y^hXjhh Vgbh Xdcigda! i]Zn Vahd h^\cZY Vc V\gZZbZci dc hX^Zci^ÒX XddeZgVi^dc# DcXZ V\V^c! XddeZgVi^dc lVh hnbWda^X d[ V i]Vl

^c i]Z 8daY LVg# =dlZkZg! <dgWVX]Zk hi^aa ZmegZhhZY higdc\ Hdk^Zi deedh^i^dc id i]Z HigViZ\^X 9Z[ZchZ >c^i^Vi^kZ VcY heVXZ lVh cdi ^cXajYZY ^c i]Z V\gZZbZci# I]Z Hdk^Zih ]VY a^c`ZY heVXZ XddeZgVi^dc id V YZbVcY i]Vi i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh VWVcYdc ^ih eaVch [dg i]Z ^c^i^Vi^kZ Vaid\Zi]Zg# Dcan i]gZZ bdci]h V[iZg i]Z <ZcZkV hjb" b^i! V igV\ZYn dXXjggZY i]Vi ldjaY hZi i]Z J#H# heVXZ egd\gVb WVX` hZkZgVa nZVgh Ä i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ 8]VaaZc\Zg Y^hVhiZg# A^iiaZ cd" i^XZY Vi i]Z i^bZ lVh V Y^eadbVi^X WgZV`" i]gdj\] i]Vi dXXjggZY dcan V [Zl lZZ`h V[iZg i]Z 8]VaaZc\Zg VXX^YZci# Dc ;ZW# '%! &.-+! i]Z Hdk^Zih aVjcX]ZY i]Z Òghi d[ h^m bdYjaZh i]Vi ZkZcijVaan ldjaY Xdbeg^hZ i]Z B^g heVXZ hiVi^dc! VcY ^c i]Z lV`Z d[ i]Z 8]VaaZc\Zg VXX^YZci VcY i]Z aVjcX] d[ B^g! i]Z @gZba^c ÒcVaan V\gZZY id YZXdjeaZ cdc"b^a^iVgn heVXZ ^hhjZh [gdb i]Z HigViZ\^X 9Z[ZchZ >c^i^Vi^kZ# I]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh VcY i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc hjW" hZfjZcian h^\cZY V ÒkZ"nZVg V\gZZbZci dc heVXZ XddeZgVi^dc ^c 6eg^a &.-,# 6 cjbWZg d[ _d^ci hX^Zci^ÒX egd_ZXih lZgZ V\gZZY id!

Vai]dj\] i]ZgZ lVh cd bZci^dc d[ XddeZgV" i^dc ^c ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i# BdgZ ^bedgiVcian! ^c Vc ZmX]Vc\Z d[ aZiiZgh WZilZZc <dgWVX]Zk VcY GZV\Vc i]Z egZk^djh hjbbZg! i]Z a^c` WZilZZc Vgbh Xdcigda egd\gZhh VcY gZcZlZY heVXZ XddeZgVi^dc lVh YgdeeZY# I]^h eVkZY i]Z lVn [dg Wdi] h^YZh id iV`Z bZVc^c\[ja hiZeh idlVgY VXijVa XddeZgVi^dc# 9jg^c\ i]Z^g aVhi BdhXdl hjbb^i ^c BVn &.--! <dgWVX]Zk ^ck^iZY GZV\Vc id lVa` ^ch^YZ i]Z @gZba^c nVgY# EVhh^c\ Wn ^begZhh^kZ ]^hidg^X Vgi^[VXih a^`Z i]Z Æ8oVg 8VccdcÇ i]Vi cZkZg ÒgZY! VcY i]Z Æ8oVg 7Zaa!Ç i]Vi cZkZg idaaZY! i]Z aVhi Hd" k^Zi egZh^YZci ig^ZY id ajgZ ]^h \jZhi ^cid V\gZZ^c\ id hjeedgi V _d^ci bVccZY b^hh^dc id BVgh# Dcan i^bZ l^aa iZaa ^[ i]^h egd_" ZXi l^aa XdbZ id eVhh dg hZgkZ Vh Vcdi]Zg YZVY Vgi^[VXi d[ ]^hidgn# Egd[Zhhdg ?d]c Ad\hYdc [gdb <Zdg\Z LVh]^c\" idc Jc^kZgh^in Vahd Xdcig^WjiZY id i]^h Vgi^XaZ#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

257

AZVYZgh! K^h^dcVg^Zh VcY 9Zh^\cZgh

By Roger D. LAUNIUS

Due to its strong mission orientation, NASA has been uniquely favored with a plethora of superb leaders, visionaries and designers drawn to challenging projects. At critical moments in NASA’s development, these individuals made a huge difference. They helped establish the agency and managed its programs, formulated its long term goals and strategies, designed and engineered spacecraft and systems, and successfully focused NASA’s workforce on the agency’s goals. Presented here are brief tributes to some special individuals who made an indelible mark through their service.

>

<aZccVc lVh i]Z eZg[ZXi X]d^XZ id aZVY i]Z cZl dg\Vc^oVi^dc# 6c Zc\^cZZg l]d ]VY ldg`ZY ^c \dkZgcbZci! ^cYjhign VcY VXV" YZb^V! ]Z idd` V aZVkZ d[ VWhZcXZ [gdb i]Z egZh^YZcXn d[ 8aZkZaVcYÉh 8VhZ >chi^ijiZ d[ IZX]cdad\n id WZXdbZ C6H6Éh Òghi VYb^c" ^higVidg# <aZccVc Zbe]Vh^oZY adc\"gVc\Z \dVah i]Vi ldjaY n^ZaY \Zcj^cZ hX^Zci^ÒX VcY iZX]cdad\^XVa gZhjaih# 6h ]Z idaY ZkZgn"

dcZ Vi i]Z i^bZ! ÆDjg higViZ\n bjhi WZ id YZkZade V egd\gVb dc djg dlc iZgbh l]^X] ^h YZh^\cZY id Vaadl jh id egd\gZhh hZch^" Wan idlVgY i]Z \dVa d[ jai^bViZ aZVYZgh]^e ^c i]^h XdbeZi^i^dc#Ç GZXd\c^o^c\ eda^i^XVa gZVa^i^Zh! <aZccVc Vahd edh^i^dcZY C6H6 hd i]Vi ^i XdjaY hZgkZ Vh i]Z kZ]^XaZ [dg XdbeZi" ^c\ l^i] i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc ^c YZkZade^c\ V heVXZ gVXZ#

C6H6

c C6H6Éh [^ghi nZVgh! V XVYgZ d[ aZVY" Zgh ]ZaeZY id [dgb i]Z V\ZcXn ^cid Vc Z[ÒX^Zci dg\Vc^oVi^dc i]Vi XdjaY VXXdb" ea^h] i]Z iVh`h hZi [dg ^i# ;djg `Zn aZVYZgh \j^YZY ^i ^c i]dhZ YVnh# I]Zn ^cXajYZY I# @Z^i] <aZccVc! C6H6Éh Òghi VYb^c^higVidg! ]^h YZejin! =j\] A# 9gnYZc! HeVXZ IVh` <gdje 9^gZXidg GdWZgi G# <^agji] VcY hX^Zc" i^hi =dbZg CZlZaa#

;^ghi aZVYZgh]^e iZVb EgZh^YZci 9l^\]i :^hZc]dlZg ÓVc`ZY Wn C6H6Éh Òghi 6Yb^c^higVidg I# @Z^i] <aZccVc g^\]i VcY 9Zejin 6Yb^c^higVidg =j\] A# 9gnYZc aZ[i #

258

NASA

C6H6

Egd\gVb Wj^aYZgh 8]VgaZh 9dcaVc! YZejin ]ZVY! VcY GdWZgi <^agji]! ]ZVY! HeVXZ IVh` <gdje! l^i] AVc\aZn GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg Zc\^cZZgh! ZnZ V BZgXjgn XVehjaZ hXVaZ bdYZa#

<aZccVc [djcY Vc VWaZ hZXdcY ^c 9gnYZc! i]Z iZX]c^XVa Y^gZXidg d[ i]Z CVi^dcVa 6Yk^" hdgn 8dbb^iiZZ [dg 6ZgdcVji^Xh C686 l]d hiVnZY dc Vh C6H6Éh YZejin VYb^c^higVidg jc" i^a ]^h YZVi] ^c &.+*# >c i]Vi XVeVX^in 9gnYZc ]VcYaZY i]Z YVn"id"YVn deZgVi^dch d[ i]Z V\ZcXn VcY dkZghVl ^ih iZX]c^XVa Z[[dgih l]^aZ <aZccVc ]VcYaZY eda^i^Xh VcY aVg\Zg higViZ\^X ^hhjZh# 9gnYZc i]gZl ]^bhZa[ ^cid i]Z ^cig^XV" X^Zh d[ heVXZÓ^\]i# I]Z XdcXZei^dc VcY eaVc" c^c\ d[ Egd_ZXi BZgXjgn! [dg ^chiVcXZ! WdgZ ]^h bVg` [gdb i]Z kZgn WZ\^cc^c\! WZXVjhZ ^i Zbe]Vh^oZY i]Z hX^Zci^ÒX XdbedcZci# =^h fj^Zi dkZgh^\]i d[ i]Z V\ZcXn ]ZaeZY ^bbZV" hjgVWan ^c `ZZe^c\ ^i dc igVX`# GdWZgi G# <^agji] ]VY WZZc C686 Zc" \^cZZg h^cXZ \gVYjVi^c\ [gdb XdaaZ\Z ^c i]Z aViiZg &.(%h! VcY h]dgian V[iZg C6H6Éh ZhiVWa^h]bZci! ]Z WZXVbZ Y^gZXidg d[ i]Z

HeVXZ IVh` <gdje Vi AVc\aZn GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg# >c BVn &.+&! <^agji]Éh a^[Z X]Vc\ZY [dgZkZg# L]Zc EgZh^YZci ?d]c ;# @ZccZYn VccdjcXZY i]Z 6edaad YZX^h^dc d[ gZVX]^c\ i]Z bddc Wn i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z YZXVYZ <^agji] lVh Ón^c\ id V bZZi^c\ ^c IjahV# =Z gZXVaaZY i]Vi ]Z lVh ÆV\]VhiÇ Ä V[iZg Vaa! ]Z cdl ]VY id VXXdbea^h] ^i# >c i]Z egdXZhh <^agji]Éh dg\Vc^oVi^dc \gZl ZmedcZci^Vaan! bdk^c\ id =djhidc! IZmVh! ^c &.+' id ZhiVWa^h] i]Z BVccZY HeVXZXgV[i 8ZciZg gZcVbZY i]Z AncYdc 7# ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg ^c &.,( VcY XVggn dji i]Z 6edaad bddc aVcY^c\h# <^agji] ]VY ZmXZaaZci eZdeaZ ldg`^c\ [dg ]^b! VcY i]Zn gZVY a^`Z V l]dÉh l]d d[ heVXZ ]^hidgn# <^agji] VcY ]^h hiV[[ lZgZ i]Z eZdeaZ l]d bVYZ i]Z YgZVbh d[ heVXZÓ^\]i gZVa# I]ZgZ ^h V bdk^c\ WVaaVY ^c i]Z hX^ZcXZ ÒX" i^dc [da` hdc\ Xdbbjc^in i]Vi XVeijgZh i]Z

ZhhZcXZ d[ i]^h \gdje# Lg^iiZc Wn BVgn ?ZVc =dabZh ^c &..'! Æ:kZgnbVcÇ WZ\^ch l^i] i]Z aVbZci i]Vi i]ZhZ ^cY^k^YjVah l^aa cZkZg aZVkZ i]Z \gdjcY# 7ji i]Zn ZcVWaZY i]Z VhigdcVjih id Yd hd# I]Z X]dgjh hiViZh/ ;dg >Éb i]Z bVc l]d idd` je iddah VcY aV^Y dji i]Z YZh^\ch# D[ hiVgh]^eh! >Éb i]Z dcZ l]d Wj^ai i]Z^g haZZ` VcY Wjgc^h]ZY a^cZh# >Éb ZkZgnbVc l]d ZkZg [Vh]^dcZY XdaY gZÒcZY hiZZa# >cid i]Z YgZVbh d[ heVXZÓ^\]i! >Éb i]Z dcZ l]d bVYZ i]Zb gZVa# <^agji] heZci &% nZVgh Y^gZXi^c\ '* ]j" bVc heVXZÓ^\]ih! [gdb 6aVc H]ZeVgYÉh Òghi BZgXjgn Ó^\]i ^c BVn &.+&! i]gdj\] i]Z Òghi ajcVg aVcY^c\ Wn 6edaad && ^c ?jan &.+.! id i]Z 6edaad &* b^hh^dc ^c ?jan &.,&# =^h XadhZ VhhdX^ViZ ^c =djhidc! <Zdg\Z Adl! hV^Y d[

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

259

C6H6

8]ZZgh [dg heVXZlVa`Zg AZ[i id g^\]i/ 6higdcVji :Y L]^iZ! EgZh^YZci AncYdc ?d]chdc l^i] e]didh d[ L]^iZÉh ?jcZ (! &.+* <Zb^c^ >K heVXZlVa` C6H6 6hhdX^ViZ 6Yb^c^higVidg GdWZgi HZVbVch! VhigdcVji ?^b BX9^k^ii! BVccZY HeVXZ 8ZciZg 9^gZXidg GdWZgi <^agji] VcY 6Yb^c^higVidg ?VbZh :# LZWW#

]^b! ÆI]ZgZ ^h cd fjZhi^dc i]Vi l^i]dji 7dW <^agji] i]ZgZ ldjaY cdi ]VkZ WZZc V BZg" Xjgn! <Zb^c^ dg Vc 6edaad egd\gVb# =Z Wj^ai ^c iZgbh d[ l]Vi ]Z [Zai lVh cZZYZY id gjc V bVccZY heVXZÓ^\]i egd\gVb ½ ^i ^h XaZVg id Vaa l]d ]VkZ WZZc VhhdX^ViZY l^i] ]^b i]Vi ]Z ]Vh WZZc i]Z aZVYZg d[ Vaa i]Vi ^h bVccZY heVXZÓ^\]i ^c i]^h Xdjcign#Ç Ldg`^c\ XadhZan l^i] <^agji]! Òghi Vi AVc\" aZn VcY aViZg Vi i]Z BVccZY HeVXZXgV[i 8Zc" iZg ^c =djhidc! Zc\^cZZg^c\ ^XdcdXaVhi BVm ;V\Zi YZh^\cZY i]Z BZgXjgn heVXZXgV[i ^c i]Z aViiZg &.*%h VcY bV^ciV^cZY V \j^Y^c\ ]VcY dc ZkZgn ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i kZ]^XaZ Wj^ai i]gdj\] i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ# 6 8V_jc [gdb Adj^h^VcV! ;V\Zi lVh `cdlc i]gdj\]dji i]Z

260

NASA

heVXZ Xdbbjc^in [dg ]^h XVciVc`ZgdjhcZhh! ]^h ZXXZcig^X^i^Zh! ]^h Xdbb^ibZci id heVXZ" [Vg^c\ VcY ]^h \Zc^jh# Cd dcZ XdjaY jcYZg" Zhi^bViZ ]^h ^beVXi dc C6H6Éh Zc\^cZZg" ^c\ XjaijgZ VcY eViiZgc d[ hjXXZhh i]gdj\] bdgZ i]Vc i]gZZ YZXVYZh Vi i]Z heVXZ V\Zc" Xn# L]Zc ]Z aZ[i C6H6! ;V\Zi WZ\Vc ldg`" ^c\ dc eg^kViZ"hZXidg heVXZÓ^\]i iZX]cdad\n id ZmeVcY deedgijc^i^Zh id gZVX] WZndcY :Vgi]# =Z gZbV^cZY Xdbb^iiZY id i]Z ]j" bVc ZmeadgVi^dc VcY YZkZadebZci d[ Ó^\]i jci^a ]^h YZVi] ^c '%%)# >c i]Z V[iZgbVi] d[ i]Z 8dajbW^V VXX^YZci! ]Z idaY _djgcVa^hih ^i lVh i^bZ id bdkZ WZndcY i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ i]Vi ]Z ]VY YdcZ hd bjX] id ]Zae bV`Z V gZ" Va^in! \^k^c\ ^i Vc ]dcdgVWaZ gZi^gZbZci VcY

Wj^aY^c\ V cZl ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i kZ]^XaZ# >[ 6bZg^XVch lZgZ jcl^aa^c\ Vh V eZdeaZ id bV`Z i]Vi ^ckZhibZci! ;V\Zi ÓVian hiViZY! ÆlZ dj\]i id WZ Vh]VbZY d[ djghZakZh#Ç ;^cVaan! ^c i]dhZ ZVga^Zhi nZVgh! =dbZg CZlZaa ZhiVWa^h]ZY VcY eaVXZY dc V Ògb [ddi" ^c\ C6H6Éh hX^Zci^ÒX ejghj^ih# =^h \gZViZhi VXXdbea^h]bZci ^ckdakZY iV`^c\ hX^ZcXZ id i]Z bddc Yjg^c\ Egd_ZXi 6edaad! \V^c^c\ i]Z ^ckdakZbZci d[ `Zn hX^Zci^hih VcY l^cc^c\ hjeedgi [gdb i]Z Zc\^cZZg^c\ Xdbbjc^in# JcYZg CZlZaaÉh aZVYZgh]^e! hX^Zci^hih Zm" ead^iZY i]Z deedgijc^in id eaVXZ bdgZ i]Vc ,* ZmeZg^bZcih dc i]Z kVg^djh 6edaad b^h" h^dch VcY id ]VkZ dcZ d[ i]Z^g dlc! \Zdad\^hi ?VX` HX]b^ii! jcYZgiV`Z ÒZaY ldg` dc i]Z

C6H6 C6H6

I]Z egZh^YZci VcY i]Z gdX`Zi bVc EgZh^YZci ?d]c ;# @ZccZYn idjg^c\ i]Z BVgh]Vaa HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg l^i] XZciZg Y^gZXidg LZgc]Zg kdc 7gVjc HZei# &&! &.+' #

<gVcY YZh^\cZg BVm ;V\Zi#

bddc dc 6edaad &, XgZl# I]Z hX^ZcXZ eVX`" V\Zh YZeadnZY dc i]Z bddc aZY ZkZcijVaan id Vc ^begZhh^kZ VggVn d[ bdgZ i]Vc &%!%%% hX^" Zci^ÒX eVeZgh VcY V bV_dg gZ^ciZgegZiVi^dc d[ i]Z dg^\^ch VcY Zkdaji^dc d[ i]Z bddc# 6h gZedgiZY ^c i]Z BVgX] (%! &.,( ^hhjZ d[ HX^ZcXZ! ÆBVcÉh `cdlaZY\Z d[ i]Z bddc ]Vh WZZc YgVbVi^XVaan igVch[dgbZY Yjg^c\ i]Z Wg^Z[ ( nZVgh WZilZZc i]Z Òghi VcY aVhi 6edaad aVcY^c\#Ç 8db^c\ hdbZl]Vi aViZg id C6H6 lZgZ i]gZZ `Zn d[ÒX^Vah l]d hZgkZY i]Z V\ZcXn lZaa# ;^ghi! ?VbZh :# LZWW WZXVbZ C6H6 VYb^c^higVidg ^c &.+& VcY h]Ze]ZgYZY i]Z V\ZcXn Yjg^c\ i]Z 6edaad ZgV# :c_dn^c\ V adc\ XVgZZg ^c ejWa^X hZgk^XZ i]Vi lZci WVX`

id i]Z CZl 9ZVa! LZWW `cZl ZkZgn hZc^dg d[ÒX^Va ^c idlc! VcY ]VY [Vkdgh ]Z XdjaY XVaa ^c l]Zc cZXZhhVgn# ;dg hZkZc nZVgh V[iZg EgZh^YZci @ZccZYnÉh &.+& ajcVg aVcY^c\ Vc" cdjcXZbZci i]gdj\] DXidWZg &.+-! LZWW eda^i^X`ZY! XdVmZY! XV_daZY VcY bVcZjkZgZY [dg C6H6 ^c LVh]^c\idc# I]Z adc\i^bZ LVh]^c\idc ^ch^YZg lVh V bVhiZg Vi WjgZVj" XgVi^X eda^i^Xh# >c i]Z ZcY! i]gdj\] V kVg^" Zin d[ bZi]dYh! LZWW Wj^ai V hZVbaZhh lZW d[ eda^i^XVa a^V^hdch i]Vi Wgdj\]i Xdci^cjZY hjeedgi [dg VcY gZhdjgXZh id VXXdbea^h] i]Z 6edaad bddc aVcY^c\ dc i]Z hX]ZYjaZ @ZccZYn ]VY VccdjcXZY# LZWW aZ[i C6H6 ^c DXidWZg &.+-! _jhi Vh 6edaad lVh cZVg^c\ V hjXXZhh[ja XdbeaZi^dc# >i ^h ^bedhh^WaZ id

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

261

elevating engineering... right out of this world.

The University of Saskatchewan Space Design Team (USST)

> www.usask.ca

In the race to find a way to lift payloads into space, the USST has certainly earned a place among the best. At NASA Elevator 2010 competitions, this group of students and alumni combine innovative technology and ingenious engineering to produce impressive climbing machines that leave the rest of the field behind. At the University of Saskatchewan, there is only one direction â&#x20AC;&#x201C; up.

C6H6

I]dhZ Vahd hZgkZ l]d lV^i L]^aZ \gdjcYZY [gdb Ó^\]i hiVijh l^i] V ]ZVgi XdcY^i^dc 9Z`Z HaVnidc hZgkZY i]Z egd\gVb Vh Y^gZXidg d[ Ó^\]i XgZl deZgVi^dch Vi i]Z BVccZY HeVXZXgV[i 8ZciZg# =ZgZ ]Z l^h]Zh V \ddY Ó^\]i id 6edaad &, XdbbVcY bdYjaZ e^adi Gdc :kVch 9ZX# ,! &.,' #

XdcXZ^kZ d[ C6H6Éh hjXXZhh l^i] 6edaad ]VY LZWW cdi WZZc ^c LVh]^c\idc dkZghZZ^c\ i]Z eda^i^Xh d[ i]Z egd\gVb# LZWW bdaYZY C6H6 ^c lVnh i]Vi b^\]i cdi ]VkZ WZZc Vci^X^eViZY ^c gZhedchZ id i]Z bddc aVcY^c\ bVcYViZ# 9jg^c\ ]^h iZcjgZ i]Z BZgXjgn! <Zb^c^ VcY 6edaad egd\gVbh lZgZ XVgg^ZY id [gj^i^dc# L]^aZ ^i ^h Veegdeg^ViZ id cdiZ i]Vi i]Z V\ZcXn lVh hjXXZhh[ja ^c gZVX]^c\ i]Z bddc ^c cd hbVaa bZVhjgZ WZXVjhZ d[ i]Z Y^a^\ZcXZ d[ bdgZ i]Vc )%%!%%% X^k^a hZgkVcih VcY Xdc" igVXidgh! LZWW YZhZgkZh XgZY^i [dg hZaZXi^c\ cjbZgdjh `Zn d[ÒX^Vah id XVggn dji i]ZhZ egd\gVbh# I]ZhZ ^cXajYZY <Zdg\Z E# BjZa" aZg VcY HVbjZa 8# E]^aa^eh! l]d dkZghVl i]Z Z[[dgi Vi C6H6 =ZVYfjVgiZgh# LZWW Vahd eaVXZY ZmXZei^dcVaan XVeVWaZ aZVYZgh ^c edh^i^dch d[ gZhedch^W^a^in Vi C6H6 XZc" iZgh# I]Zn! ^c ijgc! egZh^YZY dkZg di]Zgh

^ckdakZY ^c gZVX]^c\ i]Z bddc# LZWW Vahd ZhiVWa^h]ZY i]Z BVccZY HeVXZXgV[i 8ZciZg ^c =djhidc! i]Z @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg ^c ;adg^YV VcY l]Vi WZXVbZ i]Z HiZcc^h HeVXZ 8ZciZg ^c B^hh^hh^ee^# =Z \gZVian ZmeVcYZY di]Zg C6H6 [VX^a^i^Zh id bZZi i]Z cZZYh d[ i]Z V\ZcXn# =Z Vahd egZh^YZY dkZg gdWdi^X b^hh^dch id i]Z bddc GVc\Zg! HjgkZndg VcY AjcVg DgW^iZg ! KZcjh E^dcZZg KZcjh !

BVgh BVg^cZg ) ! VcY eaVcc^c\ [dg b^hh^dch id aVcY dc BVgh K^`^c\ & VcY ' ! VcY ^ckZh" i^\ViZ i]Z djiZg eaVcZih E^dcZZg &% VcY &&! KdnV\Zg & VcY ' 0 [Vg"Ójc\ VZgdcVji^Xh gZhZVgX] id Zc]VcXZ V^g igVchedgi hV[Zin! gZa^VW^a^in! Z[ÒX^ZcXn VcY heZZY M"&* ]n" eZghdc^X Ó^\]i! a^[i^c\ WdYn Ó^\]i gZhZVgX]!

Vk^dc^Xh VcY ZaZXigdc^Xh hijY^Zh! egdeja" h^dc iZX]cdad\^Zh! higjXijgZh gZhZVgX]!

VZgdYncVb^Xh ^ckZhi^\Vi^dch 0 Veea^XVi^dch hViZaa^iZh [dg Xdbbjc^XVi^dch I>GDH! VcY

IZahiVg VcY lZVi]Zg bdc^idg^c\0 V eaVc id YZkZade Vc dgW^iVa ldg`h]de [dg VhigdcVjih H`naVW 0 VcY Vc ^c^i^Vi^kZ id XdchigjXi V gZ" jhVWaZ heVXZXgV[i [dg igVkZa^c\ id VcY [gdb :Vgi] dgW^i ^c &.+, i]Vi ZkZcijVaan WZXVbZ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ# HZXdcY! LZgc]Zg kdc 7gVjc _d^cZY C6H6 ^c &.+% VcY Y^gZXiZY i]Z BVgh]Vaa HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg i]gdj\]dji i]Z YZXVYZ# DcZ d[ i]Z bdhi ^bedgiVci gdX`Zi YZkZadeZgh VcY X]Vbe^dch d[ heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc Yjg^c\ i]Z eZg^dY WZilZZc i]Z &.(%h VcY i]Z &.,%h! kdc 7gVjc ]VY aZY i]Z iZVb i]Vi Wj^ai i]Z K" ' gdX`Zi [dg CVo^ <ZgbVcn Yjg^c\ LdgaY LVg >>! aZY V XVbeV^\c id Xdck^cXZ i]Z ejWa^X d[ i]Z edhh^W^a^i^Zh d[ heVXZÓ^\]i ^c i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh ^c i]Z &.*%h! Wj^ai i]Z gdX`Zi i]Vi aVjcX]ZY i]Z Òghi 6bZg^XVc dgW^iVa hViZaa^iZ! :meadgZg &! ^c &.*-! VcY dkZghVl i]Z YZkZa" debZci d[ i]Z b^\]in HVijgc K bddc gdX`Zi

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

263

;gdb dgW^i id aZVYZgh]^e iZVb ;gZY <gZ\dgn C6H6 YZejin VYb^c^higVidg! '%%'"'%%* VcY VXi^c\ VYb^c^higVidg! '%%* VcY :aaZc DX]dV ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg YZejin Y^gZXidg '%%,"egZhZci VgZ Vbdc\ V cjbWZg d[ kZiZgVc VhigdcVjih l]d ]VkZ hZgkZY ^c ^bedgiVci V\ZcXn aZVYZgh]^e edh^i^dch#

^c i]Z &.+%h# DcZ d[ i]Z [Zl cdc"VhigdcVji C6H6 eZghdccZa `cdlc id i]Z ejWa^X! kdc 7gVjc lVh V hjeZgW Zc\^cZZg! YZh^\cZg VcY aZVYZg d[ gZhZVgX] dg\Vc^oVi^dch l]d Vahd Xdbbjc^XViZY Z[[ZXi^kZan l^i] i]Z 6bZg^" XVc ejWa^X# =Z Wjghi dc i]Z cVi^dcÉh hiV\Z ^c i]Z [Vaa d[ &.*' l^i] V hZg^Zh d[ Vgi^XaZh ^c Æ8daa^ZgÉh!Ç V edejaVg lZZ`an eZg^dY^XVa d[ i]Z ZgV# =Z Vahd WZXVbZ V ]djhZ]daY cVbZ

264

NASA

[daadl^c\ ]^h VeeZVgVcXZ dc i]gZZ 9^hcZn iZaZk^h^dc h]dlh YZY^XViZY id heVXZ ZmeadgV" i^dc ^c i]Z b^Y"&.*%h# =Z [daadlZY i]^h l^i] ZmXZei^dcVaan Z[[ZXi^kZ aZVYZgh]^e d[ gdX`Zi YZkZadebZci Z[[dgih i]Vi ]ZaeZY 6bZg^XVch gZVX] i]Z bddc Yjg^c\ Egd_ZXi 6edaad# I]^gY! ^c iZgbh d[ aZVYZgh]^e d[ i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb Yjg^c\ i]Z &.+%h! [Zl lZgZ bdgZ h^\c^ÒXVci i]Vc 9Z`Z HaVnidc# 8]dhZc Vh V

C6H6 C6H6

bZbWZg d[ i]Z dg^\^cVa hZkZc BZgXjgn Vh" igdcVjih ^c &.*.! ]Z lVh ^c^i^Vaan hX]ZYjaZY id e^adi i]Z BZgXjgn"6iaVh , b^hh^dc Wji lVh gZa^ZkZY d[ i]^h Vhh^\cbZci YjZ id V ]ZVgi XdcY^i^dc Y^hXdkZgZY ^c 6j\jhi &.*.# >chiZVY ]Z WZXVbZ i]Z i^ijaVg ]ZVY d[ i]Z VhigdcVjih! d[ÒX^Vaan Vhhjb^c\ i]Z gdaZ d[ Y^gZXidg d[ Ó^\]i XgZl deZgVi^dch ^c &.+(# ;dg V YZXVYZ ]Z dkZghVl i]Z VXi^k^i^Zh d[ i]Z VhigdcVjih! bdhi ^bedgiVcian bV`^c\ XgZl Vhh^\cbZcih VcY bVcV\^c\ i]Z [jaa gVc\Z d[ VhigdcVji VXi^k^i^Zh# HaVnidc eZghdcVaan X]dhZ Vaa d[ i]Z Ó^\]i XgZlh! YZiZgb^c^c\ Vbdc\ di]Zg i]^c\h i]Vi CZ^a 6gbhigdc\ ldjaY WZ i]Z Òghi eZghdc id lVa` dc i]Z bddc ^c ?jan &.+.# =Z ZkZcijVaan gZijgcZY id Ó^\]i hiVijh VcY ÓZl dc i]Z 6edaad"Hdnjo IZhi Egd_ZXi 6HIE b^hh^dc ^c ?jan &.,* Ä V _d^ci heVXZÓ^\]i Xjab^cVi^c\ ^c i]Z Òghi ]^hidg^XVa bZZi^c\ ^c heVXZ WZilZZc 6bZg^XVc VhigdcVjih VcY Hdk^Zi XdhbdcVjih# 7ji ^i lVh ]^h gdaZ Vh aZVYZg d[ i]Z VhigdcVjih i]Vi hZih ]^b VeVgi [gdb Vaa d[ i]dhZ l]dhZ cVbZh lZ gZXVaa [gdb i]Z ]Zgd^X V\Z d[ ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i!

Zchjg^c\ i]Vi i]Zn lZgZ gZVYn id VXXdbea^h] i]Z^g b^hh^dch WZndcY i]^h eaVcZi# H^cXZ 6edaad i]ZgZ ]VkZ WZZc V gVc\Z d[ `Zn aZVYZgh! k^h^dcVg^Zh VcY YZh^\cZgh i]Vi ]VkZ Vahd Z[[ZXi^kZan \j^YZY C6H6 id ^ih XjggZci eaVXZ# ?VbZh 8# ;aZiX]Zg aZY C6H6 WZilZZc &.,& VcY &.,,! VcY V\V^c WZilZZc &.-+ VcY &.-.! Wdi] eZg^dYh d[ Y^[ÒXjain# >c ]^h Òghi idjg Vh VYb^c^higVidg! C6H6 ]VY id YZVa l^i] i]Z edhi"6edaad WjY\Zi Ydlcijgc VcY i]Z cZl b^hh^dc d[ Wj^aY^c\ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ# >c ]^h hZXdcY idjg! ]Z aZY Vc V\ZcXn gZXdkZg^c\ [gdb i]Z 8]VaaZc\Zg VXX^YZci# 7di] HVaan G^YZ VcY <jn 7aj[dgY Wgd`Z cZl \gdjcY [dg C6H6 l]Zc i]Zn WZXVbZ i]Z Òghi 6bZg^XVc ldbVc VcY Òghi 6[g^XVc 6bZg^XVc id Ón ^c heVXZ Yjg^c\ ild hZeVgViZ h]jiiaZ Ó^\]ih ^c &.-(# 7di] ]VkZ gZbV^cZY XadhZ id C6H6 h^cXZ i]Vi i^bZ! Zc\V\^c\ ^c djigZVX]!

ZYjXVi^dc VcY Zc\^cZZg^c\ VhhZhhbZcih Vi kVg^djh i^bZh dkZg i]Z nZVgh# A^`Zl^hZ! di]Zg VhigdcVjih ]VkZ bdkZY ^cid `Zn C6H6 aZVYZgh]^e gdaZh [daadl^c\ i]Z^g ZmeZg^ZcXZh ^c heVXZ# ;gZYZg^X` 9# <gZ\dgn lVh hZaZXiZY Vh Vc VhigdcVji ^c &.,- VcY heZci bjX] d[ i]Z gZbV^cYZg d[ ]^h XVgZZg l^i] C6H6# =Z ÓZl dc i]gZZ H]jiiaZ b^hh^dch VcY ]Vh ad\\ZY dkZg )** ]djgh ^c heVXZ# =Z hZgkZY Vh e^adi dc HIH"*&7 6eg^a '."BVn +! &.-* ! VcY lVh i]Z heVXZXgV[i XdbbVcYZg dc HIH"(( CdkZbWZg ''"',! &.-. ! VcY HIH")) CdkZbWZg ')"9ZXZbWZg

nZVgh lVh i]Vi i]ZgZ lZgZ cd ldbZcÉh gZ" higddbh ^c 7adX`]djhZ ()! VcY l]Zc h]Z cZZYZY id jhZ i]Z [VX^a^i^Zh! V hZXjg^in \jVgY ]VY id XaZVg ^i [dg ]Zg VcY hiVcY \jVgY# H]Z hV^Y! Æbn XdchdaZ gdl P^c aVjcX] XdcigdaR lVh dc i]Z hZXdcY Óddg! VcY > jhZY id _jhi ]ViZ id ]VkZ id \d Ydlc i]ZgZ ½ ]dl Zb" WVggVhh^c\ ^i lVh [dg bZ id ]VkZ id \d Ydlc id i]Z bZcÉh gddb VcY hiVcY ^c a^cZ#Ç H]Z ldg`ZY ]Zg lVn je i]Z X]V^c d[ XdbbVcY Vi @ZccZYn ^c V hjXXZhh^dc d[ ^cXgZVh^c\an gZhedch^WaZ edh^i^dch! VcY ZkZcijVaan gZ" i^gZY Vh i]Z XZciZgÉh i]^gY"gVc`^c\ d[ÒX^Va# 6h h]Z gZXVaaZY ^c '%%'! Æ> i]^c` ldbZc VgZ PcdlR dc V eVg ^c i]Z egd[Zhh^dcVa VcY ^c VYb^c^higVi^kZ! VcY cdl ^c i]Z hZc^dg Zm" ZXji^kZ aZkZa# >iÉh _jhi V eaZVhjgZ id bZ id hZZ hdbZ ldbZc i]Vi >ÉkZ bZcidgZY dkZg i]Z nZVgh Vh Y^gZXidgh# ;dg V adc\ i^bZ > lVh i]Z dcan ldbVc hZc^dg ZmZXji^kZ#Ç ?d]c G# 8VhVc^ WZ\Vc ldg`^c\ Vi i]Z ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn ?EA ^c EVhV" YZcV! 8Va^[#! ^c &.*+! VcY ^c i]Z &.+%h ]Z hZgkZY Vh heVXZXgV[i YZh^\c aZVYZg VcY hnhiZb bVcV\Zg [dg i]Z BVg^cZg heVXZ" XgV[i i]Vi ÓZl id KZcjh! BVgh VcY BZg" Xjgn# =Z lZci dc id bVcV\Z i]Z KdnV\Zg WZ\^cc^c\ ^c &.,+! <Va^aZd &.,,"&.-. VcY 8Vhh^c^ b^hh^dch! VcY Vh ?EAÉh Òghi X]^Z[ Zc\^cZZg! Vbdc\ di]Zg edh^i^dch# L]Zc ]Z Òghi Vgg^kZY Vi ?EA! ]Z aZVgcZY i]Vi l]Vi lVh bdhi ^bedgiVci [dg egd_ZXi hjXXZhh ^ckdakZY Wg^c\^c\ \ddY eZdeaZ dc WdVgY! \Zii^c\ i]Zb id XdbZ id\Zi]Zg Vh V iZVb

C6H6

&! &..& # I]ZgZV[iZg ]Z bdkZY id C6H6 =ZVYfjVgiZgh id WZXdbZ i]Z VhhdX^ViZ VYb^c^higVidg [dg i]Z D[ÒXZ d[ HV[Zin VcY B^hh^dc 6hhjgVcXZ &..'"'%%& ! VhhdX^ViZ VYb^c^higVidg [dg i]Z D[ÒXZ d[ HeVXZ ;a^\]i '%%&"'%%' ! aVhian Vh C6H6 YZejin VYb^c" ^higVidg '%%'"'%%* VcY VXi^c\ VYb^c^higV" idg '%%* # :aaZc DX]dV ZciZgZY VhigdcVji igV^c^c\ ^c &..%! i]Z Òghi =^heVc^X ldbVc VhigdcVji! VcY ÓZl dc [djg heVXZ h]jiiaZ Ó^\]ih Ä HIH"*+ &..( ! HIH"++ &..) !

HIH".+ &... ! VcY HIH"&&% '%%' # >c Vaa! h]Z ad\\ZY .,- ]djgh ^c heVXZ# 6 hX^Zc" i^hi! h]Z lVh ^chigjbZciVa ^c hijY^Zh d[ i]Z HjcÉh Z[[ZXi dc i]Z :Vgi]Éh Vibdhe]ZgZ VcY Xa^bViZ! dodcZ YZeaZi^dc! VcY Vh V Xd"^ckZc" idg dc i]gZZ eViZcih [dg Vc dei^XVa ^cheZX" i^dc hnhiZb! Vc dei^XVa dW_ZXi gZXd\c^i^dc bZi]dY! VcY V bZi]dY [dg cd^hZ gZbdkVa ^c ^bV\Zh# H]Z Vahd hZgkZY Vh Y^gZXidg d[ Ó^\]i XgZl deZgVi^dch Vi i]Z ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8Zc" iZg ^c =djhidc! IZmVh! VcY ^c HZeiZbWZg '%%, lVh cVbZY Vh 9Zejin 9^gZXidg d[ i]Z ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg V[iZg 7dW 8VWVcV! l]d ]VY WZZc cVbZY Y^gZXidg d[ C6H6Éh HiZcc^h HeVXZ 8ZciZg ^c B^hh^hh^ee^! YZ" eVgiZY [dg ]^h cZl C6H6 Vhh^\cbZci# ?d6cc Bdg\Vc WZ\Vc ldg` Vh V hjbbZg ^ciZgc Vi l]Vi WZXVbZ i]Z @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg ^c ;adg^YV ^c &.*-# HijYn^c\ Zc\^" cZZg^c\ Vi i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ ;adg^YV! ]Zg Òghi _dW Vi i]Z aVjcX] XZciZg lVh ^c i]Z WadX`]djhZ# H]Z gZXVaaZY ]dl dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi YZbZVc^c\ i]^c\h [VXZY ^c i]dhZ ZVgan

6XXdbea^h]ZY ldbZc HeVXZ h]jiiaZ 6iaVci^h HIH"&&' e^adi EVb BZagdn VcY b^hh^dc heZX^Va^hi HVcYgV BV\cjh \gZZiZY Wn @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg d[ÒX^Va ?d6cc Bdg\Vc V[iZg i]Z^g aVcY^c\ [gdb V b^hh^dc id ZmeVcY i]Z h^oZ d[ i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc DXi# &-! '%%' #

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

265

BZc d[ ]dcdg Ide/ ;dgbZg C6H6 VhhdX^ViZ VYb^c^higVidg [dg HeVXZ HX^ZcXZ LZhaZn =jcigZhh# 6WdkZ/ E]nh^X^Vc VhigdcVji ?VbZh 7V\^Vc#

VcY hZii^c\ je i]Z bZX]Vc^hbh id `ZZe i]Zb Xdbbjc^XVi^c\# =Z [djcY i]Vi i]^h lVh i]Z `Zn id Vaa hjXXZhh[ja egd_ZXih Ä d[ XdjghZ! ]Z ldjaY WZ i]Z Òghi id VYb^i i]Vi ^i lVh cdi Vh h^beaZ Vh ^i hdjcYh# =Z Zbe]Vh^oZY [VXZ"id" [VXZ bZZi^c\h! Wdi] [dgbVa VcY ^c[dgbVa Xdb" bjc^XVi^dc! VcY ]^h hjXXZhh Vh V bVcV\Zg d[ XdbeaZm egd_ZXih YZbdchigViZY ]^h bVhiZgn d[ i]^h XdbeaZm WVaVcX^c\ Z[[dgi# =^h aZ\VXn ^c i]Z VXXdbea^h]bZci d[ eaVcZiVgn hX^ZcXZ b^hh^dch Vi C6H6 ^h hZXjgZ# E]nh^X^Vc ?VbZh E# 7V\^Vc hZgkZY Vh V h]jiiaZ VhigdcVji VcY Ó^\]i hjg\Zdc WZilZZc &.-% VcY &..-! Ón^c\ dc HIH"'. ^c &.-. VcY HIH")% ^c &..&! l]ZgZ ]Z Zc\V\ZY ^c dc"dg" W^i a^[Z hX^ZcXZh gZhZVgX] jh^c\ i]Z HeVXZaVW

266

NASA

Under Huntress’ leadership NASA embraced a “faster, better, cheaper” methodology for conceiving and executing space missions – the idea was to decrease the time of designing, building and launching new spacecraft while holding down the typically staggering costs – and it proved a fortunate strategy. hd bVcn d[ i]Z di]Zg VXi^k^i^Zh d[ i]Z heVXZ V\ZcXn hZZbZY id Z^i]Zg WZ ^c i]Z YdaYgjbh dg ^c hjhiV^cZY YZXa^cZ# JcYZg =jcigZhhÉ aZVYZgh]^e C6H6 ZbWgVXZY V Æ[VhiZg! WZiiZg! X]ZVeZgÇ bZi]dYdad\n [dg XdcXZ^k^c\ VcY

C6H6

ZmZXji^c\ heVXZ b^hh^dch Ä i]Z ^YZV lVh id YZXgZVhZ i]Z i^bZ d[ YZh^\c^c\! Wj^aY^c\ VcY aVjcX]^c\ cZl heVXZXgV[i l]^aZ ]daY^c\ Ydlc i]Z ine^XVaan hiV\\Zg^c\ Xdhih Ä VcY ^i egdkZY V [dgijcViZ higViZ\n# L]^aZ i]^h bZi]dYdad\n lVh cdi jc^kZghVaan hjXXZhh[ja! i]Z Wdm hXdgZ dc i]dhZ b^hh^dch lVh \gZViZg i]Vc -% eZg" XZci hjXXZhh[ja! _jhi VWdji i]Z hVbZ eZgXZci" V\Z Vh bdgZ ZmeZch^kZ egd_ZXih# ;^cVaan! hjX] gZXZci aZVYZgh Vh C# LVncZ =VaZ! ?g#! ]VkZ eaVXZY Vc ^bedgiVci hiVbe dc i]Z ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i egd\gVb# H^cXZ i]Z adhh d[ 8dajbW^V dc ;ZW# &! '%%(! i]Z ]j" bVc heVXZÓ^\]i Z[[dgi d[ i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh ]VY WZZc dc ]^Vijh# I]Z hjeedhZY ÆgZijgc" id"Ó^\]iÇ d[ HIH"&&) ^c 6j\jhi '%%* lVh cdi Vh hjXXZhh[ja Vh YZh^gZY Ä i]Z egdWaZb i]Vi ]VY XVjhZY i]Z adhh d[ 8dajbW^V! [dVb ^chj" aVi^dc [gdb i]Z ZmiZgcVa [jZa iVc`! ]VY WZZc ^cVYZfjViZan gZeV^gZY Ä VcY C6H6 heZci cZVgan V nZVg hZZ`^c\ id dkZgXdbZ i]Vi h^ij" Vi^dc# :ciZg =VaZ Vh i]Z cZl bVcV\Zg d[ i]Z HeVXZ H]jiiaZ Egd\gVb ^c HZeiZbWZg '%%*# GZhedch^WaZ [dg dkZgVaa bVcV\ZbZci! ^ciZ\gV" i^dc VcY deZgVi^dch d[ i]Z HeVXZ H]jiiaZ Egd" \gVb! =VaZ h]dd` je i]Z egd\gVb! gZdgYZgZY egdXZhhZh! ^begdkZY hnhiZbh VcY ^chi^aaZY V cZl hZchZ d[ b^hh^dc ^cid i]Z Z[[dgi i]Vi ]Vh cdi WZZc hZZc h^cXZ i]Z gZijgc"id"Ó^\]i V[iZg i]Z &.-+ 8]VaaZc\Zg VXX^YZci# =Z ]ZaeZY id dkZgXdbZ V hZchZ d[ jcYZgan^c\ YZegZhh^dc eZgbZVi^c\ Vaa d[ C6H6 ^c i]Z V[iZgbVi] d[ i]^h h]jiiaZ VXX^YZci# 6[iZg iV`^c\ dkZg i]Z egd\gVb! ]^h =VaZ" \gVbh WZXVbZ ZbWaZbVi^X d[ i]^h cZl Vii^" ijYZ# I]ZhZ b^hh^kZh YZhXg^WZY ^c jc^fjZan eZghdcVa iZgbh ]^h ^ciZg^dg a^[Z VcY eg^dg^i^Zh VcY l]Vi ^i h^\cVah [dg C6H6! i]Z [jijgZ d[ i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh! VcY i]Z XVjhZ d[ heVXZ Zmead" gVi^dc# I]dj\]i[ja! gZÓZXi^kZ VcY hdbZi^bZh [jccn! =VaZ i]gdj\] [dgXZ d[ l^aa Wgdj\]i C6H6 WVX` [gdb i]Z YdaYgjbh id i]Z ?jan '%%+ dkZgl]Zab^c\an hjXXZhh[ja HIH"&'& b^hh^dc# =Z VYb^ih ]^h dlc XjaeVW^a^in [dg l]Vi ]VY \dcZ WZ[dgZ# =Z lgdiZ ^c dcZ igZV" i^hZ V[iZg aZVgc^c\ i]Vi cd ide d[ÒX^Va Vi C6H6 ]VY ZkZg VXXZeiZY Vcn gZhedch^W^a^in [dg i]Z 8dajbW^V VXX^YZci/ Æ> XVccdi heZV` [dg di]" Zgh Wji aZi bZ hZi bn gZXdgY higV^\]i/ > Vb Vi [Vjai# >[ ndj cZZY V hXVeZ\dVi! hiVgi l^i] bZ# > ]VY i]Z deedgijc^in VcY i]Z ^c[dgbVi^dc VcY > [V^aZY id bV`Z jhZ d[ ^i# > YdcÉi `cdl l]Vi Vc ^cfjZhi dg V Xdjgi d[ aVl ldjaY hVn! Wji > hiVcY XdcYZbcZY ^c i]Z Xdjgi d[ bn dlc XdchX^ZcXZ id WZ \j^ain d[ cdi egZkZci^c\ i]Z 8dajbW^V Y^hVhiZg# LZ XdjaY Y^hXjhh i]Z eVgi^XjaVgh/

C6H6

A^[Z HX^ZcXZh eaVi[dgb id ^ckZhi^\ViZ ]dl i]Z ]ZVgi! WaddY kZhhZah! ajc\h! `^YcZnh VcY ]dg" bdcZ"hZXgZi^c\ \aVcYh gZhedcY id b^Xgd\gVk" ^in! i]Z XVjhZh d[ heVXZ h^X`cZhh VcY X]Vc\Zh ^c bjhXaZh! WdcZh VcY XZaah i]Vi dXXjg ^c ]j" bVch Yjg^c\ heVXZÓ^\]i# =Z lVh Vahd Òghi id Zbeadn V igZVibZci [dg heVXZ bdi^dc h^X`cZhh i]Vi ]Vh WZXdbZ i]Z hiVcYVgY d[ XVgZ [dg h^X` VhigdcVjih# :fjVaan ^bedgiVci! 7V\^Vc hZgkZY Vh V bZY^XVa ^ckZhi^\Vidg [dg i]Z *&"A VXX^YZci WdVgY ^c &.-+# =Z lVh i]Z VhigdcVji dc"hXZcZ VYk^hZg [dg i]Z hVakV\Z deZgVi^dch d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ 8]VaaZc\Zg XgZl bdYjaZ VcY lVh Vahd i]Z ^cY^k^YjVa l]d YdkZ VcY bVYZ i]Z edh^i^kZ ^YZci^ÒXVi^dc d[ i]Z 8]VaaZc\Zg XgZl bdYjaZ YZWg^h dc i]Z dXZVc Óddg# =Z gZijgcZY id heVXZÓ^\]i id Vhh^hi i]Z 8dajbW^V 6XX^YZci >ckZhi^\Vi^dc 7dVgY Vh X]^Z[ Ó^\]i hjg\Zdc VcY bZY^XVa XdchjaiVci ^c '%%(# ;gdb i]Z hiVcYed^ci d[ heVXZ hX^ZcXZ ^c i]Z bdgZ gZXZci ZgV! cd ^cY^k^YjVa lVh egdWV" Wan bdgZ ^bedgiVci i]Vc LZhaZn I# =jcigZhh! ?g# ;^ghi _d^c^c\ C6H6 ?EA ^c &.+.! [gdb &..("&..- =jcigZhh hZgkZY Vh C6H6 VhhdX^" ViZ VYb^c^higVidg [dg heVXZ hX^ZcXZ# I]Z b^h" h^dch i]Vi gZhjaiZY [gdb ]^h dg\Vc^oVi^dcÉh Z[[dgih Ä Vc VgbVYV d[ egdWZh Ódlc id BVgh! heVXZXgV[i hZci id Wdi] ?je^iZg VcY HVijgc! ild b^hh^dch jcYZgiV`Zc id i]Z bddc! VcY i]Z ZhiVWa^h]bZci d[ i]Z adl Xdhi 9^hXdkZgn b^hh^dch Ä gZlgdiZ djg jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z Xdhbdad\n d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ# 9jg^c\ i]^h hVbZ eZg^dY i]Z gdWdi^X heVXZ hX^ZcXZ b^hh^dch ZbZg\ZY Vh i]Z h]^c^c\ _ZlZa d[ C6H6 l]Zc

C6H6

6 hZchZ d[ b^hh^dc LVncZ =VaZ! bVcV\Zg! HeVXZ H]jiiaZ Egd\gVb D[ÒXZ! ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg! ÓVc`ZY Wn 6Yb^c^higVidg B^X]VZa 9# <g^[Òc VcY B^`Z LZibdgZ! VhhdX^ViZ Y^gZXidg [dg :c\^cZZg^c\ VcY IZX]c^XVa DeZgVi^dch! @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg#

^cViiZci^dc! ^cXdbeZiZcXZ! Y^higVXi^dc! aVX` d[ Xdck^Xi^dc! aVX` d[ jcYZghiVcY^c\! V aVX` d[ WVX`WdcZ! aVo^cZhh# I]Z Wdiidb a^cZ ^h i]Vi > [V^aZY id jcYZghiVcY l]Vi > lVh WZ^c\ idaY0 > [V^aZY id hiVcY je VcY WZ XdjciZY# I]ZgZ[dgZ add` cd [jgi]Zg0 > Vb \j^ain d[ Vaadl^c\ 8dajb" W^V id XgVh]#Ç =^h l^aa^c\cZhh id VXXZei i]^h gZhedch^W^a^in! l]Zc hd bVcn di]Zgh h]^g`ZY i]Z^gh! ^h Wdi] gZ[gZh]^c\ VcY ]Zgd^X#

aZVYZgh VcY i]Z YZX^h^dc id gZi^gZ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ Wn '%&%# CdcZi]ZaZhh! jcYZg ]^h \j^Y" VcXZ i]Z h]jiiaZ ldg`[dgXZ hiZZaZY ^ihZa[ VcY dkZgXVbZ Vc dkZgl]Zab^c\ [ZZa^c\ d[ igV\" ZYn VcY [V^ajgZ# 8djeaZY l^i] i]Z Y^[ÒXjai^Zh d[ gZijgc"id"Ó^\]i VcY V igjZ hZchZ i]Vi i]Z egd\gVb ^h YZhi^cZY id ZcY hddcZg gVi]Zg i]Vc aViZg! i]Z ldg`[dgXZ jcYZg =VaZ ]Vh VX" Xdbea^h]ZY gZbVg`VWaZ gZhjaih# 6c ZmVbeaZ

Thoughtful, reflective and sometimes funny, Hale through force of will brought NASA back from the doldrums to the July 2006 overwhelmingly successful STS-121 mission.

I]Z hjXXZhh d[ =VaZ VcY ]^h iZVb d[ Zc\^" cZZgh! iZX]c^X^Vch VcY di]Zgh ^h YdjWan h^\" c^ÒXVci WZXVjhZ d[ i]Z V\ZYcZhh d[ i]Z ÓZZi! i]Z VWVcYdcbZci d[ i]Z egd\gVb Wn eda^i^XVa

d[ i]^h ^h i]Z \gdjcY egdXZhh^c\ iZVb Vi i]Z @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg! l]^X] gZeaVXZY *!%%% \Ve ÒaaZgh ^c gZXdgY i^bZ [dg i]Z aVjcX] d[ 9^hXdkZgn dc ?jan )! '%%+# 6cY i]Z Ó^\]i lVh

e^XijgZ eZg[ZXi# =VaZÉh aZVYZgh]^e ]Vh WZZc ^bedgiVci ^c d[[Zg^c\ V Òii^c\ ig^WjiZ id i]Z eZdeaZ l]d ]VkZ Ódlc i]Z h]jiiaZ [dg hd adc\!

Vh i]Z kZ]^XaZ ZciZgh Vc ]dcdgVWaZ gZi^gZbZci ^c i]Z cZmi [Zl nZVgh# ;gdb <aZccVc id =VaZ! [gdb HaVnidc id 7V" \^Vc! [gdb CZlZaa id =jcigZhh! [gdb <^agji] id 8VhVc^! VcY [gdb Bdg\Vc id G^YZ VcY 7aj[dgY! C6H6 ]Vh Zc_dnZY Yjg^c\ ^ih *% nZVgh d[ Zm^h" iZcXZ V gZbVg`VWaZ hZi d[ aZVYZgh! k^h^dcVg^Zh VcY YZh^\cZgh l]d ]VkZ X]VgiZY V XdjghZ d[[ i]^h eaVcZi# I]Z Òghi *% nZVgh d[ heVXZ Zmead" gVi^dc lZgZ bVg`ZY Wn [VciVhi^X YgZVbh VcY V XdbeZaa^c\ hZchZ d[ YZhi^cn ^c heVXZ! bVYZ gZVa Wn i]Z aZVYZgh d[ C6H6! VcY i]^h i]g^aa d[ ZmeadgVi^dc Xdci^cjZh ^cid i]Z cZmi ]Va[ XZcijgn# L]d `cdlh l]Vi igVch[dgb^c\ Y^hXdkZg^Zh l^aa WZ bVYZ i]Vi l^aa VaiZg i]Z XdjghZ d[ i]Z [jijgZ4

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

267

Your Mission: celebrate the space program, explore the Space Coast.

Floridaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Space Coast thanks NASA for 50 years of curiosity, bravery and dedication to exploring our universe. To discover more about the area that NASA calls home, including the attractions at Kennedy Space Center and the Astronaut Hall of Fame, we invite you to visit Floridaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Space Coast.

Call 800-936-2326 or visit www.space-coast.com.

C O C O A P A L M

B E AC H B AY

M E L B O U R N E T I T U S V I L LE

C6H6 :c\^cZZgh HX^Zci^hih/ IgVch[dgb^c\ 9gZVbh >cid GZVa^in

By A.J.S. RAYL

Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s one thing to think about studying Earth from above or sending robots and humans to the moon or Mars or conducting experiments in space. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s something else to create the technology to actually do these things. The people who turn space exploration dreams into real NASA missions or projects are engineers and scientists.

C6H6

:

c\^cZZgh YgVl i]Z Xjii^c\ ZY\Z ^c ZkZgn XVeVX^in [dg C6H6! [gdb Vk^dc^Xh id ZaZXigdc^Xh! hd[ilVgZ id gdX`Zign# H^b^aVgan! id ZmeaV^c i]Z i]^c\h VcY eaVXZh ^i ZmeadgZh! C6H6 Zca^hih hX^Zci^hih [gdb V bja" i^ijYZ d[ heZX^Vai^Zh l^i]^c i]Z Ă&#x2019;ZaYh d[ Vhigdcdbn! W^dad\n! X]Zb^h" ign! \Zdad\n! bViZg^Vah hX^ZcXZ VcY e]nh^Xh# 6h C6H6 ]Vh ZmiZcYZY ^ih egZhZcXZ dc i]Z Ă&#x2019;cVa [gdci^Zg! i]Zn ]VkZ YZĂ&#x2019;cZY cZl Ă&#x2019;ZaYh VcY ZmeVcYZY `cdlaZY\Z VcY iZX]cdad\n dc Vabdhi ZkZgn [gdci# DcZ ^c ZkZgn &!%%% eViZcih ^hhjZY Wn Jc^iZY HiViZh EViZci VcY IgVYZ Dg\Vc^" oVi^dc ]Vh \dcZ id hX^Zci^hih dg Zc\^cZZgh ldg`^c\ dc C6H6 egd_ZXih VcY iZch d[ i]djhVcYh d[ hX^Zci^Ă&#x2019;X hijY^Zh [gdb i]Z V\ZcXnĂ&#x2030;h b^hh^dch ]VkZ WZZc ejWa^h]ZY ^c aZVY^c\ _djgcVah ldgaYl^YZ# >[ ndjg ^bV\Z d[ V C6H6 Zc\^cZZg dg hX^Zci^hi ^h i]Vi d[ V l]^iZ bVaZ ^c V Xg^he l]^iZ h]^gi l^i] WaVX` Xa^e"dc i^Z VcY edX`Zi egdiZXidg! i]^c` V\V^c# C6H6 ]Vh ZkdakZY VcY hd ]Vh ^i ldg`[dgXZ# 9gVl^c\ dc i]Z iVaZcih d[ ^cY^k^YjVah [gdb Vaa cVi^dcVa^i^Zh VcY XjaijgVa WVX`\gdjcYh! C6H6 ^h add`^c\ id VXfj^gZ i]Z WZhi d[ l]Vi ]jbVc^in ]Vh id d[[Zg# Cd dcZ Wj^aYh V gdX`Zi dg bV`Zh V Y^hXdkZgn ^c heVXZ VadcZ# =jc" YgZYh! hdbZi^bZh i]djhVcYh d[ eZdeaZ bVn WZ ^ckdakZY ^c V h^c\aZ egd_" ZXi# ;dg V b^hh^dc id hjXXZZY! C6H6 hX^Zci^hih VcY Zc\^cZZgh bjhi h]VgZ XZgiV^c fjVa^i^Zh YZhe^iZ i]Z^g ^c]ZgZci Y^[[ZgZcXZh! Ă&#x2020;fjVa^i^Zh a^`Z eVi^ZcXZ! YZY^XVi^dc! dei^b^hb! [V^i] ^c XdaaZV\jZh! V l^aa^c\cZhh id iV`Z ^c[dgbZY g^h`h! VcY i]Z XVeVX^in id WZ V iZVb eaVnZg!Ă&#x2021; VXXdgY^c\ id [dgbZg ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn ?EA 9^gZXidg :YlVgY 8# HidcZ! Vahd i]Z KdnV\Zg egd_ZXi hX^Zci^hi# Dcan id\Zi]Zg XVc hX^Zci^hih VcY Zc" \^cZZgh Yd i]Z ldg` d[ C6H6 VcY ^i ]Vh WZZc i]Vi lVn [gdb i]Z hiVgi# L]^aZ Zc\^cZZg^c\ Ă&#x201E; Wj^aY^c\ i]Z gdX`Zih VcY heVXZXgV[i VcY \Zi" i^c\ i]Zb dji id i]Z^g YZhi^cVi^dch ^c ldg`^c\ dgYZg Ă&#x201E; lVh XaZVgan i]Z Yg^k^c\ [dgXZ d[ C6H6 ^c i]Z ZVgan nZVgh! hX^ZcXZ lVh ValVnh Vc ^ciZ\gVa eVgi d[ i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb# :kZc Hejic^` lVh i]Z J#H#H#G#Ă&#x2030;h Xdcig^Wji^dc id V XddeZgVi^kZ \adWVa hX^ZcXZ egd_ZXi XVaaZY >ciZgcV" i^dcVa <Zde]nh^XVa NZVg &.*,"Ă&#x2030;*-! Vi aZVhi d[Ă&#x2019;X^Vaan# >ih WZZe"WZZe" WZZe hiVgiaZY i]Z ldgaY VcY hXdgZY i]Z J#H#H#G# Vc jcegZXZYZciZY VX]^ZkZbZci# 7ji i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh gZhedchZ Ă&#x201E; :meadgZg & Ă&#x201E; Ă&#x201C;Zl ]^\]Zg VcY gZijgcZY iZmiWdd`"X]Vc\^c\ `cdlaZY\Z# >i lVh Zc\^cZZg" ^c\ VcY hX^ZcXZ id\Zi]Zg i]Vi YZbdchigViZY 6bZg^XVc XVeVW^a^i^Zh VcY eji i]Z J#H# dc i]Z heVXZ bVe# I]djhVcYh d[ ^che^g^c\ hidg^Zh ^ckdak^c\ ZmigVdgY^cVgn hX^Zci^hih VcY Zc\^cZZgh ]VkZ WZZc a^kZY VcY idaY ^c C6H6Ă&#x2030;h Ă&#x2019;ghi *% nZVgh# Dcan V [Zl VgZ bZci^dcZY ]ZgZ#

ROCKET SCIENCE L]Zc i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh VccdjcXZY ^c HZeiZbWZg &.** i]Vi ^i ldjaY egdYjXZ i]Z Ă&#x2019;ghi Vgi^Ă&#x2019;X^Va hViZaa^iZ [dg i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa <Zde]nh^XVa NZVg egd_ZXi! ?VbZh KVc 6aaZc! ]ZVY d[ i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ >dlVĂ&#x2030;h e]nh^Xh YZeVgibZci! WZ\Vc Wj^aY^c\ Vc ^chigjbZci id bZVhjgZ gVY^Vi^dc ^c i]Z :Vgi]Ă&#x2030;h jeeZg Vibdhe]ZgZ# L]Zc :meadgZg & a^[iZY d[[ dc ?Vc# (&! &.*-! ]^h Xdhb^X gVn YZiZXidg lVh dcWdVgY Ă&#x2020;Wn k^gijZ d[ egZeVgZYcZhh VcY \ddY [dgijcZ!Ă&#x2021; Vh ]Z d[iZc gZXVaaZY# I]Z YViV gZkZVaZY V Ydcji"h]VeZY g^c\ d[ X]Vg\ZY eVgi^XaZ gVY^Vi^dc igVeeZY Wn :Vgi]Ă&#x2030;h bV\cZi^X Ă&#x2019;ZaY hjg" gdjcY^c\ i]Z eaVcZi# >i lVh i]Z Ă&#x2019;ghi bV_dg Y^hXdkZgn d[ i]Z HeVXZ 6\Z#

HeVXZ hX^ZcXZ e^dcZZg ?VbZh KVc 6aaZc! `Zn Xdcig^Wjidg id '* heVXZ b^hh^dch#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

269

AZ\ZcYVgn aZVYZg 6aVc H]ZeVgY! ?d]c <aZcc! VcY ?VbZh LZWW WZ]^cY b^Xgde]dcZh add` dc Vh EgZh^YZci ?d]c ;# @ZccZYn egZhZcih 9g# GdWZgi <^agji]! Y^gZXidg d[ i]Z BVccZY HeVXZXgV[i 8ZciZg! =djhidc! IZmVh! l^i] i]Z BZYVa [dg 9^hi^c\j^h]ZY ;ZYZgVa 8^k^a HZgk^XZ# I]Z XZgZbdcn idd` eaVXZ dc i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ AVlc#

>c YZbdchigVi^c\ i]Z edhh^W^a^i^Zh [dg i]Z ldgaY! :meadgZg > bVYZ heVXZ V gVXZ# >i Vahd aV^Y i]Z ^c^i^Va \gdjcYldg` [dg C6H6Éh ZmeadgV" i^dc d[ i]Z bddc VcY eaVcZih# ÆI]Z ZkZci lVh hnbWda^X d[ i]Z b^m^c\ egdXZhh WZilZZc Zc\^cZZg^c\ VcY hX^ZcXZ! WZilZZc i]Z ldgaY VcY i]Z gZhZVgX] aVWdgVidgn ½ ^i ]VY b^mZY gdX`Zi iZX]cdad\n l^i] i]Z jc^kZghZ! VcY gZYjXZY VhigdcVji^Xh id egVXi^XZ Vi aVhi!Ç i]Zc"?EA 9^" gZXidg L^aa^Vb E^X`Zg^c\ gZÓZXiZY nZVgh aViZg# KVc 6aaZc VcY XdaaZV\jZh Y^hXdkZgZY V hZXdcY g^c\ d[ gVY^Vi^dc dc Vcdi]Zg Ó^\]i ^c 9ZXZbWZg &.*-# I]Z ild g^c\h WZXVbZ `cdlc ^ciZgcVi^dcVaan Vh i]Z KVc 6aaZc GVY^Vi^dc 7Zaih# KVc 6aaZc WZXVbZ i]Z ^Xdc d[ V heVXZ hX^Zci^hi# =Z Vahd lZci dc id WZ dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi ^cÓjZci^Va eZdeaZ Vi C6H6! hZcY^c\ ^chigjbZcih dc bdgZ i]Vc '* b^hh^dch [gdb i]Z bddc id CZeijcZ! VcY hZgk^c\ Vh V bZbWZg d[ i]Z edlZg[ja HeVXZ HX^ZcXZ 7dVgY i]Vi gZXdbbZcYh ]dl hX^ZcXZ egd_ZXih h]djaY WZ X]dhZc#

C6H6

i]Z iZX]cdad\^XVa WgZV`i]gdj\]h i]Z V\ZcXn cZZYZY id VXXdbea^h] @Zc" cZYnÉh \dVa# Æ<^agji] VaadlZY i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb id ]VeeZc!Ç hV^Y @gV[i! l]d ]VY Òghi ldg`ZY [dg <^agji] Vi C686 WZ[dgZ WZ^c\ hZaZXiZY Vh dcZ d[ i]Z dg^\^cVa bZbWZgh d[ i]Z HeVXZ IVh` <gdje# Æ=Z h]VeZY bn b^cY Wn aZii^c\ bZ Yd l]Vi > i]dj\]i lVh i]Z g^\]i i]^c\ id Yd VcY ZcXdjgV\^c\ bZ id \d [jgi]Zg!Ç @gV[i hV^Y# Æ=Z ]VY XdcÒYZcXZ i]Vi > XdjaY Yd i]Z _dW! i]Zc Y^Y l]ViZkZg ]Z XdjaY id egdbdiZ bn ^YZVh VcY Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ \VkZ bZ i]Z iddah VcY i]Z gZhedch^W^a^in id \Zi i]Z _dW YdcZ "" VcY i]Z Vji]dg^in id \Zi ^i YdcZ# >i bZVci lZ idd` i]Z ]^ih Vh lZaa Vh i]Z \adgn#Ç ;dg @gV[i! ^i lVh fj^iZ V _dW/ ]Zae^c\ YZkZade WVh^X b^hh^dc VcY Ó^\]i Xdcigda iZX]c^fjZh! hZgk^c\ Vh YZejin Y^gZXidg d[ i]Z BVccZY HeVXZXgV[i 8ZciZg! Ó^\]i Y^gZXidg [dg i]Z b^hh^dc i]Vi hZci 6bZg^XVÉh Òghi VhigdcVji! 6aVc H]ZeVgY! dc ]^h hjW"dgW^iVa Ó^\]i ^c i]Z ;gZZYdb ,! Vh lZaa Vh Vaa i]Z hjWhZfjZci BZgXjgn b^hh^dch VcY hdbZ <Zb^c^ b^hh^dch# AViZg! ]Z lVh Veed^ciZY Y^gZXidg d[ ;a^\]i DeZgVi^dch VcY Vahd dkZghVl i]Z YZh^\c VcY ^beaZbZciVi^dc d[ i]Z B^hh^dc 8dcigda 8ZciZg# Æ<^agji] ^chi^aaZY i]Vi VeegdVX] ^c ZkZgn VheZXi d[ i]Z egd" \gVb# =Z cZkZg lVciZY id dkZgh]VYdl VcndcZ VcY ValVnh! ValVnh \VkZ XgZY^i l]ZgZ ^i lVh YjZ#Ç >c &.,'! <^agji] gZi^gZY VcY @gV[i lVh Vh`ZY id [daadl ^c ]^h [ddi" hiZeh# =Z ]VY VagZVYn [daadlZY ]^h VeegdVX]# Æ> Wgdj\]i dc i]Z WZhi eZdeaZ > XdjaY VcY aZi i]Zb Yd i]Z _dW# >Éb kZgn egdjY d[ i]Z eZdeaZ > X]dhZ!Ç hjbbZY je @gV[i# ÆI]Zn bVYZ i]Z egd\gVb ]VeeZc#Ç NO FEAR 6i i]Z hiVgi d[ i]Z 6edaad egd\gVb! i]Z dcWdVgY Ó^\]i hd[ilVgZ cZZY" ZY id aVcY dc i]Z bddc Y^YcÉi Zm^hi# 8dbejiZg hX^ZcXZ lVhcÉi ^c Vcn Xda" aZ\Z Xjgg^Xjajb# C6H6 ijgcZY id bVi]ZbVi^X^Vc BVg\VgZi =Vb^aidc! d[ i]Z BVhhVX]jhZiih >chi^ijiZ d[ IZX]cdad\n! id e^dcZZg VcY Y^gZXi i]Z Z[[dgi# L^i] ]Zg XdaaZV\jZh! h]Z YZkZadeZY i]Z Wj^aY^c\ WadX`h [dg bdY" Zgc Æhd[ilVgZ Zc\^cZZg^c\!Ç V iZgb =Vb^aidc Xd^cZY# L]Vi aViZg WZ" XVbZ i]Z [djcYVi^dch [dg ]Zg Jc^kZghVa HnhiZbh AVc\jV\Z %%&6M:H VcY 9ZkZadebZci 7Z[dgZ i]Z ;VXi 97I; [dgbVa hnhiZbh i]Zdgn! Va" adlZY i]Z iZVb id XgZViZ l]Vi h]Z XVaaZY jaigV"gZa^VWaZ hd[ilVgZ [dg i]Z bddc ig^e# >c VYY^i^dc id XgZVi^c\ i]Z XdcXZei d[ eg^dg^in Y^heaVnh! l]ZgZ i]Z hd[ilVgZ ^c Vc ZbZg\ZcXn XdjaY ^ciZggjei i]Z VhigdcVjih hd

EgZh^YZci ?d]c ;# @ZccZYnÉh bddc egdXaVbVi^dc ^c BVn &.+& hZi C6H6 dc V WdaY VcY YVg^c\ VYkZcijgZ# AZVYZgh]^e lVh Xg^i^XVa# 6Zgd" cVji^XVa Zc\^cZZg VcY Vk^Vi^dc e^dcZZg GdWZgi 7dW GdlZ <^agji]! i]Z Veed^ciZY Y^gZXidg d[ i]Z BVccZY HeVXZXgV[i 8ZciZg [gdb BZg" Xjgn i]gdj\] 6edaad! XVbZ id i]Z V\ZcXn [gdb C686Éh AVc\aZn 6Zgd" cVji^XVa AVWdgVidgn! l]ZgZ ]Z ]VY VagZVYn aV^Y i]Z \gdjcYldg` [dg i]Z XdjcignÉh Òghi aVjcX] d[ ]jbVch ^cid heVXZ# ÆI]ZgZ lZgZ bVcn ]ZgdZh Yjg^c\ i]Z ZVgan YVnh d[ i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb! Wji 7dW <^agji] lVh i]Z bdhi gZheZXiZY d[ i]Zb Vaa VcY eVgi^XjaVgan Wn i]dhZ l]d `cZl l]Vi ^i idd` id gZVX] i]Z \dVah i]Vi lZgZ ZhiVWa^h]ZY!Ç cdiZY [dgbZg ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg 9^gZXidg 8]g^hide]Zg @gV[i! ?g#! V adc\i^bZ VhhdX^ViZ VcY [g^ZcY! dc <^agji]Éh eVhh^c\ ^c 6j\jhi '%%%# 6i C6H6! <^agji] [dhiZgZY V ldg` Zck^gdcbZci i]Vi ZcXdjgV\ZY ^cYZ" eZcYZci i]^c`^c\! ZbedlZg^c\ i]Z Zc\^cZZgh VcY hX^Zci^hih id VX]^ZkZ

270

NASA

C6H6

PAY IT FORWARD

Hd[ilVgZ YZh^\cZg BVg\VgZi =Vb^aidc! aZVY 6edaad Ó^\]i hd[ilVgZ YZh^\cZg#

J#H# 9ZeVgibZci d[ i]Z >ciZg^dg q J#H# <Zdad\^XVa HjgkZn

i]Zn XdjaY gZXdcÒ\jgZ ^c gZVai^bZ! =Vb^aidc ZhiVWa^h]ZY ]VgY gZfj^gZ" bZcih dc i]Z Zc\^cZZg^c\ d[ Vaa XdbedcZcih VcY hjWhnhiZbh! ^ch^hiZY dc YZWj\\^c\ Vaa XdbedcZci VcY iZhi^c\ ZkZgni]^c\ WZ[dgZ VhhZbWan! i]Zc h^bjaViZY ZkZgn XdcXZ^kVWaZ h^ijVi^dc Vi i]Z hnhiZbh aZkZa id ^YZc" i^[n ediZci^Va egdWaZbh WZ[dgZ gZaZVh^c\ i]Z XdYZ# ÆI]ZgZ lVh cd hZXdcY X]VcXZ# LZ Vaa `cZl i]Vi!Ç =Vb^aidc hV^Y# ÆLZ idd` djg ldg` kZgn hZg^djhan! Wji lZ lZgZ ndjc\! bVcn d[ jh ^c djg '%h# 8db^c\ je l^i] cZl ^YZVh lVh Vc VYkZcijgZ# 9ZY^XVi^dc VcY Xdbb^ibZci lZgZ V \^kZc# BjijVa gZheZXi lVh VXgdhh i]Z WdVgY# 7ZXVjhZ hd[ilVgZ lVh V bnhiZgn! V WaVX` Wdm! jeeZg bVcV\ZbZci \VkZ jh idiVa [gZZYdb VcY igjhi# LZ ]VY id ÒcY V lVn VcY lZ Y^Y# Add`^c\ WVX`! lZ lZgZ i]Z ajX`^Zhi eZdeaZ ^c i]Z ldgaY0 i]ZgZ lVh cd X]d^XZ Wji id WZ e^dcZZgh0 cd i^bZ id WZ WZ\^ccZgh#Ç =Vb^aidcÉh ^ciZ\g^in VcY VW^a^in id WVaVcXZ [ZVgaZhhcZhh l^i] ViiZci^dc id YZiV^a bVn ]VkZ ZchjgZY 6edaad &&Éh hjXXZhh# Dc ?jan '%! &.+.! i]gZZ b^cjiZh WZ[dgZ i]Z :V\aZ aVcYZY! i]Z jaigV" gZa^VWaZ hd[ilVgZ dkZggdYZ V bVcjVa XdbbVcY WZXVjhZ d[ V [Vjain de" ZgVi^dch hXg^ei# >[ i]Z hd[ilVgZ ]VY cdi [jcXi^dcZY! i]Z bddc aVcY^c\ b^\]i cdi ]VkZ ]VeeZcZY# >chiZVY! CZ^a 6gbhigdc\ idd` i]Vi Æ\^Vci aZVeÇ [dg Vaa ]jbVc`^cY# GZbVg`VWan! cd ÆWj\Ç dXXjggZY ^c i]Z hd[i" lVgZ Yjg^c\ Vcn XgZlZY 6edaad b^hh^dc# FLY ME TO THE MOON 6ai]dj\] i]Z HeVXZ GVXZ lVh bdhian VWdji WZVi^c\ i]Z Gjhh^Vch VcY VX]^Zk^c\ i]Z b^aZhidcZ d[ aVcY^c\ dc i]Z bddc! i]ZgZ lZgZ [dg" lVgY"i]^c`^c\ hX^Zci^hih l]d hVl i]Z deedgijc^in Ä VcY i]Z [jijgZ# <Z" dad\^hi"VhigdcdbZg :j\ZcZ Æ<ZcZÇ H]dZbV`Zg! d[ i]Z J#H# <Zdad\^XVa HjgkZn J#H#<#H# ^c ;aV\hiV[[! 6g^o#! Vci^X^eViZY nZVgh WZ[dgZ 6edaad ]dl \Zdad\^X hijY^Zh ldjaY ZmeVcY Vh ]jbVc^in kZcijgZY dji id di]Zg eaVcZih VcY hZi dji id WZ i]Z Òghi \Zdad\^hi id lVa` dc i]Z bddc# 6 Y^" V\cdh^h d[ 6YY^hdcÉh Y^hZVhZ hddc Xa^eeZY ]^h l^c\h# >chiZVY d[ iV`^c\ i]Vi lVa` ]^bhZa[! H]dZbV`Zg egZeVgZY di]Zgh VcY ZcXdjgV\ZY C6H6 id bV`Z \Zdad\n V eVgi d[ 6edaad# 6h ]Z h]^[iZY \dVah! ]Z ZhiVWa^h]ZY i]Z ÒZaY d[ Vhigd\Zdad\n! hijYn^c\ eaVcZih [gdb iZaZhXde^X VcY heVXZ" XgV[i ^bV\Zgn# =Z Vahd dg\Vc^oZY i]Z \Zdad\^X iVh`h eaVccZY [dg i]Z GVc\Zg VcY HjgkZndg b^hh^dch id i]Z bddc! VcY \VkZ XgVh] XdjghZh id i]Z 6edaad XgZlh igV^c^c\ [dg i]Z b^hh^dc ]Z ldjaY [dgZkZg adc\ id Ón# >c 9ZXZbWZg &.,'! ?VX` HX]b^ii! d[ i]Z J#H#<#H# 6higd\Zdad\n 8ZciZg i]Vi H]dZbV`Zg XgZViZY! WZXVbZ i]Z Òghi VcY hd [Vg dcan E]#9# \Zdad\^hi id lVa` dc i]Z bddc# L]^aZ ]Z lVh gZVa^o^c\ H]dZ" bV`ZgÉh YgZVb Yjg^c\ i]Z 6edaad &, b^hh^dc! H]dZbV`Zg lVh Wn LVa" iZg 8gdc`^iZÉh h^YZ! \^k^c\ \Zdad\^X XdbbZciVgn [dg 87H CZlh# I]Z lVa` dc i]Z bddc ldjaY WZ H]dZbV`ZgÉh \gZViZhi jc[jaÒaaZY YgZVb# 7ji ]^h hidgn YdZhcÉi ZcY i]ZgZ# @cdlc [dg adk^c\ a^[Z VcY `cdlaZY\Z ZkZc bdgZ! H]dZbV`Zg! l]d Xd"Y^hXdkZgZY XdbZi H]dZbV`Zg"AZkn . ^c &..(! WZXVbZ V gZkZgZY aZ\ZcY ^c ]^h dlc i^bZ VcY Vbdc\ eaVcZiVgn hX^ZcXZÉh Òghi gdnVain# =Z lVh WZadkZY [dg ]^h Æ]ZVgin WdYn"fjV`^c\ aVj\] i]Vi WdjcYZY ^ih ]Veen lVn VXgdhh V gddb!Ç Vh ]^h [dgbZg hijYZci! [g^ZcY VcY Xda" aZV\jZ 8Vgdanc EdgXd YZhXg^WZY ^i# I]Zc! ^c ?jan &..,! ]^h ^aajhig^" djh a^[Z XVbZ id V hjYYZc! igV\^X ZcY ^c V XVg VXX^YZci ^c 6jhigVa^V# I]dj\] YZZean hVYYZcZY! Vc ^che^gZY VcY YZiZgb^cZY EdgXd! cdl aZVYZg d[ i]Z 8Vhh^c^ HeVXZXgV[i >bV\^c\ HX^ZcXZ IZVb! ^c^i^ViZY H]dZbV`ZgÉh ÒcVa b^hh^dc# Dc ?jan (&! &...! (% nZVgh id i]Z bdci] V[iZg ]jbVch Òghi hZi [ddi dc i]Z bddc! i]Z AjcVg EgdheZXidg YZedh^iZY V edanXVgWdcViZ

GdX` ]djcY EaVcZiVgn \Zdad\^hi <ZcZ H]dZbV`Zg#

XVehjaZ XdciV^c^c\ hdbZ d[ H]dZbV`ZgÉh Vh]Zh dc i]Z hjg[VXZ d[ i]Z bddcÉh hdji] edaVg gZ\^dc# ÆI]Z [jaÒaabZci d[ dcZ bVcÉh YgZVbh VcY i]Z ÒcVa Ze^hdYZ d[ ]^h ^che^gVi^dcVa a^[Z bZi dc ^beVXi!Ç EdgXd Vc" cdjcXZY aViZg ^c V ]ZVgi[Zai ig^WjiZ ^c 6higdcdbn bV\Vo^cZ ;ZWgjVgn '%%% # Id YViZ! H]dZbV`Zg ^h i]Z dcan ]jbVc id ]VkZ WZZc Æ^ciZggZYÇ dc Vcdi]Zg XZaZhi^Va WdYn# SPACECRAFT TROOPERS L]Zc E^X`Zg^c\ VcY ]^h ?EA iZVb Òghi hZi i]Z^g h^\]ih dc eaVc" ZiVgn ZmeadgVi^dc! cdWdYn ]VY ZkZg Wj^ai V heVXZXgV[i id Vcdi]Zg eaVcZi# C6H6Éh dgYZg lVh Vhigdcdb^XVaan iVaa/ YZh^\c! Wj^aY! Ón! VcY deZgViZ gdWdi heVXZXgV[i Ä i]Z kZgn Òghi heVXZXgV[i Ä XVeVWaZ d[ hjg" k^k^c\ [dg V adc\ i^bZ dkZg \gZVi Y^hiVcXZh ^c heVXZ id gZVX] KZcjh dg BVgh! ÒcY V lVn [dg ^i id hijYn i]Z eaVcZi l^i] dcWdVgY hX^Zci^ÒX ^chigjbZcih! i]Zc \Zi i]Z YViV WVX` id :Vgi]# >c &.*.! i]Z C6H6$?EAÉh 8]^Z[ d[ BZX]Vc^XVa :c\^cZZg^c\ ?d]c HbVaa Vhh^\cZY ?d]c G# 8VhVc^ id aZVY V iZVb d[ ndjc\ Zc\^cZZgh i]Vi ^cXajYZY BVgX 8dbjcio^h! LVaiZg 9dlc]dlZg VcY ?VbZh 7jg`Z id Wj^aY V ÆeaVcZiVgn bVX]^cZ!Ç Vh E^X`Zg^c\ Òghi YZhXg^WZY ^i# Æ>c i]Z WZ\^cc^c\! ^i lVh Vaa VWdji aZVgc^c\ ]dl id Wj^aY hnhiZbh i]Vi XdjaY WZ Ódlc! deZgViZY hjXXZhh[jaan ^c heVXZ VcY WZ jhZY [dg hX^ZcXZ!Ç gZ" XVaaZY 8VhVc^! l]d Vgg^kZY Vi ?EA ^c &.*+# EZg]Veh bdhi h^\c^ÒXVcian! i]Z iZVb YZZbZY ^i cZXZhhVgn id ]VkZ XdbeaZiZ Xdcigda d[ i]Z heVXZXgV[i [dg Ó^\]ih id i]Z eaVcZih! ^c Vaa i]gZZ VmZh Ä gdaa! nVl! VcY e^iX] Ä ^chiZVY d[ ^i hiVW^a^o^c\ ^i Wn he^cc^c\ a^`Z :m" eadgZg# I]Z i]gZZ"Vm^h hiVW^a^oVi^dc YZh^\c ldjaY Vaadl [dg bdgZ egZX^hZ ed^ci^c\ d[ i]Z hX^ZcXZ ^chigjbZcih VcY VciZccV! Vh lZaa Vh bVm^b^oZ hdaVg edlZg XdaaZXi^dc VcY i]ZgbVa Xdcigda# ;a^\]i igV_ZXidgn ldjaY WZ ÆilZV`ZYÇ Wn ^\c^i^c\ Vc dcWdVgY gdX`Zi ^c V b^YXdjghZ bVcZjkZg! l^i] V hbVaa gdX`Zi VkV^aVWaZ id XdbeZchViZ [dg b^cdg \j^YVcXZ Zggdgh dc aVjcX]# ;gdb i]Z^g ]jYYaZh! C6H6Éh Òghi heVXZXgV[i ZbZg\ZY#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

271

C6H6

ÆI]Z kZgn Òghi heVXZXgV[i lVh GVc\Zg id \d id i]Z bddc!Ç 8VhVc^ cdiZY# 6ai]dj\] i]Z ZVgan GVc\Zgh [V^aZY! i]Z Òghi ild WZXVjhZ d[ gdX`Zi ^hhjZh! ZkZgn adhh WZhidlZY i]Z Zc\^cZZgh l^i] cZXZhhVgn aZhhdch VcY Wn i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z egd_ZXi ^c &.+* i]Z b^hh^dc ]VY gZijgcZY i]djhVcYh d[ ]^\]an ^c[dgbVi^kZ ^bV\Zh ^c eaZcin d[ i^bZ [dg i]Z e^adiZY b^hh^dch id XdbZ# 7Z[dgZ i]Vi! ]dlZkZg! 8VhVc^ VcY ]^h iZVb bdkZY dc id VYkVcXZ i]Z ldg` l^i] BVg^cZg! i]Z Òghi heVXZXgV[i WdjcY [dg KZcjh VcY BVgh# Bdjci^c\ V eaVcZiVgn b^hh^dc idd` V XdadhhVa Z[[dgi dc i]Z eVgi d[ Vc Zcdgbdjh cjbWZg d[ eZdeaZ# ;^ghi! i]Z heVXZXgV[i ]VY id WZ YZh^\cZY VcY XdcÒ\jgZY# =Vk^c\ Y^gZXiZY i]Z YZh^\c iZVbh! 8VhVc^ cdi dcan ]ZaeZY VgX]^iZXi i]ZhZ gdWdi ZmeadgZgh Wji `cZl bdgZ VWdji i]Z eVgih d[ l]Vi i]Zn lZgZ Wj^aY^c\ i]Vc VcndcZ! e^dcZZg^c\ i]Z gdaZ d[ i]Z b^hh^dchÉ hnhiZb Zc\^cZZg! i]Z dcZ gZhedch^WaZ [dg i]Z dkZgVaa ÆWajZeg^ci#Ç BZX]Vc^XVa Zc\^cZZgh BVgX 8dbjci^o^h VcY LVaiZg 9dlc]dlZg! Vadc\ l^i] ?d]c =# <Zge]Z^YZ! VcY 7^aa AVnbVc! YZh^\cZY i]Z dXiV\" dcVa h]VeZ VcY bV\cZh^jb [gVbZ higjXijgZ d[ i]Z GVc\Zgh VcY i]Z .#*"[ddi"iVaa BVg^cZg! YZiZgb^c^c\ l]ZgZ ZkZgni]^c\ lZci# BZVcl]^aZ! ZaZXigdc^X Zc\^cZZgh HiZkZ Ho^gbVn VcY IZY @de[ VYkVcXZY Vk^dc" ^Xh iZX]cdad\n Vh i]Zn ldg`ZY dc i]Z ZaZXigdc^Xh [dg deZgVi^c\ i]Z heVXZXgV[i VcY ^ih hjWhnhiZbh! XgZVi^c\ V hnhiZb d[ Y^\^iVa X^gXj^ih VcY hl^iX]Zh hd ^i XdjaY bV^ciV^c WVaVcXZ VcY dg^ZciVi^dc ^c heVXZ# 6cdi]" Zg iZVb d[ ZaZXigdc^X Zc\^cZZgh! ^cXajY^c\ Idb <Vk^c! L^aa^Vb Æ7^aaÇ H]^eaZn! AVggn Lg^\]i VcY Idb <^cYdg[! YZkZadeZY i]Z [jcYVbZciVah d[ ÆVgbdg^c\Ç V heVXZXgV[i hd ^i XdjaY hjgk^kZ i]Z ]Vgh]cZhh d[ heVXZ! e^dcZZg^c\ adc\ a^[Z YZh^\c VcY ZcVWa^c\ i]Z kVhi bV_dg^in d[ C6H6Éh gdWdi Zb^hhVg^Zh id a^kZ adc\Zg VcY egdheZg# H^cXZ ^ciZgeaVcZiVgn heVXZXgV[i igVkZa hjX] \gZVi Y^hiVcXZh! i]Zn ]VY id bV`Z VY_jhibZcih Vadc\ i]Z lVn# :aZXig^XVa Zc\^cZZgh LVai 7gdlc!

LVncZ @d]a VcY :Y <gZZcWZg\ YZkZadeZY i]Z [jcYVbZciVah d[ heVXZ" XgV[i XdbbVcY VcY YViV ]VcYa^c\ Wn ejii^c\ id\Zi]Zg Vc ZaZXigdc^X hnhiZb id iV`Z ^c iZaZbZign VcY XdbbVcYh [gdb :Vgi]! egZeVgZ YViV [dg igVchb^hh^dc WVX`! egdXZhh ^c[dgbVi^dc [gdb Vaa hjWhnhiZbh VcY eVnadVYh! XVggn dji XdbbVcYZY bVcZjkZgh VcY bVcV\Z i]Z XdaaZXi^dc d[ hdaVg edlZg VcY X]Vg\^c\ d[ i]Z WViiZg^Zh! Vbdc\ di]Zg i]^c\h# <^kZc i]Z gdjiZ id BVgh dg KZcjh ]VY cZkZg WZZc X]VgiZY! C6H6Éh Zc\^cZZgh VcY gdX`Zi hX^Zci^hih Vahd ]VY id Ò\jgZ dji ]dl ^ciZgeaVcZ" iVgn heVXZXgV[i ldjaY bdkZ i]gdj\] heVXZ# ÆJe id i]Zc! gdX`Zi egdeja" h^dc lVh V XdcigdaaZY Zmeadh^dc!Ç 8VhVc^ ZmeaV^cZY# ÆL]Vi lZ cZZYZY [dg heVXZXgV[i lZgZ hnhiZbh i]Vi XdjaY deZgViZ gZa^VWan [dg nZVgh ^c V bjX] Y^[[ZgZci Zck^gdcbZci#Ç ?EAÉh egdejah^dc Zc\^cZZgh 9jVcZ 9^eegZn VcY 9VkZ :kVch a^iZgVaan igVch[dgbZY WVh^X gdX`Zi iZX]cda" d\n ^cid adl i]gjhi"aZkZa! adc\ YjgVi^dc! ]^\]an gZa^VWaZ gZhiVgiVWaZ hnh" iZbh! ^gdc^c\ dji bViZg^Va XdbeVi^W^a^in ^hhjZh VcY di]Zg i]^c\h i]Vi lZgZ _jhi cdi eVgi d[ i]Z Zm^hi^c\ gdX`Zi iZX]cdad\n# I]Z lZ^\]i d[ [jZa bV`Zh gdX`Zi^c\ Y^gZXian id Vcdi]Zg di]Zg eaVcZi WZ" h^YZh i]Z bddc egd]^W^i^kZ0 i]ZgZ[dgZ! i]Z Zc\^cZZgh `cZl i]Vi eaVcZiVgn heVXZXgV[i ldjaY ]VkZ id gZan dc V XdbW^cVi^dc d[ hdaVg XZaah VcY WViiZg" ^Zh [dg edlZg ^c heVXZ# IZggn @dZgcZg VcY ?dZ HVk^cd YZh^\cZY i]Z Òghi hX]ZbZh [dg edlZg \ZcZgVi^dc! Y^hig^Wji^dc VcY bVcV\ZbZci! ZcVWa^c\ i]Z cZXZhhVgn VjidbVi^X h]^[i [gdb hdaVg edlZg id WViiZg^Zh VcY WVX` V\V^c ZkZc Vh i]Z edlZg hdjgXZ! i]Z hjca^\]i! X]Vc\ZY Vh i]Z Vii^ijYZ d[ i]Z heVXZXgV[i X]Vc\ZY dg l]Zc ^i bdkZY ^cid h]VYdlZY VgZVh# 6cdi]Zg X]VaaZc\Z [dg eaVcZiVgn b^hh^dch lVh \Zii^c\ g^\]i l^i] XZ" aZhi^Va bZX]Vc^Xh! hd i]Vi V heVXZXgV[i ldjaY gZcYZokdjh l^i] ^ih iVg" \Zi Vi i]Z XdggZXi i^bZ VcY eaVXZ# 7VhZY dc [jcYVbZciVah YZkZadeZY

;^ghi ^ciZgeaVcZiVgn heVXZXgV[i AVjcX]ZY 6j\# ',! &.+' C6H6Éh BVg^cZg ' heVXZXgV[i lVh i]Z Òghi gdWdi^X egdWZ id eVhh cZVg V eaVcZi# Dc 9ZX# &)! &.+' i]Z heVXZXgV[i ÓZl l^i]^c '&!%%% b^aZh d[ KZcjh! hZcY^c\ WVX` kVajVWaZ cZl ^c[dgbVi^dc VWdji i]Z hdaVg l^cY! VcY djg h^hiZg eaVcZiÉh iZbeZgVijgZ VcY Vibdhe]ZgZ#

Wn ZaZXig^XVa Zc\^cZZg VcY bVi]ZbVi^X^Vc 8aVgZcXZ G# ?d]c <ViZh! Zc\^cZZgh 8]VgaZh @d]a]VhZ! CdgbVc G# =VncZh! K^X 8aVg`Z! ?d]c 7ZX`bVc! VcY L^aa^Vb BZaWdjgcZ YZÒcZY eaVcZiVgn b^hh^dc YZh^\c VcY heVXZ cVk^\Vi^dc# 6ahd! id \Zi i]Z heVXZXgV[i id ^ih YZhi^cVi^dc! ^i iV`Zh bdgZ i]Vc `cdl^c\ l]ZgZ i]Z eaVcZih VgZ# ÆNdj ]VkZ id Xdch^YZg ZkZgni]^c\! [gdb i]Z aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ id hX^Zci^ÒX ^chigjbZcih VcY i]Z^g dW_ZXi^kZh! ]dl hiZVYn i]Z heVXZXgV[i ]Vh id WZ id ]daY i]Z XVbZgVh! l]Vi a^\]i aZkZah VgZ dji i]ZgZ! ]dl lZ ldjaY jhZ \gVk^in Vhh^hi! VcY l]Vi gZfj^gZbZcih ZkZgn ZaZbZci eaVXZh dc i]Z di]Zgh! ZkZgni]^c\!Ç @d]a]VhZ ed^ciZY dji# Bdhi eaVcZiVgn b^hh^dch aVjcX] dc dcZ"lVn ig^eh! hd iZaZXdbbjc^" XVi^dch VcY igVX`^c\ lZgZ dWk^djhan b^hh^dc Xg^i^XVa# >c &.*-! E^X`Zg" ^c\ Wgdj\]i ^c V [dgbZg hijYZci! ZaZXig^XVa Zc\^cZZg :WZg]VgYi GZX]i^c id YZkZade heVXZXgV[i iZaZXdbbjc^XVi^dch# 7ZndcY \gVhe^c\ XdbeaZm hnhiZbh! GZX]i^c ]VY V `cVX` [dg Xdb^c\ je l^i] ^c\Zc^djh hdaji^dch id iZX]c^XVa egdWaZbh# I]Z ZVga^Zhi heVXZ b^hh^dch [ZVijgZY i]Z^g dlc igVX`^c\ VcY YViV VXfj^h^i^dc hnhiZbh! Wji ^i bVYZ bjX] bdgZ hZchZ ^[ \gdjcY [VX^a^i^Zh XdjaY eZg[dgb i]Z [jcXi^dch [dg Vaa egd_ZXih# BdgZ" dkZg! i]Z h^c\aZ hiVi^dc VeegdVX] ^c jhZ ^c i]Z ZVgan &.+%h id igVX` hViZaa^iZh XdjaYcÉi bdc^idg i]Z heVXZXgV[i Vaa i]Z i^bZ# GZX]i^c egdedhZY V cZildg` d[ gZXZ^kZgh ^c hZaZXi adXVi^dch VgdjcY i]Z \adWZ XdbW^cZY V 9ZZe HeVXZ >chigjbZciVi^dc ;VX^a^in# L^i] ]^h eg^cX^eVa hnhiZb YZh^\cZg! LVaiZg K^Xidg! VcY V hbVaa iZVb d[ Zc\^" cZZgh! GZX]i^c ZhiVWa^h]ZY i]gZZ hiVi^dch Veegdm^bViZan &'% YZ\gZZh adc\^ijYZ VeVgi hd dcZ ldjaY ValVnh WZ ^c k^Zl d[ Vcn heVXZXgV[i# DcZ lVh eaVXZY cdgi] d[ 7Vghidl! 8Va^[#0 Vcdi]Zg cZVg LddbZgV! 6jh" igVa^V0 i]Z i]^gY cZVg ?d]VccZhWjg\! Hdji] 6[g^XV# H^cXZ i]Z \gdjcY gZXZ^kZgh ldjaY cZZY aVg\Z VeZgijgZh VcY WZ ]^\]an Y^gZXi^dcVa id e^X` je i]Z ZmigZbZan lZV` h^\cVah Xdb^c\ [gdb Y^hiVci adXVaZh ^c heVXZ! L^aa^Vb BZgg^X` VcY GdWZgihdc HiZkZch WdggdlZY Vc VciZccV

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

273

GZVYn [dg i]Z kdnV\Z IZX]c^X^Vch ldg` dc i]Z KdnV\Zg & heVXZXgV[i eg^dg id ^ih aVjcX] id i]Z djiZg eaVcZih ^c &.,,#

YZh^\c [gdb gVY^d VhigdcdbZgh VcY [Vh]^dcZY V -*"[ddi"Y^VbZiZg eVg" VWda^X Y^h] [dg i]Z \gdjcY! l]^aZ AZZ GVcYda[ VcY hnhiZb Zc\^cZZg HVb O^c\VaZh ldg`ZY dc i]Z gZYZh^\c d[ i]Z gZXZ^kZgh id \d ^ch^YZ heVXZXgV[i# I]jh i]Z 9ZZe HeVXZ CZildg` lVh Wdgc# Ejaa^c\ i]Z eVgih d[ V eaVcZiVgn b^hh^dc id\Zi]Zg idd` hZg^djh bVc" V\ZbZci! higjXijgZ VcY Y^hX^ea^cZ# 6i ?EA! ?VX` ?VbZh VcY =Vgg^h Æ7jYÇ HX]jgbZ^Zg a^iZgVaan lgdiZ C6H6Éh Òghi Egd_ZXi BVcV\ZbZci BVcjVa# Æ?VX` ?VbZh ^ckZciZY egd_ZXi bVcV\ZbZci Vh egVXi^XZY Vi ?EA VcY hZi i]Z [djcYVi^dc [dg Vaa i]Z egd_ZXih i]Vi [daadlZY i]Z Òghi ild BVg^cZg b^hh^dch VcY 7jY HX]jgbZ^Zg XVbZ ^c VcY gZVaan gZÒcZY l]Vi ?VbZh eji ^c eaVXZ!Ç hV^Y 8VhVc^! l]d aViZg [daadlZY ^c i]Z^g [ddihiZeh# @cdlc VgdjcY i]Z aVW Vh Vc Ædg\Vc^o^c\ \Zc^jh!Ç ?VbZh ZhiVWa^h]ZY Vc dkZgVaa b^hh^dc higjXijgZ i]Vi ^cXajYZY b^aZhidcZh! g^\dgdjh hiVijh bdc^idg^c\ VcY X]Vc\Z Xdcigda! V hnhiZb l]ZgZ^c Æ[gZZoZhÇ lZgZ hZi dc ZkZgn eVgi VcY i]Z heVXZXgV[i ^ihZa[! Vh lZaa Vh lZZ`an egd_ZXi bZZi^c\h! hZii^c\ i]Z idcZ [dg Z[[ZXi^kZ Xdbbjc^XVi^dc# Æ6 `Zn i]^c\ lVh ejii^c\ id\Zi]Zg i]Z egd_ZXi iZVb! hZaZXi^c\ i]Z eZdeaZ! i]Zc gZheZXi^c\ i]Z^g `cdlaZY\Z VcY i]Z^g XVeVW^a^in! Xdbbj" c^XVi^c\ l^i] i]Zb VcY bV`^c\ hjgZ i]Zn ]VY gZheZXi [dg ndj Vh i]Z \jn bV`^c\ i]Z YZX^h^dch!Ç hV^Y HX]jgbZ^Zg! l]dhZ aZVYZgh]^e h`^aah lZgZ gZXd\c^oZY Wn E^X`Zg^c\ ZVgan dc l]Zc ]Z Vhh^\cZY i]Z ndjc\ VZgdcVji^XVa Zc\^cZZg i]Z iVh` d[ YZkZade^c\ i]Z aVWÉh hnhiZbh Y^k^" h^dc VcY! aViZg! bVcV\ZbZci d[ GVc\Zg# >bedgiVcian! i]Z Y^hX^ea^cZ hiVgiZY Vi i]Z ide l^i] egd_ZXi bVc\Zgh Vhhjb^c\ [jaa gZhedch^W^a^in# ÆI]Z WjX` ValVnh hideeZY!Ç ]Z hV^Y! Æl^i] bZ#Ç

274

NASA

C6H6

Dc 9ZX# &)! &.+'! BVg^cZg ' ÓZl Wn KZcjh VcY ^cid ]^hidgn Wdd`h# >i lVh i]Z ldgaYÉh Òghi hjXXZhh[ja b^hh^dc id Vcdi]Zg eaVcZi VcY i]Z XdjcignÉh Òghi bV_dg heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc VX]^ZkZbZci# >i Vahd gZijgcZY i]Z Òghi YViV dc i]Z eaVcZiÉh Vibdhe]ZgZ VcY bVhh id i]Z iZVbÉh hX^" Zci^hih! l]^X] ^cXajYZY V ndjc\ VhigdcdbZg cVbZY 8Vga HV\Vc# AZhh i]Vc i]gZZ nZVgh aViZg! dc ?jan &)! &.+*! l^i] ?VbZh VcY 8VhVc^ Vi i]Z ]Zab! Vh bVcV\Zg VcY hnhiZb Zc\^cZZg! gZheZXi^kZan! BVg^cZg ) Ä i]Z C6H6$?EA iZVbÉh ÆhZXdcY \ZcZgVi^dc heVXZXgV[iÇ "" ÓZl Wn BVgh VcY gZijgcZY i]Z Òghi XadhZ"je e]did\gVe]h d[ Vcdi]Zg eaVcZi ZkZg iV`Zc# ;daadl^c\ V hig^c\ d[ hjXXZhhZh! i]Z eaVcZiVgn hX^ZcXZ Xdbbj" c^in hZi ^ih h^iZh dc i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb VcY V XZaZhi^Va ZkZci i]Vi dcan dXXjgh dcXZ ZkZgn &,+ nZVgh# >c i]^h gVgZ ZkZci! i]Z eaVcZih Va^\c! egZhZci^c\ V XdcÒ\jgVi^dc i]Vi ldjaY Vaadl heVXZXgV[i id igVkZa Z[" ÒX^Zcian [gdb dcZ id Vcdi]Zg# 6 <gVcY Idjg lVh egdedhZY id hZcY [djg heZX^Vaan YZh^\cZY heVXZXgV[i id Vaa [djg djiZg eaVcZih ^c dcan &' nZVgh# 8dc\gZhh! ]dlZkZg! XVcXZaaZY ^i# ÆLZ _jhi XdjaYcÉi aZi i]^h deedgijc^in ha^e Wn!Ç gZbZbWZgZY 7gjXZ 8# BjggVn! i]Zc"?EA Y^gZX" idg! cdl egd[Zhhdg ZbZg^ijh d[ \Zdad\n Vi 8VaiZX]# Æ6h [dgbZg C6H6 6Yb^c^higVidg Idb EV^cZ jhZY id hVn/ ÈI]Z aVhi i^bZ i]^h Va^\cbZci ]VeeZcZY lVh l]Zc I]dbVh ?Z[[Zghdc lVh egZh^YZci# 6cY ]Z WaZl ^i#É LZ lZgZcÉi \d^c\ id#Ç ÆLZ XVbZ je l^i] V hXVaZY"Ydlc kZgh^dc WVhZY dc BVg^cZg iZX]cdad\n i]Vi lZ ^c^i^Vaan XVaaZY BVg^cZg ?je^iZg HVijgc È,,! dg B?H,,! VcY aViZg gZ" cVbZY ^i KdnV\Zg!Ç hV^Y HX]jgbZ^Zg! i]Z b^hh^dcÉh Òghi egd_ZXi bVcV\Zg# ÆI]Z bdhi hig^`^c\ i]^c\ VWdji KdnV\Zg lVh i]Z i^b^c\ Ä VcY cdi _jhi i]Z Va^\cbZci d[ i]Z eaVcZih# 7n i]Vi ed^ci! lZ ]VY ldg`ZY Zcdj\] dc i]ZhZ b^hh^dch VcY lZ `cZl ]dl id Wj^aY i]Z heVXZXgV[i! ]dl id cVk^\ViZ! VcY i]Z hX^Zci^hih `cZl ]dl id bV`Z i]Z g^\]i ^chigjbZcih# >[ ^i ]VY WZZc V [Zl nZVgh aViZg! eda^i^Xh ldjaYcÉi ]VkZ eZgb^iiZY ^i WZXVjhZ d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ! Vcn ZVga^Zg VcY lZ ldjaYcÉi ]VkZ WZZc gZVYn#Ç ÆKdnV\Zg lVh V i]^gY \ZcZgVi^dc heVXZXgV[i l^i] V heZX^ÒX YZh^\c dW" _ZXi^kZ d[ \d^c\ WZndcY HVijgc VcY i]Vi lVh V W^\ hiZe je [gdb BVg^cZg!Ç VYYZY 8VhVc^! l]d idd` dkZg egd_ZXi bVcV\ZbZci [gdb HX]jgbZ^Zg ^c &.,*# ÆLZ ]VY cZkZg Wj^ai Vcni]^c\ l^i] i]Vi `^cY d[ adc\Zk^in WZ[dgZ#Ç Id bZZi i]Z X]VaaZc\Z! i]Zn gVY^Vi^dc"]VgYZcZY Vaa XdbedcZcih! VYdeiZY V YZh^\c eda^Xn i]Vi cd h^c\aZ eVgi [V^ajgZ XdjaY XVjhZ adhh d[ b^hh^dc! i]Zc ^beaZbZciZY ^i l^i] XdbeaZiZ WadX` gZYjcYVcXn d[ Zc\^cZZg^c\ hnh" iZbh! VcY ZcVWaZY Vjidcdbdjh dcWdVgY [Vjai YZiZXi^dc VcY gZXdkZgn# KdnV\Zg & VcY KdnV\Zg ' aVjcX]ZY hZeVgViZan ^c i]Z hjbbZg d[ &.,, VcY hV^aZY d[[ id i]Z djiZg eaVcZih# 7ZilZZc &.,. VcY &.-. i]Zn ÓZl Wn ?je^iZg VcY HVijgc! i]Zc lZci dc id JgVcjh VcY CZeijcZ# ;dg i]Z hX^Zci^hih! ^i lVh Vc ZbWVggVhh^c\ X]VaaZc\Z d[ g^X]Zh# Æ6h V hX^Zci^hi! ndj ]VkZ bdhi id aZVgc l]Zc ndj hZZ i]^c\h ndj ]VY cdi ZmeZXiZY id hZZ VcY l^i] KdnV\Zg i]ZgZ lVh _jhi V ÓddY d[ Y^hXdkZg^Zh Vi ZkZgn ZcXdjc" iZg!Ç ed^ciZY dji :Y HidcZ! l]d ]Vh hZgkZY Vh egd_ZXi hX^Zci^hi [gdb i]Z WZ\^cc^c\! ZkZc Yjg^c\ ]^h Y^gZXidgh]^e d[ ?EA [gdb &..& id '%%&# I]Z Y^hXdkZg^Zh lZgZ i]ZgZ [dg i]Z iV`^c\# L]Zc KdnV\Zg ' eVhhZY Wn >d! i]Z ^ccZgbdhi d[ i]Z [djg <Va^aZVc bddch d[ ?je^iZg! Vhigdcd" bZg A^cYV BdgVW^id @Zaan ! Xd\c^oVci Zc\^cZZg [dg i]Z b^hh^dcÉh dei^XVa cVk^\Vi^dc ^bV\^c\ egdXZhh^c\ hnhiZb! cdi^XZY hdbZi]^c\ egdigjY^c\ [gdb i]Z a^bW# Æ> ]VY i]Z hZchZ > lVh hZZ^c\ hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi cd dcZ ZahZ ]VY hZZc WZ[dgZ!Ç h]Z gZXVaaZY# DcZ Wn dcZ! h]Z Xdc" k^cXZY XdaaZV\jZh i]Z egdigjh^dc lVh ldgi] XadhZg ZmVb^cVi^dc# >i ldjcY je WZ^c\ i]Z Òghi VXi^kZ kdaXVcd Y^hXdkZgZY dc Vcdi]Zg eaVcZi VcY dcZ i]Z a^`Zh d[ l]^X] cd hX^Zci^hi ]VY ZkZg hZZc# Æ>i lVh i]Z \gZViZhi ZmeZg^ZcXZ Vcn hX^Zci^hi XdjaY ZkZg ]deZ [dg!Ç h]Z hV^Y#

i iLÀ>Ì }Ê

½Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê , / - / Ê 6

/

À Ê Ì iÊ ÛiÀÞÊ wÀÃÌÊ `Ài> ÃÊ vÊ yÞ }]Ê Ì Ê > i`Êà ÕÌÌ iÃÊ Ì Êë>Vi]ÊÜiÊVi iLÀ>ÌiÊ Ì iÊ iÛ ÕÌ Ê vÊ y } ÌÊ > `Ê ÌÃÊ «>VÌÊ Ê ÕÀÊ ÛiÃÊÌ `>Þ°Ê

ÕÃÌÊÓäÊ ÕÌiÃÊ7iÃÌÊ v 7> ÌÊ Ã iÞÊ7 À ` ÁÊ,ià ÀÌÊ>ÌÊ Ý ÌÊ{{Ê Ê { ÊnÈΰ n{°ÎxääÊÊUÊÊÜÜÜ°v> Ì>ÃÞ vy } Ì°V

IdYVn! i]Z KdnV\Zgh hV^a dc! bdgZ i]Vc (% nZVgh V[iZg aVjcX]^c\# Cd di]Zg heVXZXgV[i ]VkZ \dcZ hd [Vg# >c '%%*! KdnV\Zg &! i]Z bdhi Y^hiVci ]jbVc"bVYZ dW_ZXi ^c heVXZ! XgdhhZY i]Z iZgb^cVi^dc h]dX`! i]Z aVhi bV_dg i]gZh]daY ^c i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb# KdnV\Zg ' [daadlZY ^c '%%,# ÆI]ZnÉgZ ^c i]Z ]Za^dh]ZVi] dc i]Z ÒcVa aVe d[ i]Z^g gVXZ id i]Z ZY\Z d[ ^ciZghiZaaVg heVXZ!Ç HidcZ hV^Y! egd_ZXi^c\ i]Vi KdnV\Zg & XdjaY Xgdhh i]Z WdjcYVgn ^c '%&)! l^i] KdnV\Zg ' [daadl^c\ ild id i]gZZ nZVgh aViZg# I]Z edlZg hnhiZbh h]djaY gjc id '%'% VcY hX^Zc" i^hih ZkZgnl]ZgZ VgZ Vcm^djhan ]de^c\ [dg i]Vi Òghi \a^behZ d[ ^ciZg" hiZaaVg heVXZ# Æ>iÉh Vc ^cXgZY^WaZ [ZZa^c\!Ç HX]jgbZ^Zg hb^aZY#

6aa idaY! i]Z KdnV\Zg b^hh^dc k^h^iZY Vabdhi +% Y^[[ZgZci ldgaYh! egZhZci^c\ i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb ^c ^ih WZVjin! XdbeaZm^in VcY Y^kZgh^in id ZkZgndcZ dc :Vgi] l^i] e^XijgZ ÆedhiXVgYhÇ i]Vi idd` i]Z ldgaYÉh XdaaZXi^kZ WgZVi] VlVn VcY bdgZ hX^ZcXZ i]Vc Vcn eaVcZiVgn b^hh^dc ZkZg XdaaZXiZY# Æ>i lVh Vc ZmigVdgY^cVgn! ZedX]Va kdnV\Z d[ Y^hXdkZgn i]Vi l^aa WZ gZbZbWZgZY ^c bjX] i]Z hVbZ lVn Vh lZ gZbZbWZg 8VeiV^c 8dd`Éh ZmeadgVi^dch d[ i]Z i]Zc"]^YYZc eVgih d[ i]Z ldgaY!Ç hjbbZY je BjggVn# Æ>i gZkdaji^dc^oZY djg eZgXZei^dch d[ i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb#Ç >i ldjaY Vahd gZkdaji^dc^oZ djg eZgXZei^dc d[ :Vgi]# 8Vga HV\Vc! V bZbWZg d[ i]Z KdnV\Zg ^bV\^c\ iZVb VcY Wn i]Zc dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi egda^ÒX VcY gZcdlcZY hX^Zci^hih Xdcig^Wji^c\ id C6H6 b^h" h^dch! eda^i^X`ZY [dg V YZXVYZ! l^i] 8VhVc^ WVX`^c\ ]^b! id ZchjgZ i]Vi l]Zc i]Z heVXZXgV[i aZ[i djg eaVcZiVgn cZ^\]Wdg]ddY [dg i]Z djiZg hdaVg hnhiZb ^c i]Z ZVgan &..%h! i]Zn ldjaY ijgc VgdjcY [dg dcZ aVhi hZi d[ eaVcZiVgn edgigV^ih# >i lVh i]Z KdnV\ZghÉ ÒcVa e]did\gVe]^X Vhh^\cbZci# 6ai]dj\] :Vgi] VeeZVgZY Vh Wji V Ydi! i]dhZ ^bV\Zh gZbV^c hdbZ d[ i]Z bdhi egd[djcY ZkZg iV`Zc Wn C6H6 heVXZXgV[i# ÆAdd` V\V^c Vi i]Vi Ydi!Ç HV\Vc jg\ZY ^c ]^h WZhi"hZaa^c\ Wdd` EVaZ 7ajZ 9di GVcYdb =djhZ! &..) # ÆDc ^i ZkZgndcZ ndj adkZ! ZkZgndcZ ndj `cdl! ZkZgndcZ ndj ZkZg ]ZVgY d[! ZkZgn ]jbVc WZ^c\ l]d ZkZg lVh! a^kZY dji i]Z^g a^kZh#Ç >c _jhi &* [Vhi nZVgh! i]Z Zc\^cZZgh VcY hX^Zci^hih Vi C6H6$?EA ]VY \dcZ [gdb i]Z :Vgi]Éh jeeZg Vibdhe]ZgZ id WZndcY CZeijcZ! VYkVcX" ^c\ gdWdi^X heVXZXgV[i iZX]cdad\n l^i] jcXVccn heZZY id e^dcZZg i]Z ldgaYÉh Òghi ^ciZgeaVcZiVgn heVXZXgV[i VcY WaVoZ i]Z Òghi igV^ah ^cid djg hdaVg hnhiZb# ÆKdnV\Zg Xjab^cViZY djg ZgV d[ aZVgc^c\!Ç hV^Y 8VhVc^#

276

NASA

NEW HOPE FROM COLUMBIA 6h i]Z W^diZX]cdad\n ^cYjhign WZ\Vc id Wjg\Zdc! C6H6 gZ"Zca^hi" ZY 8#9# Æ6cYnÇ 6cYZghdc! l]d ]VY gZi^gZY V[iZg V '%"nZVg XVgZZg! id [dgb V `^cY d[ h`jc` ldg`h iZVb Vi ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg# I]Z dW_ZXi^kZ/ id XgZViZ V YZk^XZ id `ZZe XZaah VcY i^hhjZ ^c ZmeZg^bZcih VWdVgY i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZh Va^kZ VcY ]ZVai]n [gdb aVjcX] id aVcY^c\# =Z Wgdj\]i ^c Zc\^cZZgh GVn HX]lVgo VcY 9Vk^Y Lda[ VcY bZY^XVa iZX]c^X^Vc I^c] Ig^c]! V K^ZicVbZhZ ^bb^\gVci! id YZh^\c i]Z ]VgY" lVgZ# I]Z^g Z[[dgih lZgZ hiVaa^c\ jci^a dcZ YVn ^c BVn &.-+ l]Zc! 6cYZghdc gZXVaaZY! ]Z lVa`ZY ^cid i]Z aVW id lViX] Ig^c] ejaa i]Z ig^\\Zg dc V heZZY Yg^aa# Dc i]Z ZcY lVh V Ój^Y"ÒaaZY Xna^cYZg l^i] a^iiaZ ÓV`Zh# Æ>i hiVgiZY he^cc^c\ VcY i]Z eVgi^XaZh ^ch^YZ lZci ^cid i]^h WZVji^[ja dgW^iVa eVi]!Ç 6cYZghdc gZXVaaZY# 6i i]Vi ed^ci i]Zn cZZYZY V hX^Zci^hi id ]Zae Ò\jgZ dji ]dl id bV`Z ^i ldg`# 6cYZghdc iVeeZY W^dad\^hi I]dbVh ?# <ddYl^c#

C6H6

>cÓjZci^Va k^h^dcVgn Adc\ WZ[dgZ ]Z WZXVbZ ldgaY [Vbdjh! 8Vga HV\Vc lVh dcZ d[ C6H6Éh bdhi ^cÓjZci^Va Xdcig^Wji^c\ hX^Zci^hih VcY djihed`Zc k^h^dcVg^Zh# Æ:kZgnWdYn hiVgih dji Vh V hX^Zci^hi!Ç ]Z dcXZ cdiZY# Æ:kZgn X]^aY ]Vh i]Z hX^Zci^hiÉh hZchZ d[ ldcYZg VcY VlZ#Ç HV\Vc ^che^gZY V \ZcZgVi^dc d[ ndjc\ eZdeaZ id WZXdbZ hX^Zci^hih#

C6H6Éh heVXZXgV[i ]VkZ hZci cjbZgdjh iZaZhXdeZh VcY dWhZgkV" idg^Zh Vad[i VWdkZ i]Z :Vgi]Éh Vibdhe]ZgZ! ]Zae^c\ hX^Zci^hih deZc l^cYdlh dc i]Z jc^kZghZ# >c &.+%! C6H6 WZ\Vc hjeedgi^c\ e]nh^" X^hi"VhigdcdbZg G^XVgYd <^VXXdc^ ^c V hZVgX] [dg XZaZhi^Va M"gVn hdjgXZh# 6[iZg aVjcX]^c\ Vc ZmeZg^bZci dc Vc 6ZgdWZZ gdX`Zi ^c &.+'! ]Z aZY i]Z ^beaZbZciVi^dc d[ i]Z J=JGJ VcY =^\] :cZg\n 6higdcdbn DWhZgkVidgn '! gZcVbZY :^chiZ^c V[iZg ^ih &.,- aVjcX]! i]Z Òghi [jaan ^bV\^c\ M"gVn iZaZhXdeZ eji ^cid heVXZ# >c ]^h gZ" hZVgX]! <^VXXdc^ Y^hXdkZgZY i]Z M"gVn WVX`\gdjcY VcY Òghi M"gVn hiVgh id WZXdbZ `cdlc Vh i]Z Æ[Vi]Zg d[ M"gVn Vhigdcdbn#Ç =Z Vahd YZiZXiZY VcdbVadjh dW_ZXih Zb^ii^c\ M"gVnh bVcn dgYZgh d[ bV\c^" ijYZ \gZViZg i]Vc i]Z hjc i]Vi ijgcZY dji id WZ cZjigdc hiVgh VcY WaVX` ]daZh! dWhZgkVi^dch i]Vi gZkZVaZY ZmigZbZan k^daZci ZkZcih ]VeeZc Vaa i]Z i^bZ i]gdj\]dji i]Z jc^kZghZ# <^VXXdc^! Vadc\ l^i] =VgkZn IVcVcWVjb d[ i]Z =VgkVgY"Hb^i]hdc" ^Vc 8ZciZg [dg 6higde]nh^Xh! Òghi hjWb^iiZY V egdedhVa id C6H6 ^c &.,+ id ^c^i^ViZ i]Z YZh^\c d[ V aVg\Z! heVXZ"WVhZY M"gVn iZaZhXdeZ# I]Z egd_ZXi hjgk^kZY YZaVnh VcY hZiWVX`h [dg bdgZ i]Vc '% nZVgh ^c aVg\Z eVgi WZXVjhZ d[ BVgi^c LZ^hh`de[! d[ BVgh]Vaa HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg! i]Z egd_ZXi hX^Zci^hi l]d eZghZkZgZY VcY \j^YZY i]Z iZaZ" hXdeZ id aVjcX] ^c &...# H^cXZ i]Zc! i]Z 8]VcYgV M"gVn DWhZgkVidgn ]Vh WZZc i]Z V\ZcXnÉh ÓV\h]^e b^hh^dc [dg M"gVn Vhigdcdbn# >c '%%'! <^VXXdc^! l]d hZgkZh Vh i]Z aZVY hX^Zci^hi dc i]Z jaigV"YZZe hjgkZn! `cdlc Vh 8]VcYgV 9ZZe ;^ZaY Hdji]! lVh cVbZY Xd"gZX^e^Zci d[ i]Z CdWZa Eg^oZ ^c e]nh^Xh [dg ]^h e^dcZZg^c\ Xdcig^Wji^dch id Vhigde]nh" ^Xh i]Vi aZY id i]Z Y^hXdkZgn d[ Xdhb^X M"gVn hdjgXZh#

I]Z EaVcZiVgn HdX^Zin

ACROSS THE UNIVERSE

^c XajZh ^c ]dl id iVg\Zi XVcXZg XZaah [dg [jijgZ YZkZadebZci d[ cdkZa i]ZgV" eZji^Xh!Ç ]Z VYYZY# 7ZndcY YgVbVi^XVaan YZbdchigVi^c\ i]Z ediZci^Va d[ W^dbZY^" XVa gZhZVgX] ^c heVXZ aVWdgVidg^Zh! i]Z Zm" eZg^bZci ]Vh VaadlZY V cZl ]deZ id Vg^hZ [gdb 8dajbW^VÉh ÒcVa b^hh^dc# AN AMERICAN DREAM

C6H6

=^hidg^X M"gVn >bV\Z d[ i]Z Æ8]VcYgV 9ZZe ;^ZaY Hdji]Ç i]Z YZZeZhi M"gVn ZmedhjgZ ZkZg VX]^ZkZY# I]Z 8]VcYgV M"gVn DWhZgkVidgn jaigV" YZZe hjgkZn egd_ZXi lVh aZY Wn CdWZa AVjgZViZ E]nh^Xh G^XXVgYd <^VXXdc^#

>c XgZVi^c\ V cZl [dgb d[ bZY^V dg ÆhdjeÇ Vh i]Z cjig^i^dcVa Zck^gdcbZci ^ch^YZ! <ddYl^c igVch[dgbZY i]Z gdiVi^c\ lVaa kZh" hZa! V`V C6H6 W^dgZVXidg! ^cid V a^[Z"hjeedgi hnhiZb [dg i]Z XZaah# =Z i]Zc lZci dc id VYkVcXZ i]Z iZX]cdad\n! ^c^i^Vi^c\ ^ih jhZ ^c \gdjcY aVWdgVidg^Zh! dkZghZZ^c\ VcY YZh^\c" ^c\ cjbZgdjh W^dgZVXidg Ó^\]i ZmeZg^bZcih VcY heZVg]ZVY^c\ bdgZ i]Vc V YdoZc C6H6 eViZcih# >cig^\j^c\an! i]Z iZVb [djcY i]Z XZaah ^ch^YZ i]Z W^dgZVXidg ^c heVXZ \gZl ^c i]gZZ Y^bZch^dch! bjX] a^`Z i]Zn ldjaY cVijgVaan ^ch^YZ i]Z WdYn# EZg]Veh i]Z bdhi ^begZhh^kZ YZbdchigVi^dc id YViZ XVbZ l]Zc gZcdlcZY egdhiViZ XVcXZg gZhZVgX]Zg AZaVcY L#@# 8]jc\! d[ :bdgn Jc^kZgh^in!

6iaVciV! <V#! VcY <ddYl^c \gZl i]Z aVg\" Zhi ijbdg i^hhjZ ZkZg \gdlc ^c heVXZ ^c Vc ZmeZg^bZci id b^b^X i]Z bZiVhiVh^h d[ ]j" bVc egdhiViZ XVcXZg id WdcZ dc HIH"&%,!

8dajbW^VÉh aVhi Ó^\]i# L]^aZ i]Z YViV lZgZ adhi l^i] i]Z XgZl VcY dgW^iZg! k^YZdiVeZ d[ i]Z ZmeZg^bZci i]Vi VhigdcVji B^X]VZa 6c" YZghdc Ydlca^c`ZY id <ddYl^c WZ[dgZ i]Z igV\ZYn \VkZ i]Zb hdbZi]^c\ id jhZ# 8]jc\ idd` i]Z jcÒc^h]ZY dWhZgkVi^dc VcY l^i] ]^h iZVb gZXgZViZY i]Z i]gZZ"Y^" bZch^dcVa \gdli] XdcY^i^dch ^c V C6H6 W^dgZVXidg jh^c\ iZX]c^fjZh <ddYl^c e^d" cZZgZY# ÆGZbVg`VWan! lZ [djcY i]Vi l]Zc egdhiViZ XVcXZg XZaah lZgZ eaVXZY ^c XadhZ egdm^b^in l^i] Z^i]Zg egdhiViZ dg WdcZ XZaah ^c b^Xgd\gVk^in! i]Zn jcYZglZci cdc" gVcYdb \ZcZi^X VcY WZ]Vk^dgVa X]Vc\Zh i]Vi egd[djcYan Zc]VcXZY i]Z VW^a^in d[ XVcXZg XZaah id \gdl VcY hjgk^kZ ^c WdcZ!Ç hV^Y 8]jc\# 6ai]dj\] jcÒc^h]ZY! i]Z Zm" eZg^bZci dcWdVgY 8dajbW^V Æ]Vh gZhjaiZY

L]Zc Hejic^` aVjcX]ZY! V ndjc\ Wdn cVbZY 8]VgaZh :aVX]^ lVh a^hiZc^c\ id Vaa i]Z ZmX^iZbZci dc i]Z gVY^d ^c GVnV`!

AZWVcdc# =Z ]VY ValVnh WZZc [VhX^cViZY l^i] heVXZ VcY Yjg^c\ i]Z hjbbZg! l]Zc ^i lVh lVgb! ]Z ldjaY haZZe djih^YZ VcY lViX] i]Z hiVgh VcY ldcYZg# ÆHdbZi]^c\ VWdji i]Z WZVjin d[ i]Z h`n VcY i]Z hiVgh ^beVXiZY bZ VcY \di bZ ^cid hX^ZcXZ!Ç ]Z hV^Y# Cdi adc\ V[iZg i]Vi! ]Z gZVY V hX^ZcXZ bV\Vo^cZ i]Z 6bZg^XVc :bWVhhn Y^hig^Wji" ZY# Æ> gZbZbWZg kZgn XaZVgan gZVY^c\ VWdji 6bZg^XVÉh Òghi hViZaa^iZ aVjcX]! :meadgZg >! Wn V eaVXZ XVaaZY ?"E"A# > gZbZbWZg i]Vi eV\Z kZgn XaZVgan! WZXVjhZ > i]dj\]i! È<ZZ! i]Vi ldjaY V \gZVi eaVXZ id ldg`#ÉÇ :aVX]^ gZXZ^kZY V WVX]Zadg h YZ\gZZ ^c e]nh^Xh [gdb i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ <gZcdWaZ! ;gVcXZ! VcY i]Z 9^eadbZ >c\Zc^Zjg ^c Zc" \^cZZg^c\ [gdb i]Z EdaniZX]c^X >chi^ijiZ! <gZcdWaZ! ^c &.+-! l]ZgZ ]Z \gVYjViZY Òghi ^c ]^h XaVhh# =Z i]Zc ]ZVYZY lZhi id i]Z 8Va^[dgc^V >chi^ijiZ d[ IZX]cdad\n! l]ZgZ ]Z ZVgcZY ]^h bVhiZg h YZ\gZZ ^c ZaZXig^XVa hX^ZcXZh ^c &.+. VcY ejghjZY ]^h ^ciZgZhih

6 \gZVi eaVXZ id ldg` A^iiaZ Y^Y AZWVcZhZ cVi^kZ 9g# 8]VgaZh :aVX]^ gZVa^oZ l]Zc ]Z Òghi gZVY V hX^ZcXZ bV\Vo^cZ VWdji i]Z ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn i]Vi ]Z ldjaY ZkZcijVaan WZXdbZ ?EAÉh aZVYZg#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

277

C6H6 <H;8$8]g^h <jcc C6H6 6G8$8]g^h =ZcoZ

^c ZaZXigdbV\cZi^hb VcY gVYVg# >c &.,%! ]Z aVcYZY V hjbbZg _dW Vi i]Vi eaVXZ ]Z ]VY gZVY VWdji nZVgh WZ[dgZ! _jhi V [Zl b^aZh [gdb hX]dda# 6[iZg ZVgc^c\ ]^h YdXidgViZ [gdb 8VaiZX] i]Z cZmi nZVg! ]Z VXXZeiZY V [jaa"i^bZ _dW Vi ?EA id ldg` dc Vc ^bV\^c\ gVYVg ^chigj" bZci id \d id KZcjh# =^h 6bZg^XVc YgZVb ]VY XdbZ igjZ "" VcY ^i lVh dcan WZ\^cc^c\# :aVX]^ idd` i]Z aZVY ^c YZkZade^c\ i]Z gV" YVg VcY lVh hddc eji ^c X]Vg\Z d[ ?EAÉh gV" YVg"bVee^c\ \gdje# L^i] i]Z KZcjh b^hh^dc hiVaaZY! ]Z ÓZl i]Z ^bV\^c\ gVYVg ^chigjbZci dc HZVhVi ^c &.,-! i]Zc dc i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ ^c &.-& VcY V\V^c ^c &.-)# I]Z YViV gZijgcZY lVh hijcc^c\! gZkZVa^c\ V hjWhjg[VXZ cZi" ldg` d[ VcX^Zci YgV^cV\Z X]VccZah WZcZVi] i]Z hVcYh d[ i]Z HV]VgV! Vbdc\ di]Zg i]^c\h# =^h eZghZkZgVcXZ VcY Zci]jh^Vhb cdi dcan ZVgcZY :aVX]^ egdbdi^dc id Y^gZXidg [dg heVXZ VcY :Vgi] hX^ZcXZ egd\gVbh Vi ?EA! ^i ijgcZY heVXZWdgcZ ^bV\^c\ gVYVg [gdb V hbVaa gZhZVgX] VgZV ^cid V bV_dg ÒZaY ^c l]^X] C6H6 ^h cdl V ldgaY aZVYZg# Dc BVn )! &.-.! i]Z ^bV\^c\ gVYVg ÒcVaan ]ZVYZY [dg KZcjh dcWdVgY BV\ZaaVc! l^i] :aVX]^ hZgk^c\ Vh Xd"^ckZhi^\Vidg# >i hjXXZhh[jaan bVeeZY .- eZgXZci d[ i]Z eaVcZiÉh hjg[VXZ egdYjX^c\ V WZiiZg l]daZ eaVcZi ided\gVe]^X bVe i]Vc lVh i]Zc VkV^aVWaZ [dg :Vgi]# DkZg i]Z nZVgh! ]Z lgdiZ bdgZ i]Vc '(% ejWa^XVi^dch dc ZkZgni]^c\ [gdb heVXZ VcY eaVcZiVgn ZmeadgVi^dc! id :Vgi] dWhZgkVi^dc [gdb heVXZ! gZbdiZ hZch^c\! ZaZXigdbV\" cZi^X i]Zdgn! VcY ^ciZ\gViZY dei^Xh! VcY lVh VlVgYZY hZkZgVa eViZcih# Dc ?Vc# (&! '%%&!

Vabdhi (& nZVgh V[iZg ]Z idd` i]Vi hjbbZg _dW l]ZgZ ]Z dcXZ YgZVbZY d[ ldg`^c\! :aV" X]^ lVh Veed^ciZY Y^gZXidg d[ ?EA# RENDERING THE RIPPLES OF SPACETIME HX^Zci^hih ]VkZ adc\ `cdlc i]Vi bVhh^kZ dW" _ZXih ^c bdi^dc ^c heVXZ egdYjXZ \gVk^iVi^dcVa lVkZh! i]Z g^eeaZh ^c i]Z [VWg^X d[ heVXZi^bZ i]Vi :^chiZ^c egZY^XiZY ^c ]^h \ZcZgVa i]Zdgn d[ gZaVi^k^in# I]Zn Vahd `cdl i]Vi l]Zc WaVX` ]daZh Xdaa^YZ i]Zn egdYjXZ Vc VWjcYVcXZ d[ lVkZh i]Vi gdaa dc VaiZg^c\ heVXZi^bZ hdbZ" i^bZh [dg nZVgh YZeZcY^c\ dc i]Z bVhhZh ^c" kdakZY# ÆI]ZhZ bZg\Zgh VgZ Wn [Vg i]Z bdhi edlZg[ja ZkZcih dXXjgg^c\ ^c i]Z jc^kZghZ! l^i] ZVX] dcZ \ZcZgVi^c\ bdgZ ZcZg\n i]Vc Vaa d[ i]Z hiVgh ^c i]Z jc^kZghZ XdbW^cZY!Ç ed^ciZY dji ?dVc 8ZcigZaaV! l]d aZVYh i]Z <gVk^iVi^dcVa 6higde]nh^Xh AVWdgVidgn Vi

WaVX` ]daZ bZg\Zg h^bjaVi^dch! Vh eZg[dgbZY dc i]Z 8dajbW^V hjeZgXdbejiZg Vi 6bZh! h]dl ild WaVX` ]daZh dgW^i^c\ ZVX] di]Zg hZkZc i^bZh! i]Zc bZg\^c\ ^c V `^cY d[ ehnX]Z" YZa^X Zmeadh^dc# Id YViZ! i]Zn VgZ i]Z aVg\Zhi Vhigde]nh^XVa XVaXjaVi^dch ZkZg eZg[dgbZY dc V C6H6 hjeZgXdbejiZg# BOUNCING ONTO MARS

HjeZg XdbejiZg iZVb Ide/ <gVk^iVi^dcVa 6higde]nh^Xh AVWdgVidgn IZVb# ;gdb aZ[i id g^\]i/ B^X]VZa @dee^io! ?^b kVc BZiZg! ?dVc 8ZcigZaaV VcY ?d]c 7V`Zg# Cdi e^XijgZY/ 9VZ">a Æ9VaZÇ 8]d^# 8ZcigZaaVÉh iZVb XgjcX]ZY :^chiZ^cÉh i]Zdgn d[ \ZcZgVa gZaVi^k^in ZfjVi^dch dc i]Z 8dajbW^V hjeZgXdbejiZg id XgZViZ V i]gZZ"Y^bZch^dcVa h^bjaVi^dc d[ bZg\^c\ WaVX` ]daZh VWdkZ # I]^h lVh i]Z aVg\Zhi Vhigde]nh^XVa XVaXjaVi^dc ZkZg eZg[dgbZY dc V C6H6 hjeZgXdbejiZg# I]Z h^bjaVi^dc egdk^YZh i]Z [djcYVi^dc id ZmeadgZ i]Z jc^kZghZ ^c Vc Zci^gZan cZl lVn! i]gdj\] i]Z YZiZXi^dc d[ \gVk^iVi^dcVa lVkZh#

<dYYVgY# 6XXdgY^c\ id :^chiZ^c! hjX] V WaVX` ]daZ bZg\Zg XVjhZh Vaa d[ heVXZ id _^\\aZ a^`Z V Wdla d[ ?Zaa"D! V b^cY"cjbW^c\ XdcXZei VcY Zm" igZbZan Y^[ÒXjai i]^c\ id bdYZa ^c XdbejiZgh# :^chiZ^cÉh i]Zdgn Zbeadnh V ineZ d[ bVi]" ZbVi^Xh XVaaZY iZchdg XVaXjajh i]Vi cZZYh id WZ ZmegZhhZY ^c V aVc\jV\Z XdbejiZgh XVc jcYZghiVcY VcY ldg` l^i]# I]Vi igVchaVi^dc \gZVian ZmeVcYh i]Z ZfjVi^dch! gZfj^g^c\ i]djhVcYh d[ a^cZh d[ XdbejiZg XdY^c\# I]Z XdbeaZm^in d[ i]Z ZfjVi^dch! XdjeaZY l^i] i]Z aVg\Z cjbWZgh i]Vi gZegZhZciZY i]Z ZmigVdgY^" cVg^an higdc\ \gVk^iVi^dcVa ÒZaY cZVg i]Z WaVX` ]daZh! XVjhZY ZkZc i]Z bdhi hde]^hi^XViZY hj" eZgXdbejiZgh id XgVh]# I]Zc ^c 6eg^a '%%+! V[" iZg bdci]h d[ ldg`! i]Z <dYYVgY iZVb! aZY Wn 8ZcigZaaV! ^cXajY^c\ ?d]c 7V`Zg! ?^b kVc BZ" iZg! B^X]VZa @dee^io VcY 9VZ">> Æ9VaZÇ 8]d^! gZVX]ZY i]Z WgZV`i]gdj\] cZZYZY# I]Z ("9

>c i]Z ZVgan &..%h! C6H6 \VkZ ?EAÉh eaVcZiVgn b^hh^dc Zc\^cZZgh V YVjci^c\ Vh" h^\cbZci/ Wj^aY V heVXZXgV[i VcY gdkZg! aVcY i]Zb dc BVgh VcY Yd ^i [dg jcYZg '-% b^a" a^dc# L^i] bVcn d[ i]Z AVWÉh Zc\^cZZgh hi^aa ldg`^c\ dc i]Z <Va^aZd ?je^iZg b^hh^dc dg gZVYn^c\ i]Z 8Vhh^c^ HVijgc b^hh^dc! Egd_ZXi BVcV\Zg Idcn HeZVg ijgcZY id ?EAÉh ndjc\" Zg \ZcZgVi^dc! Veed^ci^c\ 7g^Vc Bj^g]ZVY Vh heVXZÓ^\]i hnhiZbh Zc\^cZZg! G^X]VgY 8dd` Vh Ó^\]i deZgVi^dch bVcV\Zg! ?Zcc^[Zg =Vgg^h Vh Ó^\]i Y^gZXidg! VcY GdW BVcc^c\ Vh Ó^\]i hnhiZb X]^Z[ Zc\^cZZg gZhedch^WaZ [dg i]Z YZ" h^\c! YZkZadebZci VcY iZhi^c\ d[ Vaa VheZXih d[ i]Z heVXZXgV[i id WZ XVaaZY EVi]ÒcYZg# Dc i]Z Y^bZ i]Zn ]VY! i]Z EVi]ÒcYZg iZVb lVh X]VaaZc\ZY l^i] bVcn i]^c\h! Wji eZg]Veh bdhi ^bedgiVcian i]Zn ]VY id ÒcY V cZl lVn d[ \Zii^c\ Ydlc id i]Z hjg[VXZ h^cXZ gdX`Zi^c\ ^c l^i] V XdcigdaaZY aVcY^c\ lVh Xdhi egd]^W^i^kZ# BVcc^c\! l]d Vahd hZgkZY Vh i]Z aZVY hnhiZb Zc\^cZZg [dg i]Z Zcign! YZ" hXZci VcY aVcY^c\ e]VhZ VcY ]^h iZVb d[ Zc" \^cZZgh hiVgiZY i]gdl^c\ dji ^YZVh# DkZg i]Z XdjghZ d[ bVcn bdci]h i]Zn YZh^\cZY! YZ" kZadeZY! VcY iZhiZY V gVi]Zg cdkZa Zcign! YZ" hXZci VcY aVcY^c\ hnhiZb# 6i i]Z XdgZ! l]Vi ldjaY egdiZXi i]Z heVXZXgV[i VcY Xjh]^dc ^ih ÆXdcigdaaZY XgVh] aVcY^c\Ç dc i]Z hjg[VXZ! Vh BVcc^c\ XVaaZY ^i! lVh V `^cY d[ WdjfjZi d[ V^gWV\h# >i hZZbZY V lVX`n ^YZV Wji dc ?jan )! &..,! BVgh EVi]ÒcYZg! l^i] gdkZg Hd_djgcZg hV[Zan ZchXdcXZY ^ch^YZ! YZbdchigViZY i]Z aVcY^c\ hnhiZb [dg i]Z ldgaY# EVi]ÒcYZg ]^i i]Z Vibdhe]ZgZ Vi VgdjcY &,!%%% b^aZh eZg ]djg VcY WZ\Vc i]Z Æh^m b^cjiZh d[ iZggdgÇ id i]Z BVgi^Vc hjg[VXZ# ;^ghi! i]Z (+"[ddi"Y^VbZiZg eVgVX]jiZ YZ" eadnZY id hadl i]Z heVXZXgV[iÉh YZhXZci i]gdj\] i]Z i]^c BVgi^Vc Vibdhe]ZgZ! i]Zc i]Z ]ZVi h]^ZaY hZeVgViZY! i]Z aVcYZg hZeV" gViZY! Wg^YaZ lVh YZeadnZY VcY i]Z aVcY^c\ gVYVg hl^iX]ZY dc# ?jhi Z^\]i hZXdcYh [gdb aVcY^c\! i]Z V^gWV\h ^cÓViZY! hbVaa gZigd gdX`Zih ÒgZY! VcY i]Z Wg^YaZ lVh Xji# EVi]" ÒcYZg ]^i i]Z \gdjcY VcY WdjcXZY id V hide

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

279

l^i]^c &( b^aZh d[ i]Z XZciZg d[ i]Z iVg\ZiZY Zaa^ehZ ^c 6gZh KVaa^h# HdbZ &%% b^aa^dc ]^ih _VbbZY i]Z b^hh^dc h LZW h^iZh i]Vi >cYZ" eZcYZcXZ 9Vn! bdgZ i]Vc [dg Vcn egZk^djh ZkZci WgdVYXVhi dc i]Z >ciZgcZi# 9jg^c\ i]Z Zchj^c\ YVnh! Hd_djgcZg ZbZg\ZY id ZmeadgZ ^ih BVgi^Vc h^iZ VcY XVeijgZY i]Z ]ZVgih d[ eZdeaZ VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY# 6ai]dj\] i]Z idVhiZg"dkZc h^oZY ÈWdi cVbZY V[iZg 6bZg^XVc X^k^a g^\]ih XgjhVYZg Hd_djgcZg Igji] ]VY id hiVn ^c h^\]i VcY gV" Y^da^c` d[ i]Z aVcYZg! gZcVbZY i]Z 8Vga HV\Vc BZbdg^Va HiVi^dc! ?EAÉh ZkZg"ZWjaa^Zci egd_ZXi hX^Zci^hi BVii <dadbWZ` VcY ]^h XdaaZV\jZh gZkZaZY ^c i]Z Wdjcin d[ YViV XdaaZXiZY [gdb i]Z Vibdhe]ZgZ dkZg]ZVY VcY ZheZX^Vaan i]Z gdX`h dc i]Z hjg[VXZ i]Zn cVbZY 7VgcVXaZ 7^aa! Nd\^ VcY HXddWn 9dd# >i lVh gZVa ]dcZhi" id"\ddYcZhh \gdjcY"igji]^c\ dc BVgh! ZkZc ^[ Hd_djgcZg gZYZÒcZY i]Z ldgY XgVla Vh ^i bdkZY &#. [ZZi eZg b^cjiZ! igVkZa^c\ V bVm d[ cZVgan &% [ZZi V YVn# I]Z dg^\^cVa aZVYZg d[ i]Z iZVb i]Vi Wj^ai i]Z ]^\]an VXXaV^bZY a^iiaZ gdkZg! Zc\^cZZg 9dccV H]^gaZn! lVh ^chigjbZciVa ^c i]Z &.-%h VcY &..%h ^c i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ VjidbVi^dc! gdWdi^Xh VcY bdW^aZ hjg[VXZ kZ]^XaZh Vi ?EA# 7Z[dgZ EVi]ÒcYZg aVjcX]ZY! ^c 6j\jhi &..)!

C6H6 XgZViZY V BVgh :meadgVi^dc Egd\gVb D[ÒXZ Vi i]Z XZciZg VcY h]Z lVh Veed^ciZY egd_ZXi bVcV\Zg# 7ji ^c i]Z ZVgan! YZkZade" bZci YVnh! h]Z ldg`ZY l^i] Vc ^che^gZY iZVb d[ Zc\^cZZgh id XgZViZ egdidineZh i]Vi aZY id Hd_djgcZg VcY ldjaY ZkdakZ ^cid i]Z BVgh :meadgVi^dc GdkZgh! He^g^i VcY Deedgijc^in# 6 eg^bVgn \dVa lVh id YZh^\c ^c Vh bjX] hiV" W^a^in Vh edhh^WaZ hd i]Z gdkZg XdjaY igVkZghZ

280

NASA

BVgi^Vc iZggV^ch# L]^aZ ldg`^c\ ^c ]^h \VgV\Z Vi c^\]i! Zc\^cZZg VcY gdWdi^X iZVb bZbWZg 9dcVaY 7# 7^X`aZg XVbZ je l^i] i]Z gVi]Zg jc^fjZ YZh^\c "" V gdX`Zg"Wd\^Z hnhiZb i]Vi YdZh cdi jhZ heg^c\h VcY [ZVijgZh h^m"l]ZZah [dg \gZViZg hiVW^a^in \^k^c\ i]Z gdkZg i]Z VW^a" ^in id dkZgXdbZ dWhiVXaZh i]gZZ i^bZh aVg\Zg i]Vc i]dhZ XgdhhVWaZ Wn [djg"l]ZZaZY kZ]^XaZh# Hd_djgcZg idd` i]Z Òghi WVWn gdkZh dc i]Vi gdX`Zg Wd\^Z hnhiZb dc BVgh VcY egdkZY ^ih ldgi] id i]Z ldgaY# EVi]ÒcYZg YZÒZY i]Z dYYh VcY a^kZY je id ^ih cVbZ ^c i]Z egdXZhh# PROTECTING THE MOTHERSHIP: EARTH SCIENCES ;dg Vaa C6H6Éh ZmeadgVi^dch! :Vgi] ^h hi^aa i]Z dcan eaVcZi lZ `cdl d[ i]Vi ]VgWdgh a^[Z VcY i]Z dcan dcZ i]Vi d[[Zgh jh V cVij" gVa ]VW^iVi# L]^aZ i]Z Xdhbdh ]Vh WZX`dcZY bVcn! hdbZ hX^Zci^hih X]dhZ id hiVn XadhZg id ]dbZ# Jh^c\ kVg^djh C6H6 VcY Zck^gdcbZc" iVa hViZaa^iZh! a^`Z AVcYhVi! HZVhVi! IDE:M$ EdhZ^Ydc! VcY Wj^aY^c\ dc i]Z aZ\VXn d[ i]Z Òghi lZVi]Zg hViZaa^iZh I>GDH VcY C>B7JH! C6H6Éh Òghi :Vgi] hX^Zci^hih WZ\Vc YZkZade" ^c\ bZi]dYh ^c i]Z ZVgan &.,%h d[ dWhZgk^c\ eaVcZiVgn X]Vc\Zh dc :Vgi]! [gdb i]Z lZVi]" Zg id bZVhjg^c\ dXZVch VcY Xdci^cZcih [dg i]Z egZhZcXZ d[ YVc\Zgdjh edaajiVcih id YZ" iZXi^c\ ]daZh ^c i]Z dodcZ aVnZg i]Vi h]^ZaYh i]Z hjcÉh ]VoVgYdjh jaigVk^daZi gVnh# >c &.,+! <dYYVgY >chi^ijiZ [dg HeVXZ HijY" ^Zh <>HH hX^Zci^hi ?VbZh :# =VchZc VcY [djg XdaaZV\jZh hijY^ZY ]jbVc"bVYZ igVXZ \VhZh di]Zg i]Vc XVgWdc Y^dm^YZ VcY X]adgdÓjdgd" XVgWdch i]Vi b^\]i ]VkZ Vc ^bedgiVci \gZZc"

C6H6 C6H6

=^\] Ón^c\ gdWdih I]Z BVgh :meadgVi^dc GdkZgh He^g^i VcY Deedgijc^in edhZ l^i] i]Z Ó^\]i heVgZ d[ i]Z Hd_djgcZg gdkZg [gdb i]Z &.., EVi]ÒcYZg b^hh^dc#

]djhZ Z[[ZXi# I]Zn [djcY bZi]VcZ VcY c^igdjh dm^YZ lZgZ a^`Zan id WZ ^bedgiVci! Vai]dj\] bZVhjgZbZcih d[ ]dl i]ZhZ \VhZh b^\]i WZ X]Vc\^c\ lZgZ cdi i]Zc VkV^aVWaZ# Ild nZVgh aViZg! ]Z gZh^\cZY V aZVY hX^Zci^hi WZgi] dc V b^hh^dc id KZcjh id YZkdiZ [jaai^bZ id hijY^Zh d[ :Vgi]# Æ>i hZZbZY id bZ i]Zc ^i lVh bdgZ ^c" iZgZhi^c\ VcY ^bedgiVci id hijYn V eaVcZi i]Vi ldjaY WZ X]Vc\^c\ WZ[dgZ djg ZnZh VcY i]Z dcZ l]^X] ]djhZY X^k^a^oVi^dc!Ç ]Z hV^Y# H^cXZ i]Zc! =VchZc ]Vh WZXdbZ dcZ d[ i]Z ldgaYÉh aZVY^c\ Xa^bVidad\^hih! Vh lZaa Vh i]Z adc\i^bZ Y^gZXidg d[ <dYYVgYÉh >chi^ijiZ [dg HeVXZ HijY^Zh# IgV^cZY ^c e]nh^Xh VcY Vhigdcdbn ^c ?VbZh KVc 6aaZcÉh heVXZ hX^ZcXZ egd\gVb Vi i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ >dlV! =VchZc Òghi iZh" i^ÒZY dc Xa^bViZ X]Vc\Z WZ[dgZ 8dc\gZhh^d" cVa Xdbb^iiZZh ^c i]Z &.-%h VcY gV^hZY i]Z ^c^i^Va VlVgZcZhh d[ \adWVa lVgb^c\# DcZ d[ i]Z bdhi h^\c^ÒXVci ÒcY^c\h d[ =VchZcÉh nZVgh d[ gZhZVgX] ^h i]Vi i]Z :Vgi] ^h cdl ZmeZg^ZcX^c\ Xa^bViZ X]Vc\Z YjZ id V \gZZc" ]djhZ Z[[ZXi XVjhZY Wn ]jbVc"bVYZ igVXZ \VhZh Zb^iiZY [gdb [dhh^a [jZah# 6ai]dj\] ]^h gZhZVgX] ]Vh hi^ggZY XdcigdkZghn ^c i]Z eVhi dc Wdi] h^YZh d[ i]Z eda^i^XVa [ZcXZ! i]Z hX^Zci^ÒX Xdbbjc^in VcY aZVYZgh VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY cdl V\gZZ l^i] ]^h VhhZhhbZci! i]Vi \adWVa lVgb^c\ VcY Xa^bViZ X]Vc\Z VgZ ]ZgZ VcY lZ cZZY id VYYgZhh i]Z ^hhjZ Wn gZYjX^c\ \gZZc]djhZ \Vh Zb^hh^dch VcY djg gZa^VcXZ dc [dgZ^\c d^a! Vbdc\ di]Zg i]^c\h# 6XXdgY^c\ id i]Z <>HH '%%, IZbeZgVijgZ 6cVanh^h! '%%, i^ZY [dg i]Z hZXdcY lVgb" Zhi nZVg! WZ]^cY '%%*! ^c i]Z eZg^dY h^cXZ ^chigjbZcih ]VkZ WZZc jhZY VcY i]ZgZ ^h cd ZVh^c\ d[ i]Z hiZZe \adWVa lVgb^c\ igZcY d[ i]Z eVhi (% nZVgh# L]^aZ i]ZgZ ^h hi^aa

8a^bViZ X]Vc\Z gZhZVgX]Zg ?VbZh :# =VchZc! Y^gZXidg d[ i]Z <dYYVgY >chi^ijiZ [dg HeVXZ HijY^Zh#

bjX] jc`cdlc VWdji \adWVa lVgb^c\ Ä Zm" VXian ]dl bjX] XVgWdc Y^dm^YZ i]Z eaVcZi XVc ]VcYaZ! [dg ZmVbeaZ Ä i]Z XdcXZgc! Vh =VchZc k^Zlh ^i! ^h i]Vi :Vgi]Éh XVeVX^in ^h cZVg^c\ V Æi^ee^c\ ed^ciÇ eVhi l]^X] i]Z Vibdhe]Zg^X VcY Xa^bViZ hnhiZbh l^aa iV`Z dkZg# I]Z \dVa cdl ^h id Vkd^Y i]Vi Æi^ee^c\ ed^ci!Ç Vai]dj\] lZ bVn WZ eZg^adjhan XadhZ id ^i VagZVYn# I]Z egdWaZb ^h lZ YdcÉi `cdl ZmVXian l]ZgZ ^i ^h# >c ?VcjVgn '%%-! V XdbegZ]Zch^kZ! Òghi"d[" ^ih"`^cY hijYn XdcYjXiZY Wn Vc ^ciZgcVi^dcVa iZVb aZY Wn :g^X G^\cdi d[ ?EA VcY i]Z Jc^" kZgh^in d[ 8Va^[dgc^V >gk^cZ! gZkZVaZY i]Vi ^XZ adhh ^c 6ciVgXi^XV ^cXgZVhZY Wn ,* eZgXZci ^c i]Z aVhi YZXVYZ YjZ id V heZZY"je ^c i]Z Ódl d[ ^ih \aVX^Zgh# ÆDjg cZl gZhjaih Zbe]Vh^oZ i]Z k^iVa ^bedgiVcXZ d[ Xdci^cj^c\ id bdc^idg 6ciVgXi^XV jh^c\ V kVg^Zin d[ gZbdiZ hZch^c\ iZX]c^fjZh id YZiZgb^cZ ]dl i]^h igZcY l^aa Xdci^cjZ!Ç hV^Y G^\cdi# :Vgi] hX^Zci^hih cdl gZ\jaVgan iVe C6H6 hViZaa^iZh id bdc^idg ZkZcih! hjX] Vh =jgg^XVcZ @Vig^cV VcY i]Z bVhh^kZ >cY^Vc DXZVc ZVgi]" fjV`Z i]Vi XVjhZY V YZkVhiVi^c\ ihjcVb^ ^c 9Z" XZbWZg '%%)! Vh lZaa Vh di]Zg cVijgVa e]Zcdb" ZcV# C6H6 eaVch id Xdci^cjZ id VYkVcXZ i]Z [gdci^Zgh d[ hX^Zci^ÒX Y^hXdkZgn VWdji :Vgi]! ^ih Xa^bViZ VcY ^ih [jijgZ l^i] cZl gZbdiZ"hZch^c\ ^chigjbZcih ^c dgW^i VcY egd_ZXih id gZhZVgX] i]Z ^cig^XViZ ldg`^c\h d[ i]Z bdi]Zgh]^e# THE FIRST OVERLAND EXPEDITION OF MARS 9Zhe^iZ i]Z ]j\Z hjXXZhh d[ EVi]ÒcYZg VcY Hd_djgcZg! BVgh lVh hi^aa iV`^c\ dji ild d[ ZkZgn i]gZZ heVXZXgV[i Y^heViX]ZY ^ih lVn# I]Vi lVh i]Z hiVijh l]Zc HiZkZc L# HfjngZh! d[ 8dgcZaa Jc^kZgh^in! V [dgbZg hij" YZci d[ HV\VcÉh! \di i]Z XVaa i]Vi C6H6 lVh \^k^c\ ]^b i]Z \d"V]ZVY [dg ]^h BVgh :mead" gVi^dc GdkZgh# =Z ]VY heZci bdgZ i]Vc V YZ" XVYZ lg^i^c\ egdedhVah# Cdl ]Z lVh \d^c\ id BVgh! i]Z eg^cX^eVa ^ckZhi^\Vidg [dg i]Z gdk" ZghÉ hX^ZcXZ eVnadVYh! VcY i]Z egd_ZXi iZVb ]VY aZhh i]Vc [djg nZVgh id \Zi ild gdWdih YZh^\cZY! Wj^ai! VcY WjiidcZY"je [dg aVjcX]# I]Zn ldjaY WZ jh^c\ i]Z EVi]ÒcYZg Zcign!

YZhXZci VcY aVcY^c\ hnhiZb! Wji i]Z BVgh :meadgVi^dc GdkZgh! i]Z Veegdm^bViZ h^oZ d[ V \da[XVgi! lZgZ h^\c^ÒXVcian W^\\Zg VcY ]ZVk^Zg VcY i]ZgZ lVh bjX] id WZ YdcZ# Id bZZi i]Z WgjiVa aVjcX] YZVYa^cZ! i]Z BVgh :meadgVi^dc GdkZg iZVb ldjaY ]VkZ id dkZgXdbZ ZmigVdgY^cVgn dWhiVXaZh! [gdb

h]gZYY^c\ eVgVX]jiZh id ZmeadY^c\ V^gWV\h VcY Wadl^c\ engdh# ÆI]ZgZ lVh V adi d[ h`Zei^" X^hb VcY V adi d[ [ZVg!Ç hV^Y HfjngZh# 6h i]Zn a^kZY ^i! i]^h eVgi^XjaVg \gdje d[ Zc\^cZZgh VcY hX^Zci^hih YZkZadeZY V XVbVgVYZg^Z i]Vi \di i]Zb i]gdj\] i]Z ldghi d[ i^bZh dc i]Z adc\ VcY l^cY^c\ gdVY id @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg# Æ> \^kZ V adi d[ i]Z XgZY^i! ZheZX^Vaan [dg i]Z XV" bVgVYZg^Z WZilZZc hX^ZcXZ VcY Zc\^cZZg^c\! id EZiZ I]Z^h^c\Zg! djg Òghi egd_ZXi bVcV\Zg!Ç HfjngZh VX`cdlaZY\ZY# Æ=Z hZi i]Z idcZ# Dc YVn dcZ! ]Z Wgdj\]i ZkZgndcZ id\Zi]Zg VcY hV^Y/ ÈAdd`! ^[ Vaa lZ Yd ^h aVcY i]ZhZ i]^c\h hV[Zan! lZÉkZ YdcZ cdi]^c\#É =Z ^chi^aaZY ^c ZkZgndcZ i]Vi i]Z dcan gZVa dW_ZXi^kZ lVh id iV`Z i]Z EVi]ÒcYZg iZX]cdad\n VcY jhZ ^i id Yd hX^ZcXZ VcY ZkZgndcZ ZbWgVXZY i]Vi#Ç Igji] idaY! i]Zn Vahd ZbWgVXZY i]Z i^gZaZhh Zci]jh^Vhb VcY Ældg`VW^a^inÇ d[ HfjngZh! cdi id bZci^dc i]Z XVeVW^a^i^Zh d[ i]Z^g gdkZgh# ?jhi i]gZZ YVnh WZ[dgZ i]Z aVjcX] l^cYdl deZcZY! He^g^i \di i]Z \gZZc a^\]i VcY idd` d[[ ^c WZVji^[ja WajZ h`^Zh ?jcZ &%! '%%(# I]gZZ lZZ`h aViZg! Deedgijc^in ZmeZg^ZcXZY Vc ZfjVaan Æe^XijgZ eZg[ZXiÇ aVjcX]! Wji i]Z b^h" [dgijcZh lZgZ [Vg [gdb dkZg# :c gdjiZ! i]Zn lZgZ Wdi] oVeeZY Wn i]Z aVg\Zhi hdaVg hidgb ZkZg gZXdgYZY# 6h He^g^i XadhZY ^c! i]Z Zc\^" cZZgh gZVa^oZY i]Z BVgi^Vc Vibdhe]ZgZ lVh cd" l]ZgZ cZVg Vh YZchZ Vh bdYZah ]VY ^cY^XViZY VcY V aVg\Z Yjhi hidgb ]VY hjYYZcan l]^eeZY je# BVcc^c\! i]Z B:G Zcign! YZhXZci! VcY aVcY^c\ deZgVi^dch bVcV\Zg! 8]^Z[ :c\^cZZg LVncZ AZZ VcY XdaaZV\jZh gZXdch^YZgZY! Y^Y i]Z bVi] VcY hZci je cZl eVgVbZiZgh [dg i]Z He^g^iÉh Zcign! YZhXZci VcY aVcY^c\ hnhiZb# L]Zc i]Z IK XVbZgVh lZgZcÉi dc! i]Z higV^ch d[ 7dWWn BX;Zgg^c h^c\^c\ ÆYdcÉi ldg" gn! WZ ]VeenÇ lV[iZY i]gdj\] b^hh^dc Xdcigda ViiZbei^c\ id a^\]iZc i]Z ehnX]dad\^XVa adVY# 6b^Yhi i]Z iZch^dc VcY Vcm^Zin! i]Z ZnZh d[ C6H6 d[ÒX^Vah VcY bdgZ i]Vc (%% bZbWZgh d[ i]Z \adWVa bZY^V i]Vi ]VY YZhXZcYZY dc ?EA ?Vc# (! '%%)! i]Z gdkZg iZVb VcY ZkZgn" dcZ ZahZ lViX]^c\ XdjaY dcan lV^i Vh He^g^i heZY ^cid i]Z BVgi^Vc Vibdhe]ZgZ# L^i] i]Z dcZ"lVn h^\cVa igVch^i i^bZ WZilZZc :Vgi] VcY BVgh cZVgan &) b^cjiZh! ^i lVh dc ^ih dlc# DcXZ V\V^c! ]dlZkZg! i]Z aVcY^c\ hnhiZb ldg`ZY a^`Z XadX`ldg` VcY He^g^i hadlZY [gdb &'!%%% b^aZh eZg ]djg id oZgd l^i] hZZb^c\ ZVhZ# >i h^\cVaZY l]Zc ^i ]^i i]Z \gdjcY# I]Zc ^i WdjcXZY! egZhjbVWan bjX] a^`Z EVi]ÒcYZg! dcan [dg V adi adc\Zg! '- i^bZh VXijVaan! i]Zc gdaaZY id V hide! jeg^\]i ^c i]Z ]ZVgi d[ <jhZk 8gViZg#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

281

EgdjY eg^cX^eVa ^ckZhi^\Vidg Ide/ 9g# HiZkZ HfjngZh! d[ 8dgcZaa Jc^kZgh^in! eg^cX^eVa ^ckZhi^\Vidg [dg i]Z BVgh :meadgVi^dc GdkZgÉh hX^ZcXZ ^chigjbZcih! jhZh V gdkZg bdYZa id ^aajhigViZ V ed^ci Yjg^c\ V hX^ZcXZ Wg^ZÒc\ [dg i]Z bZY^V Vi i]Z @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg# ?jbe^c\ [dg _dn 6WdkZ/ G^X]VgY 8dd`! BVgh :meadgVi^dc GdkZg B:G YZejin egd_ZXi bVcV\Zg VcY LVncZ AZZ! B:G X]^Z[ Zc\^cZZg [dg i]Z gdkZgh YZhXZci VcY aVcY^c\ hnhiZbh! _jbe [dg _dn l]Zc i]Z ldgY gZVX]ZY i]Z ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn i]Vi He^g^i ]VY hjXXZhh[jaan aVcYZY dc i]Z GZY EaVcZi dc ?Vc# (! '%%)# H^ii^c\ Vi i]Z Xdcigda YZh` ^h GdW BVcc^c\! Zcign! YZhXZci VcY aVcY^c\ deZgVi^dch bVcV\Zg#

HiVcY^c\ * [ZZi iVaa! hiZgZd eVcdgVb^X XVbZgV ÆZnZhÇ Vi i]Z ide d[ i]Z^g bVhih! He^g^i VcY Deedgijc^in lZgZ XgZViZY id ZbjaViZ ]jbVc ÒZaY \Z" dad\^hih# L]Zc i]Z Òghi ^bV\Zh XVbZ higZVb^c\ ^c! 8dgcZaaÉh ?^b 7Zaa! EVcXVbÉh aZVY hX^Zci^hi! Vabdhi XdjaYcÉi WZa^ZkZ ^i# Æ>Éb ^c V hiViZ d[ h]dX` VcY VlZ!Ç ]Z idaY gZedgiZgh# >c i]dhZ bdbZcih! ZkZgn ZmigV b^cjiZ! ZkZgn Ygde d[ Vc\hi"g^YYZc hlZVi lVh ldgi] ^i# 6h i]Z gdkZg hiddY VcY hcVeeZY e^XijgZh Vaa VgdjcY ^ih adXVi^dc! ^i add`ZY VgdjcY i]Z Va^Zc hjggdjcY^c\h bjX] a^`Z V ]jbVc idjg^hi ldjaY# I]Z ^bV\Zh lZgZ hd Xg^he! hd XaZVc! ^i hZZbZY Vabdhi Vh ^[ ndj XdjaY hiZe dji dcid i]Z BVgi^Vc hjg[VXZ# L^i]^c ,' ]djgh d[ He^g^iÉh Vgg^kVa! C6H6 iVaa^ZY bdgZ i]Vc dcZ W^a" a^dc Æ]^ihÇ dc ^ih LZW h^iZh! dWa^iZgVi^c\ i]Z gZXdgY hZi Wn EVi]ÒcYZg$

282

NASA

C6H6 C6H6

Hd_djgcZg ^c &..,# 7ji Vh Deedgijc^in lVh Xadh^c\ ^c dc BVgh! He^g^iÉh XdbejiZg \di hijX` ^c Vc ZcYaZhh gZWddi adde Vi ^ih Òghi gdX` iVg\Zi VcY [dg V l]^aZ HfjngZh ldcYZgZY ^[ ^i ldjaY Vaa WZ dkZg Ä &+ nZVgh d[ ]^h dlc a^[Z VcY nZVgh d[ Z[[dgi [gdb bdgZ i]Vc )!%%% di]Zg eZdeaZ# ?jhi ]djgh WZ[dgZ Deedgijc^in ]^i i]Z BVgi^Vc Vibdhe]ZgZ! ]dlZkZg! hd[ilVgZ Zc\^cZZgh IgVXn CZ^ahdc VcY <aZcc GZZkZh bVcV\ZY id Y^V\" cdhZ VcY ÆigZViÇ He^g^i [dg V ÓVh] bZbdgn egdWaZb# I]Zc! Deedgij" c^in \gVWWZY i]Z hedia^\]i# ÆLZ _jhi hXdgZY i]Z ldgaYÉh Òghi (%%"b^aa^dc"b^aZ ^ciZgeaVcZiVgn ]daZ" ^c"dcZ Ç ZmXaV^bZY HfjngZh Vi i]Z edhi aVcY^c\ egZhh Xdc[ZgZcXZ# L]Zc ^i XdjaYcÉi \Zi Vcn WZiiZg! ^i Y^Y# >c i]Z Òghi ^bV\Z Deedgijc^in gZijgcZY/ Æ7Vc\ 7ZYgdX`# G^\]i ^c [gdci d[ jh!Ç HfjngZh XdcÒgbZY# I]Z gdkZg ]VY Vaa Wji bZi ^ih b^hh^dc dW_ZXi^kZ VcY ^i ]VYcÉi ZkZc hiddY je# L^i] gdkZg X]^Z[ Zc\^cZZg ?V`Z BVi^_Zk^X VcY ]^h Yg^kZgh Vi i]Z Xdc" igdah! HfjngZh VcY YZejin eg^cX^eVa hX^Zci^hi GVn 6gk^Yhdc! d[ LVh]" ^c\idc Jc^kZgh^in Hi# Adj^h! Y^gZXiZY He^g^i VcY Deedgijc^in VgdjcY <jhZk 8gViZg VcY BZg^Y^Vc^ EaVcjb# I]Z BVgh :meadgVi^dc GdkZgh YZa^kZgZY i]Z^g eg^bZ Y^gZXi^kZ l^i]^c i]Z .%"YVn eg^bVgn b^hh^dc! l^i] Deedgijc^in hZcY^c\ ]dbZ Zk^YZcXZ d[ Vc VcX^Zci hVain hZV VcY He^g^i gZijgc^c\ Zk^YZcXZ d[ lViZg jcYZg\gdjcY! WdahiZg^c\ i]Z i]Zdgn i]Vi BVgh lVh dcXZ bjX] lZiiZg VcY eZg]Veh ]dhe^iVWaZ id a^[Z# H^cXZ i]Zc! He^g^i VcY Deedgijc^in ]VkZ h]dlc i]Z^g gdWdi g^\]i hij[[ i^bZ VcY V\V^c# 6h i]Z hdaVg"edlZgZY gdWdi ÒZaY \Zdad\^hih gdkZY VXgdhh i]ZhZ higVc\Zan [Vb^a^Vg ided\gVe]^Zh! i]Zn ]VkZ lg^iiZc cZl X]VeiZgh ^c BVgi^Vc \Zdad\n VcY ZhiVWa^h]ZY gdkZg gZXdgYh! i]Z Òghi id Xa^bW ]^aah dc Vcdi]Zg eaVcZi! ÒcY VcY hijYn bZiZdg^iZh! XVeijgZ ^bV\Zh d[ i]Z cd" idg^djh BVgi^Vc Yjhi YZk^ah! Yg^kZ b^aZh VXgdhh i]Z BVgi^Vc hjg[VXZ! VcY eVgi^X^eViZ ^c XdaaVWdgVi^kZ ZmeZg^bZcih l^i] dgW^iZgh dkZg]ZVY# I]Z^g VW^a^in Æid bdkZ i]gdj\] V hXZcZ i]Zc `ZZe dc bdk^c\!Ç Vh HfjngZh d[iZc eji ^i! jcYZghXdgZh i]Z XVeVW^a^in ^c i]^h cZl ZgV eaVcZiVgn ZmeadgVi^dc# >cig^\j^c\an! He^g^i VcY Deedgijc^in VgZ Vahd ]Zae^c\ e^dcZZg i]Z gdWdi"]jbVc gZaVi^dch]^eh i]Vi l^aa WZ V eVgi d[ [jijgZ ZmeadgVi^dch# 9jg^c\ i]Z aVhi [djg"eajh nZVgh! i]Z gdkZgh ]VkZ ZcYZVgZY i]ZbhZakZh Wn YZbdchigVi^c\ Vc jcXVccn gZh^a^ZcXZ# He^g^i ]Vh ]VY id Yg^kZ WVX`" lVgYh id ^ih YZhi^cVi^dch YgV\\^c\ ^ih Wgd`Zc g^\]i [gdci l]ZZa [dg bdgZ i]Vc ild nZVgh cdl! Wji aVhi nZVg hZgZcY^e^idjhan jcXdkZgZY dcZ d[ i]Z b^hh^dcÉh W^\\Zhi ÒcYh WZXVjhZ d[ i]Vi ]VcY^XVe# 6cY l]Zc V bdchiZg BVgi^Vc Yjhi YZgk^h] l]^gaZY VgdjcY VcY ÆhViÇ dc ide d[ Deedgijc^in ^c ?jan '%%,! i]Z gdkZg XdjaY dcan ]jc`Zg Ydlc l]^aZ ^ih iZVb lV^iZY ]ZaeaZhh dc :Vgi]# LdgYh VcY egVnZgh d[ hjeedgi edjgZY ^c id C6H6 k^V ZbV^a! hcV^a bV^a VcY e]dcZ XVaah VcY 6gk^Yhdc lVh ZkZc VeegdVX]ZY Yjg^c\ V ig^e id gjgVa 8]^cV VcY Vcm^djhan \g^aaZY VWdji i]Z Æa^iiaZ gdk" Zgh ^c i]Z Yjhi hidgb dc BVgh#Ç CZ^i]Zg gdkZg lVh YZh^\cZY id l^i]" hiVcY V BVgi^Vc Yjhi hidgb# HdbZ]dl Wdi] hjgk^kZY# 6h Zb^hhVg^Zh d[ i]Z ]jbVc gVXZ! C6H6 h He^g^i VcY Deedgijc^in ]VkZ WZXdbZ i]Z Òghi gZVa G'9'h dc i]Z aVcYhXVeZ d[ eaVcZiVgn ZmeadgVi^dc# I]Zn ]VkZ \dcZ WZndcY ZkZgndcZÉh l^aYZhi ^bV\^cVi^dc!Ç hV^Y HfjngZh# NZh! i]Zn VgZ _jhi gdWdih! Wji lZ XVgZ YZZean [dg i]Zb# 6h d[ ;ZWgjVgn '%%-! i]Z BVgh :meadgVi^dc GdkZgh lZgZ gdk^c\ hi^aa# I]Z iZVbÉh \gZViZhi ]deZ ^h i]Vi i]Zn gdkZ jci^a i]Zn Ygde# >[ i]Z il^ch XVc XVggn dc! i]Zn l^aa \gZZiÇ i]Z^g YZhXZcYVci! i]Z BVgh HX^ZcXZ AVWdgVidgn! haViZY id Vgg^kZ ^c '%&%# I]Vi gdkZg ^h W^\\Zg! higdc\Zg! VcY [VhiZg# 7ji He^g^i VcY Deedgij" c^in l^aa ValVnh ]daY V heZX^Va eaVXZ ^c heVXZ ]^hidgn Vh i]Z kVa^Vci e^dcZZgh i]Vi idd` ]jbVc^in dc ^ih Òghi dkZgaVcY ZmeZY^i^dc d[ BVgh#

C6H6Éh >ccdkVidgh VcY Jchjc\ =ZgdZh NASA’s 50-year legacy of pioneering the future is as much the product of quietly persistent innovators and unsung heroes as it is of the agency’s more high profile representatives. The following profiles represent just a sample of people who have made a difference in the agency’s history.

7Ziin AdkZ/ 6 a^k^c\ a^c` id i]Z ZVgan M"eaVcZh

By Christian GELZER Ziin AdkZ XVbZ id ldg` [dg i]Z CVi^dcVa 6Yk^hdgn 8dbb^iiZZ [dg 6ZgdcVji^Xh C686 =^\] HeZZY ;a^\]i GZhZVgX] HiVi^dc Vi BjgdX 6^g ;dgXZ 7VhZ! cdl :YlVgYh 6^g ;dgXZ 7VhZ! 8Va^[#! ^c &.*'# >c V hZchZ! h]Z ]Vh cZkZg aZ[i# Jca^`Z bdhi d[ i]Z ZbeadnZZh Vi i]Z C686 hiVi^dc Vi i]Z i^bZ! 7Ziin lVh V cVi^kZ 8Va^[dgc^Vc# H]Z \gZl je cdi [Vg [gdb l]Vi ^h idYVn C6H6Éh 9gnYZc ;a^\]i GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg! VcY XVc gZbZbWZg [Vb^an WdcÒgZh dc GdhVbdcY 9gn AV`Z VcY ig^eh Wn XVg VXgdhh Gd\" Zgh 9gn AV`Z Vi c^\]i ^c &.)'# AdkZ WZ\Vc ldg`^c\ Vh V Æ]jbVc XdbejiZgÇ WVgZan h^m nZVgh V[iZg i]Z Òghi Xdci^c\Zci d[ C686 Zc\^cZZgh VcY iZX]c^X^Vch Vgg^kZY Vi i]Z gZbdiZ YZhZgi WVhZ# =Zg _dW lVh id iV`Z Òab [gdb Vc M"eaVcZ V[iZg V gZ" hZVgX] Ó^\]i! i^bZ XdYZ i]Z igVXZh dc i]Vi Òab! ijgc i]Vi YViV ^cid cjb" WZgh VcY \gVe] i]Z cjbWZgh hd i]Z Zc\^cZZgh XdjaY hZZ l]Vi i]Z higV^c \V\Zh gZ\^hiZgZY dg ]dl bjX] i]Z Xdcigda hjg[VXZh ]VY YZÓZXiZY# H]Z hiVgiZY Vh V <H"& Ä i]Z adlZhi gjc\ dc i]Z \dkZgcbZci eVn hXVaZ Ä VcY gZXVaaZY i]Vi Æ>i lVh hZkZgVa nZVgh WZ[dgZ bn ild"lZZ` eVnX]ZX` ldjaY ZfjVa &%%#Ç Ldg`^c\ XdcY^i^dch lZgZ cdi l]Vi bdhi eZdeaZ ZmeZXiZY! Vai]dj\] AdkZ lVh cdi hjgeg^hZY# ÆI]Z l^cY WaZl ^c i]Z l^ciZg! VcY ^i lVh XdaY VcY Yjhin!Ç h]Z gZXVaaZY# ÆI]Z l^cY WaZl ^c i]Z hjbbZg! VcY ^i lVh ]di VcY Yjhin#Ç :VX] bdgc^c\ Vh i]Z ]jbVc XdbejiZgh XVbZ id ldg` Ä i]Zn lZgZ Vaa ldbZc Ä i]Zn jhZY i]Z^g \dkZgcbZci"^hhjZY Yjhi Wgddb id hlZZe i]Z Yjhi VcY hVcY d[[ i]Z^g YZh`h# Æ>i lVh a^`Z V a^WgVgn!Ç h]Z gZXVaaZY# ÆCd dcZ hed`Z id VcndcZ PZmXZeiR ^c ]jh]ZY idcZh# LZ lZgZ VaadlZY id \Zi Xd[[ZZ il^XZ V YVn# I]Z Zc\^cZZgh ]VY V adi bdgZ [jc ^c i]Z^g d[ÒXZh#Ç AdkZ h ldg` \gVYjVaan WZ\Vc id X]Vc\Z# >chiZVY d[ _jhi gZVY^c\ igVXZh! h]Z WZ\Vc id gZXZ^kZ heZX^Va ^chigjXi^dch l^i] ]Zg Òab/ add` [dg Vbea^ijYZ! dg Xdjci i]Z [gZfjZcX^Zh# >c &.*) h]Z lVh iV`Zc dji d[ i]Z XdbejiZghÉ d[ÒXZ VcY eji ^c V gddb l^i] [djg Zc\^cZZgh l]d ldg`ZY dc higjXijgZh# Æ> hi^aa ]VY bn ;g^YZc XVaXjaVidg!Ç h]Z VYYZY! Wji h]Z WZ\Vc gZ" YjX^c\ YViV _jhi [dg i]dhZ Zc\^cZZgh# BdgZdkZg! jca^`Z ]Zg egZk^djh ldg`eaVXZ! Æ> XdjaY Vh` l]Vi > lVh Yd^c\! l]Vi ^i lVh \d^c\ id WZ jhZY [dg! VcY > Y^Y Vh` adih d[ Èl]nh#ÉÇ Cd adc\Zg _jhi V XdbejiZg! AdkZ lVh egdbdiZY id VZgdcVji^XVa gZhZVgX] Zc\^cZZg^c\ iZX]c^X^Vc# 6adc\ l^i] i]Z i^iaZ XVbZ cZl gZhedch^W^a^i^Zh# Æ> ldg`ZY dc Vaa i]Z gZhZVgX] eaVcZh [gdb i]Z M"& VcY i]Z 9"**-">> id i]Z M"&* VcY i]Z M7",%!Ç h]Z gZbZbWZgZY#

284

NASA

C6H6

7

=dcdgh [dg M"&* ldg` M"&* gZhZVgX] Zc\^cZZg^c\ iZX]c^X^Vc 7Ziin AdkZ dc g^\]i _d^cZY ]Zg ]jhWVcY! M"&* egd_ZXi bVcV\Zg ?^b AdkZ VcY iZhi e^adi 7^aa 9VcV [dg V XZgZbdcn ]dcdg^c\ i]Z egd\gVbÉh hjXXZhh ^c 8Va^[dgc^V <dk# GdcVaY GZV\VcÉh d[ÒXZ &.+. # ;gdb aZ[i! hiViZ VhhZbWanbVc @Zci HiVXZn! ?jY^ 9VcV! 7^aa 9VcV! <dk# GdcVaY GZV\Vc! ?^b AdkZ! 7Ziin AdkZ VcY hiViZ hZcVidg LVaiZg Hi^Zgc#

L]Zc iZaZgZVYZgh XVbZ Vadc\! ]Zg ldg` WZXVbZ hdbZl]Vi aZhh aVWdg^djh# H]Z XdjaY cdl bVg` Òab igVXZh l^i] V [ddi eZYVa l]^aZ ZciZg^c\ i]Z YViV dc V `ZnWdVgY! ^chiZVY d[ lg^i^c\ i]Z cjbWZgh Wn ]VcY ^c Xdajbch# I]Z XVgYh lZgZ i]Zc adVYZY ^cid V hdgiZg i]Vi \Zc" ZgViZY i]Z \gVe]h# 7Z[dgZ adc\! AdkZ lVh lg^i^c\ h]dgi XdbejiZg egd\gVbh id gZYjXZ i]Z YViV bdgZ Y^gZXian# Cdi hjgeg^h^c\an! h]Z lVh \^kZc i]Z Òghi egd\gVbbVWaZ YZh` XdbejiZg i]Z XZciZg ejgX]VhZY# AViZg ^c ]Zg XVgZZg l^i] C6H6! AdkZ Xd"Vji]dgZY hZkZgVa iZX]c^XVa eVeZgh VcY hZgkZY Vh i]^gY Vji]dg dc di]Zgh# H]Z cZkZg [djcY ]Zg nZVgh Vi i]Z XZciZg iZY^djh dg jcgZlVgY^c\! VcY ^i lVh d[iZc ]VgY id aZVkZ ldg` dc i^bZ# ÆI]Z XVg edda jhZY id \^kZ bZ Òih!Ç gZXVaaZY AdkZ d[ i]Z ZVgan nZVgh! h^cXZ h]Z lVh ^ckVg^VWan i]Z aVhi id gZVX] i]Z XVg! VcY i]Z di]Zgh ^c i]Z edda lZgZ ZV\Zg id \Zi ]dbZ# Jci^a! i]Vi ^h! ÆCZ^a 6gbhigdc\ _d^cZY i]Z XVg edda0 i]Zc i]Zn aZ[i bZ VadcZ VcY \di Vaa dkZg ]^b [dg cdi WZ^c\ gZVYn Vi [djg dÉXadX`#Ç AdkZ iZX]c^XVaan gZi^gZY ^c &.,( Wji Xdci^cjZh id WZ ^ckVajVWaZ Vh V kdajciZZg ^c 9gnYZcÉh ]^hidgn d[ÒXZ Ä V a^k^c\! dc"\d^c\ a^c` id i]Z ZVga^Zhi nZVgh Vi i]Z XZciZg! hbddi]an Wg^Y\^c\ i]Z C686 VcY C6H6 eZg^dYh#

?d]c =djWdai/ 6YkdXViZ [dg AjcVg DgW^i GZcYZokdjh

Gdn <# 7gnVci/ =Z Bdi]ZgZY C6H6Éh Bdi]Zg H]^e

By Kathy BARNSTORFF

By Gray CREECH

C6H6

C6H6

E

g^dg id i]Z ZhiVWa^h]bZci d[ C6H6Éh ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg ^c =djhidc! C6H6Éh AVc\aZn GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg ^c =Vbeidc! KV#! lVh ]dbZ id i]Z HeVXZ IVh` <gdje i]Vi Xdc" XZ^kZY VcY Y^gZXiZY 6bZg^XVÉh Òghi ]jbVc"^c"heVXZ egd\gVb! Egd_ZXi BZgXjgn# >i lVh Vi AVc\aZn i]Vi V ndjc\ Zc\^cZZg cVbZY ?d]c =djWdai [dj\]i V hjXXZhh[ja WViiaZ id egdbdiZ ajcVg dgW^i gZcYZokdjh Vh i]Z lVn id \d id i]Z bddc# AjcVg dgW^i gZcYZokdjh! ]dl" K^cY^XViZY AVc\aZn Zc\^cZZg ?d]c =djWdai cZkZg WVX`ZY Ydlc dc ]^h ZkZg! lVh cdi Vc ZVhn hZaa# WdaY bddc aVcY^c\ egdedhVa# >c^i^Vaan! i]Z \gZVi b^cYh d[ 6bZg^XVc heVXZ hX^ZcXZ! ^cXajY^c\ LZgc]Zg kdc 7gVjc! [VkdgZY V ]j\Z gdX`Zi VcY Y^gZXi Ó^\]i id \Zi id i]Z bddc VcY WVX`# Æ>i lVh Vh W^\ Vh Vc 6iaVh kZ]^XaZ VcY! lZ `cdl idYVn! id aVjcX] i]Vi kZ]^" XaZ Vi 8VeZ 8VcVkZgVa P6^g ;dgXZ HiVi^dc! ;adg^YVR iV`Zh (!%%% bZc VcY V kZgn Xdbea^XViZY aVjcX] h^iZ Xdcigda XZciZg!Ç hV^Y =djWdai# Æ7ji i]Zn lZgZ \d^c\ id hZcY V kZ]^XaZ i]Z h^oZ d[ 6iaVh id i]Z bddc l^i] VWhdajiZan oZgd ]Zae VcY aVcY ^i WVX`lVgYh# > hV^Y È>i XVccdi WZ YdcZ#ÉÇ >chiZVY =djWdai egdedhZY hZcY^c\ V XgV[i je ^cid heVXZ i]Vi ldjaY dgW^i i]Z bddc VcY ^cXajYZ V hbVaaZg kZ]^XaZ i]Vi XdjaY aVcY i]ZgZ VcY gZijgc id i]Z Æbdi]Zg h]^e#Ç Æ> hV^Y ndj bjhi ^cXajYZ gZcYZokdjh ^c ndjg i]^c`^c\! id h^bea^[n! id bVcV\Z ndjg ZcZg\n bjX] WZiiZg!Ç gZXVaaZY =djWdai# ÆI]Vi ^h! id bVc" V\Z i]Z lVn i]Z kZ]^XaZh WZ]VkZ ^c V h^beaZg lVn#Ç I]Z AVc\aZn Zc\^cZZg ]VY Ò\jgZh id WVX` je ]^h XaV^bh! Wji ]Z ZcXdjciZgZY \gZVi gZh^hiVcXZ# Æ>i VXijVaan ijgcZY ^cid V ild"VcY"V"]Va[" nZVg Ò\]i id Xdck^cXZ eZdeaZ! WZXVjhZ i]Zn ldjaYcÉi ZkZc a^hiZc id ^i!Ç XdbbZciZY =djWdai# ÈI]Zn ldjaYcÉi ZkZc hijYn ^i# I]Zn lZgZ hd bjX] V\V^chi ^i# L]n lVh i]ZgZ hd bjX] gZh^hiVcXZ id ^i4 I]ViÉh V \ddY fjZhi^dc!

VcY i]Z dcan i]^c\ > XVc XdbZ je l^i] ^h i]Z hncYgdbZ d[ C>= ½ cdi ^ckZciZY ]ZgZ#Ç =djWdai ZkZcijVaan ldc! VcY AVc\aZn lZci dc id Wj^aY bVcn d[ i]Z iddah i]Vi hjeedgiZY =djWdaiÉh ^YZV! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z gZcYZokdjh YdX`^c\ h^bjaVidg jhZY ^c i]Z <Zb^c^ VcY 6edaad egd\gVbh# 6cY! dc ?jan '%! &.+.! i]Z YVn bZc aVcYZY dc i]Z bddc! l]ZgZ lVh ?d]c =djWdai4 I]Z AVc\aZn gZhZVgX]Zg l]d [dj\]i [dg ajcVg dgW^i gZcYZokdjh lVh ^c =djhidc "" ^c B^hh^dc 8dcigda# Æ> ]VY i]Z eg^k^aZ\Z d[ h^ii^c\ i]ZgZ VcY lViX]^c\ i]Z l]daZ b^h" h^dc! VcY l]Zc i]Z aVcY^c\ idd` eaVXZ VcY i]Z idjX]Ydlc lVh bVYZ ½ Vaa d[ jh hiddY je VcY hiVgiZY XaVee^c\!Ç hV^Y =djWdai# Æ7ji! Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ! lZ lZgZcÉi heZV`^c\! WZXVjhZ lZ Y^YcÉi lVci id b^hh V [gVXi^dc d[ V hZXdcY d[ ]^hidgn WZ^c\ bVYZ# 6cY kdc 7gVjc hVi ^c [gdci d[ bZ! VcY ]Z Y^Y i]Z d`Vn h^\c VcY hV^Y! ÈI]Vc` ndj! ?d]c#É I]Vi lVh dcZ d[ i]Z W^\\Zhi gZlVgYh >ÉkZ ZkZg ]VY#Ç

>

c Vk^Vi^dc! e^adih iZcY id gZXZ^kZ i]Z gZXd\c^i^dc [dg i]Z^g h`^aa VcY WgVkVYd! l]^aZ Zc\^cZZgh! iZX]c^X^Vch VcY bV^ciV^cZgh Ä i]Z Zc" VWaZgh d[ Ó^\]i Ä VgZ jhjVaan dkZgadd`ZY# =dlZkZg! i]Z Xdcig^Wji^dch d[ i]ZhZ cdc"Ón^c\ eZghdccZa VgZ ZhhZci^Va id hjXXZhh[ja Ó^\]i gZhZVgX]# HiVgi^c\ d[[ Vh V ndjc\ VZgdheVXZ Zc\^cZZg ^c i]Z aViZ &.*%h! Gdn 7gnVciÉh XVgZZg ZcXdbeVhhZY hjX] VZgdcVji^Xh egd_ZXih Vh i]Z M"&*! ?7"),6! i]Z ;"&%%! ;"&%,6 VcY i]Z 9VZYVajh ]jbVc"edlZgZY V^gXgV[i# 7gnVci \di ]^h hiVgi ^c DXidWZg &.*, Vh Vc Zc\^cZZg ^c i]Z HeZX^Va Egd_ZXih d[ÒXZ d[ i]Z CVi^dcVa 6Yk^hdgn 8dbb^iiZZ [dg 6ZgdcVji^XhÉ =^\] HeZZY ;a^\]i HiVi^dc! cdl C6H6Éh 9gnYZc ;a^\]i GZhZVgX] 8Zc" iZg! adXViZY Vi :YlVgYh 6^g ;dgXZ 7VhZ! 8Va^[# L^i]^c V XdjeaZ d[ nZVgh! 7gnVci lVh eVgi d[ C6H6Éh [Vbdjh M"&* ]neZghdc^X Ó^\]i egd_ZXi! hZgk^c\ ^c i]Z b^hh^dc Xdcigda gddb Yjg^c\ Ó^\]ih! Yd^c\ ZkZgni]^c\ [gdb ad\\^c\ e^adi XdbbZcih id egdk^Y^c\ XVa^" WgVi^dch [dg M"&* Ó^\]ih# =Z lVh `cdlc Vh V kZg^iVWaZ _VX`"d["Vaa"igVYZh# 9jg^c\ i]Z b^Y"&.,%h! ]Z lVh i]Z egd_ZXi bVcV\Zg dc i]Z N;"&, Ò\]iZg VcY dkZghVl i]Z XZciZgÉh ÓZZi d[ ;"&%) HiVgÒ\]iZg gZhZVgX] VcY X]VhZ V^gXgV[i# =Z heZci cZVgan (% nZVgh Vh i]Z egd_ZXi bVcV\Zg d[ C6H6Éh 7"*'7 bdi]Zg h]^e! Vc ^Xdc^X V^gXgV[i i]Vi aVjcX]ZY bVcn d[ i]Z bdhi h^\c^ÒXVci VZgdheVXZ kZ]^XaZh ^c ]^hidgn# Eg^dg id ]^h YZVi] ^c '%%*! 7gnVci lVh Vh`ZY l]Vi Xdcig^Wji^dch ]Z gZXVaaZY bdhi [dcYan# =^h [dXjh gZbV^cZY dc di]Zgh id i]Z ZcY# Æ> lVh ]ZgZ ^c ?VcjVgn &.+% [dg i]Z Òghi M"&* Ó^\]i VcY ^c CdkZbWZg '%%) [dg i]Z aVhi M")(6 Ó^\]i! VcY [dg Vaa d[ i]Z Ó^\]ih ^c"WZilZZc!Ç hV^Y 7gnVci# ÆEg^YZ! YZY^XVi^dc VcY ^ccdkVi^dc ]VkZ WZZc i]Z `Zn ZaZbZcih d[ i]Z eZdeaZ l]d bV^ciV^cZY i]ZhZ k^ciV\Z V^gXgV[i id hje" edgi i]Z bVcn egd_ZXih i]Vi ]VkZ `Zei i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh Vi i]Z [dgZ" [gdci d[ VZgdheVXZ YZkZadebZci [dg i]Z eVhi )* nZVgh#Ç

?VX`"d["Vaa"igVYZh Gdn 7gnVci k^Zl^c\ Vc V^gXgV[i iV`Zd[[ &.+' #

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

285

PTC : GET TING THE JOB DONE FOR NASA In every aspect of program execution – from 3D CAD to Project Management, Product Data Management, Process Automation and Project Collaboration - PTC is proud to play an essential role in the success of NASA’s next generation manned space programs.

Today, PTC’s Pro/ENGINEER®, Windchill® ProjectLink™ and Windchill® PDMLink™ are core components of NASA’s principal product lifecycle management environments for the many program elements in the Vision for Space Exploration.

Download our complimentary whitepaper on Secure Collaboration and learn about process and technology solutions to improve the control and management of your intellectual property.

www.ptc.com /go/securecollaboration/nasa CONGRATULATIONS TO NASA ON ITS 50TH ANNIVERSARY! ©2007 Parametric Technology Corporation (PTC). PTC, the PTC logo, Pro/ENGINEER and Windchill are trademarks or registered trademarks of PTC.

OFFICIAL AEROSPACE SUPPLIER CONGRATULATES NASA ON ITS 50TH ANNIVERSARY

Catalog & retailer information: US Distributor LWR Time Ltd. · Ph 570 408 16 40 FORTIS - the world’s first manufacturer of automatic wristwatches · since 1912 swiss more than 10 years in space · www.fortis-watch.com

CVcXn <# GdbVc/ E^dcZZg d[ C6H6Éh HeVXZ 6higdcdbn Egd\gVb

By Edward S. GOLDSTEIN

C6H6

>

c &.*. i]Z LVh]^c\idc HiVg cZlheVeZg egdÒaZY CVcXn GdbVc! i]Z aVYn l]d h^c\aZ"]VcYZYan gVc C6H6Éh ÓZY\a^c\ Vhigdcdbn egd\gVb# I]Z eVeZg \adl^c\an egV^hZY i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ 8]^XV\d" igV^cZY VhigdcdbZg! l]d VagZVYn lVh VYkdXVi^c\ eaVch [dg aVjcX]" ^c\ dgW^i^c\ Vhigdcdb^XVa dWhZgkVidg^Zh! VcY l]d! V [Zl nZVgh aViZg! lgdiZ V hijYn egZY^Xi^c\ i]Vi Vc dgW^i^c\ iZaZhXdeZ XdjaY hZZ V Æ?je^" iZg"h^oZY eaVcZi VgdjcY 6ae]V 8ZciVjg^#Ç 7ji igjZ id i]Z ZgVÉh hdX^Va hiZgZdineZh! GdbVc lVh YZhXg^WZY Vh V ÆXVgZZg \^gaÇ VcY lVh e^X" ijgZY Vi ]dbZ Æ`cZVY^c\ Ydj\]Ç [dg dcZ d[ ]Zg ÆYZa^X^djh Y^ccZgh#Ç I]^h Zbe]Vh^h Y^Y cdi XdcXZgc GdbVc# =Zg [dXjh lVh ValVnh dc i]Z Y^hiVci \VaVm^Zh! l]^X] ^c V h^b^aZ id YZhXg^WZ djg ZmeVcY^c\ jc^" kZghZ! VgZ d[iZc e^XijgZY Vh gV^h^ch ^c V g^h^c\ adV[ d[ WgZVY# 6h V ldbVc! aVjcX]^c\ V XVgZZg ^c Vhigdcdbn lVh XZgiV^can V X]VaaZc\Z# GdbVc gZXVaaZY i]Vi ]Zg 9ZVc d[ LdbZc Vi HlVgi]bdgZ 8daaZ\Z ÆlVh higdc\an V\V^chi Vcn ldbVc \d^c\ ^cid hX^ZcXZ dg Zc\^" cZZg^c\#Ç 7ji h]Z Y^Y gZXZ^kZ ZcXdjgV\ZbZci [gdb V e]nh^Xh egd[Zh" hdg Æl]d XVbZ je id bZ ^c aVW dcZ YVn VcY hV^Y! ÈNdj `cdl! > jhjVaan ign id Xdck^cXZ ldbZc cdi id \d ^cid e]nh^Xh! Wji > i]^c` bVnWZ ndj b^\]i bV`Z ^i# Ldg`^c\ Vh V gZhZVgX]Zg [dg i]Z CVkVa GZhZVgX] AVWdgVidgn!

GdbVc ViiZcYZY V &.*. iVa` Vi C6H6Éh =ZVYfjVgiZgh Wn X]Zb^hi =VgdaY JgZn VWdji i]Z edhh^WaZ dg^\^ch d[ i]Z bddc# L]^aZ i]ZgZ! C6H6Éh heVXZ hX^ZcXZ Y^gZXidg =dbZg CZlZaa Vh`ZY ]Zg id hiVgi i]Z V\ZcXnÉh Vhigdcdbn egd\gVb# Æ> ]VY aZ[i iZVX]^c\! l]^X] > Zc_dnZY! WZXVjhZ > gZVa^oZY > XdjaYcÉi \Zi iZcjgZ Vi V gZhZVgX] jc^kZgh^in!Ç gZXVaaZY GdbVc# Æ> ÒcVaan YZX^YZY i]Vi i]Z X]VaaZc\Z d[ hiVgi^c\ l^i] V XdbeaZiZan XaZVc haViZ VcY bVee^c\ dji V egd\gVb i]Vi > i]dj\]i ldjaY ^cÓjZcXZ Vhigdcdbn [dg *% nZVgh lVh bdgZ i]Vc > XdjaY ijgc Ydlc# 6cY > i]^c` ^i ]Vh ^cÓjZcXZY Vhigdcdbn [dg i]Vi eZg^dY#Ç GdbVc egdk^YZY aZVYZgh]^e [dg C6H6Éh Òghi hjXXZhh[ja Vhigdcdb^" XVa b^hh^dc! i]Z DgW^i^c\ HdaVg DWhZgkVidgn"&! l]^X] lVh aVjcX]ZY ^c BVgX] &.+'# H]Z i]Zc aZY i]Z eaVcc^c\ VcY dkZghVl b^hh^dch Vh Y^kZghZ Vh \ZdYZi^X hViZaa^iZh! i]Z i]gZZ DgW^i^c\ 6higdcdb^XVa DWhZgkVidg^Zh ^cXajY^c\ 8deZgc^Xjh! l]^X] \VkZ VhigdcdbZgh i]Z^g Òghi deedgijc^in id bV`Z adc\"iZgb dWhZgkVi^dch jc^beZYZY Wn :Vgi]Éh Vibdhe]ZgZ ! i]Z ild HbVaa 6higdcdb^XVa HViZaa^iZh l]^X] hijY^ZY i]Z h`n l^i] M"gVn VcY \VbbV"gVn iZaZhXdeZh! VcY ^cXajYZY J]jgj ! i]gZZ DgW^i^c\ HdaVg DWhZgkVidg^Zh l]^X] hijY^ZY i]Z hjc VcY i]Z hdaVg l^cY ! VcY i]Z >c[gVgZY 6higdcdb^XVa HViZaa^iZ >G6H !

Vadc\ l^i] Vhigdcdb^XVa dWhZgkVi^dch l^i] WVaaddch# ;gdb C6H6Éh ^c[VcXn dclVgY! GdbVc higdc\an VYkdXViZY Vhigdcd" bZg AnbVc He^ioZgÉh XdcXZei [dg eaVX^c\ V aVg\Z dWhZgkVidgn ^c heVXZ! Vc ^YZV i]Vi ZkZcijVaan WZXVbZ i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ# I]Z gdVY [gdb He^ioZgÉh XdcXZei! Òghi egZhZciZY ^c &.)+! id i]Z aVjcX] d[ =jWWaZ ^c &..% lVh adc\ VcY VgYjdjh# GdbVc gZbZbWZgh Xdc" iZhi^c\ eaVch ]ViX]ZY ^c &.+' Wn C6H6Éh ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i egd\gVb id aVjcX] V aVg\Z iZaZhXdeZ dc V HVijgc K gdX`Zi VcY ]VkZ ÆV bVc g^Y^c\ Vadc\ l^i] V iZaZhXdeZ VcY add`^c\ i]gdj\] ^i#Ç GdbVc cdiZY! Æ> ÒcVaan Xdck^cXZY i]Zb i]Vi i]^h lVh i]Z aVhi i]^c\ VhigdcdbZgh lVciZY# Cdi dcan Y^YcÉi i]Zn add` i]gdj\] iZaZhXdeZh dc i]Z \gdjcY ½ VcY WZh^YZh l]^X]! V bVc l^\\aZh! VcY i]Vi hdgi d[ bV`Zh ^i ]VgY id hiVW^a^oZ i]Z iZaZhXdeZ#Ç GdbVc i]Zc ldg`ZY eVi^Zcian l^i] i]Z

HiVgi [gdb hXgViX] CVcXn GdbVc! l^i] V bdYZa d[ i]Z DgW^i^c\ HdaVg DWhZgkVidgn! hiVgiZY VcY dg\Vc^oZY C6H6Éh Vhigdcdbn egd\gVb#

hX^Zci^ÒX Xdbbjc^in id bV`Z gZVa^hi^X eaVch [dg i]Z =jWWaZ! l^i] V '#)"bZiZg iZaZhXdeZ! l]^X] lVh hbVaaZg i]Vc l]Vi bVcn VhigdcdbZgh lVciZY# L]Zc i]Z =jWWaZ ÒcVaan aVjcX]ZY VcY ^c^i^Vaan hj[[ZgZY dei^Xh egdWaZbh i]Vi lZgZ hjWhZfjZcian gZeV^gZY! GdbVc hV^Y Æ> ldcYZgZY ]VY > gZVaan dkZghdaY i]Z =jWWaZ# > ]VkZ id VYb^i i]Vi h^cXZ! > ]VkZ WZZc Xdck^cXZY i]Vi > Y^YcÉi!Ç h]Z aVj\]ZY# >c ]Zg XVgZZg! GdbVc Vahd lVh Vh`ZY id Wg^Z[ bZbWZgh d[ i]Z Vh" igdcVji Xdgeh! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z 6edaad && XgZl! VWdji Vhigdcdbn gZ" aViZY id i]Z^g b^hh^dch# Æ> idaY i]Zb i]Vi i]Zn ldjaY ]VkZ V bjX] YVg`Zg h`n! i]Vi i]ZnÉY WZ VWaZ id hZZ bjX] [V^ciZg hiVgh i]Vc i]Zn XdjaY hZZ [gdb i]Z \gdjcY! VcY d[ XdjghZ! i]Vi i]Zn XdjaY hZZ i]Z hdji]Zgc hiVgh Vh lZaa Vh i]Z cdgi]Zgc hiVgh!Ç h]Z gZXVaah# H]Z aViZg ldg`ZY l^i] i]Z i]gZZ H`naVW XgZlh! l]dhZ b^hh^dch ^cXajYZY hiZa" aVg VcY gZaViZY dWhZgkVi^dch# GdbVc ^h bdhi egdjY d[ ]Zg ldg` dc i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa JaigVk^daZi :meadgZg! V XdaaVWdgVi^kZ egd_ZXi WZilZZc C6H6! i]Z Jc^iZY @^c\" Ydb HX^ZcXZ GZhZVgX] 8djcX^a VcY i]Z :jgdeZVc HeVXZ 6\ZcXn# I]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa JaigVk^daZi :meadgZg lVh i]Z Òghi heVXZ dWhZg" kVidgn id WZ deZgViZY ^c gZVa i^bZ Wn VhigdcdbZgh jh^c\ \gdjcY hiVi^dch Vi <dYYVgY HeVXZ 8ZciZg ^c <gZZcWZai! BY#! VcY ^c HeV^c# 6higdcdbZgh bVYZ bdgZ i]Vc &%)!%%% dWhZgkVi^dch d[ Y^[[ZgZci dW" _ZXih ^cXajY^c\ eaVcZih! XdbZih! hiVgh! ^ciZghiZaaVg \Vh! hjeZgcdkVZ! eaVcZiVgn VjgdgV! \VaVm^Zh VcY fjVhVgh# Æ>i lVh jhZY [dg &+ ]djgh V YVn [gdb <dYYVgY VcY [dg Z^\]i ]djgh V YVn [gdb HeV^c!Ç h]Z hV^Y# ÆBdgZ i]Vc (!%%% gZ[ZgZZY hX^Zci^ÒX eVeZgh XVbZ dji d[ i]Z hViZa" a^iZ! VcY i]Z YViV ^h hi^aa WZ^c\ jhZY# > i]^c` >Éb bdhi egdjY d[ ^i WZ" XVjhZ ^i lVh V egd_ZXi > gZVaan ]VY id ldg` [dg# >i lVh cdi dcZ i]Vi lVh hd dWk^djh i]Vi i]Z Vhigdcdb^XVa Xdbbjc^in ldjaY ]VkZ WZZc je ^c Vgbh ]VY ^i cdi Ódlc# BdgZdkZg! i]Z M"gVn Vhigdcdbn Xdbbjc^in! l]^X] lVh eda^i^XVaan bjX] higdc\Zg i]Vc i]Z dei^XVa Xdbbjc^in VcY jaigVk^daZi Xdbbjc^in Vi i]Vi i^bZ! lVh higdc\an deedhZY id ^i WZ" XVjhZ i]Zn [Zai ^i lVh iV`^c\ bdcZn [gdb M"gVn Vhigdcdbn#Ç >c 9ZXZbWZg &.-*! i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa 6higdcdb^XVa Jc^dc Vc" cdjcXZY i]Z cVb^c\ d[ Vc VhiZgd^Y Y^hXdkZgZY Vi i]Z <dZi]Z A^c` DWhZgkVidgn! >cY^VcV Jc^kZgh^in! V[iZg GdbVc# L]^aZ h]Z ]Vh cdi hZZc ]Zg cVbZhV`Z Vhigdcdb^XVa WdYn! GdbVc hVnh h]Z lVh i]g^aaZY Wn i]Z ]dcdg# IdYVn GdbVc ^h hi^aa VXi^kZ! VcY d[iZc eVgi^X^eViZh ^c [dgjbh YZh^\cZY id ZcXdjgV\Z ndjc\ \^gah id gZVX] [dg i]Z hiVgh#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

287

LZc EV^ciZg/ ;gdb GVcX]^c\ id GZhZVgX]

By Beth HAGENAUER

:bbZii 8]VeeZaaZ/ I]Z EgdYjXih D[ 6c >ckZci^kZ B^cY

By Dewayne WASHINGTON

=

Vk^c\ &) J#H# eViZcih id ndjg cVbZ ^h dcZ ^cY^XVi^dc i]Vi V a^[ZÉh ldg` YZkdiZY id iZX]c^XVa ^ccdkVi^dc ]Vh WdgcZ [gj^i# 7ji [dg :bbZii 8]VeeZaaZ! l]d gZi^gZY [gdb C6H6 h <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg Vh V gZhZVgX] hX^Zci^hi! ]^h hZaZXi^dc Vh dcZ d[ '%%, h ^cYjXi" ZZh ^cid i]Z CVi^dcVa >ckZcidgh =Vaa d[ ;VbZ ^c 6`gdc! D]^d! egd" k^YZY V lZaXdbZ XdcÒgbVi^dc d[ ]^h hiVijh Vh dcZ d[ C6H6Éh \gZVi ^c" cdkVidgh# =Z Vahd ]Vh WZZc gZXd\c^oZY Vh dcZ d[ i]Z '%i] XZcijg^ZhÉ ide &%% 6[g^XVc 6bZg^XVc hX^Zci^hih VcY Zc\^cZZgh# 8]VeeZaaZ! _d^c^c\ i]gZZ di]Zg a^k^c\ ^cYjXiZZh Vi i]Z d[ÒX^Va Vc" cdjcXZbZci! lVh gZXd\c^oZY Wn i]Z CVi^dcVa >ckZcidgh =Vaa d[ ;VbZ [dg ]^h ldg` l^i] ande]^a^oZY gZVXi^dc b^mijgZh# =^h ldg` gZkZVaZY i]Vi V heZX^ÒX XdbW^cVi^dc d[ X]Zb^XVah XVjhZY Vaa a^k^c\ dg\Vc^hbh id Zb^i a^\]i# I]gdj\] ]^h Y^hXdkZgn! 8]VeeZaaZ [VX^a^iViZY ^bedgiVci ÒcY^c\h l^i]^c i]Z ÒZaYh d[ W^dad\n VcY X]Zb^hign! aZVY^c\ id i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ gZbdiZ hZch^c\ d[ kZ\ZiVi^dc ]ZVai] i]gdj\] aVhZg"^cYjXZY ÓjdgZh" XZcXZ# =Z Vahd YZkZadeZY ^ccdkVi^kZ iZX]c^fjZh jhZY id YZiZXi WVXiZ" g^V ^c jg^cZ! WaddY! he^cVa Ój^Yh! Yg^c`^c\ lViZg VcY [ddYh# 8]VeeZaaZÉh ldg` Vahd ]VhiZcZY i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ aVhZg"^cYjXZY ÓjdgZhXZcXZ Vh V bZVch id YZiZXi eaVci higZhh# I]^h iZX]c^fjZ Vaadlh hX^Zci^hih id VhXZgiV^c Xgde ]ZVai] VcY bZVhjgZ egdYjXi^k^in WVhZY dc i]Z Vbdjci d[ a^\]i Xgdeh Zb^i! XgZVi^c\ YViV i]Vi XVc WZ jhZY id ^begdkZ [ddY egdYjXi^dc i]gdj\] Z[[ZXi^kZ eaVci^c\! ^gg^\Vi^dc VcY [Zgi^a^oVi^dc eViiZgch# =^h Òghi ^cigdYjXi^dc id C6H6 dXXjggZY ^c &.+(! l]Zc ]Z lVh ]^gZY id Yd gZhZVgX] l]^aZ V hZc^dg W^dX]Zb^hi Vi i]Z =VoZaidc AVWdgVid" g^Zh ^c ;Vaah 8]jgX]! KV# >c &.++ 8]VeeZaaZ _d^cZY <dYYVgY Vh Vc Zmd" W^dad\^hi VcY aViZg Vh Vc VhigdX]Zb^hi# Æ> gZVaan Zc_dnZY bn i^bZ Vi <dYYVgY!Ç 8]VeeZaaZ hiViZY V[iZg ]^h ^cYjXi^dc lVh VccdjcXZY# ÆI]Z eZdeaZ bVYZ ^i V \gZVi eaVXZ [dg bZ id Yd bn gZhZVgX]! VcY > gZVaan Ve" egZX^ViZY i]Vi C6H6 gZXd\c^oZY i]Z ^bedgiVcXZ d[ bn ldg`#Ç

288

NASA

C6H6

=Vaa d[ [VbZg AVhi nZVg :bbZii 8]VeeZaaZ lVh ^cYjXiZY ^cid i]Z CVi^dcVa >ckZcidgh =Vaa d[ ;VbZ#

Y^YcÉi a^`Z g^Y^c\ ]dghZh dg b^a`^c\ Xdlh! Wji > Y^Y a^`Z V^geaVcZh#Ç I]dhZ ldgYh gZÓZXi i]Z X]^aY]ddY d[ LZcZi] 9# ÆLZcÇ EV^ci" Zg! [dgbZg C6H6 Ó^\]i Xdcigdah Zc\^cZZg! l]d lVh gV^hZY dc V XViiaZ gVcX] cZVg B^aah! CZW# 6h EV^ciZg ZciZgZY Òghi \gVYZ! LdgaY LVg >> WZ\Vc! VcY CZWgVh`V ]VY && igV^c^c\ WVhZh Òaa^c\ i]Z h`^Zh l^i] V^gXgV[i# 6alVnh V Xjg^djh X]^aY! EV^ciZg gZbZbWZgh ]^h \gVcYeVgZcih ]daY^c\ ]^b je id eZZ` ^ch^YZ V^gXgV[i XdX`e^ih# EV^ciZg ZVgcZY ]^h eg^kViZ e^adiÉh a^XZchZ Vi &,# =Z ZciZgZY i]Z J#H# 6^g ;dgXZ _jhi Vh i]Z igjXZ [dg i]Z @dgZVc LVg lVh h^\cZY# 6ai]dj\] ]Z Y^Y cdi Ón! EV^ciZg hZgkZY [djg nZVgh! i]Zc ZVgcZY Vc Zc\^cZZg^c\ YZ\gZZ [gdb i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ L^X]^iV! @Vc# 9jg^c\ ]^h ÒcVa nZVg d[ hijY^Zh! EV^ciZg bZi 9g# 9dc @dgYZh! l]d lVh gZ" Xgj^i^c\ Zc\^cZZgh [dg l]Vi ^h cdl 9gnYZc ;a^\]i GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg! Vi :YlVgYh 6^g ;dgXZ 7VhZ ^c 8Va^[dgc^VÉh Bd_VkZ 9ZhZgi# =Z _d^cZY i]Z XZciZgÉh Zc\^cZZg^c\ hiV[[ ^c &.+(# >c ]^h ldg`! EV^ciZg [dXjhZY dc Ó^\]i Xdcigda hnhiZbh dc C6H6Éh a^[i" ^c\ WdY^Zh# I]ZhZ jc^fjZ gZhZVgX] kZ]^XaZh! l^i] jcXdckZci^dcVa VZgd" YncVb^X h]VeZh! lZgZ YZh^\cZY id kVa^YViZ i]Z XdcXZei d[ Ón^c\ V l^c\" aZhh kZ]^XaZ WVX` id :Vgi] [gdb heVXZ VcY aVcY^c\ ^i a^`Z Vc V^gXgV[i Vi V egZ"YZiZgb^cZY h^iZ# I]Z dg^\^cVa ^YZV d[ a^[i^c\ WdY^Zh lVh XdcXZ^kZY VWdji &.*, Wn 9g# 6a[gZY ?# :\\Zgh! ?g#! i]Zc i]Z Vhh^hiVci Y^gZXidg [dg GZhZVgX] VcY 9ZkZadebZci 6cVanh^h VcY EaVcc^c\ Vi 6bZh# EV^ciZgÉh ]VcY^ldg` XVc WZ [djcY ^c i]Z B'";'! =A"&% VcY M"')6 gZhZVgX] kZ" ]^XaZh# =^h iZX]c^XVa hjeedgi lVh ZhhZci^Va id i]Z Òghi Ó^\]i d[ i]Z =A" &% dc 9ZX# ''! &.++# 6c jc[dgZhZZc YZh^\c ÓVl XVjhZY i]Z V^gÓdl id hZeVgViZ [gdb i]Z XgV[iÉh ild ZaZkdch Vi edh^i^kZ Vc\aZh d[ ViiVX`! gZc" YZg^c\ i]Z ZaZkdch k^gijVaan jhZaZhh [dg gdaa Xdcigda# C6H6 e^adi 7gjXZ EZiZghZc higj\\aZY l^i] i]Z Vabdhi jcXdcigdaaVWaZ V^gXgV[i Yjg^c\ ^ih ("b^cjiZ! +"hZXdcY g^YZ id V ()' b^aZ eZg ]djg aVcY^c\ dc Gd\Zgh 9gn AV`Z# ;gdb i]Z Xdcigda gddb! EV^ciZg d[[ZgZY i^eh id EZiZghZc Vh ]Z ViiZbeiZY id hiVW^a^oZ i]Z V^gXgV[i#

C6H6

Æ>

A^[ZhVkZg LZc EV^ciZg! ]ZgZ l^i] XdaaZV\jZ Idb BXBjgin VcY 6bZh \jZhi e^adih cZmi id 69"& gZhZVgX] V^gXgV[i#

H]ZaWn ?VXdWh

Æ=Z \di ^i Ydlc hV[Zan! Wji ^i lVh iZgg^[n^c\ [dg Vaa d[ jh!Ç EV^ciZg gZbZbWZgh# Di]Zg Zc\^cZZgh lVciZY id gZÓn i]Z b^hh^dc ^c Vc ViiZbei id Yjea^" XViZ i]Z egdWaZb! Wji EV^ciZg gZ[jhZY id Vaadl ^i jci^a V Òm lVh [djcY# =Z lVh hjeedgiZY Wn [dgbZg XZciZg Y^gZXidg EVja 7^`aZ! l]d Xdb" bZciZY i]Vi ^[ ÆLZc EV^ciZg YdZhcÉi h^\c d[[ i]Z Ó^\]i eVeZgldg` dc i]Z =A"&%! ^i YdZhcÉi Ón#Ç EV^ciZg hV^Y i]Vi ]Z ldjaY cZkZg [dg\Zi BVn &%! &.+,! l]Zc \ddY [g^ZcY EZiZghZc lVh aVcY^c\ i]Z B'";' VcY ^i WZ\Vc id XVgi" l]ZZa# L]Vi hVkZY EZiZghZcÉh a^[Z lVh i]Vi i]Z XdX`e^i! Wn YZh^\c! lVh gZ^c[dgXZY l^i] ]ZVkn hiZZa [dg WVaaVhi gVi]Zg i]Vc i]Z ine^XVa aZVY lZ^\]ih# I]Z gZhjaih d[ i]Z ;"- hjeZgXg^i^XVa l^c\ Ó^\]i gZhZVgX]! [dg l]^X] ]Z lVh egd_ZXi Zc\^cZZg! XVc WZ hZZc ^c i]Z l^c\ YZh^\c d[ bdhi V^ga^cZgh Ón^c\ idYVn# I]^h gZhZVgX]! ^ckdak^c\ V cZl iV^adg^c\ d[ Vc V^g[d^a YZh^\c id YZaVn i]Z [dgbVi^dc VcY gZYjXZ i]Z higZc\i] d[ i]Z h]dX` lVkZ dkZg i]Z l^c\ d[ Vc V^gXgV[i WgZV`^c\ i]Z hdjcY WVgg^Zg! ]VkZ ^begdkZY i]Z Xgj^h^c\ heZZY! [jZa Z[ÒX^ZcXn VcY Ó^\]i gVc\Z d[ hjWhdc^X XdbbZgX^Va V^gXgV[i# I]dj\] iZX]c^XVaan gZi^gZY [gdb C6H6! EV^ciZg hi^aa XdbZh id 9gnYZc hZkZgVa i^bZh V lZZ` id egdk^YZ Zc\^cZZg^c\ hjeedgi [dg V XdcigVXidg# =Z ^h gZb^cYZY d[ ]^h a^[i^c\ WdYn YVnh ZVX] i^bZ ]Z eVhhZh i]Z =A"&%! cdl bdjciZY dc V eZYZhiVa _jhi djih^YZ i]Z XZciZgÉh bV^c \ViZ#

8VbZgV YZh^\cZg C6H6 XdcigVXidg H]ZaWn ?VXdWh ÓVc`ZY Wn HIH"'+ VhigdcVjih 9^X` 8dkZn VcY 9Vk^Y =^abZgh# Id i]Z g^\]i ^h 8Vga 6cYZghdc! ?VXdWh Xd"ldg`Zg Vi GdX`lZaa >ciZgcVi^dcVa#

By Sonja ALEXANDER

]Za^XdeiZg e^adih ^c i]Z CVkn! lVh dc i]Z gZXdkZgn XgZl Vhh^\cZY id gZbdkZ 6edaad + hZeVgVi^dc Òab XVc^hiZgh [gdb i]Z 6iaVci^X DXZVc# >c add`^c\ WVX` dc ]^h YZX^h^dc id ejghjZ Zc\^cZZg^c\ ^chiZVY d[ gZX" dbbZcYZY igVYZ ldg`! ?VXdWh hV^Y! Æ> i]dj\]i ^i WZiiZg id egZeVgZ VcY cdi WZ VWaZ id VX]^ZkZ XVgZZg \dVah i]Vc cdi egZeVgZ VcY a^kZ id gZ\gZi ^i#Ç =Z VYYZY! Æ> Vb ZiZgcVaan i]Vc`[ja id C6H6! GdX`lZaa Pcdl 7dZ^c\R Vbdc\ di]Zgh [dg i]Z bVcn ldcYZg[ja deedgijc^i^Zh [gdb l]^X] > YZ" g^kZY hjX] \gZVi WZcZÒi dkZg V adc\ )%"nZVg XVgZZg ^c VZgdheVXZ#

6

HiZkZ 7VaZh VcY ?VX` <VgbVc/ LdcYZg 7dnh d[ i]Z 6edaad && ;a^\]i 8dcigda IZVb

H]ZaWn ?VXdWh/ 6XXZei^c\ i]Z 8]VaaZc\Z h i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh lVh ZciZg^c\ i]Z heVXZ gVXZ ^c i]Z aViZ &.*%h! i]Z cVi^dc Vahd lVh VWdji id [dg\Z cZl [gdci^Zgh ^c i]Z \gZVi ejW" a^X higj\\aZ [dg X^k^a g^\]ih# I]Z Æ?VX`^Z GdW^chdcÇ e]ZcdbZcdc ]VY dXXjggZY ^c Vi]aZi^Xh Yjg^c\ i]Z aViZ &.)%h VcY &.*%h! Wji cdi ^c i]Z VZgdheVXZ ^cYjhign# I]Z i]ZbZh d[ 6bZg^XVÉh gZVX] ^cid heVXZ VcY i]Z WZ\^cc^c\h d[ i]Z X^k^a g^\]ih bdkZbZci ^ciZghZXiZY! l]Zc YZiZgb^cZY 6[g^XVc"6bZg^XVch dkZgXVbZ i]Z YdjWih d[ bVcn di]Zgh i]Vi i]Zn XdjaY eVgi^X^eViZ bZVc^c\[jaan ^c hX^ZcXZ VcY iZX]cdad\n XVgZZgh# H]ZaWn ?VXdWh! a^`Z hd bVcn WaVX` eZdeaZ Yjg^c\ i]^h i^bZ! lVh bZi l^i] hdX^Va WVgg^Zgh# I]dj\] Vi Òghi ^i hZZbZY fj^iZ Vc je]^aa WViiaZ! l^i] Vc jcZkZc eaVn^c\ ÒZaY! ?VXdWh eZghZkZgZY VcY lZci dc id ]Zae C6H6 bV`Z heVXZ ]^hidgn# 9Zhe^iZ WZ^c\ idaY Wn ]^h ]^\] hX]dda eg^cX^eVa i]Vi i]ZgZ lZgZ Æcd WaVX` Zc\^cZZghÇ VcY ZcXdjgV\ZY id ejghjZ di]Zg ldg`! ?VXdWh idd` i]dhZ ldgYh Vh V X]VaaZc\Z VcY lVh \aVY i]Vi ]Z Y^Y# =Z lZci id i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ 8Va^[dgc^V ^c Adh 6c\ZaZh! bV_dg^c\ ^c bZX]Vc^XVa Zc\^" cZZg^c\! VcY lVh hjWhZfjZcian ]^gZY Wn GdX`ZYncZ ^c 8Vcd\V EVg`!

8Va^[#! l]ZgZ ]Z bVYZ YZiV^a VcY VhhZbWan YgVl^c\h [dg i]Z BZgXjgn VcY 6iaVh egd_ZXih# =Z hjWhZfjZcian igVch[ZggZY id Cdgi] 6bZg^XVc" GdX`lZaa! ^c 9dlcZn! 8Va^[#! l]ZgZ ]Z ldg`ZY dc i]Z 6edaad$HVijgc VcY heVXZ h]jiiaZ egd\gVbh# ;dg i]Z h]jiiaZ ]Z lVh i]Z egd_ZXi bVc" V\Zg gZedgi^c\ id i]Z k^XZ egZh^YZci d[ i]Z egd\gVb [dg ZmiZgcVa iVc` hnhiZbh ^ciZg[VXZ ]VgYlVgZ egdYjXi^dc egdk^YZY id BVgi^c BVg^ZiiV Wn GdX`lZaa # =Z ^h bdhi egdjY d[ ]^h gdaZ ^c i]Z YZh^\c! ^chiVaaVi^dc VcY iZhi^c\ d[ i]Z XVbZgV hnhiZb! l]^X] ÓZl dc i]Z jcbVccZY 6edaad + Ó^\]i ^c 6eg^a &.+-# I]Z Òab d[ i]Z hZeVgVi^dc WZilZZc i]Z Òghi VcY hZXdcY hiV\Zh d[ i]Z kZ]^XaZ ^h dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi gZeZViZY ^bV\Zh ^c heVXZ ]^hidgn# ?VXdWh gZXZcian aZVgcZY i]Vi V [Zaadl cVi^kZ d[ ]^h ]dbZ idlc Ä HVciV 8aVg^iV KVaaZn! 8Va^[# Ä ?d]c GZ^Y! Vbdc\ i]Z Òghi WaVX`

By Craig COLLINS

6

bZg^XVch l]d `cdl V W^i VWdji i]Z 6edaad HeVXZ Egd\gVb bVn gZXVaa i]Vi i]Z Òghi bVccZY ajcVg aVcY^c\ Ä Yjg^c\ i]Z 6edaad && b^hh^dc Ä lVh V hea^i"hZXdcY VlVn [gdb WZ^c\ VWdgiZY# IlZcin"h^m" nZVg"daY \j^YVcXZ d[ÒXZg HiZkZ 7VaZh lVh V `Zn Ó^\]i Xdcigda iZVb bZbWZg l]d `Zei ]^h Xdda l]^aZ i]Z dcWdVgY XdbejiZg ^c i]Z ajcVg bdYjaZ hZci dji V hZg^Zh d[ VaVgbh# 6h i]Z ajcVg bdYjaZ :V\aZ bVYZ ^ih VeegdVX] id i]Z hjg[VXZ d[ i]Z bddc! V nZaadl XVji^dc a^\]i XVbZ dc ^ch^YZ i]Z XdX`e^i! dc i]Z Xdb" ejiZg Xdcigda eVcZa# >i lVh XdYZY &'%'! Vc ÆZmZXji^kZ dkZgÓdlÇ VaVgb! l]^X] bZVci i]Z XdbejiZg lVh ]Vk^c\ igdjWaZ XdbeaZi^c\ ^ih ldg` ^c i]Z XnXa^c\ i^bZ VkV^aVWaZ# 6h C6H6 aZ\ZcY ]Vh ^i! 7VaZh! l]d ]VY i]Z Vji]dg^in id ^hhjZ V <d dg Cd <d YZX^h^dc dc i]Z aVcY^c\ Ä Xdci^cjZY id ^hhjZ V XdcÒYZci ÆLZÉgZ <d Ç i]gdj\]dji i]Z gZbV^c^c\ hZXdcYh d[ i]Z YZhXZci! ZkZc Vh i]Z &'%' VcY V h^b^aVg VaVgb! i]Z &'%&! hdjcYZY ^ciZgb^iiZcian# L]Zc i]Z ajcVg bdYjaZ bVYZ ^ih aVcY^c\! ^i ]VY hZXdcYh d[ [jZa gZ" bV^c^c\ WZ[dgZ ^i ldjaY ]VkZ id VWdgi# I]Z ^Xn XVab d[ 7VaZh ^h V YgVbVi^X! ^Xdc^X bdbZci ^c C6H6 ]^h" idgn! Wji Vh ndj eZZa WVX` i]Z aVnZgh d[ egZeVgVi^dc i]Vi aZY id i]dhZ bdbZcih! i]Z hidgn WZXdbZh Vabdhi VhidjcY^c\# 7VaZh Ä l]d aViZg VXXZeiZY i]Z C6H6 <gdje 6X]^ZkZbZci 6lVgY [gdb EgZh^YZci C^mdc dc WZ]Va[ d[ i]Z Zci^gZ b^hh^dc deZgVi^dch iZVb Ä XgZY^iZY ]^h fj^X` YZX^h^dc id Vc ZkZc ndjc\Zg l]^o `^Y! ?d]c G# Æ?VX`Ç <VgbVc! ') nZVgh daY! Vc ZmeZgi ^c i]Z \j^YVcXZ XdbejiZg hd[ilVgZ# >i lVh <VgbVc l]d! V [Zl bdci]h WZ[dgZ 6edaad &&! \VkZ

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

289

C6H6

V `^cY d[ Æ\gVYjVi^dc YVnÇ ^c l]^X] i]Z iZVb XZaZWgViZh ^ih \gjZa^c\ gdji^cZ Wn egVXi^X^c\ V hjXXZhh[ja aVcY^c\# I]^h i^bZ! ild lZZ`h WZ[dgZ i]Z aVjcX] YViZ! @ddh ]VY ^chiZVY i]gdlc V hZg^Zh d[ egd\gVb VaVgbh Vi i]Zb Ä ^cXgZY^Wan! &'%& VcY &'%' VaVgbh# 7VaZh add`ZY Vi i]Z VaVgbh VcY XVaaZY Vc VWdgi# ÆLZ VWdgiZY!Ç @gVco hV^Y aViZg! ÆVcY > lVh gZVaan gZVYn id `^aa @ddh Vi i]^h i^bZ! > lVh hd YVbcZY bVY ½ Wji @ddh XdbZh ^cid Pi]Z YZWg^Z[" ^c\R VcY ]Z hVnh! ÈCd ½ Ndj h]djaY cdi ]VkZ VWdgiZY [dg i]dhZ Xdb" ejiZg egd\gVb VaVgbh# L]Vi ndj h]djaY ]VkZ YdcZ ^h iV`Zc V add` Vi Vaa d[ i]Z [jcXi^dc# LVh i]Z \j^YVcXZ hi^aa ldg`^c\4 LVh i]Z cVk^\Vi^dc hi^aa ldg`^c\4 LZgZ ndj hi^aa Òg^c\ ndjg _Zih4ÉÇ Ild lZZ`h aViZg! l]Zc i]Z &'%' VaVgb hdjcYZY! ZkZc i]dj\] 7VaZh Y^YcÉi gZbZbWZg l]^X] dcZ ^i lVh! V Xg^i^XVa YZX^h^dc gZhiZY l^i] ild ndjc\ bZc l]dhZ V\Zh XdbW^cZY id ZfjVa *%# ÆNdj YdcÉi gZVa^oZ jci^a nZVgh aViZg! VXijVaan! ]dl Yd^c\ i]Z lgdc\ i]^c\ Vi i]Z g^\]i i^bZ XdjaY ]VkZ X]Vc\ZY ]^hidgn!Ç <VgbVc dcXZ hV^Y Ä WZ[dgZ eVhh^c\ XgZY^i Vadc\ id hdbZWdYn ZahZ# ÆHd ^i lVh kZgn \ddY i]Vi i]ZgZ lZgZ eZdeaZ a^`Z <ZcZ @gVco VcY HiZkZ 7VaZh VcY di]Zgh l]d `Zei i]Z^g ]ZVYh#Ç

9g# <Zdg\Z 8Vggji]Zgh/ AjcVg DWhZgkVidgn 9ZkZadeZg

By Edward S. GOLDSTEIN

8dda ]ZVYh =ZgdZh d[ i]Z 6edaad && aVcY^c\/ HiZkZ 7VaZh Vi b^hh^dc Xdcigda VWdkZ VcY ?VX` <VgbVc gZXZ^k^c\ Vc VlVgY [gdb 6aVc H]ZeVgY l^i] <Zdg\Z Adl add`^c\ dc#

i]Z h^bjaVi^dc hjeZgk^hdg! 9^X` @ddh! i]Z ^YZV d[ iZhi^c\ i]Z gZVX" i^dc d[ Ó^\]i XdcigdaaZgh id XdbejiZg Zggdg XdYZh# =Z Vahd hjeedgiZY Ó^\]i XdcigdaaZgh ^c B^hh^dc 8dcigda Vh V WVX`gddb VYk^hdg dc Xdb" ejiZg hnhiZbh# 7n i]Z i^bZ i]Z VXijVa aVcY^c\ lVh WZ^c\ ViiZbeiZY Wn VhigdcVjih CZ^a 6gbhigdc\ VcY 7joo 6aYg^c! <VgbVc `cZl Vabdhi ^chi^cXi^kZan i]Vi V h^c\aZ &'%' dg &'%& VaVgb Y^Y cdi bZVc i]Z b^h" h^dc ]VY id WZ VWdgiZY0 ^i h^bean bZVci i]Z XdbejiZg lVh higj\\a^c\ id `ZZe je# 6h adc\ Vh i]Z VaVgb Y^Y cdi WZXdbZ Xdci^cjdjh Ä bZVc" ^c\ i]Z XdbejiZg lVh cdi \Zii^c\ Vcn ldg` YdcZ VcY k^iVa iVh`h lZgZ cZ\aZXiZY Ä ^i ldjaY cdi egZkZci V aVcY^c\# 6cY ^i lVh <VgbVc id l]db 7VaZh ijgcZY l]Zc i]Z &'%' VaVgb lZci d[[# ÆFj^iZ [gVc`an!Ç 7VaZh aViZg gZXVaaZY! Æ?VX`! l]d ]VY i]ZhZ i]^c\h bZbdg^oZY! hV^Y! ÈI]ViÉh d`Vn!É WZ[dgZ > XdjaY ZkZc gZbZbWZg l]^X] \gdje Pi]Z VaVgbR lVh ^c#Ç ;dg ]^h eVgi! <VgbVc \^kZh XgZY^i id ;a^\]i 9^gZXidg <ZcZ @gVco Ä `cdlc id bdhi d[ 6bZg^XV Vh i]Z ÒZgn X]VgVXiZg eaVnZY Wn :Y =Vg" g^h ^c i]Z Òab 6edaad &( Ä [dg ]^h bZbdg^oVi^dc d[ i]Z VaVgb XdYZh/ Æ<ZcZ @gVco! l]d lVh i]Z gZVa ]Zgd d[ i]Vi l]daZ Ze^hdYZ! hV^Y! ÈCd! cd! cd# > lVci ndj Vaa id lg^iZ Ydlc ZkZgn edhh^WaZ XdbejiZg VaVgb i]Vi XVc edhh^Wan \d lgdc\#ÉÇ <VgbVc Y^Y! Vadc\ l^i] i]Z XdggZXi gZVXi^dc id i]dhZ VaVgbh Ä VcY `Zei i]^h ]VcYlg^iiZc a^hi jcYZg \aVhh dc ]^h YZh`# @gVcoÉh dgYZg ]VY XdbZ dc i]Z ]ZZah d[ V hi^c\^c\ ZbWVggVhhbZci YZVai id i]Z Ó^\]i Xdcigda iZVb Yjg^c\ ^ih ÒcVa h^bjaVi^dc! igVY^i^dcVaan

290

NASA

g# <Zdg\Z 8Vggji]Zgh! l]d \gZl je YgZVb^c\ d[ heVXZ l]^aZ gZVY^c\ hX^ZcXZ ÒXi^dc VcY 7jX` Gd\Zgh Xdb^X Wdd`h! VcY ha^\]ian aViZg bdgZ gZVa^hi^X Vhigdcdbn Wdd`h! ^h gZegZhZciVi^kZ d[ i]Z bVcn 6edaad ZgV hX^Zci^hih l]d bVYZ i]Z bdhi d[ deedgijc^i^Zh id ijgc djg Òghi h^m ]jbVc ajcVg ZmeadgVi^dch ^cid bdgZ i]Vc ÓV\h VcY [ddieg^cih# IdYVn! dc i]Z bddcÉh 9ZhXVgiZh ]^\]aVcY gZ\^dc! ^c i]Z h]VYdl d[ i]Z ajcVg bdYjaZ Dg^dc! h^ih i]Z ;Vg JaigVk^daZi 8VbZgV$HeZXigd" \gVe]! i]Z Òghi bddc"WVhZY dWhZgkVidgn i]Vi 8Vggji]Zgh YZkZadeZY [dg i]Z &.,' 6edaad &+ b^hh^dc# Ldg`^c\ [dg i]Z CVkVa GZhZVgX] AVWd" gVidgn! 8Vggji]Zgh ]VY i]gZZ nZVgh ZVga^Zg gZXZ^kZY V eViZci [dg V ;Vg JaigVk^daZi :aZXigd\gVe]^X 8VbZgV! l]^X] dWiV^cZY ^bV\Zh ^c ZaZXigd" bV\cZi^X gVY^Vi^dc ^c h]dgi lVkZaZc\i]h# >c &.,%! jh^c\ V hdjcY^c\ gdX`Zi! ]Z bVYZ i]Z Òghi YZiZXi^dc d[ bdaZXjaVg ]nYgd\Zc ^c heVXZ# 6cY ^c &.,' ]Z aZY V iZVb i]Vi gZhedcYZY id V C6H6 VccdjcXZbZci d[ deedgijc^in id YZkZade i]Z Òghi VcY i]jh [Vg dcan ajcVg Vhigdcdb^XVa dWhZgkVidgn# I]Z ;Vg JaigVk^daZi 8VbZgV$HeZXigd\gVe] jhZY V ("^cX] Y^VbZiZg iZaZhXdeZ id e]did\gVe] :Vgi]! kVg^djh cZWjaVZ! hiVg Xajh" iZgh! VcY i]Z AVg\Z BZ\ZaaVc^X 8adjY# >c YZkZade^c\ i]Z dWhZgkVidgn!

8Vggji]ZghÉ iZVb hjgbdjciZY V cjbWZg d[ X]VaaZc\Zh d[ ^chigjbZciV" i^dc VcY YZh^\c id XgZViZ V *%"edjcY! \daY"eaViZY XVbZgV VcY heZXigd" \gVe] VeeVgVijh i]Vi gZXdgYZY gVY^Vi^dc [gdb i]Z jeeZg ]Va[ d[ i]Z JK heZXigjb# =Z VcY ]^h iZVb ]VY id ZchjgZ i]Vi hZch^i^kZ XdVi^c\h jhZY ^c i]Z^g ^chigjbZci lZgZ cdi ZmedhZY id lViZg kVedg# 8Vggji]Zgh Vahd cdiZY i]Vi i]Z deedgijc^in id eaVXZ Vc ^chigjbZci dc i]Z bddc! aZi VadcZ heVXZ! lVh jc^fjZ ÆWZXVjhZ ^c i]Z &.,%h i^bZ eZg^dY i]Zn Y^YcÉi ]VkZ bjX] ^c i]Z lVn d[ dgW^iVa b^hh^dch#Ç 8Vggji]Zgh Vahd YZkZadeZY V gdX`Zi ^chigjbZci i]Vi dWiV^cZY Vc jaigVk^daZi ^bV\Z d[ 8dbZi =VaaZn! VcY Vc ^chigjbZci l^i] ild XVbZgVh! l^i] Y^[[ZgZci [Vg"JK lVkZaZc\i] hZch^i^k^i^Zh! jhZY dc i]Z HIH"(. heVXZ h]jiiaZ b^hh^dc ^c &..&# =Z ]Vh ldg`ZY bdhi gZXZcian dc JK ^bV\^c\ d[ :Vgi]Éh edaVg VjgdgVh VcY d[ i]Z [V^ci

C6H6

9

C6H6

AjcVg dWhZgkVidgn 9g# <Zdg\Z 8Vggji]Zgh l^i] i]Z ;Vg JaigVk^daZi 8VbZgV$HeZXigd\gVe]#

e]didX]Zb^XVa ajb^cZhXZcXZ [djcY ^c i]Z jeeZg Vibdhe]ZgZ! l^i] Vc ^chigjbZci! <adWVa >bV\^c\ Bdc^idg d[ i]Z >dcdhe]ZgZ <>B> ! dc V 9ZeVgibZci d[ 9Z[ZchZ hViZaa^iZ! i]Z 6YkVcXZY GZhZVgX] VcY <adWVa DWhZgkVi^dc HViZaa^iZ 6G<DH ! aVjcX]ZY ^c &...# I]^h lVh i]Z Òghi d[ ]^h ^chigjbZcih i]Vi jhZY gVY^d igVchb^hh^dch d[ ^bV\Zh id i]Z \gdjcY! gVi]Zg i]Vc jh^c\ Òab# IdYVn! 8Vggji]Zgh iZVX]Zh Vc :Vgi] VcY HeVXZ HX^ZcXZ XdjghZ Vi =dlVgY Jc^kZgh^in hedchdgZY Wn V C6H6 6ZgdheVXZ Ldg`[dgXZ 9Z" kZadebZci <gVci# L]^aZ dWk^djhan egdjY d[ ]^h ldg` dc ]jbVc`^cYÉh Òghi ajcVg dWhZg" kVidgn! 8Vggji]Zgh ldjaY a^`Z eZdeaZ id gZXVaa ]dl ]^h gZhZVgX] lVh V^YZY Wn i]Z deedgijc^i^Zh C6H6 egZhZciZY id hX^Zci^hih id eji i]Z^g ^chigjbZcih dc hdjcY^c\ gdX`Zih# =Z ldjaY a^`Z id hZZ C6H6 gZbZb" WZg i]Vi cdi Vaa d[ ^ih \gZVi hX^ZcXZ XdbZh dji d[ aVg\Z"hXVaZ b^hh^dch#

6bdc\ i]Z ^ccdkVi^dch heVlcZY ^c @^coaZgÉh h]de Vi ?d]chdc lZgZ i]Z ÓZm^WaZ gjWWZg Wddi WZilZZc V heVXZ XVehjaZ VcY ^ih gZ"Zcign ]ZVi h]^ZaY i]Vi hd[iZcZY dXZVc aVcY^c\h! i]Z eaVfjZh eaVXZY dc i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ Wn ZVX] d[ i]Z 6edaad bddc aVcY^c\h! VcY i]Z ]VcY"]ZaY bVcZjkZg^c\ jc^i jhZY Wn :Y L]^iZ ^c i]Z Òghi heVXZlVa` Wn V J#H# VhigdcVji Yjg^c\ i]Z <Zb^c^ >K b^hh^dc# @^coaZg ]^bhZa[! Y^hhVi^h" ÒZY l^i] i]Z eaVc id ]VkZ Vc 6bZg^XVc ÓV\ Y^heaVnZY egdb^cZcian dc i]Z h^YZ d[ i]Z ajcVg bdYjaZ! YZk^hZY V eZgbVcZci ÒmijgZ/ ]^h (" Wn"*"[ddi [gZZhiVcY^c\ ÓV\! hidlZY dc i]Z jcYZgh^YZ d[ i]Z bdYjaZÉh aVYYZg! lVh jc[jgaZY VcY Yg^kZc ^cid i]Z bddcÉh hjg[VXZ Wn ZVX] d[ i]Z ajcVg aVcY^c\ XgZlh! i]dj\] i]Z 6edaad &' XgZl lVh jcVWaZ id YZeadn i]Z iZaZhXde^c\ WVg i]Vi ZmiZcYh i]Z ÓV\ djilVgY# @^coaZg Vahd ]ZaeZY YZh^\c i]Z heZX^Va h^m"^gdc XajW ]ZVY i]Vi 6edaad &) VhigdcVji 6aVc H]ZeVgY ÒiiZY id i]Z ]VcYaZ d[ V ajcVg hVbea^c\ hXdde id bV`Z ]^h ild [Vbdjh \da[ Yg^kZh# 7ji i]Z VX]^ZkZbZci i]Vi ZVgcZY ]^b C6H6Éh 9^hi^c\j^h]ZY HZgk^XZ BZYVa lVh VXXdbea^h]ZY l^i]^c V eZg^dY d[ &% YgVbVi^X YVnh ^c BVn d[ &.,(# 9jg^c\ i]Z aVjcX] d[ i]Z H`naVW HeVXZ HiVi^dc dc BVn &)! &.,(! V bZiZdg^iZ h]^ZaY egZbVijgZan YZeadnZY VcY XgZViZY Vibdhe]Zg^X YgV\! l]^X] hZi d[[ V Y^hVhigdjh X]V^c gZVXi^dc/ i]Z bZiZdg^iZ h]^ZaY lVh g^eeZY d[[! Vadc\ l^i] dcZ d[ i]Z hdaVg eVcZah! VcY Vcdi]Zg hdaVg eVcZa lVh _VbbZY eVgi^Vaan h]ji Wn i]Z YZWg^h# 6h H`naVW gZVX]ZY dgW^i! ^i ]VY kZgn a^iiaZ edlZg! VcY ^ih aVWdgVidgn VgZV lVh ZmedhZY Y^gZXian id hdaVg ]ZVi# I]Z iZbeZgVijgZ ^ch^YZ i]Z aVWdgVidgn ldjaY XdcXZ^kVWan g^hZ ]^\]Zg i]Vc &(% YZ\gZZh ;V]gZc]Z^i! hed^a^c\ i]Z dc"WdVgY Òab VcY [ddYh VcY bV`^c\ i]Z hiVi^dc jc^c]VW^iVWaZ# I]Z aVjcX] d[ H`naVWÉh i]gZZ"bVc XgZl! hX]ZYjaZY [dg i]Z cZmi YVn! lVh edhiedcZY Vh igdjWaZh]ddiZgh i]gdj\]dji C6H6 ejooaZY dkZg ]dl id hVakV\Z i]Z '#+ W^aa^dc djiedhi# L]^aZ bVcn [dXjhZY dc i]Z ^YZV d[ gZeV^g^c\ i]Z h]^ZaY [gdb i]Z djih^YZ Wn V heVXZlVa`^c\ gZeV^g" bVc! @^coaZg add`ZY [dg V h^beaZg hdaji^dc# Æ> [djcY i]ZgZ lVh V hVaan edgi Ä i]ViÉh V XVbZgV edgi! - ^cX]Zh hfjVgZ! g^\]i dc i]Z h^YZ d[ i]Z heVXZXgV[i Ä l]ZgZ i]Z ]ZVi h]^ZaY ]VY g^eeZY d[[!Ç @^coaZg aViZg gZ" XVaaZY# =Z ^bbZY^ViZan ]VY i]Z i]dj\]i/ ÆL]n YdcÉi lZ jhZ i]^h hVaan edgi deZc^c\ id YZeadn hdbZi]^c\ [gdb i]Z ^ch^YZ4Ç

?VX` 6# @^coaZg/ I]Z BVc L]d HVkZY H`naVW

By Craig COLLINS

C6H6

C

dWdYn WZiiZg ^aajhigViZh i]Z ndji][ja! XVc"Yd ZmjWZgVcXZ d[ C6H6Éh ZVgan nZVgh i]Vc ?VX` @^coaZg# HijbeZY [dg V lVn id \Zi ]^h cZl bdYZa d[ i]Z BZgXjgn XVehjaZ Vi AVc\aZn GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg ÒiiZY id Vc 6iaVh gdX`Zi ^c 8VeZ 8VcVkZgVa! i]Z l]^o `^Y \di hdbZ gdeZ VcY i^ZY ^i Ydlc dc V bViigZhh"eVYYZY ÓViWZY igjX` [dg i]Z _djg" cZn [gdb K^g\^c^V id ;adg^YV# ;dg cZVgan '% nZVgh! @^coaZg! l]d cZkZg ZVgcZY V [djg"nZVg XdaaZ\Z YZ\gZZ! ldg`ZY Vh V bdYZabV`Zg! iddabV`Zg VcY bVX]^cZ"h]de hjeZg" ^ciZcYZci [dg i]Z CVi^dcVa 6Yk^hdgn 8djcX^a [dg 6ZgdcVji^Xh# =Z idd` ]^h gZejiVi^dc Vh V Òm"^i bVc id i]Z HeVXZ IVh` <gdje VcY aViZg WZ" XVbZ X]^Z[ d[ i]Z IZX]c^XVa HZgk^XZh 8ZciZg Ä Vc Vaa"ejgedhZ bVX]^cZ VcY idda h]de Ä Vi C6H6Éh ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg ^c =djhidc#

Bg# ;^m >i ?VX` @^coaZg i]dj\]i d[ Vc ZVh^Zg lVn id VXXdbea^h] i]Z Y^[ÒXjai H`naVW gZeV^g b^hh^dc#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

291

@^coaZg fj^X`an hZci iZX]c^X^Vch dc i]gZZ ZggVcYh/ Yg^k^c\ id V =djh" idc hedgi^c\"\ddYh hidgZ id Wjn [djg iZaZhXde^c\ Òh]^c\ edaZh0 VXfj^g" ^c\ V ')"[ddi hfjVgZ d[ eVgVX]jiZ h^a`0 VcY dgYZg^c\ Vc -"^cX] Y^VbZiZg ijWZ [gdb i]Z bZiVa h]de# @^coaZg Wj^ai ]^h egdidineZ Ä V eVgVhda i]Vi XdjaY WZ ejh]ZY i]gdj\] i]Z XVbZgV edgi VcY jc[jgaZY Wn VXi^kVi^c\ heg^c\h VcY iZaZhXde^c\ ijWZh Ä VcY YZbdchigViZY ^i id ]^\]Zg"jeh dc i]Z Óddg d[ V heVXZ XZciZg ]Vc\Vg# Æ>i aV^Y g^\]i dji dc i]Z Óddg!Ç @^coaZg hV^Y# ÆIVa` VWdji ^begZhh^kZ# I]Zn hV^Y! ÈI]ViÉh ^i ÉÇ 6[iZg YdX`^c\ l^i] i]Z heVXZ hiVi^dc dc BVn '+! i]Z XgZl d[ H`naVW '! EZiZ 8dcgVY! ?dhZe] @Zgl^c! VcY EVja LZ^io! ZciZgZY i]Z aVWdgVidgn VcY ^chZgiZY V haZcYZg )"[ddi adc\ XdciV^cZg ^cid i]Z XVbZgV edgi# I]Zn ejh]ZY i]gdj\] i]Z h]^ZaY! Vc Vajb^c^oZY ')" Wn"'-"[ddi >cXdcZa eVgVhda! VcY YZeadnZY ^i# I]Z iZbeZgVijgZ ^ch^YZ hddc YgdeeZY id ,% YZ\gZZh! VcY i]Z XgZl WZ\Vc ^ih hX]ZYjaZY Zm" eZg^bZcih ^c gZaVi^kZ Xdb[dgi# @^coaZgÉh \gZViZhi hdjgXZ d[ eg^YZ lVh i]Vi i]Z eVgVhda lVh Xdc" XZ^kZY VcY ZmZXjiZY Vabdhi Zci^gZan Wn \dkZgcbZci ZbeadnZZh# ÆLZ hiVnZY VlV`Z VcY ldg`ZY [dg h^m hda^Y YVnh! VgdjcY i]Z XadX`!Ç ]Z hV^Y# ÆLZ ]VY V ]jcYgZY ZbeadnZZh ldg`^c\ dc i]^h i]^c\! VcY lZ Y^Y Zk" Zgni]^c\# LZ bVYZ Vaa i]Z eVgih# LZ YZbdchigViZY ]dl ^iÉh id WZ YdcZ# 6cY lZ XdbeaZiZan ejaaZY i]Vi i]^c\ d[[ l^i]dji Vcn ^ch^YZ ]Zae#Ç

=Vgg^Zii ?Zc`^ch/ 8gZVidg d[ Deedgijc^in C6H6

By Sonja ALEXANDER

6

h lZ gZbZbWZg VcY ]dcdg C6H6Éh VX]^ZkZbZcih! lZ h]djaY Vahd cdiZ ]dl i]Z V\ZcXn YZVai l^i] VcY hjXXZZYZY ^c ^ciZ\gVi^c\ ^ih ldg`[dgXZ! XdcigVXidgh VcY gZhZVgX]Zgh l^i] b^cdg^i^Zh! ldbZc VcY ^cY^k^YjVah l^i] Y^hVW^a^i^Zh! VcY Vahd ^cXajYZY i]Zb ^c hjeZgk^hdgn VcY bVcV\Zg^Va edh^i^dch Vi C6H6# C6H6 ]VY id WZ WgjhfjZan gZb^cYZY d[ i]ZhZ gZhedch^W^a^i^Zh ^c i]Z ZVgan &.,%h Wn 9g# Gji] 7ViZh =Vgg^h! i]Zc C6H6 :fjVa :b" eadnbZci Deedgijc^in d[ÒXZg! VcY Wn 8dc\gZhh^dcVa DkZgh^\]i 8db" b^iiZZh! Vi V i^bZ l]Zc i]Z V\ZcXn lVh Ydlch^o^c\ VcY ]VY [ZlZg deedgijc^i^Zh id bV`Z cZl ]^gZh# Id gZhedcY id i]ZhZ X]VaaZc\Zh! C6H6 6Yb^c^higVidg ?VbZh ;aZiX]Zg Veed^ciZY 9g# =Vgg^Zii <# ?Zc`^ch ^c &.,) Vh Vhh^hiVci VY" b^c^higVidg [dg :fjVa Deedgijc^in Egd\gVbh# H]Z ldg`ZY l^i] ]^h YZejin! 9g# <Zdg\Z Adl! VcY l^i] hjXXZZY^c\ C6H6 aZVYZgh]^e iZVbh [dg &- nZVgh id ^cXgZVhZ Y^kZgh^in ^c i]Z V\ZcXnÉh eZghdccZa! gZhZVgX] VcY iZX]c^XVa egd\gVbh# C6H6 lVh hjXXZhh[ja ^c Wg^c\^c\ VWdji X]Vc\Z WZXVjhZ ^i Ve" ea^ZY id i]ZhZ ]jbVc gZhdjgXZ X]VaaZc\Zh i]Z hVbZ bVcV\Zg^Va XdcXZgc VcY Y^a^\ZcXZ i]Vi ]VY WZZc Veea^ZY id ^ih iZX]c^XVa! hX^Zc" i^ÒX VcY Zc\^cZZg^c\ egd\gVbh VcY egd_ZXih# BVcV\Zg^Va higViZ\^Zh ^cXajYZY i]Z ZhiVWa^h]bZci d[ Vc :fjVa Deedgijc^in 8djcX^a l]^X] ldjaY ZchjgZ i]Vi VXi^dch lZgZ ^beaZbZciZY hjXXZhh[jaan Vi ZVX] XZciZg! VcY l]^X] lVh XdbedhZY d[ YZejin XZciZg Y^gZXidgh! XZciZg :fjVa Deedgijc^in d[ÒXZgh! C6H6 eZghdccZa Y^gZXidg! VcY C6H6 HeZX^Va :be]Vh^h d[ÒXZgh# 8ZciZg hZa["ZkVajVi^dch lZgZ XdcYjXiZY/ VcY ]^g^c\ \dVah cdi fjdiVh lZgZ ZhiVWa^h]ZY [dg ^ciZ\gVi^c\ i]Z ldg`[dgXZ# I]Z hZc^dg bVcV\Zgh d[ C6H6 gZXZ^kZY VcY bdc^idgZY bdci]an gZedgih d[ i]Z ZfjVa deedgijc^in egd\gZhh d[ ZVX] XZciZg# GZhZVgX] XZciZgh lZgZ ZhiVWa^h]ZY Vbdc\ XdbeZi^i^kZan hZaZXiZY b^cdg^in jc^kZgh^i^Zh0 VcY WZXVjhZ ldbZc VcY b^cdg^i^Zh lZgZ ]^h" idg^XVaan hXVgXZ ^c hX^ZcXZ VcY Zc\^cZZg^c\ Y^hX^ea^cZh VcY gZhdjgXZ

GZVYn [dg Yjin 9g# =Vgg^Zii ?Zc`^ch WZ^c\ hldgc ^c Wn C6H6 6Yb^c^higVidg ?VbZh ;aZiX]Zg ^c &.,) Vh i]Z V\ZcXn h Vhh^hiVci VYb^c^higVidg [dg :fjVa Deedgijc^in Egd\gVbh#

eddah! i]Z jcYZggZegZhZciZY \gdjeh lZgZ ZcXdjgV\ZY id Veean [dg VcY eVgi^X^eViZ ^c cjbZgdjh C6H6 egd\gVbh VcY ^c^i^Vi^kZh# 9jg^c\ ]Zg iZcjgZ Vi C6H6! 9g# ?Zc`^ch gZXZ^kZY cjbZgdjh V\Zc" Xn ]dcdgh! ^cXajY^c\ ^ih 9^hi^c\j^h]ZY VcY DjihiVcY^c\ AZVYZgh]^e bZYVah! Vh lZaa Vh i]Z ;ZYZgVa EgZh^YZci^Va BZg^idg^djh VcY 9^hi^c" \j^h]ZY HZgk^XZ BZYVah# H]Z aZ[i i]Z V\ZcXn ^c &..'! VcY Y^gZXiZY i]Z D[ÒXZ d[ HZcViZ ;V^g :beadnbZci EgVXi^XZh [dg i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh HZcViZ jci^a &..,# >c '%%%! C6H6 ]dcdgZY 9g# ?Zc`^ch Wn ZhiVWa^h]" ^c\ i]Z =Vgg^Zii <# ?Zc`^ch EgZ"9dXidgVa ;Zaadlh]^e Egd\gVb! l]^X] XdbeZi^i^kZan hZaZXih '% djihiVcY^c\ XdaaZ\Z \gVYjViZh ZVX] nZVg [dg Vhh^hiVcXZ l^i] i]Z^g egZ"YdXidgVa ZYjXVi^dc [dg je id i]gZZ nZVgh# H^cXZ ^ih WZ\^cc^c\! (* [Zaadlh ]VkZ gZXZ^kZY YdXidgVa YZ\gZZh VcY (( [Zaadlh ]VkZ gZXZ^kZY bVhiZg h YZ\gZZh#

?d]c L# @^`Zg/ I]Z &. B^aa^dc BVc

By Craig COLLINS

L

]Zc ?d]c @^`Zg bdkZY id =djhidc ^c &.+% id _d^c i]Z \gdje d[ Zc\^cZZgh l]d ldjaY [dgb l]Vi lZ cdl gZXd\c^oZ Vh C6H6Éh ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg VcY ^ih B^hh^dc 8dcigda 8ZciZg! ]Z lVh V bVc VeVgi [gdb i]Z l]^o `^Yh l]d bVYZ je V aVg\Z eVgi d[ i]Z hiV[[/ ]Z VagZVYn ]VY WZZc ldg`^c\ ^c i]Z ÒZaY [dg &* nZVgh! YZh^\c^c\ YZXZaZgVi^dc hnhiZbh [dg V^gXgV[i d[ Vaa ineZh! VcY ]Zae^c\ l^i] V^ghig^e bdY^ÒXVi^dch i]Vi ZcVWaZY i]Z 6^g ;dgXZÉh ZVga^Zhi Vidb^X WdbW iZhi gjch#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

293

L]Zc ]Z Òghi egdedhZY i]Z e^\\nWVX` ^YZV! @^`Zg Zhi^bViZY i]Vi i]^h [dgb d[ igVchedgi ldjaY WZ &. b^aa^dc X]ZVeZg i]Vc ejii^c\ i]Z h]jiiaZ dgW^iZg dc Vc dXZVc"\d^c\ kZhhZa# I]Z cZXZhh^in d[ i]Z h]jiiaZ XVgg^Zg V^gXgV[i lVh bVYZ VWjcYVcian XaZVg ^c BVgX] d[ &.-'! l]Zc ]ZVkn gV^ch YgZcX]ZY i]Z :YlVgYh aVcY^c\ h^iZ! VcY i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ 8dajbW^V lVh [dgXZY id aVcY Vi i]Z J#H# 6gbnÉh L]^iZ HVcYh B^hh^aZ GVc\Z ^c CZl BZm^Xd# ÆI]Vi lVh i]Z g^\]i lVn id Yd ^i!Ç @^`Zg hV^Y nZVgh aViZg# ÆI]Z dcan lVn# >[ ^i ]VY aVcYZY dji Vi L]^iZ HVcYh a^`Z ^i Y^Y! VcY lZ ]VY cdi ]VY Pi]Z h]jiiaZ XVgg^Zg V^gXgV[iR! ^i ldjaY hi^aa WZ h^ii^c\ dji i]ZgZ Vh V bdcjbZci#Ç

?dhZe] AVkZaaZ/ 6 Hdaji^dc id H]jiiaZ I^aZ >cheZXi^dc

C6H6

C6H6

By Ruth Dasso MARLAIRE

L]n cdi e^\\nWVX` ?d]c @^`Zg egdedhZY XVggn^c\ i]Z h]jiiaZ dgW^iZg dc ide d[ V bdY^ÒZY 7dZ^c\ ,),#

6

6i ?d]chdc! @^`Zg YZh^\cZY i]Z eVgVX]jiZ VcY YZhXZci hnhiZbh [dg BZgXjgn! <Zb^c^ VcY 6edaad heVXZXgV[i! VcY ]Z Vhh^hiZY ^c YZh^\c^c\ i]Z aVcY^c\ VcY YdX`^c\ hnhiZbh [dg i]Z ajcVg bdYjaZ VcY i]Z 6edaad XdbbVcY bdYjaZ# 7n &.,&! ]Z lVh X]^Z[ d[ i]Z BZX]Vc^hbh 7gVcX] ^c i]Z HeVXZXgV[i 9Zh^\c 9^k^h^dc# @^`Zg ValVnh lVh gZVYn id h]VgZ XgZY^i [dg ^YZVh i]Vi ldg`ZY! Wji i]Z dcZ [dg l]^X] ]Z ^h WZhi `cdlc l^i]^c C6H6 ^h dcZ ]Z YZkZadeZY Zci^gZan dc ]^h dlc! VcY [dg l]^X] bVcn d[ ]^h XdaaZV\jZh Vi Òghi fjZh" i^dcZY ]^h hVc^in# 9jg^c\ i]Z &.,%h! C6H6 Zc\^cZZgh WZ\Vc YZWVi^c\ YZh^\ch [dg i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ# 6 W^\ XdcXZgc d[ eaVccZgh lVh ]dl i]Zn ldjaY \Zi i]Z h]jiiaZ WVX` id ^ih aVjcX] h^iZ Vi i]Z @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg ^[ ^i ]VY id gZ"ZciZg i]Z :Vgi]Éh Vibdhe]ZgZ Vi V [Vg VlVn ed^ci# DcZ XdcXZei XVaaZY [dg i]Z dgW^iZg id WZ hZa["egdeZaaZY! l^i] YZeadnVWaZ Zc\^cZh hidgZY ^c i]Z eVnadVY WVn# 7ji hijY^Zh ZmedhZY i]Z ^YZV Vh ^begVXi^XVa Ä Vcn Zc" \^cZh i]Vi XdjaY hZgkZ i]^h ejgedhZ! Vadc\ l^i] i]Z^g [jZa VcY Xdcigda hnhiZbh! ldjaY XdchjbZ bdhi d[ i]Z dgW^iZgÉh VkV^aVWaZ hidgV\Z heVXZ# 6 cjbWZg d[ VaiZgcVi^kZ ^YZVh lZgZ hj\\ZhiZY! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z [Zggn^c\ d[ i]Z dgW^iZg dc Vc V^gXgV[i XVgg^Zg# Dcan V eZghdc l^i] @^`ZgÉh ZmeZg^ZcXZ! ^i hZZbh! ldjaY ]VkZ WZZc VWaZ id XdcXZ^kZ d[ i]Z h^beaZhi! bdhi ldg`VWaZ hdaji^dc# Æ> i]dj\]i! È<ZZ! l]Vi XVc > Yd4ÉÇ @^`Zg gZXVaaZY ^c V &... ^ciZgk^Zl# =Z gZÓZXiZY dc ]^h XVgZZg Vh V bdYZa"Wj^aYZg l]dhZ heZX^Vain ]VY WZZc bV`^c\ bdY^ÒXVi^dch id V^gXgV[i# Æ> add`ZY WVX`! VcY i]ZgZ lZgZ fj^iZ V [Zl V^geaVcZh Ä i]Z 7g^i^h] ]VY V XdjeaZ d[ V^geaVcZh! V WdbWZg i]Vi ldjaY iV`Z V Ò\]iZg# 6cY i]Z <ZgbVch Y^Y i]Vi Vahd Ä ndj XdjaY iV`Z V Ò\]iZg i]Vi Y^YcÉi ]VkZ i]Z gVc\Z! VcY PndjR cZZYZY egdiZXi^dc [dg i]Z WdbW" Zgh! VcY i]Zn ldjaY Ón i]Zb d[[ i]Z ide d[ i]Z V^geaVcZ#Ç @^`ZgÉh ^YZV Ä id XVggn i]Z dgW^iZg dc i]Z WVX` d[ V bdY^ÒZY 7dZ^c\ ,), Ä lVh bZi l^i] ^c^i^Va h`Zei^X^hb! id hVn i]Z aZVhi! Wji i]Z ji^a^in d[ ]^h ^YZV lVh ÒcVaan egdkZc ^c [jaa"hXVaZ VeegdVX] VcY aVcY^c\ iZhih d[ i]Z h]jiiaZ :ciZgeg^hZ Vi :YlVgYh 6^g ;dgXZ 7VhZ! 8Va^[#! ^c DXidWZg &.,,# IdYVn i]Z ^bV\Z d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ g^Y^c\ e^\\nWVX` dc dcZ d[ C6H6Éh ild h]jiiaZ XVgg^Zg V^gXgV[i ^h V lZaa"gZXd\c^oZY eVgi d[ i]Z egd\gVbÉh ]^h" idgn# @^`Zg! l]d eVhhZY VlVn ^c '%%* Vi i]Z V\Z d[ ,.! ldjaY egdWVWan \Zi V `^X` dji d[ i]Z ^chigjXi^dc eg^ciZY dc i]Z gZVg bdjci^c\ ed^ci dc dcZ d[ i]Z V^gXgV[i/ Æ6iiVX] DgW^iZg =ZgZ# CdiZ/ 7aVX` H^YZ 9dlc#Ç

6 WZiiZg bdjhZigVe ?dhZe] AVkZaaZ YZkZadeZY i]Z hnhiZb i]Vi ZcVWaZh Zc\^cZZgh id ^cheZXi h]jiiaZ i^aZh [VhiZg VcY l^i] bdgZ VXXjgVXn#

h V X]^aY! ?dhZe] AVkZaaZ YgZVbZY d[ WZ^c\ Vc VhigdcVji# =^h [Vi]Zg lVh V e]nh^X^Vc VcY V iZX]cdad\n adkZg l]d Zc_dnZY Wjn^c\ iZX]cd \VY\Zih VcY fj^oo^c\ ]^h `^Yh VWdji ]dl i]Zn ldg`ZY# IdYVn! i]Vc`h id AVkZaaZÉh XgZVi^kZ ldg` Vh Vc Zc\^cZZg Vi C6H6Éh 6bZh GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg! i]Z V\ZcXn ]Vh V bdgZ Z[ÒX^Zci idda id ^cheZXi i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZÉh i^aZh i]Vi WZiiZg egdiZXih i]Z dgW^iZg VcY ^ih XgZl Yjg^c\ gZ"Zcign# G^\]i [gdb C6H6Éh XgZVi^dc! i]Z V\ZcXnÉh hX^Zci^hih VcY Zc\^cZZgh `cZl i]Vi gZ"Zcign [gdb heVXZ ldjaY XVjhZ V egdWaZb# >[ V gZijgc" ^c\ heVXZXgV[i lZgZ id Vgg^kZ hV[Zan id :Vgi]! ^i ]VY id ]^i V aVnZg d[ Vibdhe]ZgZ i]Vi! gZaVi^kZ id :Vgi]Éh Y^VbZiZg! ^h Vh i]^c Vh i]Z h`^c d[ Vc VeeaZ# GZijgc^c\ heVXZXgV[i ZciZg i]Z Vibdhe]ZgZ i]gdj\] V Xdgg^Ydg i]Vi gVe^Yan WZXdbZh cVggdlZg Vh Zcign heZZY ^cXgZVhZh# >[ cdi ZciZgZY egZX^hZan! i]Z heVXZXgV[i Z^i]Zg XVc h]ddi eVhi :Vgi] dg Y^h^ciZ\gViZ ^cid V e^aZ d[ Vh] [gdb i]Z ZmigZbZ ]ZVi# I]^h X]VaaZc\Z ]Vh WZZc VYYgZhhZY ^c ild lVnh# ;^ghi! C6H6 heVXZÓ^\]i b^hh^dch VgZ XVgZ[jaan eaVccZY VcY bdc^idgZY id gZ"ZciZg i]Z Vibdhe]ZgZ Vi i]Z egZX^hZ Vc\aZ YZh^gZY# HZXdcY! i]Z V\ZcXn ]Vh egdiZXiZY ^ih heVXZXgV[i [gdb gZ"Zcign ]ZVi^c\ l^i] ^ccdkVi^kZ ]ZVi h]^ZaY YZh^\ch! bdhi gZXZcian dc i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ egd\gVb! l^i] i]Z ')!%%% i]ZgbVa egdiZXi^dc hnhiZb i^aZh! ZVX] jc^fjZan h]VeZY id Òi i]Z XjgkVijgZ d[ i]Z heVXZXgV[i#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

295

DXZdaV H# =Vaa/ 6YkdXViZ [dg C6H6 LdbZc

By Sharon WAGNER

D

XZdaV H# =Vaa ldg`ZY ^c C6H6Éh D[ÒXZ d[ 9^kZgh^in VcY :fjVa De" edgijc^in [dg dkZg '* nZVgh# H]Z lVh C6H6Éh Òghi V\ZcXn"l^YZ ;ZYZgVa LdbZcÉh egd\gVb bVcV\Zg! [gdb &.,)"&.,-# =Vaa VYkVcXZY de" edgijc^i^Zh [dg C6H6 ldbZc ^c hX^ZcXZ! Zc\^cZZg^c\ VcY VYb^c^higVi^kZ dXXjeVi^dch# H]Z lVh ^chigjbZciVa ^c ^c^i^Vi^c\ ZYjXVi^dc egd\gVbh [dg ldbZc! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z H^bbdch 8daaZ\Z HigViZ\^X AZVYZgh]^e [dg Ldb" Zc Egd\gVb# =Vaa Vahd hZgkZY Vh i]Z Y^gZXidg d[ C6H6Éh 9^hXg^b^cVi^dc 8dbeaV^cih 9^k^h^dc [dg hZkZgVa nZVgh! l]ZgZ h]Z [dXjhZY dc ^begdk" ^c\ egdXZhhZh [dg i]Z ZVgan gZhdaji^dc d[ ZbeadnZZ XdbeaV^cih# =VaaÉh djihiVcY^c\ aZVYZgh]^e VW^a^i^Zh VcY kVhi `cdlaZY\Z d[ ZfjVa Zbeadn" bZci aVlh Xjab^cViZY ^c ]Zg iZcjgZ Vh YZejin VhhdX^ViZ VYb^c^higVidg [dg :fjVa Deedgijc^in Egd\gVbh! V edh^i^dc h]Z ]ZaY [dg ÒkZ nZVgh# =Vaa lVh dcZ Vbdc\ i]Z Òghi 6[g^XVc"6bZg^XVc ldbZc id WZ Veed^ciZY id i]Z hZc^dg ZmZXji^kZ hZgk^XZ d[ C6H6# =Vaa lVh `cdlc [dg hVn^c\! ÆNdj ]VkZ id ZVgc ndjg l^c\h ZkZgn YVn#Ç

9Vc 8]g^X]idc/ Hd[ilVgZ 6gX]^iZXijgZ 8gZVidg

By Franklin O’DONNELL

H

eVXZXgV[i b^hh^dch Yd cdi _jhi hV^a d[[ ^cid i]Z hjchZi0 i]Zn ]VkZ V lVn d[ aZVk^c\ VgdjcY adih d[ YViV# >c gZXZci i^bZh! i]Vi XVc WZ bZ\VWniZh d[ YViV# Id bVcV\Z hjX] ^ciZaaZXijVa lZVai] [dg YZXVYZh! C6H6 ]Vh add`ZY id ^ih EaVcZiVgn 9ViV Hnh" iZb! V cZildg` d[ dca^cZ VgX]^kZh Vi V ]VcY[ja d[ V\ZcXn VcY VXVYZb" ^X ^chi^iji^dch VgdjcY i]Z Xdjcign# >c gZXZci nZVgh! i]Z YViV hnhiZb ZmeZg^" ZcXZY \gdl^c\ eV^ch Vh ^i higj\\aZY id VYVei id i]Z YZbVcYh d[ XjggZci"YVn b^hh^dch# :ciZg 9Vc 8g^X]idc! V hZXdcY"\ZcZgVi^dc hd[ilVgZ YZh^\cZg Vi C6H6Éh ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn ]^h [Vi]Zg! <ZgVaY! gZi^gZY ^c '%%% # =Z ]Vh ldc `jYdh [gdb i]Z hX^ZcXZ Xdbbjc^in [dg gZkVbe^c\ i]Z V\^c\ hnhiZb! XgZVi^c\ V cZl hd[i" lVgZ VgX]^iZXijgZ i]Vi l^aa Vaadl ^i id \gdl# 6cY i]Z VeegZX^Vi^dc ]Vh \dcZ WZndcY i]Z heVXZ ldgaY# 6[iZg ]ZVg^c\ V egZhZciVi^dc dc ]^h hd[ilVgZ VeegdVX]! i]Z CV" 9ViV hidgZg i^dcVa >chi^ijiZh d[ =ZVai] Vh`ZY ]^b Hd[ilVgZ gZhZVgX]Zg 9Vc 8]g^X]idc# id ]Zae i]Zb VYVei ^i [dg i]Z^g dlc VgX]^kZh d[ XVcXZg gZhZVgX] YViV# ÆI]Z ldgaY ]Vh X]Vc\ZY V adi!Ç hV^Y 8g^X]idc! l]d l]Zc cdi ldg`^c\ b^\]i WZ [djcY XVbe^c\ l^i] ]^h [Vb^an dg g^Y^c\ V iVcYZb W^XnXaZ l^i] ]^h *"nZVg"daY hdc# ÆI]ZgZ lVh V i^bZ!Ç ]Z hV^Y! Æl]Zc V gZhZVgX]Zg add`" ^c\ [dg YViV [gdb V heVXZ b^hh^dc b^\]i gZXZ^kZ V 89 ^c i]Z bV^a XdciV^c" ^c\ YViV# L]Vi lZÉgZ XgZVi^c\ cdl ^h hdbZi]^c\ a^`Z <dd\aZ#Ç

C6H6

6[iZg ZVX] Ó^\]i! bV^ciZcVcXZ ldg`Zgh Vi C6H6Éh @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg ^c ;adg^YV ldjaY bVcjVaan ^cheZXi ZVX] i^aZ VcY bZVhjgZ ^b" eZg[ZXi^dch l^i] hbVaa ]VcY"]ZaY hXVaZh# Id ]Zae ^begdkZ VcY Vjid" bViZ i]Z hdbZi^bZh iZY^djh ^cheZXi^dc egdXZhh! AVkZaaZ XVbZ je l^i] Vc ^ckZci^kZ hdaji^dc# ÆBn _dW Vi C6H6 ^h id hdakZ iZX]c^XVa egdWaZbh!Ç hV^Y AVkZaaZ# Æ6[iZg hdbZ gZhZVgX]! > YZkZadeZY V WVh^X i]gZZ"Y^bZch^dc hXVcc^c\ hnhiZb i]Vi igVchb^ih i]Z YZei] VcY kdajbZ bZVhjgZbZcih d[ i]Z ÓVlh VcY i]Z^g adXVi^dch ^cid V XdbejiZg YViVWVhZ# :c\^cZZgh XVc i]Zc ZkVajViZ i]ZhZ ("9 ^bV\Zh dc V XdbejiZg hXgZZc#Ç I]^h cZl bZi]dY d[ ^cheZXi^dc ^h [VhiZg VcY bdgZ VXXjgViZ i]Vc i]Z bdgZ aVWdg"^ciZch^kZ egdXZYjgZ d[ i]Z eVhi# :VX] hXVccZg ^h a^\]i" lZ^\]i VcY ^h i]Z h^oZ VcY h]VeZ d[ V hbVaa iZVedi# BV^ciZcVcXZ ldg`" Zgh cdl XVc XdcÒYZcian YZiZgb^cZ l]Zi]Zg V h]jiiaZ i^aZ h]djaY WZ gZeV^gZY dg gZeaVXZY# HV^Y AVkZaaZ d[ ]^h ldg`! Æ> ]deZ ^i `ZZeh C6H6 k^iVa id i]Z Xdjcign VcY i]Z ldgaY Vh V hdjgXZ d[ XgZVi^k^in VcY ^che^gVi^dc#Ç

?ja^Vc :Vgah/ 6 BVgVi]dc d[ HZgk^XZ

By Edward S. GOLDSTEIN

L^c\ ZVgcZg DXZdaV =Vaa ^c^i^ViZY hZkZgVa ZYjXVi^dc egd\gVbh [dg ldbZc#

296

NASA

hjVaan! WZ^c\ V C6H6 XZciZg Y^gZXidg ejih V eZghdc ^c i]Z a^bZ" a^\]i# Hd ]dl YdZh ?ja^Vc :Vgah! l]d aZY C6H6Éh <aZcc GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg Vi AZl^h ;^ZaY ^c 8aZkZaVcY [gdb '%%( id '%%+! fjVa^[n Vh Vc jchjc\ ]Zgd4 EZg]Veh ^[ ndj VYY i]Z hXdgZh d[ hijYZcih l]dhZ XdaaZ\Z ZYjXVi^dc :Vgah eZghdcVaan [jcYZY Ä i]gdj\] ]^h 9ZkZadebZci ;jcY [dg 7aVX` HijYZcih ^c HX^ZcXZ VcY IZX]cdad\n Ä ndj ldjaY i]^c` :Vgah ^h Zb^cZcian YZhZgk^c\ d[ egV^hZ# 7ji i]Vi h cdi Vaa# 8dch^YZg i]Z eZdeaZ ]Z ]Vh iVj\]i VcY bZcidgZY! i]dhZ Vi <aZcc VcY i]gdj\]dji i]Z V\ZcXn l]db ]Z ]Vh ^che^gZY l^i] ]^h heZaaW^cY^c\ heZZX]Zh! VcY i]dhZ C6H6 ZbeadnZZh l]dhZ a^kZh ]VkZ WZZc ^begdkZY Wn ]ZVai] VcY Zck^gdcbZc" iVa hV[Zin ^ccdkVi^dch ^chi^ijiZY WZXVjhZ d[ ]^h fj^Zi eZgh^hiZcXZ# I]Zc ndj l^aa gZVa^oZ i]Z Zcdgbdjh ^beVXi :Vgah ]Vh ]VY Vi C6H6# I]Z \gVcYhdc d[ V h]VgZXgdeeZg! :Vgah ValVnh eji V [dXjh dc WZiiZg" ^c\ ]^bhZa[ VcY di]Zgh i]gdj\] ZYjXVi^dc0 hd bjX] hd! i]Vi ]Z YZXa^cZY ]^h Òghi C6H6 _dW d[[Zg ÆbdgZ bdcZn i]Vc > XdjaY ZkZg ^bV\^cZÇ ^c dg" YZg id ejghjZ Vc VYkVcXZY YZ\gZZ ^c gVY^Vi^dc W^dad\n# :Vgah ZkZcijVaan _d^cZY i]Z hiV[[ d[ i]Z i]Zc AZl^h GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg Vh ]ZVY d[ i]Z =ZVai] E]nh^Xh HZXi^dc VcY WZXVbZ dcZ d[ i]Z ndjc\Zhi bVcV\Zgh ^c C6H6 ]^hidgn# I]ZgZ ]Z lgdiZ i]Z V\ZcXnÉh Òghi ]ZVai] e]nh^Xh \j^YZ# >c h]dgi

C6H6

J

C6H6

Here’s to Those Who Look to the Stars.

GZXd\c^o^c\ 6[g^XVc"6bZg^XVc VX]^ZkZbZcih ?ja^Vc :Vgah! l^i] VhigdcVji ?dVc =^\\^cWdi]Vb! `ZncdiZY i]Z @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZgÉh '%%% 6[g^XVc"6bZg^XVc =^hidgn Bdci] XZaZWgVi^dc#

dgYZg! :Vgah lVh iVh`ZY id ]ZVY AZl^hÉ cZl :ck^gdcbZciVa =ZVai] D[ÒXZ# JcYZg ]^h aZVY" Zgh]^e! egd\gVbh lZgZ ZhiVWa^h]ZY id egdiZXi ZbeadnZZh [gdb kVg^djh ]ZVai] g^h`h [djcY ^c V [VXidgn Zck^gdcbZci! id `ZZe i]Z XZciZg ^c Xdbea^VcXZ l^i] :ck^gdcbZciVa EgdiZXi^dc 6\ZcXn gZ\jaVi^dch VcY id ZhiVWa^h] V gVY^V" i^dc hV[Zin Xdbb^iiZZ# :Vgah! Vc ZmeZgi dc gVY^Vi^dc hV[Zin ^hhjZh! lVh eVgi d[ i]Z iZVb dc ]VcY ^c XVhZ hdbZi]^c\ lZci Vlgn l^i] i]Z 6edaad &( aVjcX]! l]^X] XdciV^cZY gVY^dVXi^kZ bViZg^Vah dc WdVgY Vh V edlZg hdjgXZ# >c &.-- ]Z lVh hZaZXiZY Vh Y^gZXidg [dg i]Z D[ÒXZ d[ =ZVai] HZgk^XZh! l]ZgZ ]Z lVh Vc ^ccdkVidg ^c ]ZVai] hZgk^XZ hnhiZbh! Y^gZXi^c\ i]Z dXXj" eVi^dcVa bZY^X^cZ egd\gVb! ]ZVai]"hXgZZc^c\ Xa^c^X VcY e]nh^XVa ÒicZhh egd\gVbh# 9jg^c\ i]Z aViZ &.+%h! i]Z 8aZkZaVcY VgZV lVh cd higVc\Zg id i]Z YZbVcYh [dg hdX^Va _jhi^XZ WZ^c\ gV^hZY ^c i]Z Xdjcign# L]Zc ^h" hjZh VgdhZ VWdji i]Z XZciZgÉh aVX` d[ deedg" ijc^i^Zh [dg b^cdg^in ZbeadnZZh! :Vgah idd` V aZVYZgh]^e gdaZ ^c dg\Vc^o^c\ i]Z XZciZgÉh WaVX` ZbeadnZZh VcY ZcXdjgV\^c\ i]Z XZciZg id ZhiVWa^h] Vc :fjVa :beadnbZci Deedg" ijc^in 8dbb^iiZZ# 6h ]Z gdhZ i]gdj\] i]Z gVc`h! ]Z Vahd lVh ^chigjbZciVa ^c Zchjg^c\ i]Z XZciZg egdk^YZY gZhZVgX] deedgijc^i^Zh id =^hidg^XVaan 7aVX` 8daaZ\Zh VcY Jc^kZgh^" i^Zh! i]jh ]Zae^c\ id YZkZade i]Z iVaZci edda d[ b^cdg^in hijYZcih l]d ldjaY aViZg XdbZ id ldg` Vi C6H6# L]Zc :Vgah lVh Veed^ciZY Y^gZXidg d[ <aZcc ^c DXidWZg '%%(! ]Z fj^X`an VYYgZhhZY Vc D[ÒXZ d[ EZghdccZa BVcV\ZbZci hjgkZn h]dl^c\ i]Vi <aZcc ZbeadnZZh lZgZ hj[[Zg" ^c\ [gdb eddg bdgVaZ# :Vgah ldg`ZY ]VgY id

^begdkZ Xdbbjc^XVi^dch Vi i]Z XZciZg! id ejghjZ XdaaVWdgVi^kZ eVgicZgh]^eh l^i] Wjh^" cZhhZh VcY jc^kZgh^i^Zh ^c i]Z cdgi]ZVhi D]^d VgZV VcY id deZc i]Z XZciZg id i]Z ejWa^X# L]Zc Vh`ZY l]Vi ]Z k^ZlZY id WZ ]^h bdhi h^\c^ÒXVci VXXdbea^h]bZci! :Vgah hV^Y! ÆEgdW" VWan hiVgi^c\ Vh V <H", P<ZcZgVa HX]ZYjaZR :c" \^cZZg HX^Zci^hi ½ VcY ZcY^c\ je Vh i]Z XZciZg Y^gZXidg! l]^X] lVh WZndcY bn l^aYZhi YgZVbh l]Zc > lVa`ZY Ydlc i]dhZ ]VaalVnh dc bn Òghi YVn Vi C6H6# >i lVh V bV_dg VXXdbea^h]bZci VcY V hjgeg^hZ id bZ! Wji V ]jbWa^c\ i]^c\ id WZ X]dhZc id WZ i]Z hed`ZheZghdc [dg i]Z fjVa" ^in d[ i]Z ZbeadnZZh Vi <aZcc#Ç :Vgah! l]d ^h Vc VXXdbea^h]ZY bVgVi]dc gjccZg! gZXZ^kZY V h^\cVa ]dcdg l]Zc ]Z lVh cdb^cViZY id XVggn i]Z Danbe^X idgX] i]gdj\] 8aZkZaVcY l]^aZ ^i lVh dc ^ih lVn id i]Z '%%' L^ciZg Danbe^Xh <VbZh ^c HVai AV`Z 8^in# :Vgah dg^\^cVaan i]dj\]i i]Z cdb^cVi^dc lVh V egVXi^XVa _d`Z Wji aViZg Y^hXdkZgZY ]Z ]VY WZZc cdb^cViZY Wn Vc ViiZcYZZ Vi V heZZX] ]Z \VkZ Vi V Xdc[ZgZcXZ l]d lVh ^che^gZY Wn ]^h gZbVg`h VWdji C6H6Éh Xdbb^ibZci id Zm" XZaaZcXZ# HjX] lVh i]Z gZlVgY [dg V bVgVi]dc bVc l]d ]Vh cZkZg XZVhZY ^c ]^h Z[[dgih id Xdc" ig^WjiZ id i]Z C6H6 Xdbbjc^in#

?dc =Vb`^ch/ <Zii^c\ i]Z Bdhi ;gdb EaVcZiVgn >bV\Zh

By Franklin O’DONNELL

=

dl Yd C6H6 eaVcZiVgn b^hh^dch hZcY WVX` id :Vgi] XaZVg higZVbh d[ W^ih VcY WniZh d[ YViV [gdb b^aa^dch d[ b^aZh VlVn4 8gZY^i i]Z ^ccdkVi^kZcZhh d[ eZdeaZ a^`Z ?dc =Vb`^ch#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

297

(PY 3PX\PKL :HS\[LZ 5(:( VU 7H[OÄUKPUN @LHYZ

^^^ HPYSPX\PKL JVT

C6H6 C6H6

>bV\Z Zc]VcXZgh ?dc =Vb`^ch hiVcY^c\ ! BVii]Zl @a^bZh] h^ii^c\ [dgZ\gdjcY VcY 6Vgdc @^Zan ed^ci^c\ VcY h^ii^c\ l]d YZkZadeZY i]Z XdbegZhh^dc VcY Zggdg"XdggZXi^dc hd[ilVgZ id Zc]VcXZ eaVcZiVgn e]didh#

CVcdhZchdg YZkZadeZg ?^c\ A^ ^c Vc 6bZh GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg aVWdgVidgn#

Id \Zi i]Z h]VgeZhi VcY \gZViZhi cjbWZg d[ e^XijgZh d[ BVgi^Vc \jaa^Zh dg HVijgc^Vc g^c\h dji d[ heVXZ b^hh^dch! C6H6Éh ?Zi Egdeja" h^dc AVWdgVidgn hd[ilVgZ ZmeZgih adc\ V\d YZkZadeZY iZX]c^fjZh [gdb ^bV\Z XdbegZhh^dc VcY Zggdg"XdggZXi^dc Å iZX]cdad\^Zh i]Vi ?dc =Vb" `^ch VcY ]^h \gdje VgZ ldg`^c\ id gZÒcZ# >c gZXZci nZVgh! =Vb`^ch \gdje ]Vh XgZViZY cZl Zggdg"XdggZXi^dc XdYZh i]Vi Vaadl bdgZ ^bV\Zh VcY YViV i]Vc ZkZg id WZ eVX`ZY ^cid V Òc^iZ e^eZa^cZ WZilZZc heVXZXgV[i VcY i]Z 9ZZe HeVXZ CZildg`Éh VciZccVh# =Vb`^ch [Zai a^`Z ]Z lVh hiZee^c\ ^cid W^\ h]dZh l]Zc ]Z idd` i]Z _dW Vh hjeZgk^hdg d[ i]Z ^c[dgbVi^dc egdXZhh^c\ \gdje ÒkZ nZVgh V\d# ÆI]^h ^h V \gdje l^i] V kZgn adc\ ]^hidgn!Ç ]Z hV^Y# ÆI]Z dg\ X]Vgih \d WVX` id &.+%# I]ZgZ VgZ eZdeaZ l]d ]VkZ WZZc V eVgi d[ ^i l]d ]VkZ \dcZ dc id WZXdbZ kZgn [Vbdjh P^c YViV gZhZVgX]R! a^`Z 6cYgZl K^iZgW^ Pi]Z egda^ÒX ^ckZcidg d[ iZX]cdad\^Zh jhZY ^c Y^\^iVa l^gZaZhh e]dcZh! YViV iZgb^cVah VcY Y^\^iVa hViZaa^iZ WgdVYXVhi gZXZ^kZgh l]d Vahd Xd" [djcYZY FJ6A8DBBR# >Éb kZgn ]dcdgZY _jhi id WZ V eVgi d[ ^i#Ç

h]Z hV^Y# Æ> `cdl i]Z iZX]cdad\n ldg`h# 7n jh^c\ cVcdhigjXijgZY bViZg^Vah! lZ XVc YZkZade X]Zb^XVa hZchdgh i]Vi ]VkZ \gZViZg hZch^" i^k^in! VgZ b^c^Vijg^oZY VcY jhZ aZhh edlZg [dg heVXZ b^hh^dch#Ç A^ ValVnh ]Vh WZZc Xjg^djh VWdji ]dl i]Z jc^kZghZ ldg`h! [gdb cVcdiZX]cdad\n id i]Z hdaVg hnhiZb# =Zg [Vb^an iVj\]i ]Zg i]Vi ^i lVh ^bedgiVci i]Vi ]Zg ldg` WZ jhZ[ja id di]Zgh# H]Z hV^Y! Æ> gZVa^oZY aViZg i]Vi l]Zc > ldg` dc X]Zb^XVa hZchdgh VcY Y^hXdkZg i]Z^g jhZ[ja" cZhh! bn [jc ]Vh WZZc Wj^ai ^cid i]Vi bZVc^c\[ja Z[[dgi#Ç

?^c\ A^/ 9ZiZXi^c\ 9Vc\Zgh ^c HeVXZ L^i] V CVcdhZchdg CdhZ

By Ruth Dasso MARLAIRE

H

Zch^c\ Vc jcjhjVa hbZaa XVc hide jh Vaa YZVY ^c djg igVX`h# 6[iZg Vaa! djg hZchZ d[ hbZaa XVc VaZgi jh id edhh^WaZ ]VoVgYh VgdjcY jh# L]^aZ i]Z ]jbVc cdhZ ^h XVeVWaZ d[ gZXd\c^o^c\ bdgZ i]Vc &%!%%% dYdgh! ^i XVccdi YZiZXi ZkZgni]^c\# 9jg^c\ egdadc\ZY heVXZÓ^\]i! ]Vgb[ja X]Zb^XVa XdciVb^cVcih bVn Wj^aY je \gVYjVaan ^c i]Z XgZlÉh V^g hjeean# Id bdc^idg i]Z V^g fjVa^in ^ch^YZ V heVXZh]^e! cVcdiZX]cdad\n ZmeZgi ?^c\ A^ d[ 6bZh GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg YZkZadeZY V cVcdhZchdg id YZiZXi b^cjiZ Vbdjcih d[ i]ZhZ XdciVb^cVcih VcY VaZgi i]Z XgZl i]Vi i]ZgZ bVn WZ V egdWaZb# Æ7n XdbW^c^c\ cVcdiZX]cdad\n VcY ZaZXigdc^X cdhZ iZX]cdad\n! lZ XVc bV`Z Vc ^chigjbZci i]Vi b^b^Xh i]Z ]jbVc cdhZ!Ç hV^Y A^# Æ>i l^aa WZ VWaZ id hbZaa X]Zb^XVah VcY Y^\^i^oZ i]Z X]Zb^XVa ^c[dgbVi^dc#Ç 6eean^c\ cVcdiZX]cdad\n id heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc lVh i]Z gZVhdc A^ XVbZ id C6H6# Æ> ldg`ZY [dg V XdbeVcn i]Vi bVYZ ZaZXigdc^X cdhZh!Ç

298

NASA

6cc\^Z ?d]chdc/ 6 EVhh^dc [dg HZgk^XZ

By Edward S. GOLDSTEIN

D

kZg i]Z XdjghZ d[ ]Zg )%"nZVg C6H6 XVgZZg! 9g# 6cc\^ZcZiiV Æ6cc\^ZÇ ?d]chdc! hZc^dg VYk^hdg [dg HV[Zin VcY B^hh^dc 6hhjg" VcXZ! ]Vh eji ^cid egVXi^XZ ]Zg \j^Y^c\ e]^adhde]n d[ ÆhZgkVci]ddY#Ç 7n i]Vi h]Z bZVch i]Z \^[i d[ ÆlVci^c\ id ]Zae eZdeaZ#Ç ;gdb ]Zg gdaZ ^c ]Zae^c\ id YZkZade C6H6Éh :Vgi] dWhZgk^c\ heVXZ" XgV[i! id ]Zg aZVYZgh]^e dc V C6H6 eVgicZgh]^e l^i] i]Z CVi^dcVa HX^" ZcXZ ;djcYVi^dc id egdbdiZ XdaaVWdgVi^kZ hX^ZcXZ! iZX]cdad\n! Zc\^" cZZg^c\ VcY bVi]ZbVi^Xh HI:B ZYjXVi^dcVa egd\gVbh! id ]Zg ldg` ZkVajVi^c\ C6H6Éh Y^hVhiZg gZhedchZ eaVch VcY ]Zg Xd"Vji]dgh]^e d[ V X]VeiZg ^c ÆHjXXZhh HigViZ\^Zh [dg LdbZc ^c HX^ZcXZ!Ç i]Z XdcXZei d[ hZgk^XZ ]Vh YZÒcZY ?d]chdcÉh ldg`# ?d]chdc XgZY^ih i]^h \^[i! VcY ]Zg hZa["YZhXg^WZY hiVijh Vh V ÆXdc" hjbbViZ a^[Zadc\ aZVgcZgÇ id ]Zg eVgZcih ?dh^Z VcY 9jZa! l]d i]dj\] aVX`^c\ ^c [dgbVa ZYjXVi^dc! ValVnh ZcXdjgV\ZY ]Zg id ZmXZa ^c ]Zg hijY^Zh VcY jhZ ]Zg hX^Zci^ÒX iVaZcih [dg i]Z WZcZÒih d[ di]Zgh# >c" YZZY! [dg ]Zg YdXidgVa hijY^Zh ^c Zc\^cZZg^c\ bVcV\ZbZci l^i] V heZX^Vain ^c ZbZg\ZcXn bVcV\ZbZci Vi <Zdg\Z LVh]^c\idc Jc^kZg" h^in! h]Z lgdiZ i]Z gZfj^gZbZcih [dg V gZbdiZ hZch^c\ ^chigjbZci i]Vi ldjaY YZiZXi [dgZhi ÒgZh# L]^aZ Vc jcYZg\gVYjViZ hijYZci Vi IZmVh LdbVcÉh Jc^kZgh^in! ?d]chdc lVh d[[ZgZY V X]VcXZ id eVgi^X^eViZ ^c C6H6Éh 8d"de 8dde" ZgVi^kZ :YjXVi^dc egd\gVb Vi i]Z ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg# HeZV`^c\ Vi ]Zg )%i] ]^\] hX]dda gZjc^dc! h]Z gZXVaaZY! Æ:kZgn Zbdi^dc dcZ

© NASA

Germany and the US through six decades of space flight

By Dr. Niklas Reinke

50 years of NASA are a worthy occasion to honour the intense and fruitful relations between the USA and Germany in astronautics. As in many other fields of politics and science, the co-operation between both countries has always been close, closer than any other transatlantic partnership in space flight. Especially American and German scientists benefitted from this constellation.

Even though engineers in both countries – together with Russians – were the pioneers of rocketry, it was not before 1945 that their work got connected.

In 1945, the Americans seized the archives of the German rocket program, together with about a hundred rockets, in a spectacular salvage operation codenamed ‘Special Mission V2’. There was an intense interest in the German rocket program. Its head Wernher von Braun was also brought to the US, together with 128 engineers of his former Peenemünde team. Although the US had a thirtyyear-old tradition of rocket research that started with Goddard, no American space program existed in 1946. The Germans soon were able to continue their work on behalf of the US-government. With von Braun being in charge, the US developed the Redstone and the heavy launcher Saturn V that, in 1969, took the first men to the moon.

Official German-American co-operation in space flight started in the 1960s.

Both governments decided on the joint mission Azur, which, in 1969, became Germany’s first satellite studying the Earth’s magnetosphere. With this first joint project, German research benefitted from the now advanced American space science and technology. The Americans on the other hand, saw advantages in cooperating with selected branches of the Federal German industry and research that were considered particularly reliable.

Azur marked the beginning of a tradition of bilateral transatlantic co-operation.

In the 1970s, next in line was Helios, the outstanding mission that brought two German-built probes closer to the sun then any spacecraft before. German scientists also took part on the spectacular landing of the US probes Viking on Mars, the deep-space probes Voyager and the Pioneer Venus Mission. Until today, Germany and the US succeeded in more than 40 joint satellites, probes and space telescopes. The most recent program is the airborne infrared telescope Sofia – a German telescope carried on a NASA Boeing 747 for very flexible astronomic studies without needing a telescope in space.

Indeed, international co-operation remains essential for major space programs like the STS or the ISS. Germany headed the European development of Spacelab, the multi-disciplinary laboratory carried on 16 Space Shuttle flights in the 1980s and 1990s. But due to the problems with STS, Spacelab could not fly as often as hoped for. The fact remains that Spacelab was the most ambitious space science project ever carried out up till then. They totalled 181 days in space and enabled 110 astronauts to work on 720 experiments, culminating in the highly successful Neurolab mission in April 1998.

Yet the spirit of Spacelab lives on in the ISS and its European laboratory Columbus – again developed and constructed under German responsibility. Only now, with the ISS being a reality, we are in a position to provide a final judgment on the value of human space flight, and hence on future manned missions like an international base on the Moon. 50 years of NASA and 100 years of German Aerospace Research, which the Deutsche Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) celebrated in 2007, are a solid basis for many more fruitful joint missions during the rising millennium. With international competencies combined, the sky is no longer the limit.

As a political scientist and historian, Dr. Niklas Reinke works for DLR corporate communications.

German Aerospace Center www.DLR.de

NASA did not select or approve this advertiser and does not endorse and is not responsible for the views or statements contained in this advertisement.

C6H6 C6H6

Bjai^[VXZiZY XVgZZg GZhZVgX]Zg! bVcV\Zg VcY bZcidg 6cc\^Z ?d]chdc

<aVX^Va ZmeadgZg LVaZZY 6WYVaVi^Éh ldg` iV`Zh ]^b id ]^\]"aVi^ijYZ \aVX^Zgh VcY ^XZ h]ZZih#

XVc i]^c` d[ lZaaZY je ^ch^YZ d[ bZ! [ZVg WZ^c\ i]Z bdhi egdb^cZci# =dl XdjaY > ldg` l^i] i]dhZ \Zc^jhZh4Ç 7ji ]daY ]Zg dlc h]Z Y^Y! VcY YZhe^iZ cdi ]Vk^c\ XdbejiZg igV^c^c\ ^c XdaaZ\Z! h]Z iVj\]i ]Zg" hZa[ ;DGIG6C! VcY WZ\Vc id lg^iZ egd\gVbh id egdXZhh YViV [gdb 6edaad# AViZg! l]Zc ?H8 Wgdj\]i ^c i]Z^g Òghi YZh`ide XdbejiZg! h]Z lVh Vh`ZY id YZbdchigViZ ^i [dg Vaa ]Zg [Zaadl egd\gVbbZgh# >c &.-&!

Vh V Ó^\]i deZgVi^dch ZbeadnZZ! ?d]chdc lVh eVnadVY d[ÒXZg [dg HIH" '! i]Z Òghi 6[g^XVc"6bZg^XVc id bVcV\Z V Æ[gdciÇ gddb XdchdaZ edh^" i^dc ^c b^hh^dc Xdcigda# 9jg^c\ i]^h eZg^dY h]Z Vahd kdajciZZgZY id Ón ^c i]Z @8"&(* Kdb^i 8dbZi id ]Zae l^i] ]jbVc hijY^Zh dc i]Z Z[[ZXih d[ oZgd \gVk^in# ?d]chdc hiViZY i]Vi ]Zg C6H6 XVgZZg lVh cdi l^i]dji hZiWVX`h# =Zg Veea^XVi^dc id WZXdbZ Vc VhigdcVji lVh cdi VXXZeiZY# 6cY i]ZgZ lZgZ i^bZh! h]Z hV^Y! l]Zc Æbn Z[[dgih lZgZ hXd[[ZY Vi! bn ldg`h hid" aZc! bn VW^a^i^Zh ^\cdgZY#Ç 7ji h]Z eZghZkZgZY VcY lVh gZXgj^iZY id WZ i]Z >c[dgbVi^dc IZX]cdad\n >I aZVY [dg i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc! l]ZgZ h]Z gVc i]Z \gdjeh i]Vi lZgZ XdaaZXi^c\ >I gZfj^gZ" bZcih [dg i]Z egd\gVb# BdgZ gZXZcian! ?d]chdc ]ZaeZY YZkZade V higViZ\n id ji^a^oZ i]Z heVXZ hiVi^dc Vh Vc ZYjXVi^dcVa kZcjZ# L]Zc Vh`ZY VWdji [jijgZ \dVah! ?d]chdc hV^Y! Æ> gZVaan lVci id WZ V bZcidg! id bV`Z V Y^[[ZgZcXZ# L]Vi ldjaY gZVaan bZVc hjXXZhh id bZ ^h id ]VkZ C6H6 ZbeadnZZh! ZheZX^Vaan b^cdg^i^Zh! aZVgc [gdb bn Zm" eZg^ZcXZh! Wdi] edh^i^kZ VcY cZ\Vi^kZ! VcY i]Zc hiZe lVn je VcY bV`Z i]Vi egd\gZhh^dc [VhiZg VcY ZVh^Zg# > ]deZ i]Zn l^aa cd adc\Zg WZ i]Z ZmXZei^dc id i]Z gjaZ# >i l^aa _jhi WZ V cdgb [dg b^cdg^i^Zh id egd\gZhh Vi C6H6#Ç 6 Òii^c\ \dVa [dg V eZghdc l]d hiViZY h]Z ÆValVnh lVciZY id a^c` bn hX^ZcXZ eVhh^dch l^i] bn \^k^c\ eVhh^dch#Ç

bjai^ea^ZY i]Vi ^bV\Z hZkZgVa [daY i]Zn ldjaY ]VkZ Vc jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z ldgaY ^c l]^X] ]Z ldg`h! igVkZgh^c\ hdbZ d[ i]Z eaVcZiÉh bdhi [dgW^YY^c\ Ä nZi WZVji^[ja "" aVcYhXVeZh ^c hZVgX] d[ [jcYVbZciVa `cdla" ZY\Z VWdji ]^\]"aVi^ijYZ \aVX^Zgh VcY ^XZ h]ZZih# 6WYVaVi^! XjggZcian ]ZVY d[ i]Z 8gndhe]Zg^X HX^ZcXZh 7gVcX] Vi <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg! \dZh dc i]ZhZ ZmeZY^i^dch id ]Zae jcYZghiVcY l]Vi hViZaa^iZh VgZ iZaa^c\ jh VWdji :Vgi]Éh X]Vc\^c\ ^XZ XdkZg# I]^h ldg` ]Vh iV`Zc ]^b id gZbdiZ gZ\^dch d[ i]Z <gZZc" aVcY ^XZ h]ZZi VcY ^XZ XVeh ^c i]Z 8VcVY^Vc 6gXi^X c^cZ i^bZh# ;gdb '%%% id '%%*! ]Z hZgkZY Vh bVcV\Zg d[ i]Z 8gndhe]Zg^X HX^ZcXZh Egd\gVb! dkZghZZ^c\ C6H6"[jcYZY gZhZVgX] Z[[dgih dc \aVX^Zgh! ^XZ h]ZZih! hZV ^XZ VcY edaVg Xa^bViZ# 9jg^c\ i]Vi i^bZ! ]Z Vahd hZgkZY Vh egd\gVb hX^Zci^hi [dg C6H6Éh >XZ 8adjY VcY aVcY :aZkVi^dc HVi" Zaa^iZ! dg >8:HVi! i]Z eg^bVgn dW_ZXi^kZ d[ l]^X] ^h id ^cXgZVhZ djg jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ X]Vc\Zh ^c :Vgi]Éh ^XZ XdkZg# =Z ]Vh WZZc Vc :Vgi] VcY H`n hX^ZcXZ VYk^hdg! bZcidgZY \gVYjViZ VcY jcYZg\gVYjViZ hij" YZcih [gdb hZkZgVa jc^kZgh^i^Zh! ldg`ZY l^i] iZVX]Zgh ^c YZkZade^c\ hX^ZcXZ ZYjXVi^dc bViZg^Va! VcY ]Vh hed`Zc id i]Z bZY^V d[iZc! Vaa l^i] V k^Zl idlVgY VYkVcX^c\ i]Z ejWa^XÉh `cdlaZY\Z d[ C6H6Éh ^b" edgiVci Xdcig^Wji^dch idlVgY jcYZghiVcY^c\ i]Z X]Vc\^c\ :Vgi]# 6WYVaVi^ hV^Y ]^h W^\\Zhi i]g^aa Vi C6H6 lVh lViX]^c\ i]Z aVjcX] d[ i]Z >8:HVi b^hh^dc# Æ>i lVh i]Z Xjab^cVi^dc d[ nZVgh d[ Z[[dgi Wn hd bVcn eZdeaZ l^i] l]db > ldg`ZY XadhZan! VcY Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ! ^i lVh [jaa d[ i]Z [ZZa^c\ d[ ZmX^iZbZci dkZg i]Z egdb^hZ d[ i]Z hX^Zci^ÒX VYkVcXZh ^i ldjaY aViZg egdYjXZ# >i lVh Vaa i]Z \gZVi i]^c\h VWdji C6H6 Ä i]Z bVgg^V\Z d[ hX^ZcXZ VcY Zc\^cZZg^c\ [dg i]Z WZcZÒi d[ ]jbVc`^cY Ä XdcYZchZY ^cid V h^c\aZ VbVo^c\ bdbZci#Ç 6bdc\ di]Zg VXXdbea^h]bZcih ]Z X^iZY lZgZ ÆYZkZade^c\ _d^ci XdaaVW" dgVi^dc l^i] 8]^aZ id Yd i]Z Òghi YZiV^aZY V^gWdgcZ aVhZg bVee^c\ d[ hdbZ d[ i]Z bdhi gZbdiZ gZ\^dch ^c 6ciVgXi^XV VcY ldg`^c\ l^i] XdaaZV\jZh id Y^hXdkZg cZl i]^c\h VWdji djg :Vgi] i]Vi cdWdYn ]Vh ZkZg hZZc WZ[dgZ! l^i] YViV [gdb djg ^chigjbZcih#Ç 6WYVaVi^ XdcXajYZY! ÆDkZgVaa! > [ZZa Vc Zcdgbdjh hZchZ d[ eg^YZ VcY hVi^h[VXi^dc! _jhi `cdl^c\ l]Vi lZ Yd! ]dl lZaa lZ Yd ^i VcY ]dl ^bedgiVci ^i ^h [dg eZdeaZ ZkZgnl]ZgZ#Ç

LVaZZY 6WYVaVi^/ I]Z >XZbVc 8dbZi]

By Ed CAMPION

L

VaZZY 6WYVaVi^ dcXZ WZ\Vc V heZZX] Vi i]Z Hb^i]hdc^VcÉh CVi^dc" Va 6^g VcY HeVXZ BjhZjb ^c LVh]^c\idc Wn Vh`^c\ ]^h VjY^ZcXZ id XadhZ i]Z^g ZnZh VcY ^bV\^cZ i]Z XdaYZhi VcY YVg`Zhi eaVXZ i]Zn ]VY ZkZg WZZc# =Z i]Zc lZci dc id gZaViZ i]Vi ^[ i]Z VjY^ZcXZ bZbWZg

300

NASA

ÆCdi dc Bn LViX]/Ç I]Z HV\V d[ i]Z B^X]djY BVgh]ldg`h =ZgdZh

By Patrick SCHEUERMANN, NASA Michoud Chief Operating Officer (2005-2007)

D

c BdcYVn! 6j\# ''! '%%*! l^i] \gZVi Vci^X^eVi^dc > WZ\Vc V cZl Vhh^\cbZci ^c bn C6H6 XVgZZg! V edhi^c\ Vh X]^Z[ de" ZgVi^c\ d[ÒXZg d[ i]Z V\ZcXnÉh ]^hidg^X B^" X]djY 6hhZbWan ;VX^a^in! l]ZgZ i]Z \^Vci HVijgc K gdX`Zi Òghi hiV\Z lVh Wj^ai Yjg^c\ i]Z 6edaad egd\gVb VcY l]ZgZ ZmiZgcVa iVc`h [dg i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ VgZ VhhZbWaZY# Bn ZmeZXiVi^dch [dg V gZaVi^kZan XVab ^cigd" YjXi^dc id i]Z _dW lZgZ hddc _daiZY Wn i]Z cZlh i]Vi V ÒZgXZ igde^XVa hidgb cVbZY @V" ig^cV lVh eVhh^c\ dkZg hdji]Zgc ;adg^YV VcY \Vi]Zg^c\ igZbZcYdjh YZhigjXi^kZ ZcZg\n l]^aZ WVggZa^c\ VXgdhh i]Z <ja[ d[ BZm^Xd# I]Vi ;g^YVn! Vh bn XdaaZV\jZh VcY > k^ZlZY lZVi]Zg gZedgih h]dl^c\ @Vig^cV db^cdjhan bV`^c\ V WZZa^cZ idlVgY i]Z \gZViZg CZl DgaZVch VgZV! lZ `cZl lZ lZgZ ^c [dg V X]Va" aZc\Z WZndcY djg l^aYZhi ^bV\^cVi^dc# 6bdc\ B^X]djYÉh ZbeadnZZh VgZ V heZX^Va \gdje `cdlc Vh i]Z ÆBVgh]ldg`h IZVbÇ l]d gdYZ dji @Vig^cVÉh aVcY[Vaa i]Z ZkZc^c\ d[ 6j\# '- VcY ZVgan bdgc^c\ d[ 6j\# '.! '%%*! egd" iZXi^c\ k^iVa heVXZ egd\gVb ]VgYlVgZ# >c hd Yd^c\! 6Yb^c^higVidg B^X]VZa <g^[Òc hV^Y i]Zn ÆY^Y cdi]^c\ aZhh i]Vc hVkZ 6bZg^XVÉh heVXZ egd\gVb [gdb! fj^iZ a^iZgVaan! WZ^c\ \gdjcYZY [dg nZVgh#Ç I]ZhZ YVjciaZhh (- gZX^e^Zcih d[ C6H6Éh :mXZei^dcVa 7gVkZgn BZYVa egdkZY i]gdj\]dji i]Z dgYZVa d[ @Vig^cV i]Vi cdi Vaa d[ C6H6Éh ]ZgdZh Ón ^c heVXZ# ;dg bdhi 6bZg^XVch! i]Z hidgn d[ @V" ig^cVÉh aVcY[Vaa lVh eaVn^c\ dji ^c XdVhiVa B^hh^hh^ee^ VcY cZVg i]Z HjeZgYdbZ VcY hjggdjcY^c\ cZ^\]Wdg]ddYh! hdbZ &' b^aZh lZhi d[ B^X]djY# 7ji l]ZgZ lZ lZgZ! djg [dXjh lVh dc i]Z -(' egZX^djh VXgZh l]ZgZ )!(%% YZY^XViZY ldg`Zgh ^cXajY^c\ C6H6!

AdX`]ZZY BVgi^c! J#H# 9ZeVgibZci d[ 6\" g^XjaijgZ CVi^dcVa ;^cVcXZ 8ZciZg VcY J#H# 8dVhi <jVgY ZbeadnZZh lZgZ eZg[dgb^c\ V cjbWZg d[ iVh`h! l^i] djg C6H6 VcY Xdc" igVXidg eZdeaZ VhhZbWa^c\ Veegdm^bViZan &#* W^aa^dc ldgi] d[ heVXZÓ^\]i ]VgYlVgZ! cVbZan ZmiZgcVa iVc`h! id hjeedgi jeXdb" ^c\ heVXZ h]jiiaZ Ó^\]ih# @Vig^cV! cd eda^iZ k^h^idg! eVhhZY g^\]i dkZg i]Z [VX^a^in VcY YgdeeZY bdgZ i]Vc

&) ^cX]Zh d[ gV^c! l^i] ]Zg l^cYh \jhi^c\ dkZg &*% b^aZh eZg ]djg# I]Z '%"[ddi hidgb hjg\Z XgZhiZY i]Z aZkZZh dc ild h^YZh d[ i]Z [VX^a^in! VcY WVg\Zh! idgc [gdb i]Z^g cZVgWn bddg^c\h! WVc\ZY V\V^chi i]Z aZkZZh! i]gZVi" Zc^c\ V WgZVX]# :kZgn Wj^aY^c\ hjhiV^cZY hdbZ aZkZa d[ YVbV\Z! VcY hZkZgVa Wj^aY^c\h l^aa cdi WZ jhZVWaZ jci^a bV_dg higjXijgVa gZeV^gh VgZ bVYZ# Bjc^X^eVa ZaZXig^X edlZg! lViZg! VcY \Vh hZgk^XZ lVh adhi# 8ZaajaVg VcY aVcY"WVhZY iZaZe]dcZ hnhiZbh [V^aZY l^i]^c ]djgh YjZ id i]Z ZmiZch^kZ ÓddY^c\ ^c i]Z gZ\^dc# 7ji jca^`Z i]Z gZhi d[ :Vhi CZl Dg" aZVch! i]Z B^X]djY [VX^a^in lVh i]Z dcan hedi d[ Ygn aVcY l^i]^c Z^\]i b^aZh# Djg bV^c Wj^aY^c\! l]^X] XdjaY ]djhZ ild HjeZgYd" bZh! hjgk^kZY i]Z dgYZVa#

Two Lockheed Martin employees, Guy Jackson and John Pucheu, headed out in a pickup truck to retrieve their colleagues. The storm was now so fierce Guy and John couldn’t see 10 feet in front of them; they had to use sticks to find the edge of the road leading into the pump house.

LZ XVc XgZY^i B^X]djYÉh hjgk^kVa id ldg`" Zgh l]d eZg[dgbZY l^i] hjhiV^cZY XdjgV\Z Yjg^c\ i]Z ]Z^\]i d[ i]Z hidgb! VcY i]Zc idd` dc i]Z bdgZ eV^chiV`^c\ X]VaaZc\Z d[ gZXdk" Zgn l^i] ^cXgZY^WaZ [dXjh dc i]Z^g b^hh^dc# I]Vi b^hh^dc! Wj^aY^c\ ZmiZgcVa iVc`h! gZ" bV^ch ^ciVXi VcY dc hX]ZYjaZ id hjeedgi je" Xdb^c\ heVXZ h]jiiaZ Ó^\]ih# L]^aZ @Vig^cV ^h cdl _jhi V bZbdgn id bdhi 6bZg^XVch! lZ h]djaY gZVa^oZ i]Vi ^c gZWj^aY^c\ i]Z CZl DgaZVch VgZV! ZmigVdgY^cVgn X^gXjbhiVcXZh dXXjg dc V YV^an WVh^h# Ldg`Zgh higj\\aZ id gZWj^aY i]Z^g eZghdcVa a^kZh l]^aZ Xdcig^Wji" ^c\ jcVWViZY id C6H6Éh adc\"iZgb \dVah# D[ XdjghZ! gZXdkZgn VcY gZWj^aY^c\ lVh [Vg [gdb eZdeaZÉh b^cYh Vh i]Z hidgb VeegdVX]ZY#

I]Vi lZZ`ZcY! bdhi d[ i]Z B^X]djY Zbeadn" ZZh hXgVbWaZY id iV`Z i]Z^g [Vb^a^Zh id hV[Zg \gdjcY# ;daadl^c\ V Xdci^c\ZcXn eaVc YZkZa" deZY V[iZg =jgg^XVcZ 7Zihn ejc^h]ZY CZl DgaZVch ^c &.+*! > lZci id i]Z HiZcc^h HeVXZ 8ZciZg id egZeVgZ [dg i]Z ^c^i^Va gZXdkZgn ldg` gZfj^gZY [daadl^c\ i]Z hidgbÉh eVhhV\Z# BZVcl]^aZ! V \gdje d[ (- lZaa"igV^cZY kdajc" iZZgh [dgbZY V g^YZ"dji iZVb VcY gZbV^cZY Vi i]Z^g edhih! YZiZgb^cZY id Yd i]Z^g jibdhi id egdiZXi B^X]djY VcY i]Z kVajVWaZ cVi^dcVa VhhZih ^i ]djhZh# ;^ii^c\ [dg V \gdje d[ i]^h XVa^WZg! i]Zn ]VkZ V cVbZ! l]^X] YgVlh dc @Zaan ?d]chdcÉh [VbZY AdX`]ZZY H`jc` Ldg`h V^gXgV[i YZh^\c iZVb# 8Vggn^c\ dc ^c i]Z H`jc` Ldg`h he^g^i! i]Z iZVb XVbZ id WZ `cdlc Vh i]Z BVgh]" ldg`h! ^c gZXd\c^i^dc d[ i]Z hcV`Zh VcY di]Zg hlVbe XgZVijgZh i]Vi idd` h]ZaiZg [gdb @V" ig^cV dc B^X]djYÉh \gdjcYh# DcXZ @Vig^cV hiVgiZY WViiZg^c\ djg gZ\^dc! i]Z BVgh]ldg`h kdajciZZgh \VkZ i]Z^g Vaa i]gdj\]dji i]Z ZkZc^c\ d[ HjcYVn! 6j\# '- VcY i]Z hjWhZfjZci YVn id egdiZXi B^X]djYÉh heVXZÓ^\]i ]VgYlVgZ! ZaZXig^XVa edlZg hnh" iZbh! gddÒc\! hZXjg^in! gVY^d VcY iZaZe]dcZ Xdbbjc^XVi^dch# L]Zc ZaZXig^XVa edlZg lVh adhi aViZ dc HjcYVn! i]Z g^YZ"dji XgZl ldg`ZY [ZkZg^h]an id `ZZe i]Z WVX`je \ZcZgVidgh dc a^cZ! i]jh Zchjg^c\ i]Vi B^X]djYÉh lViZg ejbeh ldjaY Xdci^cjZ id gjc# 6i i]Z ]Z^\]i d[ i]Z hidgb! @Vig^cVÉh hjg\Z lVh dkZgidee^c\ B^X]djYÉh egdiZX" i^kZ aZkZZh0 djg ejbe^c\ hiVi^dc lVh deZg" Vi^c\ Vi [jaa XVeVX^in ^c V kVa^Vci Z[[dgi id `ZZe B^X]djY Ygn# >i lVh Vi i]ZhZ hiVi^dch i]Vi i]Z bdhi Xg^i^XVa ZkZcih d[ i]Z hidgb eaVnZY dji ^c BdcYVnÉh egZ"YVlc ]djgh# I]Z ejbeh lZgZ k^iVa [dg `ZZe^c\ dji ÓddYlV" iZgh [gdb i]Z B^hh^hh^ee^ G^kZg <ja[ DjiaZi# DcZ dcan ]VY id hZZ i]Z h^iZ [gdb i]Z V^g ^c i]Z Zchj^c\ YVnh! l]ZgZ B^X]djY VeeZVgZY Vh Vc ^haVcY d[ \gZZc ^c V hZV d[ Wgdlc bjY! id jcYZghiVcY i]Vi bVcn a^kZh ldjaY ]VkZ WZZc adhi VcY i]Z [VX^a^in ldjaY ]VkZ WZZc ^cjcYViZY ]VY i]Z \ZcZgVidgh VcY ejbeh [V^aZY# I]dhZ lZgZ i]Z hiV`Zh [dg i]Z WgVkZ VcY ^hdaViZY BVgh]ldg`h kdajciZZgh#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

301

HiVg"HeVc\aZY 7VccZg d[ ]dcdg C6H6 6Yb^c^higVidg B^X]VZa 9# <g^[Òc hVajiZh i]Z B^X]djY BVgh]ldg`h ]ZgdZh ^c [gdci d[ V iViiZgZY Wji egdjY J#H# ÓV\ i]Vi l^i]hiddY i]Z gVkV\Zh d[ @Vig^cV ?Vc# *! '%%+ # 7Z]^cY <g^[Òc ^h GZm <ZkZYZc! C6H6Éh VhhdX^ViZ VYb^c^higVidg [gdb '%%*"'%%,#

Ild d[ i]dhZ ]ZgdZh! ?dZ 7VggZii VcY 9Vc 9dZaa! B^X]djYÉh ejbe ]djhZ deZgVidgh! [dj\]i i]gdj\] i]Z c^\]i id `ZZe ÓddY^c\ [gdb dXXjgg^c\# 7ji Vh i]Z ]jgg^XVcZ \gZl ^c ^ciZch^in VcY hjhiV^cZY l^cYh ZmXZZYZY ** b^aZh eZg ]djg! i]Z iZVb dc i]Z \gdjcY ]VY id ejaa dji ?dZ VcY 9Vc# Ild AdX`]ZZY BVgi^c ZbeadnZZh! <jn ?VX`hdc VcY ?d]c EjX]Zj! ]ZVYZY dji ^c V e^X`je igjX` id

302

NASA

gZig^ZkZ i]Z^g XdaaZV\jZh# I]Z hidgb lVh cdl hd ÒZgXZ <jn VcY ?d]c XdjaYcÉi hZZ &% [ZZi ^c [gdci d[ i]Zb0 i]Zn ]VY id jhZ hi^X`h id ÒcY i]Z ZY\Z d[ i]Z gdVY aZVY^c\ ^cid i]Z ejbe ]djhZ# L]Zc i]Z i^bZ XVbZ id YZeVgi i]Z^g hiVi^dc! ?dZ VcY 9Vc YgZl dc i]Z^g ZmeZg^ZcXZ id bV`Z V Æ\ji XVaaÇ Vh id i]Z hZii^c\h dc i]Z ejbeh ^c dgYZg id `ZZe i]Z lViZgh Vi WVn# >c ]^cYh^\]i! i]Zn bVYZ

C6H6

ZmVXian i]Z g^\]i XVaa! WZXVjhZ Vcn di]Zg hZii^c\ ldjaY ]VkZ Z^i]Zg gjc i]Z ejbeh Ygn dg i]Zn ldjaY cdi ]VkZ `Zei je l^i] i]Z ^cXdb^c\ ÓddY# I]^h h^c\aZ VXi^dc! Vh V b^" XgdXdhb^X ZmVbeaZ d[ bVcn VXi^dch iV`Zc Wn i]Z g^YZ"dji VcY gZXdkZgn iZVbh! bVn edhh^Wan ]VkZ hVkZY i]Z HeVXZ H]jiiaZ Egd" \gVb# >[ cdi [dg i]^h iZVb i]ZgZ ldjaY ]VkZ WZZc Vi aZVhi Z^\]i [ZZi d[ hiVcY^c\ lViZg ^c i]Z [VXidgn# I]Z [djg Y^ZhZa"edlZgZY lV" iZg ejbeh ]VY ZmeZaaZY bdgZ i]Vc V W^aa^dc \Vaadch d[ gV^clViZg VcY heVgZY i]Z [VX^a^in [gdb i]Z YZhigjXi^dc ine^XVa d[ i]Z gZhi d[ CZl DgaZVch# I]gdj\]dji i]Z bdci]h [daadl^c\ i]Z hidgbÉh eVhh^c\! ide eg^dg^in Vi B^X]djY lVh \^kZc id eZghdccZa hV[Zin VcY ^cYjhig^Va ]n" \^ZcZ# Djg XaZVc"je XgZlh dWhZgkZY jibdhi XVji^dc id YdY\Z i]Z bVcn hcV`Zh! Vaa^\Vidgh VcY cjig^V i]Vi ]VY iV`Zc iZbedgVgn gZh^" YZcXZ Vi B^X]djY l]^aZ i]Z ldg` d[ [VX^a^in gZXdkZgn VYkVcXZY# ;dXjh dc i]Z b^hh^dc! Vi" iZci^dc id YZiV^a VcY jcWZa^ZkVWaZ YZY^XVi^dc gZhjaiZY ^c V eZg[ZXi edhi"hidgb hV[Zin gZXdgY ^c i]Z [daadl^c\ &+ bdci]h# 6 gZXdgY d[ dkZg &%%!%%% ZbeadnZZ ]djgh d[ gdd[ide hdbZ Vh ]^\] Vh ')% [ZZi ]^\] gZXdkZgn deZgVi^dch lZgZ gZVa^oZY l^i] cd ^cX^YZcih dg VXX^YZcih# 6cdi]Zg ZmVbeaZ d[ i^bZan YZX^h^dc bV`" ^c\ XVbZ l]Zc lZ ViiZbeiZY id gZhjbZ ZmiZgcVa iVc` egdYjXi^dc deZgVi^dch ^c [jaa dc DXi# (&! '%%*# 6i i]^h ed^ci ^i WZXVbZ Zk^YZci Vcdi]Zg h^\c^ÒXVci gdVYWadX` hiddY ^c i]Z lVn# I]Z Zci^gZ CZl DgaZVch X^in lV" iZg hjeean! i]Z bV^c hjeean id B^X]djY! lVh `cdX`ZY dji d[ Xdbb^hh^dc# >c dgYZg id deZg" ViZ cZZYZY V^g XdcY^i^dcZgh ^c i]Z [VXidgn! lZ ]VY id ]VkZ lViZg [dg i]Z Xdda^c\ idlZgh# CZl DgaZVch d[ÒX^Vah XdjaY cZ^i]Zg \jVgVciZZ cdg egZY^Xi l]Zc lViZg ldjaY WZ gZhidgZY# LZ bVYZ V WdaY YZX^h^dc id Yg^aa V lZaa [dg i]Z lViZg hjeean! l]^X] hjeea^ZY VWdji dcZ b^a" a^dc \Vaadch d[ lViZg eZg YVn! Zcdj\] id gjc i]Z Xdda^c\ idlZgh# LZ lZgZ kZgn [dgijcViZ ^c i]^h gZ\VgY Vh X^in lViZg hZgk^XZh lZgZ cdi gZ"ZhiVWa^h]ZY jci^a i]Z [daadl^c\ heg^c\! hZkZc bdci]h V[iZg i]Z hidgb# ;dg aVX` d[ V lZaa! ZmiZgcVa iVc` egdYjXi^dc deZgVi^dch ldjaY ]VkZ WZZc YZaVnZY h^\c^ÒXVcian# 9jg" ^c\ i]Z gZXdkZgn eZg^dY djg ldg`ZgÉh he^g^ih lZgZ WddhiZY l]Zc ZmiZgcVa iVc`h [dg HIH" &&. VcY HIH"&'% gZijgcZY [gdb i]Z @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg id B^X]djY# I]^h VaadlZY i]Z ldg`[dgXZ id Zc\V\Z ^c gZeV^g ldg` dc i]Z iVc`h! VcY ^c V aVg\Z bZVhjgZ id gZXdkZg V hZchZ d[ cdgbVaXn#

C6H6

JcYVjciZY ]ZgdZh BVgh]ldg`h ZbeadnZZh 9Vc 9dZaa! GdnVa =daaVcY VcY ?dZ 7VggZii cZkZg \VkZ V i]dj\]i id VWVcYdc^c\ i]Z^g edhi Yjg^c\ i]Z c^\]ii^bZ ]djgh l]Zc @Vig^cVÉh [jgn lVh Vi ^ih ldghi#

6h ^[ i]Z V[iZgbVi] d[ =jgg^XVcZ @Vig^cV lVh cdi Zcdj\]! =jgg^XVcZ G^iV [daadlZY g^\]i WZ]^cY ^i! bV`^c\ aVcY[Vaa dc i]Z IZmVh"Adj^" h^VcV WdgYZg dc HZei# ')! '%%*# ;dgijcViZan! B^X]djY ldg`Zgh dcXZ V\V^c gdhZ id i]Z dXXV" h^dc VcY gZ"Zc\V\ZY ^c gZXdkZgn deZgVi^dch id egZkZci Vcn bdgZ h^\c^ÒXVci YVbV\Z [gdb dX" Xjgg^c\# I]gdj\]dji i]ZhZ ign^c\ YVnh i]ZgZ lZgZ cd Y^hi^cXi^dch WZilZZc ZbeadnZZ WVY\" Zh0 V eZghdcÉh edh^i^dc ^c i]Z dg\Vc^oVi^dc Y^Y cdi bViiZg dcZ W^i# :kZgndcZ e^iX]ZY ^c id `ZZe gZXdkZgn Z[[dgih [gdb @Vig^cV dc igVX` VcY id egZeVgZ [dg G^iVÉh Vgg^kVa# >c VYY^i^dc id i]Z Xg^i^XVa bVhh d[ gZ\jaVg B^X]djY Zbeadn" ZZh! B^X]djY WZXVbZ ]dhi id dkZg (!%%% b^a^" iVgn igddeh l]d hZi je V ;dglVgY DeZgVi^c\ 7VhZ ^c dgYZg id XdcYjXi gZXdkZgn VcY gZhXjZ ldg` ^c Hi# 7ZgcVgY VcY DgaZVch EVg^h]Zh# >c i]Z^g ÆheVgZÇ i^bZ! i]ZhZ b^a^iVgn igddeh lZgZ Vc VYYZY WaZhh^c\ id i]Z B^X]djY gZ\jaVgh VcY lZgZ je dc i]Z gdd[ideh ejii^c\ Ydlc iVgeh! ]Zae^c\ id egdiZXi YVbV\ZY Wj^aY^c\h Vh WZhi lZ XdjaY Vh G^iV VeegdVX]ZY# L]Zc G^iV YgZl cZVg! lZ YZX^YZY id bdkZ Vaa Vi"g^h` ZmiZgcVa iVc`h dji d[ ]VgbÉh lVn id bdgZ hZ" XjgZ Wj^aY^c\h# =VY ^i cdi WZZc [dg i]^h Z[[dgi VcY jc^fjZ eVgicZg^c\! B^X]djY idda^c\ VcY [VX^a^i^Zh! Xg^i^XVa id i]Z iVc` egdYjXi^dc ldg`! ldjaY ]VkZ hjhiV^cZY h^\c^ÒXVci YVbV\Z VcY Vi b^c^bjb XVjhZY V kZgn h^\c^ÒXVci hX]ZY" jaZ g^h` id [jijgZ h]jiiaZ Ó^\]ih#

Add`^c\ WVX` dc i]ZhZ VbVo^c\ YVnh! >Éb Xdck^cXZY i]Z ]Zgd^X Z[[dgih d[ i]Z B^X]djY g^YZ"dji VcY gZXdkZgn iZVb hVkZY 6bZg^XVÉh heVXZ egd\gVb [gdb Y^hVhiZg VcY V kZgn h^\" c^ÒXVci YZaVn ^c heVXZ h]jiiaZ Ó^\]ih! ^[ cdi XVjh^c\ i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z HeVXZ H]jiiaZ Egd" \gVb# I]ZgZ XdjaY cdi WZ V WZiiZg ZmVbeaZ d[ i]Z YZY^XVi^dc id C6H6Éh b^hh^dc ^c gZ" XZci bZbdgn i]Vc i]Vi YZbdchigViZY Wn i]Z eZdeaZ d[ B^X]djY# I]gdj\]dji i]^h dgYZVa i]Z B^X]djY ldg`[dgXZ VYdeiZY i]Z 6edaad Egd\gVb bVcigV d[ Æcdi dc djg lViX]Ç Vh YV^an bdi^kVi^dc [dg i]Z^g Z[[dgih id Wg^c\ i]Z [VXidgn WVX` dc a^cZ VcY Vkd^Y ^ciZggje" i^dch ^c i]Z h]jiiaZ egd\gVb# I]ZhZ eZdeaZ ZmZbea^[n i]Z Zci^gZ C6H6 ldg`[dgXZ VcY i]Z Yg^kZ ^c i]Z^g he^g^i id Æ\Zi jh Wddih WVX` dc i]Z bddc#Ç 6h 6Yb^c^higVidg B^X]VZa <g^[Òc hV^Y Vi i]Z XZgZbdcn ^c l]^X] i]Z BVgh]ldg`h kdajciZZgh gZXZ^kZY C6H6Éh :m" XZei^dcVa 7gVkZgn BZYVa! ÆHdbZ i^bZ ^c i]Z cZVg [jijgZ! V heVXZh]^e l^aa WZ Ón^c\ idlVgY V ajcVg gZhZVgX] WVhZ# I]Vi heVXZh]^e l^aa XdciV^c Zfj^ebZci bVYZ l^i] i]Z \gZViZhi ZmeZgi^hZ VcY XVgZ ^c i]Z 8gZhXZci 8^in ]ZgZ Vi B^X]djY# 6cY l]Zc i]Vi heVXZh]^e ^h Zc gdjiZ id i]Z bddc! lZ h]djaY Vaa add` WVX` ^c i^bZ VcY hVn V ldgY d[ i]Vc`h id i]Z BVgh]" ldg`h kdajciZZgh VcY i]Z di]Zg ]ZgdZh d[ B^X]djY#Ç

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

303

C6H6Éh *% NZVg BZc VcY LdbZc

NASA'S AMES RESEARCH CENTER

?D=C L# 7DN9

By Glenn BUGOS

D

c ?Vc# &*! '%%,! ?d]c L# Æ?VX`Ç 7dnY XZa" ZWgViZY i]Z Vcc^kZghVgn d[ ]^h +% nZVgh d[ hZgk^XZ id C6H6# Dcan Z^\]i nZVgh l^i] i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ IZm" Vh hnhiZb `ZZeh i]Vi [gdb WZ^c\ Xdci^cjdjh hZgk^XZ# K^g\^c^V IZX] \gVYj" ViZY && VZgdcVji^XVa Zc\^" cZZgh ^c &.),# C^cZ lZci id ldg` Vi i]Z CVi^dcVa Dc i]Z h]djaYZgh d[ \^Vcih ?VX` 7dnY lVh 6Yk^hdgn 8dbb^iiZZ [dg ^che^gZY Wn Vc >hVVX CZlidc fjdiZ# 6ZgdcVji^Xh C686 AVc\" aZn AVWdgVidgn! dcZ lZci ^cid ^cYjhign! VcY 7dnY lZci lZhi id i]Z C686 6bZh 6ZgdcVji^XVa AVWdgVidgn# ÆBdjciV^c K^Zl P8Va^[#R hdjcYZY c^XZ# I]ViÉh VWdji Vaa > `cZl VWdji i]Z eaVXZ!Ç ]Z hV^Y# 7dnY lVh lZaXdbZY ^cid dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi hjeZgW \gdjeh d[ VZgdYncVb^X^hih ZkZg VhhZbWaZY Yjg^c\ dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi i]g^aa^c\ i^bZh ^c i]Z ]^hidgn d[ VZgdcVji^XVa hX^ZcXZ# LVaiZg K^cXZci^ lVh ]^h WgVcX] X]^Z[ VcY =VgkZn 6aaZc ]^h Y^k^h^dc X]^Z[# 6a :\\Zgh! 9ZVc 8]VebVc! G#I ?dcZh! 9dg^h 8d]Zc! B^aidc KVc 9n`Z! :a" a^dii @VioZc! ?VX` HegZ^iZg! LVaan 9Vk^h VcY 8]Vga^Z ;g^X` lZgZ Vbdc\ i]Z \^Vcih d[ i]Vi 6bZh =^\]"HeZZY GZhZVgX] 9^k^h^dc# 6^gXgV[i VcY heVXZXgV[i Ón WZiiZg WZXVjhZ d[ ]^h gZhZVgX] ldg` ^c i]Z 6bZh &"Wn"( [ddi VcY +"Wn"+ [ddi l^cY ijccZah# =^h heZX^Vain ^h gZhZVgX] ^cid hlZei l^c\h! Xdc^XVa XVbWZg! XVcVgYh dc hjeZghdc^X V^gXgV[i VcY h]Ve^c\ heVXZ XVehjaZh id Ón i]gdj\] cdc":Vgi] Vibdhe]ZgZh# >c &.+(! l]Zc i]Z Zc\^cZZg^c\ \Zc^jh =VgkZn 6aaZc YZX^YZY i]Vi ]Z cZZYZY V iZX]c^XVa Vhh^hiVci id \gVhe Vaa i]Z cZl hX^Zci^ÒX ldg` ZbZg\^c\ Vi 6bZh VcY X]Vbe^dc ^i ^cid XdbegZ]Zch^kZ gZhZVgX] egd\gVbh! ]Z XVaaZY dc 7dnY# >c i]Z aViZ &.+%h! 7dnY hZgkZY Vh 6bZhÉ ed^ci eZghdc l^i] C6H6 =ZVYfjVgiZgh ^c XgZVi^c\ cZl gZhZVgX] egd\gVbh#

304

NASA

L]Zc 6aaZc gZi^gZY! VcY i]Z XZciZg lVh add`^c\ [dg V cZl Y^gZXidg!

6aaZc Vh`ZY 7dnY id Æh]dl i]^h `^Y VgdjcY#Ç I]Z Æ`^YÇ lVh =Vch BVg`! l]d WZXVbZ XZciZg Y^gZXidg Vh lZaa Vh a^[Zadc\ [g^ZcYh l^i] 7dnY# 7dnYÉh gZhedch^W^a^i^Zh \gZl id ^cXajYZ YZejin Y^gZXidg [dg 6ZgdcVji^XVa VcY ;a^\]i HnhiZbh Vi 6bZh! YZejin Y^gZXidg d[ C6H6 h 9gnYZc ;a^\]i GZ" hZVgX] 8ZciZg! VXi^c\ YZejin Y^gZXidg VcY VhhdX^ViZ Y^gZXidg d[ 6bZh! i]Zc VhhdX^ViZ VYb^c^higVidg [dg bVcV\ZbZci Vi C6H6 =ZVYfjVgiZgh# 7dnY cZkZg [V^aZY l]Zc iVh`ZY id ]VcYaZ hdbZ d[ i]Z bdhi hZch^i^kZ ^hhjZh d[ ^cigV"V\ZcXn XddeZgVi^dc Ä i]Z Xdchda^YVi^dc d[ C6H6Éh ]Za^" XdeiZg gZhZVgX] egd\gVb! egZeVg^c\ 9gnYZc Vh V h]jiiaZ aVcY^c\ h^iZ! bV`^c\ V[ÒgbVi^kZ VXi^dc ldg` [dg i]Z V\ZcXn! XdbeaZi^c\ C6H6Éh VY" kVcXZY hZXjgZ"Xdbeji^c\ [VX^a^in! ldg`^c\ l^i] YZ[ZchZ V\ZcX^Zh dc XaVhh^ÒZY gZhZVgX] VcY aZVY^c\ C6H6 id ^beaZbZci i]Z gZdg\Vc^oVi^dc VcY gZ[dgbh d[ i]Z EVX`VgY gZedgi dc [ZYZgVa aVWdgVidg^Zh V &.-( gZedgi d[ i]Z ;ZYZgVa AVWdgVidgn GZk^Zl EVcZa # L]Zc hZgk^c\ Vh Vhh^hiVci id i]Z X]VcXZaadg d[ gZhZVgX] [dg i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ IZmVh hnhiZb! 7dnY Xdci^cjZY id YZY^XViZ ]^h i^bZ id i]Z b^hh^dc d[ i]Z V\ZcXn Ä d[ VXXZaZgVi^c\ ldgaY"XaVhh gZhZVgX] VcY! ^c ]^h iZVX]^c\ VcY Wn ZmVbeaZ! d[ ^che^g^c\ i]Z cZmi \ZcZgVi^dc d[ ZmeadgZgh# >c ]^h hZXdcY XVgZZg Vi 6bZh! 7dnY YVcXZY Vadc\ i]Z Ydi" iZY a^cZh d[ i]Z dg\Vc^oVi^dc X]Vgi! hiVgi^c\ ^c ZYjXVi^dcVa djigZVX]! i]Zc hZgk^c\ Vh ZmZXji^kZ Vhh^hiVci id i]Z Y^gZXidg! l^i] V eg^bVgn gdaZ d[ VYk^hdg! iZVX]Zg VcY bZcidg# =Z ValVnh gZa^h]ZY h]dl^c\ eZdeaZ VgdjcY i]Z XZciZg# IdYVn ]Z Zc_dnh i]gZZ _dWh Ä Vh hZc^dg VYk^hdg [dg ]^hidgn! XZc" iZg dbWjY VcY hZc^dg VYk^hdg id i]Z XZciZg Y^gZXidg# =Z Xdci^cjZh id Yd l]Vi =VgkZn 6aaZc dcXZ gZXd\c^oZY ]Z Y^Y hd lZaa! a^hiZc id i]Z eZdeaZ d[ 6bZh! VeegZX^ViZ i]Z ZmX^iZbZci i]Zn [ZZa [dg i]Z^g gZhZVgX]! ZcXdjgV\Z i]Zb id ]dcZ ^i id ÒhXVa gZVa^i^Zh! [dg\Z XddeZgV" i^dc l]ZgZkZg edhh^WaZ! `ZZe bZZi^c\h [dXjhZY! VcY XdchiVcian Va^\c i]Z XdgedgViZ XjaijgZ d[ C6H6 l^i] i]Z higViZ\^X k^h^dc d[ i]Z XZciZg VcY V\ZcXn# =^h l^aa^c\cZhh id \^kZ di]Zgh XgZY^i ]Vh bVYZ ]^b edl" Zg[jaan Z[[ZXi^kZ# =^h dei^b^hb ]Vh WZZc XdciV\^djh# =^h ]ZVgi[Zai WZa^Z[ ^c i]Z eVhi VcY egZhZci \gZVicZhh d[ 6bZh ]Vh ^che^gZY i]dhZ l]d ldg` i]ZgZ id bV`Z ^ih [jijgZ ZkZg WZiiZg# >c V aZiiZg id GdWZgi 7dnaZ YViZY ;ZW# *! &+,*! ^c ZmeaV^c^c\ ]dl ]Z gZa^ZY dc i]Z ldg` d[ @ZeaZg VcY <Va^aZd! H^g >hVVX CZlidc lgdiZ/ Æ>[ > ]VkZ hZZc [jgi]Zg! ^i ^h Wn hiVcY^c\ jedc i]Z h]djaYZgh d[ \^Vcih#Ç

C6H6

On Oct. 1, 1958, the 170 NASA Headquarters employees gathered in the courtyard of their building, the Dolly Madison House, located across Lafayette Park from the White House, to hear the agency’s first Administrator, T. Keith Glennan, proclaim NASA open for business. At the beginning, NASA had 8,000 employees absorbed from the 43-year-old National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, three laboratories (now renamed research centers), and two stations. Among those employees who “punched the time clock” on NASA’s first day are several hardy individuals who still proudly wear the NASA badge or work for NASA contractors. These are the stories of NASA’s 50 year men and women.

hd[ilVgZ# =Z ldg`ZY ^c V kVg^Zin d[ heZX^Va egd_ZXih id ^bV\Z i]Z igde^XVa gV^c [dgZhih! V\g^XjaijgVa aVcYh VcY i]Z dXZVch# Bdhi gZXZcian! ]Z ldg`ZY dc i]Z hZchdg XVgg^ZY Vad[i Wn Vc 6aiV^g gZbdiZan e^adiZY V^gXgV[i! l]^X] ^h VWaZ id ÒcY [dgZhi ÒgZh l]Zc i]Zn VgZ hi^aa hbVaa! i]Zc eVhh i]Z adXV" i^dc Vadc\ id i]Z J#H# ;dgZhi HZgk^XZ# IdYVn! Vi ,& nZVgh daY! HanZ eaVch id Xdci^cjZ id ]Zae bV`Z hZchZ d[ :Vgi] [gdb VWdkZ#

NASA'S DRYDEN FLIGHT RESEARCH CENTER

7>AA 96C6 C6H6

By Gray CREECH

Bjai^eaZ Xdcig^Wji^dch 7joo HanZ ]Vh ldg`ZY dc ZkZgni]^c\ [gdb VZgdYncVb^Xh id ^bV\Z egdXZhh^c\! gZbdiZ hZch^c\! VcY XdbejiZg Y^heaVn hd[ilVgZ#

I]dhZ Vi 6bZh `cdl 7dnY ^h [dcY d[ i]Vi fjdiZ# C6H6 ]Vh a^iZgVaan hZZc [jgi]Zg ^cid i]Z cVijgZ d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ i]Vc CZlidc ZkZg XdjaY ]VkZ ^bV\^cZY hZZ^c\ l^i] ]^h \aVhh iZaZhXdeZ# 6cY C6H6 ]Vh hZZc hd [Vg WZXVjhZ eZdeaZ a^`Z 7dnY ]VkZ ]ZaeZY jh id YZkZade \^Vcih! VcY id igjan VeegZX^ViZ i]Z \^Vcih jedc l]dhZ h]djaYZgh lZ ]VkZ hiddY# 7dnY ^h dcZ d[ i]dhZ \^Vcih#

7JOO HAN:

By Glenn BUGOS

C6H6

G

dWZgi Æ7jooÇ :# HanZ hiVgiZY ldg`^c\ Vi i]Z C686 6bZh 6ZgdcVj" i^XVa AVWdgVidgn ^c ?jcZ &.*, Vh V ''"nZVg"daY hjbbZg hijYZci# =Z ]VY hZgkZY ^c i]Z GZhZgkZ D[ÒXZgh IgV^c^c\ 8dgeh Vi NVaZ Jc^kZg" h^in l]^aZ ZVgc^c\ V WVX]ZadgÉh YZ\gZZ ^c bZX]Vc^XVa Zc\^cZZg^c\# =Z YZ[ZggZY ]^h VXi^kZ Yjin [dg V nZVg l]^aZ ]Z ZVgcZY ]^h bVhiZg h YZ\gZZ ^c VZgdcVji^XVa Zc\^cZZg^c\ [gdb HiVc[dgY Jc^kZgh^in# =dlZkZg! i]Z 6^g ;dgXZ X]Vc\ZY ^ih Xdbb^hh^dc^c\ gZfj^gZbZcih ^c i]Z [Vaa d[ &.*, VcY Vh`ZY HanZ id Yd ]^h 6^g ;dgXZ Yjin dc Vhh^\cbZci id 6bZh# 6a[gZY :\\Zgh VcY 8aVgZcXZ ÆHnÇ HnkZghidc aZY i]Z &%"Wn"&) ^cX] hjeZghdc^X l^cY ijccZa l]ZgZ HanZ Y^Y ]^h hjbbZg ldg`! VcY i]Zn lZgZ ]Veen id XdckZgi ]^h hjbbZg edh^i^dc ^cid V eZgbVcZci edhi Vh gZhZVgX] hX^Zci^hi# HanZ ldg`ZY l^i] i]Zb Vh i]Zn gZÒcZY i]Z VZgdYncVb^Xh d[ a^[i^c\ WdY^Zh hjX] Vh i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ dgW^iZg# >c &.+%! HanZ VcY ]^h XdaaZV\jZh bdkZY ^cid i]Z cZlan"deZcZY (#*" [ddi ]neZghdc^X ijccZa l]ZgZ i]Zn ZmeadgZY i]Z VZgdYncVb^Xh d[ gdX`Zih VcY gZ"Zcign XVehjaZh# >c &.+(! HanZ [daadlZY HnkZghidc ^cid i]Z B^hh^dc 6cVanh^h 9^k^h^dc# I]Vi Y^k^h^dc gZedgiZY id C6H6 =ZVYfjVgiZgh VcY ^cXajYZY VWdji *% 6bZh hX^Zci^hih [dXjhZY dc [jcYVbZciVa hijY^Zh d[ ]dl id \Zi ]jbVch id i]Z bddc VcY BVgh# HanZ WZXVbZ Vc ZmeZgi dc igV_ZXidgn VcVanh^h VcY Ò\jgZY dji ]dl id eji igV_ZXidgn YViV dc Vc >7B +*% XdbejiZg WVhZY Vi i]Z 6bZh Jc^iVgn EaVc L^cY IjccZa# 9jg^c\ i]Z cZmi YZXVYZ! HanZÉh [jcYVbZciVa gZhZVgX] \gdje lVh gZdg\Vc^oZY# L]Zc i]Z 6YkVcXZY 8dcXZeih VcY B^hh^dc 9^k^h^dc ^c l]^X] ]Z lVh ldg`^c\ lVh Y^hWVcYZY ^c &.,*! HanZ bdkZY ^cid i]Z IZX]cdad\n 6e" ea^XVi^dch 7gVcX] VcY YZkdiZY i]Z cZmi i]gZZ YZXVYZh d[ ]^h XVgZZg id i]Z Y^heaVn d[ XdbejiZg ^c[dgbVi^dc# ;dg i]Z eVhi ild YZXVYZh! ]Z ]Vh ldg`ZY l^i] i]Z 6bZh :XdhnhiZb HX^ZcXZ VcY IZX]cdad\n 7gVcX]! ]Zae^c\ l^i] ^bV\Z egdXZhh^c\! gZbdiZ hZch^c\ VcY XdbejiZg Y^heaVn

8

]ZX`a^hi eV\Zh ÓdViZY b^Y"V^g! hjheZcYZY Vh ^[ Wn bV\^X# C6H6 M"&* iZhi e^adi L^aa^Vb =# Æ7^aaÇ 9VcV add`ZY eVhi i]Zb! [dXjh^c\ dc i]Z ^chigjbZci eVcZa id `ZZe i]Z gdX`Zi eaVcZ dc igVX` Vh ^i XgZhiZY Vi Vc Vai^ijYZ d[ *. b^aZh WZ[dgZ gZ"Zcign WZ\Vc# 9VcV ^h V lZaa"`cdlc! gZheZXiZY VcY bjX]"adkZY Ò\jgZ Vi C6H6Éh 9gnYZc ;a^\]i GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg VcY ^c i]Z VZgdheVXZ Xdbbjc^in# =Z hZgkZY Vh V gZhZVgX] iZhi e^adi VcY aViZg X]^Z[ Zc\^cZZg Vi 9gnYZc [gdb &.*- jci^a &..-! l]Zc ]Z gZi^gZY V[iZg Vabdhi )% nZVgh d[ Y^hi^c" \j^h]ZY hZgk^XZ id C6H6# =Z ]Vh Xdci^cjZY ldg`^c\ Vh V XdcigVXidg Vi 9gnYZc! hjeedgi^c\ i]Z XZciZgÉh ]^hidgn d[ÒXZ dc kVg^djh egd_ZXih VcY ejWa^XVi^dch# I]Z hiVgi YViZ [dg 9VcVÉh hidg^ZY C6H6 XVgZZg ^h ZVhn id gZbZb" WZg/ ]Z WZ\Vc ldg` Vi C6H6 dc i]Z V\ZcXn h Òghi YVn d[ deZgVi^dch!

DXi# &! &.*-# 6h V C6H6 gZhZVgX] e^adi! ldg`^c\ l^i] i]Z a^`Zh d[ [Zaadl M"&* e^adi CZ^a 6gbhigdc\! 9VcV lVh ^ckdakZY ^c hdbZ d[ i]Z bdhi h^\c^ÒXVci VZgdcVji^XVa egd\gVbh XVgg^ZY dji Vi 9gnYZc# 9VcV lVh V egd_ZXi e^adi dc i]Z ]neZghdc^X M"&* gZhZVgX] V^gXgV[i VcY ÓZl i]Z gdX`Zi"edlZgZY kZ]^XaZ &+ i^bZh! gZVX]^c\ V ide heZZY d[ (!-., b^aZh eZg ]djg VcY V eZV` Vai^ijYZ d[ (%,!%%% [ZZi! cZVgan *. b^aZh ]^\]# =Z lVh i]Z e^adi dc i]Z &..i] VcY ÒcVa Ó^\]i d[ i]Z &%"nZVg egd\gVb#

6i ]dbZ ^c i]Z V^g ;VbZY C6H6 M"&* iZhi e^adi 7^aa 9VcV#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

305

ÆI]Z ]dg^odc VeeZVgZY Vh V g^c\ d[ Wg^\]i WajZ VgdjcY i]Z h]Zaa d[ i]Z :Vgi]! l^i] YVg`cZhh VWdkZ!Ç 9VcV gZbZbWZgh# Æ> `cZl >ÉY \di" iZc Vaa i]Z Vai^ijYZ > cZZYZY id fjVa^[n Vh V heVXZ VYkZcijgZg Ç >c i]Z aViZ &.+%h VcY &.,%h! 9VcV lVh V egd_ZXi e^adi dc i]Z bVccZY a^[i^c\ WdYn egd\gVb! l]^X] ÓZl hZkZgVa kZgh^dch d[ i]Z l^c\aZhh kZ]^XaZh VcY egdYjXZY YViV i]Vi ]ZaeZY ^c YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZh# 7Z[dgZ ]^h Vhh^\cbZci Vh X]^Z[ Zc\^cZZg! 9VcV hZgkZY Vh Vhh^h" iVci X]^Z[ d[ i]Z ;a^\]i DeZgVi^dch 9^k^h^dc! Xdbbdcan `cdlc Vi i]Z XZciZg Vh X]^Z[ e^adi# =Z Vahd lVh V egd_ZXi e^adi dc i]Z ;"&* =^\]an >ciZ\gViZY 9^\^iVa :aZXigdc^X 8dcigda gZhZVgX] egd_ZXi! VcY V Xd"egd_ZXi e^adi dc i]Z ;"&- =^\] 6c\aZ d[ 6iiVX` GZhZVgX] KZ]^XaZ egd_ZXi# 9VcV ÓZl i]Z 6YkVcXZY ;^\]iZg IZX]cdad\n >ciZ\gVi^dc ;" &+ V^gXgV[i VcY bVcn di]Zgh# 6h V XVehidcZ id ]^h ^aajhig^djh Ón^c\ XVgZZg! 9VcV ÒcVaan lVh gZX" d\c^oZY Vh Vc VhigdcVji ^c 6j\jhi '%%*! cZVgan )% nZVgh V[iZg ]^h e^dcZZg^c\ Ó^\]ih bdgZ i]Vc *% b^aZh VWdkZ i]Z ZVgi]#

C6H6

NASA'S GLENN RESEARCH CENTER

7:GC>: 6C9:GHDC

By Doreen ZUDELL

C6H6

7

Zgc]VgY Æ7Zgc^ZÇ 6cYZghdc gZbZbWZgh l]Zc V ha^YZ gjaZ lVh Xdch^YZgZY V hiViZ"d["i]Z"Vgi idda# Cdl ]Z ji^a^oZh hde]^hi^XViZY XdbejiZg hd[ilVgZ id ]Zae C6H6 Y^hXdkZg cZl VeegdVX]Zh id VX]^Zk" ^c\ iZX]cdad\n WgZV`i]gdj\]h# ÆL]^aZ djg iddah VcY iZhi^c\ bZi]dYh bVn WZ Xdch^YZgZY VgX]V^X Wn idYVnÉh hiVcYVgYh! lZ gZa^ZY V adi dc djg ^cij^i^dc!Ç hV^Y 6cYZg" hdc! l]d XVbZ id C686 ^c &.** [gZh] dji d[ GZchhZaVZg EdaniZX]c^X >chi^ijiZ# 6cYZghdc hiVgiZY Vh Vc VZgdcVji^XVa Zc\^cZZg jcYZg i]Z hjeZgk^" h^dc d[ 9g# 6WZ H^akZghiZ^c! l]d ldjaY hZgkZ Vh Y^gZXidg d[ C6H6 h AZl^h cdl <aZcc GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg [gdb &.+& id &.,(# 6cYZghdc aV^Y dji iZhi eaVch VcY hZi je ]VgYlVgZ [dg Zc\^cZ ^caZi iZhi^c\ ^c l]Vi ldjaY aViZg WZ cVbZY i]Z 9g# 6WZ H^akZghiZ^c &%"Wn"&% HjeZg" hdc^X L^cY IjccZa# ÆBn ZVgan ldg` XZciZgZY eg^bVg^an dc VYkVcX^c\ Zc\^cZ ^caZi iZX]cdad\n!Ç 6cYZghdc ZmeaV^cZY# ÆHdbZ d[ bn egd_ZXih ^cXajYZY ldg` dc b^a^iVgn Veea^XVi^dch hjX] Vh i]Z 7"*- WdbWZg VcY i]Z N;" &' Ò\]iZg#Ç 6Wdji '* nZVgh V\d! 6cYZghdc igVYZY ]^h ha^YZ gjaZ [dg V Xdbeji" Zg VcY WZ\Vc YZh^\c^c\ cZl ^caZi XdcXZeih [dg kVg^djh egd_ZXih jh" ^c\ XdbejiVi^dcVa Ój^Y YncVb^Xh# BVcn d[ ]^h YZh^\ch ]VkZ WZZc ijgcZY ^cid ]VgYlVgZ i]Vi lVh iZhiZY ^c i]Z l^cY ijccZa# 6adc\ i]Z lVn ]Z ZVgcZY cjbZgdjh VlVgYh! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z C6H6 :mXZei^dcVa HZgk^XZ BZYVa# L]^aZ 6cYZghdcÉh ZVgan YVnh l^i] i]Z V\ZcXn gZkdakZY VgdjcY Y^h" XdkZg^c\ cZl VcY ZmX^i^c\ edhh^W^a^i^Zh ^c Zc\^cZ YZh^\c VcY iZhi^c\! ]^h bdgZ gZXZci ZmX^iZbZci XdbZh [gdb jh^c\ ZkZg"VYkVcX^c\ Xdb" ejiZg iZX]cdad\n id egdYjXZ YZh^\ch bjX] bdgZ Z[[ZXi^kZan i]Vc ZkZg WZ[dgZ# Æ>c i]ZhZ i^bZh d[ a^b^iZY gZhdjgXZh! C6H6Éh ^begdkZY iddah VcY `cdlaZY\Z l^aa ZcVWaZ jh id Z[ÒX^Zcian VYkVcXZ VZgdcVji^Xh gZ" hZVgX]!Ç 6cYZghdc hV^Y! ÆVcY > eaVc dc hiVn^c\ VgdjcY [dg V l]^aZ id hZZ ^i#Ç

;gdb ha^YZ gjaZh id XdbejiZgh Ide/ 6ZgdcVji^XVa Zc\^cZZg 7Zgc^Z 6cYZghdc# Hi^aa \d^c\ higdc\ 6WdkZ/ H^min"nZVg C686$C6H6 ZbeadnZZ 9^X` 8Vk^XX]^#

9>8@ 86K>88=>

By Sally HARRINGTON

D

c C6H6Éh Òghi YVn! G^X]VgY Æ9^X`Ç 8Vk^XX]^ VagZVYn ]VY &) nZVgh d[ hZgk^XZ l^i] i]Z [ZYZgVa \dkZgcbZci Ä [djg nZVgh ^c i]Z 6gbn VcY iZc nZVgh l^i] i]Z C686# Dc ?jan ,! &.)- Ä Æi]Z aVhi nZVg i]Z 8aZkZaVcY >cY^Vch WVhZWVaa iZVb ldc i]Z LdgaY HZg^Zh!Ç 8Vk^XX]^ lVh fj^X` id ed^ci dji Ä ]Z WZ\Vc ]^h XVgZZg Vi i]Z 6^gXgV[i :c\^cZ GZhZVgX] AVWdgVidgn ^c 8aZkZaVcY Yd^c\ ijgW^cZ VZgdYncVb^Xh# ÆI]Z <ZgbVch ]VY hiVgiZY jh^c\ _Zi eaVcZh Yjg^c\ LdgaY LVg >>! Wji i]Z Jc^iY HiViZh lVh _jhi \Zii^c\ ^cid _Zi Zc\^cZh V[iZg i]Z lVg# I]Z ijgW^cZh > lVh ldg`^c\ dc lZgZ [dg _Zi Zc\^cZh!Ç ]Z gZXVaaZY#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

307

UCLA faculty, students, and staff join NASA in celebrating 50 years of exploration and discovery.

We’re proud that UCLA scientists are working with NASA and colleagues around the world to unlock the mysteries of the universe.

cassiniwisemarsroverschandrasofiaspitzerspacetelescopedawnmissionlunarreco ndraclimatesoundermarsexpressstardustmarsglobalsurveyorvenusexpress sofiacassinimarsodysseystardustlunarreconnaissanceorbitermarsglobalsurveyo NASA did not select or approve UCLA and does not endorse and is not responsible for the views or statements contained in this advertisement.

Memory Foam May Have Been Created For Space Travel… But They Have Taken It Home to a Whole New Level.

The Award winning Tri-Pedic® The first three layer, pressure sensitive, high density visco-elastic memory foam mattress with three different foam densities to give you immediate comfort, with a superior spinal support system.

"My son loves his TriPedic so much, that he calls it his slice of heaven!" --Harry Zimmerman, CA

Extensively Sleep Tested By:

The Award Winning If you ever felt like you get too hot while sleeping on a mattress, this patent pending technological advancement in breathability offers unsurpassed temperature comfort through our advanced airflow circulation technology, while giving you the support and comfort of the finest U.S.A. produced visco-elastic memory foam available.

Both the Tri-Pedic and Temperflow systems offer a 4-month sleep trial and 30-year limited warranty. For more information, you can call:

800 667-1969 or go to www.Selectabed.com

>c C6H6Éh ZVgan nZVgh Vi i]Z AZl^h GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg! 8Vk^XX]^ VcY '( di]Zgh ViiZcYZY ild nZVgh d[ [jaa"i^bZ igV^c^c\ ^c cjXaZVg e]nh^Xh VcY cjXaZVg Zc\^cZZg^c\ ^c egZeVgVi^dc [dg YZh^\c^c\ cjXaZVg gdX`Zi Zc\^cZh ^ciZcYZY id \d id BVgh# DkZg i]Z nZVgh! ]Z ]Vh ldg`ZY ^c \gdjcY edlZg VcY gdidg YncVb^Xh# EgZhZcian ]Z ldg`h ^c XdbejiVi^dcVa Ój^Y YncVb^Xh# I]Z [dXjh d[ ]^h ldg` bVn ]VkZ X]Vc\ZY! Wji ild i]^c\h i]Vi ]VkZ cdi X]Vc\ZY VgZ ]^h ^ciZgZhi ^c WVhZWVaa VcY ]^h ^ciZgZhi ^c `ZZe^c\ VXi^kZ# ÆL]Zc > lVh ndjc\! > eaVnZY dc WVh`ZiWVaa VcY hd[iWVaa iZVbh ]ZgZ# > Vahd eaVnZY igjbeZi ^c V WVcY dc aVW!Ç 8Vk^XX]^ hV^Y# =Z lVh VXi^kZ ^c i]Z gjcc^c\ XajW [dg nZVgh! VcY idYVn ]Z ^h hZZc g^Y^c\ ]^h W^`Z id VcY [gdb ldg` Vh ]Z ]Vh YdcZ h^cXZ &.+)# H^cXZ &.-' ]Z ]Vh WZZc XdbeZi^c\ ^c igVX` VcY ÒZaY! hl^bb^c\ VcY W^XnXa^c\ ZkZcih ^c HZc^dg Danbe^X XdbeZi^i^dch VcY ]Vh ldc bVcn bZYVah# 8Vk^XX]^ ^h cdi VadcZ ^c i]ZhZ VXi^k^i^Zh# =^h l^[Z! l]db ]Z bVgg^ZY ^c &.*) Ä Æi]Z nZVg i]Z 8aZkZaVcY >cY^Vch ldc &&& \VbZh! i]Z bdhi \VbZh ldc Wn V iZVb ^c Z^i]Zg aZV\jZ je id i]Vi i^bZ!Ç ^h V HZc^dg Danbe^X hl^bbZg# 8Vk^XX]^Éh WajZ ZnZh il^c`aZY Vh ]Z hV^Y! Æ>ÉkZ djiaVhiZY Vaa i]Z Y^" gZXidgh d[ i]^h aVW [gdb :YlVgY G# H]Vge i]gdj\] ?ja^Vc :Vgah#Ç 6h`ZY l]Zc ]Z b^\]i gZi^gZ! 8Vk^XX]^ hV^Y aVj\]^c\an! ÆL]Zc i]Z 8aZkZaVcY >cY^Vch l^c i]Z LdgaY HZg^Zh V\V^c#Ç

:6GA =6C:H

By Kathleen ZONA

L

C6H6

C6H6

]Vi Yd V aVg\Z e^ZXZ d[ eZig^ÒZY lddY 78 ! V ]VhhdX` i]Vi YdjWaZh Vh V [Vc X^gXV &.)% ! VcY V XZgVb^X ]ZViZg '%%' ]VkZ ^c Xdb" bdc4 I]Zn VgZ Vaa jc^fjZ edhhZhh^dch i]Vi ]VkZ hiddY i]Z iZhi d[ i^bZ VcY id\Zi]Zg l^i] :Vga =VcZh gZh^YZ ^c ]^h d[ÒXZ Vi C6H6 h <aZcc GZ" hZVgX] 8ZciZg# =VcZh ]Vh hiddY i]Z iZhi d[ i^bZ Vh lZaa! ]Vk^c\ WZ\jc ]^h ldg` Vi AZl^h Wn ZciZg^c\ Vc VeegZci^XZ egd\gVb Vi V\Z &+ ^c &.*(

Hi^X`^c\ VgdjcY :Vga =VcZh ^h ldg`^c\ id ZcVWaZ [jijgZ ajcVg VcY BVgh ZmeadgVi^dc egd\gVbh#

=VcZh ]VY V^bZY [dg V _dW Vi C686Éh AZl^h GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg h^cXZ V\Z &(! VcY LZhi IZX] =^\] HX]ddaÉh h]de XaVhhZh ]dd`ZY ]^h ^ciZgZhi ^c Zc\^cZZg^c\ Wn Zmedh^c\ ]^b id deZc ]djhZh VcY di]Zg ZkZcih Vi i]^h [VX^a^in# 9jg^c\ VcY V[iZg \gVYjVi^c\ [gdb i]Z VeegZci^XZ egd\gVb! ]Z ViiZcYZY 7VaYl^c LVaaVXZ 8daaZ\Z VcY D]^d HiViZ Jc^kZgh^in# ;gdb V hiVgi ^c bZX]Vc^XVa VcY ZaZXigdc^Xh Zc\^cZZg^c\! id cjXaZVg! e]nh^Xh VcY X]Zb^hign gZhZVgX]! =VcZh ]Vh \dcZ dc id ]Zae ZhiVW" a^h] ldgaY"XaVhh aVWdgVidgn [VX^a^i^Zh [dg VYkVcXZY XZgVb^X bViZg^Vah gZhZVgX]# DcZ d[ ]^h egdjYZhi bZbdg^Zh ^h l]Zc ?d]c <aZcc X^gXaZY i]Z :Vgi]! WZXVjhZ ÆgZhZVgX] lZ Y^Y ZcVWaZY jh id eji V bVc ^cid heVXZ#Ç =Z Vahd gZXVaah l]Zc 9^gZXidg :Y H]Vge ldjaY XdbZ i]gdj\] i]Z kVg^" djh Wj^aY^c\h iVa`^c\ id i]Z ZbeadnZZh! dcZ i^bZ Wg^c\^c\ Vadc\ [VbZY Vk^Vidg ?^bbn 9dda^iiaZ# =VcZh XjggZci gZhZVgX] ^h dc XZgVb^X Xdbedh^iZh! hda^Y dm^YZ [jZa XZaah VcY cVcdijWZ iZX]cdad\^Zh# =Z WZa^ZkZh i]Vi i]ZhZ bViZg^Vah l^aa WZ egdb^cZci ^c \Zii^c\ jh WVX` id i]Z bddc VcY BVgh# =VcZh eaVch id hi^X` VgdjcY id hZZ Vaa i]Z X]Vc\Zh Xdb^c\! [dg Vi aZVhi V [Zl bdgZ nZVgh! dg jci^a i]Vi ]VhhdX` [Vc XdbZh WVX` ^c hinaZ#

GD7:GI =:C9G>8@H

By Jenise VERIS

>

c ?jcZ &.*,! Vh C686Éh AZl^h GZ" hZVgX] 8ZciZg lVh h]^[i^c\ idlVgY Vc ZmeVcYZY gdaZ ^c heVXZ gZhZVgX]!

GdWZgi 8# =ZcYg^X`h lVh igVch^i^dc^c\ Vh V bZX]Vc^XVa Zc\^cZZg^c\ \gVYj" ViZ VcY cZlan Xdbb^hh^dcZY J#H# 6^g ;dgXZ d[ÒXZg WZ\^cc^c\ VXi^kZ Yjin ^c C686Éh GdX`Zi 7gVcX]# Æ> lVh gZXgj^iZY id ]Zae hdakZ Xdb" Wjhi^dc egdWaZbh dc i]Z M"&* gdX`Zi Zc\^cZ! eVgi d[ V XaVhh^[^ZY egd\gVb :cYaZhh ZcZg\n GdWZgi 8# bVcV\ZY Wn AVc\aZn VcY hjeedgiZY =ZcYg^X`h XdcYjXih gZhZVgX]!

Wn i]Z 6^g ;dgXZ VcY CVkn!Ç =Zc" lg^iZh eVeZgh VcY igVkZah i]Z ldgaY dc X]Vg^iVWaZ b^hh^dch# Yg^X`h ZmeaV^cZY# ÆBn gZhZVgX] Xja" b^cViZY ^c i]Z hjXXZhh[ja deZgVi^dc d[ i]Z a^fj^Y dmn\Zc PADMR Vbbdc^V bVc"gViZY gdX`Zi Zc\^cZ VcY bn Xdbb^ibZci id i]Z 6^g ;dgXZ#Ç :V\Zg id iVX`aZ i]Z cZmi X]VaaZc\Z! =ZcYg^X`h YZkZadeZY Xg^i^XVa Xgnd\Zc^X ]ZVi igVch[Zg YViV [dg a^fj^Y ]nYgd\Zc [jZa jhZY [dg gdX`Zi Zc\^cZh# I]^h cZl ZcVWa^c\ iZX]cdad\n V^YZY AZl^hÉ ldg` dc 8Zc" iVjg VcY Y^gZXian V[[ZXiZY i]Z 6edaad egd\gVb# >i ^h cdl jhZY ^c Vaa ADM"]nYgd\Zc Zc\^cZh! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ bV^c Zc\^cZ VcY XgZl VcY XVg\d kZ]^XaZ ?Ä'M! H Zc\^cZh# =ZcYg^X`h X^iZh C6H6 k^h^dcVg^Zh GdWZgi <gV]Vb! ?d]c :kkVgY! ?d]c Hadde VcY 6WZ H^akZghiZ^c Vbdc\ i]Z YncVb^X aZVYZgh]^e i]Vi ZcVWaZY ]^h ZVgan VXXdbea^h]bZcih# Æ> lVh ^ciZchZ VcY ZV\Zg id \Zi i]^c\h YdcZ!Ç =ZcYg^X`h gZXVaaZY# Æ<gV]Vb lVh bn hjeZgk^hdg VcY hjX] V XaZVg i]^c`Zg# =Z ]ZaeZY bZ id WZ eVi^Zci! l]^aZ XdchiVcian ldg`^c\ id deZc Yddgh#Ç 6bdc\ i]Z bVcn VlVgYh =ZcYg^X`h gZXZ^kZY [dg ]^h h^\c^ÒXVci Xdc" ig^Wji^dch ^h V &.-* C6H6 :mXZei^dcVa HX^Zci^ÒX GZhZVgX] BZYVa [dg Æ^bbZVhjgVWaZ Xdcig^Wji^dch id C6H6Éh ]nYgd\Zc"dmn\Zc X]Zb^XVa gdX`Zign iZX]cdad\n#Ç

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

309

"" Vi C6H6 h AZl^h GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg# >c &.+%! OVgZih`n XdbeaZiZY ]^h VXi^kZ b^a^iVgn hZgk^XZ VcY _d^cZY C6H6Éh X^k^a^Vc hiV[[ Vh V bViZg^Vah gZhZVgX] Zc\^cZZg# ÆI]Z YZei] d[ iZX]c^XVa ZmeZgi^hZ ]ZgZ lVh ^bbZchZ!Ç OVgZih`n hV^Y# ÆI]Z eZdeaZ lZgZ djihiVcY^c\! i]Z ldg` lVh V X]VaaZc\Z VcY lZ lZgZ bV`^c\ Xdcig^Wji^dch i]Vi ]VY Vc ^beVXi#Ç DcZ d[ ]^h W^\\Zhi Xdcig^Wji^dch lVh ^begdk^c\ gdaa^c\"ZaZbZci WZVg^c\h [dg V^gXgV[i Zc\^cZh# >c i]Z &.*%h! ZmeZgih egZY^XiZY i]Vi i]Z heZZY VcY iZbeZgVijgZ d[ V^gXgV[i Zc\^cZ WZVg^c\h ldjaY ^cXgZVhZ YgV" bVi^XVaan Yjg^c\ Xdb^c\ YZXVYZh# Id VYYgZhh i]Z egZY^XiZY ^cXgZVhZ! OVgZih`n VcY ]^h XdaaZV\jZh hZi dji id YZkZade WVaa VcY gdaaZg WZVg^c\h i]Vi ldjaY gjc [VhiZg! l^i]hiVcY ]^\]Zg iZbeZgVijgZh VcY aVhi adc\Zg# Æ7n &.,(! lZ VX]^ZkZY WZVg^c\h iZbeZgVijgZh je id +%% YZ\gZZh ;V]gZc]Z^i# I]Zn deZgViZY ild i^bZh [VhiZg VcY aVhiZY )% i^bZh adc\Zg i]Vc l]Zc lZ hiVgiZY!Ç OVgZih`n hV^Y# Æ6aa i]Vi iZX]cdad\n ^h Ón^c\ ^c XdbbZgX^Va VcY b^a^iVgn V^gXgV[i idYVn#Ç IdYVn! OVgZih`n ^h X]^Z[ Zc\^cZZg ^c i]Z BViZg^Vah VcY HigjXijgZh 9^k^h^dc# =Z ]Vh YZkZadeZY eViZciZY iZX]cdad\n! ZVgcZY cjbZgdjh VlVgYh! ejWa^h]ZY ild Wdd`h VcY bdgZ i]Vc &-% eVeZgh VcY igVkZaZY Vaa dkZg i]Z ldgaY Vh V heZV`Zg# Æ>iÉh WZZc V c^XZ ZmeZg^ZcXZ!Ç OVgZih`n hV^Y# Æ> YdcÉi i]^c` > XdjaY ]VkZ YdcZ i]Vi Vcnl]ZgZ Wji C6H6#Ç

?D=C G# 86H6C>

8jggZcian V hZc^dg iZX]cdad\^hi VcY gZhZVgX] Zc\^cZZg ^c i]Z GZ" hZVgX] VcY IZX]cdad\n 9^gZXidgViZ! =ZcYg^X`h eZg[dgbh WVh^X VcY Ve" ea^ZY gZhZVgX] ^c Ój^Y YncVb^Xh VcY ]ZVi igVch[Zg# >c VYY^i^dc id lg^i" ^c\ bdgZ i]Vc (%% eVeZgh! =ZcYg^X`h Xdci^cjZh id bV`Z h^\c^ÒXVci Xdcig^Wji^dch ^c gZhZVgX] gZaViZY id ijgWd ejbe hZVah aZVY^c\ id i]Z XgZVi^dc d[ YZh^\c XdYZh VcY i]Z V\ZcXnÉh hZVa egd\gVb# =Z Vahd ]Vh eZg[dgbZY ^bedgiVci _Zi Zc\^cZ X]VgVXiZg^hi^X ldg` gZaViZY id ]ZVi igVch[Zg! VcY! bdgZ gZXZcian! id VaiZgcVi^kZ [jZah# =ZcYg^X`hÉ YZY^XVi^dc id gZhZVgX] WZcZÒi^c\ VZgdcVji^Xh VcY heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc ^h ZfjVaZY ^c ]^h eVhh^dc id egdiZXi i]Z :Vgi] VcY ^ih ^c" ]VW^iVcih# =Z ^h ^ckdakZY ^c hZkZgVa XdchZgkVi^dc Z[[dgih VcY VccjVaan igVkZah id Y^[[ZgZci adXVi^dch VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY! Wj^aY^c\ VcY gZeV^g^c\ higjXijgZh hjX] Vh X]jgX]Zh! hX]ddah VcY ]dbZh id ]Zae i]dhZ aZhh [dgijcViZ i]Vc ]^bhZa[# =ZcYg^X`hÉ ZcZg\n! ^ciZgZhih VcY WgZVYi] d[ gZhZVgX] ]VkZ cdi WZZc ]VgcZhhZY Wn i^bZ# Æ>Éb Yg^kZc Wn i]Z Veea^XVi^dch d[ bn gZhZVgX]!Ç =ZcYg^X`h hV^Y#

:GL>C O6G:IH@N

By Jan WITTRY

L

]Zc :gl^c OVgZih`n ^ciZgk^ZlZY l^i] i]Z C686 ^c &.*,! ]Z lVh add`^c\ [dg V iZbedgVgn edh^i^dc# 6Wdji id \gVYjViZ Xda" aZ\Z Vh V bZX]Vc^XVa Zc\^cZZg VcY J#H# 6^g ;dgXZ d[ÒXZg! ]Z lVh hX]ZYjaZY [dg VXi^kZ Yjin aViZg i]Vi nZVg# A^iiaZ Y^Y ]Z `cdl i]Vi V[iZg V nZVg VcY V ]Va[ d[ Yjin ^c 6h^V! i]Z 6^g ;dgXZ ldjaY hiVi^dc ]^b g^\]i WVX` l]ZgZ ]Z lVh l]Zc ]Z aZ[i

310

NASA

By Erik M. CONWAY

?

EAÉh ?d]c 8VhVc^ gZi^gZY ^c &... Ä [dg VWdji V lZZ`# I]Z ?Zi Egdeja" h^dc AVWdgVidgnÉh bdhi ZmeZg^ZcXZY egd_ZXi bVcV\Zg VcY \ZcZgVa Vaa"VgdjcY igdjWaZh]ddiZg lVh gZXVaaZY id ]Zae Ò\jgZ dji l]Vi ]VY ]Ve" eZcZY id ?EAÉh adhi BVgh EdaVg AVcYZg# =Z ]Vh cdi aZ[i h^cXZ# 6 E]^aVYZae]^V cVi^kZ! ?d]c gZXZ^kZY V XaVhh^XVa ZYjXVi^dc Vi Hi# ?dZÉh EgZe! l]^X] bZVci ]Z hijY^ZY cd hX^ZcXZ dg iZX]c^XVa hjW_ZXih Vi Vaa# L]Zc ]Z \di id i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ EZcchnakVc^V! ]Z WZXVbZ V a^WZgVa Vgih bV_dg# =^h VXVYZb^X XVgZZg ^c i]Z a^WZgVa Vgih aVhiZY ild nZVgh# 6i i]Z ZcY d[ ]^h hde]dbdgZ nZVg! 8VhVc^ YZX^YZY i]Vi ]Z lVh cdi \d^c\ id WZ kZgn ZbeadnVWaZ VcY lVciZY id _d^c i]Z 6^g ;dgXZ# =^h [Vi]Zg kZidZY i]Vi ^YZV! VcY ^chiZVY ]Z YZX^YZY id hl^iX] bV_dgh# =^h gddbbViZ lVh Vc ZaZXig^XVa Zc\^cZZg^c\ bV" _dg! hd ?d]c hl^iX]ZY id ZaZX" ig^XVa Zc\^cZZg^c\! Ò\jg^c\ i]Zn ldjaY hijYn id\Zi]Zg# >i lVh V \gZVi eaVc! ZmXZei ]^h [g^ZcY Ójc`ZY dji VcY cZkZg gZijgcZY# ?d]c Òc" ^h]ZY i]Z YZ\gZZ VcnlVn! ^c &.**! VcY V[iZg V [g^\^Y l^c" iZg Vi i]Z GdbZ 6^g 9ZkZade" bZci 8ZciZg ^c jehiViZ CZl EaVcZiVgn igdjWaZh]ddiZg L]Zc i]^c\h Ndg`! jedc V [g^ZcY h VYk^XZ \d Vlgn l^i] eaVcZiVgn b^hh^dch! ?d]c ]Z ]ZVYZY id i]Z Jc^kZgh^in 8VhVc^ ^h i]ZgZ id egdk^YZ hdaji^dch#

C6H6

7j^aY^c\ V WZiiZg WZVg^c\ :gl^c OVgZih`n ]ZaeZY YZkZade gdaa^c\"ZaZbZci WZVg^c\h XjggZcian jhZY ^c XdbbZgX^Va VcY b^a^iVgn V^gXgV[i Zc\^cZh#

C6H6

NASA'S JET PROPULSION LABORATORY

312

NASA

Vci^X^eViZY ^c heVXZ Wji cdi id i]Z bjX] ]^\]Zg gdaa gViZ d[ i]Z aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ# Æ>i ]VYcÉi dXXjggZY id jh id iZhi i]Z heVXZXgV[iÉh gZhedchZ id i]Z aVjcX] gViZ XdcY^i^dch# >[ lZ ]VY! lZÉY ]VkZ XVj\]i i]Z egdWaZb WZ[dgZ aVjcX]# 6aa lZ ]VY id Yd lVh X]Vc\Z i]Z hd[ilVgZÉh hZii^c\h! l]^X] lZ Y^Y WZ[dgZ aVjcX]^c\ KdnV\Zg &! 8VhVc^ hV^Y# ÆIZhi Vh ndj ÓnÇ WZXVbZ dcZ d[ 8VhVc^Éh Y^Xijbh# 6[iZg KdnV\Zg! 8VhVc^ WZXVbZ egd_ZXi bVcV\Zg [dg i]Z <Va^aZd b^h" h^dc# 6 ?je^iZg dgW^iZg b^hh^dc! <Va^aZd ]VY V idgijgZY Zkdaji^dc# >i lVh XVcXZaZY VcY gZhjggZXiZY bdgZ i]Vc dcXZ! VcY ]VY id WZ gZYZh^\cZY V XdjeaZ d[ i^bZh WZXVjhZ C6H6 XdjaY cdi YZX^YZ l]Zi]Zg ^i h]djaY Ón dc i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ dg dc Vc ZmeZcYVWaZ aVjcX]Zg# >i ÒcVaan lVh aVjcX]ZY Wn h]jiiaZ 6iaVci^h ^c &.-.! gZVX]ZY ?je^iZg ^c &..*! VcY de" ZgViZY i]ZgZ jci^a '%%(# H^cXZ &.-.! 8VhVc^ ]Vh ]VY hZkZgVa hZc^dg bVcV\ZbZci _dWh Vi ?EA VcY ]Vh [jcXi^dcZY Vh V gdk^c\ igdjWaZh]ddiZg Vh lZaa# 6[iZg ]^h dcZ" lZZ` gZi^gZbZci ^c &...! ]Z aZY V iZVb id C6H6Éh ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8Zc" iZg id gZhdakZ V hV[Zin"gZaViZY XdcXZgc i]Vi XdjaY ]VkZ XVjhZY i]Z adhh d[ i]Z H]jiiaZ GVYVg Ided\gVe]n B^hh^dc! i]Zc ]ZVYZY ?EAÉh ^ciZgcVa ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc d[ i]Z adhh d[ i]Z ild BVgh b^hh^dch ^c &.--! aZY i]Z YZ" kZadebZci d[ ?EAÉh ;a^\]i Egd_ZXi EgVXi^XZh! VcY lVh egd_ZXi bVcV\Zg [dg Egd_ZXi EgdbZi]Zjh jci^a ^i lVh iZgb^cViZY ^c '%%*# =Z XjggZcian ^h ign^c\ id higZVba^cZ ?EAÉh ^beaZbZciVi^dc d[ Zmedgi gZfj^gZbZcih#

HJH6C ;>CA:N

By Erik M. CONWAY

H

jhVc <# ;^caZn! C6H6Éh adc\Zhi"hZgk^c\ ldbVc! lVh ]^gZY Vh V ÆXdbejiZgÇ Wn i]Z ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn ^c ?VcjVgn &.*-! dcZ lZZ` WZ[dgZ ?EA aVjcX]ZY :meadgZg &! 6bZg^XVÉh Òghi hViZaa^iZ# =Zg ^c^i^Va _dW lVh eZg[dgb^c\ igV_ZXidgn XdbejiVi^dch [dg gdX`Zi aVjcX]Zh Wn ]VcY# H]Z ]VY V cjbWZg d[ XVgZZg X]Vc\Zh Vi ?EA Vh Y^\^iVa XdbejiZgh Za^b^cViZY i]Z cZZY [dg ]VcY XVaXjaVi^dch# H]Z ^h cdl V hd[ilVgZ iZhiZg VcY hjWhnhiZb Zc\^cZZg#

C6H6

d[ Hdji]Zgc 8Va^[dgc^V! l]ZgZ ]Z a^kZY ^c ]^h [gViZgc^inÉh X]VeiZg ]djhZ l]^aZ add`^c\ [dg ldg`# =Z ^ciZgk^ZlZY l^i] ?EAÉh ?VX` ?VbZh! ]ZVY d[ ?EAÉh HZXi^dc &,! l]^X] YZVai l^i] \j^YVcXZ VcY Xdcigda! VcY [dg Vcdi]Zg _dW l^i] Cdgi] 6bZg^XVc 6k^Vi^dcÉh CVkV_d b^hh^aZ egd_ZXi# Cdgi] 6bZg^XVc d[[ZgZY ]^b bdgZ bdcZn Wji! Æ:kZgn YVn!Ç ?d]c gZXVaaZY! Æ?VX` ?VbZh XVaaZY bZ dc i]Z eVn e]dcZ Vi i]Z [gVi ]djhZ dg hZci bZ V iZaZ\gVb# > ÒcVaan ldjcY je Xdb^c\ ]ZgZ#Ç ?EA lVh Vc 6gbn [VX^a^in Vi i]Z i^bZ! YZkZade^c\ ild h]dgi"gVc\Z WVaa^hi^X b^hh^aZh VcY V gVY^d ^cZgi^Va \j^YVcXZ hnhiZb [dg i]Z 6gbnÉh ^ciZgbZY^ViZ gVc\Z WVaa^hi^X b^hh^aZ hnhiZb# ?d]c Òghi lZci id ldg` dc i]Z \j^YVcXZ hnhiZb [dg GZYhidcZ 6ghZcVaÉh ?je^iZg b^hh^aZ# 7ji V[iZg i]Z Hdk^Zi Hejic^` hjgeg^hZ VcY ?EAÉh aVjcX] d[ :meadgZg &! ]Z lVh Vhh^\cZY Vh i]Z eVnadVY ^ciZ\gVi^dc Zc\^cZZg [dg E^dcZZgh ( VcY )# I]ZhZ ajcVg ÓnWn egdWZh lZgZ hd hbVaa ]Z XVgg^ZY i]Zb id i]Z Jc^kZg" h^in d[ >dlV ^c V hj^iXVhZ id ]VkZ i]Z^g ^chigjbZcih XVa^WgViZY# 6[iZg i]Z E^dcZZgh! 8VhVc^ WZXVbZ ]ZVY d[ i]Z YZh^\c iZVb [dg i]Z ZVgan GVc\Zg VcY BVg^cZg heVXZXgV[i# =Z lVh heVXZXgV[i bVcV\Zg [dg i]Z BVg^cZg &.+. b^hh^dch id BVgh VcY V\V^c [dg i]Z BVg^cZg KZcjh" BZgXjgn b^hh^dc! aVjcX]ZY ^c &.,(# I]ZhZ ZVgan BVg^cZg b^hh^dch \V^cZY 8VhVc^ Vc ZcYjg^c\ aZ\ZcY# :Vgan BVgh b^hh^dch! eVgi^XjaVgan Gjhh^Vc! Wji Vahd ?EAÉh dlc! hZZbZY id WZ _^cmZY# I]Zn `Zei ]Vk^c\ hZkZgZ egdWaZbh! VcY Vaa i]Z Gjhh^Vc b^h" h^dch [V^aZY# >c &.+)! 8VhVc^ ]VY V XdckZghVi^dc l^i] V I^bZ bV\Vo^cZ gZedgiZg VWdji i]^h# =Z gZXVaaZY i]Vi i]ZgZ lVh V adi d[ heZXjaVi^dc VWdji edhh^WaZ Yjhi WZaih! dg b^XgdbZiZdgd^Yh dg gVY^Vi^dc Vh i]Z ediZci^Va XVjhZh d[ i]Z egdWaZbh# I]Z gZedgiZg Vh`ZY ]^b l]Vi ]Z i]dj\]i lVh \d^c\ dc# 8VhVc^ hV^Y! ÆL]Vi! a^`Z V heVXZ bdchiZg ZVi^c\ i]Zb je dji i]ZgZ4Ç 6cY i]Z gZedgiZg hV^Y ÆNdj bZVc V <gZVi <VaVXi^X <]dja4Ç :kZgndcZ [dg\di VWdji i]Z <]dja l]Zc ?EAÉh heVXZXgV[i gZijgcZY i]Z Òghi"ZkZg XadhZ"je ^bV\Zh d[ BVgh# 7ji [djg nZVgh aViZg! ?EA ]VY ild bdgZ BVg^cZgh ZcgdjiZ# ÆBVg^cZg , lZci Wdc`Zgh!Ç 8VhVc^ hV^Y# Æ6aa d[ i]Z hjY" YZc i]Z <gZVi <VaVXi^X <]dja lVh WVX`# HX]dda`^Yh hiVgiZY hZcY^c\ bZ YgVl^c\h VcY e^XijgZh# DcZ d[ djg XdcigVXidgh bVYZ bZ V eV^ci^c\#Ç I]Z iZVb hVkZY BVg^cZg ,! Wji i]Z <]dja lVh cdl ÒmZY ^c eZdeaZÉh b^cYh# 6[iZg i]Z BVg^cZg KZcjh"BZgXjgn b^hh^dc! 8VhVc^ WZXVbZ i]Z bVc" V\Zg d[ i]Z <j^YVcXZ VcY 8dcigda 9^k^h^dc# >c &.,* ]Z idd` dkZg i]Z BVg^cZg ?je^iZg"HVijgc &.,, b^hh^dc! ^bbZY^ViZan adWWn^c\ [dg V cZl cVbZ/ KdnV\Zg# I]ZhZ lZgZ ?EAÉh Òghi djiZg"eaVcZi b^hh^dch! VcY ?EAÉh adc\Zhi"a^kZY! Vh lZaa! hi^aa deZgVi^c\ idYVn# I]Z ild KdnV\Zg heVXZXgV[i bVg`ZY ?EAÉh Òghi jhZ d[ dcWdVgY XdbejiZgh! l^i] h^m egdXZhhdgh ]Vc" Ya^c\ Vii^ijYZ Xdcigda! hZfjZcX^c\ VcY XdbbVcY ZmZXji^dc! VcY hX^ZcXZ YViV egdXZhh^c\# Æ>i lVh V W^\ hiZe je ^c iZX]cdad\n!Ç ]Z gZbZbWZgZY# I]^h Òghi ZmiZch^kZ jhZ d[ hd[ilVgZ Xdcigda Vahd ]ZaeZY gZhjai ^c V aVjcX] hXVgZ l^i] KdnV\Zg '# 9jg^c\ i]Z I^iVc >>> 8ZciVjgÉh VhXZci! Vh i]Z aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ eZg[dgbZY V egd\gVbbZY gdaa bVcZjkZg! i]Z heVXZ" XgV[i VeeZVgZY id hj[[Zg V bV_dg Vii^ijYZ Xdcigda VcdbVan# I]Z [Vjai egd" iZXi^dc hd[ilVgZ ig^ZY id Òm ^i Wn hl^iX]^c\ dji i]Z \ngdh VcY di]Zg kVg^" djh e^ZXZh d[ Zfj^ebZci# I]Z gZhjai bVYZ ^i add` id i]Z Ó^\]i iZVb a^`Z i]Zn ldjaY adhZ KdnV\Zg ' WZ[dgZ ^i ZkZc ]VY aZ[i :Vgi]# DcXZ gZaZVhZY Wn i]Z aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ! ]dlZkZg! i]Z heVXZXgV[i deZgViZY eZg[ZXian# Cdi]^c\ VXijVaan ]VY WZZc lgdc\# I]Z aVjcX] kZ]^XaZ gdaa gViZ lVh ]^\] Zcdj\] id hVijgViZ i]Z gdaa X]VccZa \ngd! l]^X] lVh ^ciZgegZiZY Vh V ]VgYlVgZ [V^ajgZ# I]Z [Vjai egdiZXi^dc hnhiZb [jcXi^dcZY ZmVXian Vh ^i ]VY WZZc egd\gVbbZY! VcY i]Z hnhiZb gZhedcYZY XdggZXian# I]Z YZkZadebZci iZVb ]VY iZhiZY i]Z hnhiZb je id i]Z bVm^bjb gViZh

I]Z ]jbVc XdbejiZg HjhVc <# ;^caZn lVh ]^gZY id eZg[dgb igV_ZXidgn XdbejiVi^dch [dg gdX`Zi aVjcX]Zh Wn ]VcY#

C6H6

DcZ d[ ]Zg ZVga^Zhi bZbdg^Zh Vi ?EA ^h d[ i]Z Ó^\]i d[ E^dcZZg (! aVjcX]ZY dc 9ZX# +! &.*-# H]Z lVh XVaaZY ^c id XVaXjaViZ kZadX^i^Zh [gdb iZaZbZign YViV l]Zc i]Z Y^\^iVa XdbejiZg i]Vi lVh hjeedhZY id Yd ^i [V^aZY# Æ> ejcX]ZY i]^h YViV ^cid i]Z ;g^ZYZc PXVaXjaVidgR Vh 6a =^WWh gZaVnZY ^i id bZ [gdb ]^h iZaZe]dcZ XdccZXi^dc l^i] i]Z gZXZ^k^c\ VciZccV# > lZci ]dbZ VgdjcY +/%% V#b# V[iZg ZkZgndcZ gZVa^oZY i]Vi ^i ]VYcÉi gZVX]ZY ZhXVeZ kZadX^in! hd ^i lVhcÉi \d^c\ id aZVkZ dgW^i# Bn ]jhWVcY lVh je lViX]^c\ i]Z cZlh# I]Zn ]VY V a^iiaZ WaVX`WdVgY l^i] i]Z cjbWZgh dc ^i > ]VY XVaXjaViZY# > hV^Y Èi]ViÉh bn cjbWZg ÉÇ H]Z aZ[i ?EA il^XZ Yjg^c\ i]Z cZmi [Zl nZVgh! Òghi id hjeedgi ]Zg ]jhWVcYÉh ZYjXVi^dc! VcY i]Zc! V[iZg V Wg^Z[ eZg^dY WVX` Vi i]Z aVW! id ]VkZ X]^aYgZc# H]Z gZijgcZY eZgbVcZcian ^c &.+.# I]gdj\] bdhi d[ i]Z &.,%h! h]Z ldg`ZY dc V kVg^Zin d[ VYkVcXZY b^hh^dc hijY^Zh! XVaXjaVi^c\ igV_ZXidg^Zh VcY dgW^ih [dg V kVg^Zin d[ ediZci^Va [jijgZ b^h" h^dch# 7n i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z YZXVYZ! i]^h ldg`! idd! lVh WZ^c\ iV`Zc dkZg Wn ZaZXigdc^X XdbejiZgh# >c &.-%! h]Z WZ\Vc lg^i^c\ hd[ilVgZ [dg i]Z 9ZZe HeVXZ CZildg` 9HC # I]Z 9ZZe HeVXZ CZildg`! deZgViZY Wn ?EA [dg C6H6! igVX`h VcY gZXZ^kZh YViV [gdb Vaa Jc^iZY HiViZh VcY bVcn [dgZ^\c ^ciZgeaVc" ZiVgn heVXZXgV[i# ;^caZnÉh bV_dg hd[ilVgZ Z[[dgi lVh [dg i]Z Æ9ZaiV 9DGÇ je\gVYZ! l]^X] ^begdkZY cVk^\Vi^dcVa VXXjgVXn Wn jh^c\ fjVhVgh Vh ÒmZY gZ[ZgZcXZ ed^cih ^c heVXZ# 9ZaiV 9DG hiVcYh [dg 9ZaiV 9^[[ZgZci^Va DcZ" lVn GVc\Z# I]Zc h]Z XddgY^cViZY 9HC hjeedgi id i]Z ild _d^ci JHHG$ ;gVcXZ KZ\V b^hh^dch id KZcjh VcY =VaaZnÉh XdbZi# >c i]Z aViZ &.-%h! h]Z WZXVbZ V iVh` bVcV\Zg [dg Vcdi]Zg je\gVYZ id i]Z 9ZZe HeVXZ CZildg`# I]^h ^begdkZY ^ih ji^a^in [dg kZgn adc\ WVhZa^cZ ^ciZg[ZgdbZign!

V iZX]c^fjZ i]Vi a^c`h hZkZgVa gVY^d VciZccVh ^cid V h^c\aZ! bjX] bdgZ edlZg[ja dcZ# H]Z Zc_dnZY i]^h egd_ZXi Ä ZmXZei [dg i]Z WjY\Zi^c\# >c i]Z ZVgan &..%h! ;^caZn gZijgcZY id hd[ilVgZ# H]Z eZg[dgbZY bVcn iVh`h Yjg^c\ i]Z cZmi &* nZVgh! Wji dcZ hiVcYh dji ^c ]Zg bZb" dgn Ä hd[ilVgZ h]Z ]ZaeZY YZkZade [dg i]Z BVgh :meadgVi^dc GdkZg b^hh^dch# I]ZhZ jhZY V ÆhZbVe]dgZ"a^`ZÇ Xdbbjc^XVi^dch bZi]dY Yjg^c\ i]Z^g eajc\Z i]gdj\] i]Z BVgh Vibdhe]ZgZ# I]Z heVXZXgV[iÉh igVchb^iiZg hZci WVX` heZX^ÒX idcZh! dg bjh^XVa cdiZh! Wn gVY^d V[iZg ZVX] e]VhZ d[ i]Z YZhXZci# ;^caZnÉh hd[ilVgZ gZXZ^kZY i]Z h^\cVah [gdb i]Z 9HC VcY ^ciZgegZiZY i]Zb hd i]Z egd_ZXihÉ Zc\^cZZgh ldjaY `cdl l]Vi lVh \d^c\ dc# I]^h iVh` idd` ]Zg dji id i]Z <daYhidcZ VcY I^YW^c" W^aaV hiVi^dch Yjg^c\ i]Z aVcY^c\h! hd h]Z b^hhZY Vaa i]Z egZhh ViiZci^dc i]Z b^hh^dch gZXZ^kZY# H]Z aVj\]ZY! ÆI]ZnÉgZ ValVnh [dXjhZY dc i]Z Xdcigda gddb Vi ?EA# EZdeaZ gZVaan Yd^c\ i]Z ldg` YdcÉi \Zi dc IK#Ç ;^caZn XjggZcian ^h ^ckdakZY l^i] YZkZade^c\ Vc ^begdkZY kZgh^dc d[ i]Z hZbVe]dgZ hd[i" lVgZ [dg i]Z BVgh HX^ZcXZ AVWdgVidgn b^hh^dc ^c '%%.! ^c VYY^i^dc id ]Zg hjWhnhiZb VcY hd[ilVgZ iZhi^c\ Yji^Zh# >c ]Zg ]Va[ XZcijgn Vi ?EA! h]Z ]Vh bdhi Zc_dnZY ÆWZ^c\ eVgi d[ Zmeadg^c\ i]Z jc^kZghZ! heVXZ! djg hdaVg hnhiZb#Ç ;^caZn hi^aa Zc_dnh ]Zg ldg`! VcY h]Z ]Vh cd eaVch id gZi^gZ ÆjcaZhh i]^c\h hiVgi id \Zi gZVaan Wdg^c\#Ç

7D7 C6I=6C

By Erik M. CONWAY

6

cVi^kZ d[ HVc ;gVcX^hXd! Wdgc ^c i]Z nZVg d[ A^cYWZg\]Éh igVchViaVci^X Xgdhh^c\! GdWZgi 7dW CVi]Vc ViiZcYZY i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ 8Va^[dgc^V! 7Zg`ZaZn! bV_dg^c\ ^c bVi] VcY X]Zb^hign! VcY XVbZ id i]Z 8Va^[dgc^V

>chi^ijiZ d[ IZX]cdad\n ^c &.*'# Æ> lVh kZgn ^b" egZhhZY l^i] i]Z e^XijgZh d[ Vidbh VcY bdaZXjaZh dc i]Z lVaah d[ i]Z X]Zb^hign aVW!Ç ]Z hV^Y! hd ^bV\^c\ lVh l]Vi ]Z YZX^YZY ]Z lVciZY id Yd# =Z XdbeaZiZY ]^h YdX" idgViZ ^c ("9 XgnhiVaad\" gVe]n ^c A^cjh EVja^c\Éh aVWdgVidgn ^c &.*+# I]^h ldg` ^ckdakZY g^\\^c\ Vc >7B XdbejiZg id Yd ;dj" g^Zg igVch[dgbh0 ZkZcij" >bV\Z Zc]VcXZg 7dW CVi]Vc [djcY V c^X]Z ^c YZkZade^c\ egdXZhh^c\ iZX]c^fjZh id Vaan! i]Z :aZXig^XVa :c\^" ^begdkZ ^bV\Zh [gdb eaVcZiVgn heVXZXgV[i# cZZg^c\ YZeVgibZci Vi 8VaiZX] Vh`ZY ]^b id gjc i]Z^g XdbejiZg aVW# =Z idd` i]Z _dW! bdk^c\ id ?EA ^c &.*.# ?EAÉh Òghi heVXZXgV[i XVbZgVh lZgZ VcVad\! hZcY^c\ WVX` iZaZk^" h^dc"a^`Z ^bV\Zh# Æ> dcan `cZl Y^\^iVa!Ç ]Z hV^Y! hd i]Z Òghi i]^c\ ]Z Y^Y lVh XdckZgi i]Z e^XijgZh id Y^\^iVa hd ]Z XdjaY ldg` dc i]Zb# ÆI]Zn lZgZ Vl[ja 9Vg`! cd^hn! gZVaan Y^hidgiZY#Ç =Z YZkZadeZY ^b" V\Z egdXZhh^c\ iZX]c^fjZh id ^begdkZ i]Zb# ;dg i]Z BVg^cZg hZg^Zh d[ eaVcZiVgn heVXZXgV[i! ?EA hl^iX]ZY id Y^\^iVa XVbZgVh! bV`^c\ ]^h ldg` hdbZl]Vi ZVh^Zg# =Z ZkZcijVaan ldg`ZY dc i]Z ^bV\Zgn [dg Vaa d[ i]Z GVc\Zg! HjgkZndg VcY BVg^cZg hZg^Zh d[ b^hh^dch# 9Zhe^iZ Vaa i]^h VXi^k^in! CVi]Vc hVl ]^bhZa[ Vh Vc djih^YZg# =Z lVh cZk" Zg Xdch^YZgZY eVgi d[ i]Z ^bV\^c\ ^chigjbZci dg hX^ZcXZ iZVbh0 ^chiZVY d[ ]Zae^c\ id YZkZade i]Z XVbZgVh! ]Z dcan lVh Vh`ZY id ]Zae Òm i]Z ^bV\Zh aViZg# >i lVh V ]VgY hZaa id \Zi ^bV\Z Zc]VcXZbZci VXXZeiZY! ]Z hV^Y# CVi]Vc hi^aa gZVaan lVciZY id Yd bZY^XVa ^bV\^c\! VcY ^c &.+. ]Z bVcV\ZY id l^c V \gVci [gdb i]Z CVi^dcVa >chi^ijiZh d[ =ZVai] id YZkZade bZY^XVa ^bV\^c\ iZX]cdad\n# I]^h lVh XdcigdkZgh^Va Vi ?EA! l]^X]! YZhe^iZ V b^Y"&.,%h Yg^kZ id ZmeVcY ^ih gZhZVgX] [dXjh ^cid X^k^a Veea^XVi^dch! hi^aa hVl ^ihZa[ eg^bVg^an Vh V heVXZXgV[i aVWdgVidgn# I]Z C>= hjYYZcan aZ[i i]Z ^bV\^c\ ÒZaY V[iZg ÒkZ nZVgh! i]dj\]! hd ]Z ]VY id ÒcY hdbZi]^c\ cZl id Yd# =Z hZi dji id YZkZade V heZX^Va b^XgdX]^e [dg ^bV\Z Zc]VcXZbZci# >c i]Z b^Y"&.,%h! hZb^XdcYjXidg YZk^XZh l^i] bVcn ^cY^k^YjVa Xdbed" cZcih Zc\gVkZY dc V h^c\aZ X]^e Æ^ciZ\gViZY X^gXj^ihÇ lVh i]Z Xdbbdc cVbZ lZgZ _jhi WZXdb^c\ edhh^WaZ! VcY CVi]Vc YZh^\cZY dcZ heZX^Ò" XVaan [dg ^bV\Z Zc]VcXZbZci# I]^h heZY i]Z egdXZhh igZbZcYdjhan! ]Zae" ^c\ gZYjXZ i]Z ldg`adVY ^c ?EAÉh >bV\Z EgdXZhh^c\ AVWdgVidgn# >c &.-*! ]Z gZXZ^kZY V bV_dg C6H6 iZX]cdad\n VlVgY [dg i]^h YZkZadebZci# CVi]Vc i]Zc Yg^[iZY dkZg id YZ[ZchZ ^bV\^c\ ldg` Vi ?EA# B^a^iVgn [jcY^c\ lVh V \gdli] VgZV Vi ?EA ^c i]Z &.-%h! VcY [jcY^c\ lVh bjX] ZVh^Zg id \Zi! ]Z gZbZbWZgZY# Æ7ji ^i ^hcÉi ldg` > XVc gZVaan iVa` VWdji#Ç CZVgan -% nZVgh daY! CVi]Vc dcan ldg`h Vi ?EA eVgi i^bZ cdl# =ZÉh XjggZcian ]Zae^c\ YZkZade V cZl `^cY d[ b^ggdg [dg heVXZ iZaZhXdeZh i]Vi Xdch^hih dcan d[ V g^c\# Cdi jh^c\ V [jaa Y^h` hVkZh V \gZVi YZVa d[ lZ^\]i! VcY i]jh Xdhi! id aVjcX] ^cid heVXZ# 6cY! ]Z hV^Y! ndj Yd cdi adhZ Vcni]^c\ WZXVjhZ Vaa i]Z jhZ[ja ^c[dgbVi^dc ^c V igVY^i^dcVa b^ggdg ^h XdciV^cZY Vi i]Z ZY\Z VcnlVn# =^h hZb^"gZi^gZbZci Vahd ^h Vaadl^c\ ]^b id eVgi^X^eViZ ^c W^dbZY^XVa gZhZVgX] V\V^c! idd! hijYn^c\ V\^c\#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

313

=^h W^\\Zhi Y^hVeed^cibZci ]Vh WZZc i]Z [V^ajgZ Vh d[ nZi id ÒcY a^[Z WZ" ndcY :Vgi]# =Z ZkZc X]VhZY J;Dh [dg V [Zl nZVgh! Wji fj^i WZXVjhZ i]Zn Vaa ijgcZY dji id WZ [gVjYh# =Z hi^aa ]deZh i]Vi a^[Z ^h dji i]ZgZ hdbZl]ZgZ#

NASA'S LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER

7>AA @>C6G9

By Lindsay CROUCH

7

^aa @^cVgYÉh eaVc lVh id gZijgc id C^cZin"H^m! H#8#! VcY hZaa [Vgb igVXidgh# =Z lVh '( VcY cZZYZY id XdbeaZiZ ild nZVgh d[ hZgk^XZ id i]Z 6^g ;dgXZ WZ[dgZ Yd^c\ hd# =^h Vhh^\cbZci/ igVkZa id AVc\aZn ;^ZaY ^c =Vbeidc! KV#! VcY ldg` [dg C686# A^iiaZ Y^Y ]Z `cdl i]Vi ]Z hi^aa ldjaY WZ ldg`^c\ ^c =Vbeidc *' nZVgh aViZg ½ VcY adk^c\ ]^h XVgZZg l^i] C6H6# ÆL]Zc > \di bn dgYZgh!Ç hV^Y @^cVgY! cdl X]^Z[ hX^Zci^hi [dg C6H6Éh BViZg^Vah >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc :meZg^bZci B>HH: egd\gVb! Æ> i]dj\]i i]^h ldjaY WZ V \gdje d[ daY bZc h^ii^c\ VgdjcY V iVWaZ! VYk^h^c\ eZdeaZ dc V^geaVcZh! l]^X] > `cZl cdi]^c\ VWdji# > ]VY cd ^YZV ]dl >ÉY Òi ^c#Ç 6i C686! @^cVgY bZVhjgZY! ^c i]Z igVchdc^X heZZY gVc\Z! i]Z YgV\ VcY hiVW^a^in d[ i]Z 7"*- WdbWZg Ä _jhi V XdcXZei V^geaVcZ Vi i]Z i^bZ# 6^gÓdl ^c i]Z iZhi hZXi^dch d[ XdckZci^dcVa l^cY ijccZah d[ i]Vi eZg^dY X]d`ZY Vh hjeZghdc^X heZZYh lZgZ VeegdVX]ZY Ä l^cY ijccZah l^i] hadiiZY iZhi hZXi^dch i]Vi ldjaY hdakZ i]Z X]d`^c\ egdWaZb ]VY cdi WZZc ^ckZciZY nZi# Id bV`Z igVchdc^X bZVhjgZbZcih! V^geaVcZ bdY" Zah lZgZ aVjcX]ZY l^i] gdX`Zih! VcY i]Z VZgdYncVb^X X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh lZgZ bZVhjgZY ^c [gZZ Ó^\]i Vh i]Z bdYZah VXXZaZgViZY VcY YZXZaZg" ViZY i]gdj\] i]Z igVchdc^X heZZY gZ\^dc# ÆI]^h lVh hdgi d[ V gVe^Yan X]Vc\^c\ i^bZ!Ç hV^Y @^cVgY# ÆEZdeaZ lZgZ WZ\^cc^c\ id add` id heVXZ# I]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh lVh ign^c\ id YZh^\c WVaa^h" i^X b^hh^aZh! hd i]Z ^ciZgZhi lVh ^c ]neZghdc^Xh VcY gZ"Zcign# I]Z cZmi egd_" ZXi > ]VY lVh id Ón V [djg"hiV\Z gZ"Zcign gdX`Zi id bZVhjgZ ]ZVi igVch[Zg#Ç @^cVgY cZmi WZXVbZ ^ckdakZY ^c bZiZdgd^Y Ó^\]i ZmeZg^bZcih VcY XdcXZ^kZY i]Z ^YZV [dg i]Z BZiZdgd^Y IZX]cdad\n HViZaa^iZ# I]^h lVh i]Z Òghi i^bZ VcndcZ ]VY Ódlc V bjai^"lVaa bZiZdg WjbeZg XdcXZei ^c heVXZ VcY YZbdchigViZY i]Vi i]Z XdcXZei egdk^YZY kZgn Z[[ZXi^kZ h]^ZaY^c\ V\V^chi ^beVXi^c\ bZiZdgd^Yh# :kZgn aVg\Z heVXZXgV[i h^cXZ!

^cXajY^c\ i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiVi^dc! ]Vh jhZY bjai^"lVaa bZiZdg WjbeZgh id egdk^YZ egdiZXi^dc# Æ9jg^c\ i]^h i^bZ! i]Z ZVgan ldg` lVh gZVaan hjeedgi^c\ i]Z BZgXjgn VcY <Zb^c^ egd\gVbh VcY i]Z 6edaad egd\gVb!Ç gZXVaaZY @^cVgY# Æ;da" adl^c\ i]Vi! i]Z ^YZV lVh i]Vi bVnWZ lZÉY eji V bVc dc BVgh! hd i]ZgZ lVh V adi d[ ldg` add`^c\ Vi i]Vi# LZ i]Zc Y^Y hZkZgVa ZmeZg^bZcih id Ón dji i]gdj\] i]Z VhiZgd^Y WZai VcY hZZ l]Vi i]Z ]VoVgY lVh i]ZgZ#Ç Eg^dg id i]Z bZVhjgZbZcih @^cVgYÉh iZVb XdaaZXiZY! i]ZgZ lVh cd XZgiV^cin i]Vi V heVXZXgV[i XdjaY hjgk^kZ i]gdj\] i]Z VhiZgd^Y WZai# ÆHd lZ Y^YcÉi Ón bZc dji i]ZgZ! Wji lZ Y^Y Ón jcbVccZY heVXZXgV[i# L^i] i]Vi ZmeZg^ZcXZ! ]Z lVh VWaZ id iZaa I^bZ bV\Vo^cZ ^c ;ZWgjVgn! &.,(# ÆLZÉgZ Ògban Xdck^cXZY i]Vi i]Z VhiZgd^Y WZai egZhZcih a^iiaZ ]VoVgY [dg [jijgZ heVXZXgV[i \d^c\ id ZmeadgZ i]Z djiZg eaVcZih#Ç CZmi! @^cVgY WZXVbZ egd_ZXi bVcV\Zg VcY aViZg i]Z X]^Z[ hX^Zc" i^hi d[ i]Z Adc\ 9jgVi^dc :medhjgZ ;VX^a^in A9:; egd_ZXi# >c i]Z ZVgan eaVcc^c\ hiV\Zh d[ C6H6Éh h]jiiaZ egd\gVb! ]Z gZXd\c^oZY i]Z hX^Zci^ÒX ediZci^Va d[ i]Z h]jiiaZÉh jc^fjZ XVeVW^a^in id YZeadn VcY aViZg gZig^ZkZ eVnadVYh [gdb :Vgi] dgW^i# =Z bVcV\ZY i]Z YZh^\c VcY YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z A9:; VcY lVh gZhedch^WaZ [dg YZkZade^c\ VcY ^ciZ\gVi^c\ i]Z *, ZmeZg^bZcih ^cXdgedgViZY ^cid i]Z [VX^a^in# @^cVgY gZXVaaZY i]Z gZig^ZkVa d[ A9:; ^c ?VcjVgn &..% Vh dcZ d[ i]Z ]^\]a^\]ih d[ ]^h C6H6 XVgZZg# ÆL]Zc lZ gZig^ZkZY A9:;! i]^h lVh gZVa" an i]Z Òghi i^bZ eZdeaZ ]VY hZZc V heVXZXgV[i i]Vi ]VY WZZc dji ^c heVXZ [dg Vc ZmiZcYZY eZg^dY d[ i^bZ VcY id hZZ l]Vi i]Z heVXZ Zck^gdcbZci YdZh id ^i!Ç ]Z gZXVaaZY# ÆL]Zc lZ \di ^i WVX` ^c i]Z aVW VcY add`ZY gZVaan XadhZan! lZ XdjaY hZZ Vaa i]Z Z[[ZXih Ä i]Z ZmigZbZ jaigVk^daZi ]VY YVg`" ZcZY i]Z eV^ci VcY bVYZ eaVhi^X bViZg^Vah Wg^iiaZ0 b^XgdbZiZdgd^Y ^b" eVXih ]VY egdYjXZY XgViZgh0 Vidb^X dmn\Zc ]VY ZgdYZY bViZg^Vah VlVn# Add`^c\ Vi i]Z hncZg\^hi^X Z[[ZXih d[ Vaa i]ZhZ i]^c\h dc dcZ heVXZXgV[i lVh kZgn ZmX^i^c\# >i lVh egdWVWan i]Z bV_dg b^aZhidcZ#Ç I]Z ^c^i^Va ÒcY^c\h [gdb A9:; Y^gZXian ^cÓjZcXZY i]Z hX^ZcXZ ^c Vcdi]Zg C6H6 b^aZhidcZ Ä i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ# ÆI]Z =jWWaZ IZaZhXdeZ lVh ^c i]Z Wj^aY^c\ VY_VXZci id jh ^c ÒcVa egZeVgVi^dch [dg aVjcX]!Ç hV^Y @^cVgY# ÆHdbZ d[ i]Z bVcV\Zgh XVbZ ^c! VcY i]Zn hVl i]^c\h dc A9:; i]Vi ]VY lZVi]ZgZY i]Vi i]Zn ]VY VagZVYn ^chiVaaZY dc =jWWaZ# I]ZgZ lVh V adi d[ [Vhi ldg` id bV`Z X]Vc\Zh VcY ZchjgZ i]Vi i]Z =jWWaZ lVh \d^c\ id hjgk^kZ#Ç @^cVgYÉh ZmeZg^ZcXZ l^i] i]Z A9:; egd_ZXi ZkZcijVaan aZY id ]^h Xjg" gZci gZhZVgX] egd_ZXi/ i]Z B>HH: egd\gVb! l]^X] ^h egdk^Y^c\ i]Z ^ch^\]i cZZYZY id YZkZade bViZg^Vah [dg [jijgZ heVXZXgV[i# =^h iZVb VagZVYn ^h Y^hXjhh^c\ i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ ZmedhjgZ ZmeZg^bZcih dc i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ# Æ9jg^c\ i]Z ild nZVgh i]Vi > lVh Òghi ]ZgZ! i]Z eaVch lZgZ aV^Y dji [dg C6H6!Ç hV^Y @^cVgY# Æ>i lVh _jhi V adi d[ [jc# I]ZgZ lVh V adi d[ deedgij" c^in VcY > i]dj\]i Ä ndj `cdl Ä > XdjaY ValVnh \d WVX` VcY hZaa igVXidgh# >Éaa _jhi hiVn [dg V [Zl nZVgh VcY eaVn VcY i]Zc >Éaa \d id ldg`#Ç Æ>ÉkZ ValVnh Zc_dnZY ^i0 ^iÉh ValVnh WZZc dcZ X]VaaZc\Z V[iZg Vcdi]" Zg!Ç gZÓZXiZY @^cVgY# Æ>ÉkZ ]VY V adi d[ [jc Yd^c\ ^i! VcY i]ViÉh l]n >Éb hi^aa ldg`^c\ idYVn# >ÉkZ ValVnh hV^Y i]Vi i]Z YVn > YdcÉi lVci id XdbZ ^cid ldg`! > ldcÉi XdbZ ^c VcnbdgZ# I]ViÉaa WZ i]Z ZcY d[ ^i#Ç

7>AA H86AA>DC

6 Y^[[ZgZci `^cY d[ ]VgkZhi 7^aa @^cVgY YgdeeZY ]^h eaVc id hZaa [Vgb igVXidgh l]Zc ]Z WZ\Vc ]^h *'"nZVg gZhZVgX] XVgZZg l^i] C686$C6H6#

314

NASA

=

^h gZhjbZ heVch h^m"VcY"V"]Va[ YZXVYZh VcY gZVYh a^`Z V X]gdc^XaZ d[ C6H6 gZhZVgX]! Wji 7^aa HXVaa^dc gZ[jhZh id YlZaa ^c i]Z eVhi# >chiZVY ]Z ^h ldg`^c\ id bV`Z i]Z '%%. BVgh HX^ZcXZ AVcYZg b^hh^dc V hjXXZhh#

C6H6

By Kathy BARNSTORFF

For nearly 100 years, it has been the talent and tenacity of the NAACP that has saved lives and changed many negative aspects of American society.

And still, the struggle for equality and justice continuesâ&#x20AC;Ś

Join. Give. Do more. naacp.org

HXVaa^dc gZijgcZY id ]Zae i]Z h]jiiaZ egd\gVb V[iZg i]Z 8]VaaZc\Zg VcY 8dajbW^V VXX^YZcih# 7ji bdhi d[ ]^h gZhZVgX] Z[[dgih ^c gZXZci YZXVYZh ]VkZ WZZc heZci dc M"kZ]^XaZh! hjX] Vh i]Z M"((! i]Z M"(, VcY i]Z M")(# Æ> a^`Z id ldg` egdWaZbh!Ç ]Z hV^Y# ÆCd YdjWi VWdji i]Vi# >iÉh WZZc kZgn ^ciZgZhi^c\#Ç

<6A: L>AHDC

By Chris RINK

I]Z 6g`VchVh cVi^kZ l]d \gZl je ^c B^hh^hh^ee^ WZ\Vc ]^h XVgZZg Vh V Xgdhh WZilZZc Vc Vgi^hi VcY Vc Zc\^cZZg# 6[iZg \gVYjVi^c\ [gdb ]^\] hX]dda ^c &.)&! ]Z ldg`ZY ^c EVcVbV Vh V YgV[ihbVc$Zc\^cZZg^c\ V^YZ [dg i]Z EVcVbV 8VcVa"EVcVbV GV^agdVY 8dbeVcn# LdgaY LVg >> ]ZaeZY h]VeZ HXVaa^dcÉh [VhX^cVi^dc l^i] Vk^Vi^dc# =Z hZgkZY ^c i]Z J#H 6gbn 6^g ;dgXZh [gdb &.)( id &.)*! \gVYjVi^c\ [gdb b^a^iVgn Ó^\]i hX]dda l^i] h^c\aZ"Zc\^cZ VcY ^chigjbZci Ó^\]i gVi^c\h# 6i lVg h ZcY! ]Z lZci id 6jWjgc Jc^kZgh^in! 6aV#! dc i]Z <#># 7^aa# L^i] V YZ\gZZ ^c VZgdcVji^XVa Zc\^cZZg^c\! ]Z _d^cZY C686Éh AVc\aZn BZbdg^Va 6ZgdcVji^XVa AVWdgVidgn ^c &.).# 6i AVc\aZn! HXVaa^dc ldg`ZY Vh V iZhi Zc\^cZZg dc ]Za^XdeiZgh ^c i]Z [VX^a^i^ZhÉ ;jaa"HXVaZ IjccZa# =Z Vahd ]ZaeZY iZhi bdYZah d[ ]^\]" heZZY hjWbVg^cZh VcY \ZcZg^X V^geaVcZ bdYZah! egdk^Y^c\ YZh^\c YViV id bVcj[VXijgZgh l]d lZgZ ldg`^c\ dji i]Z X]VaaZc\Zh d[ WgZV`^c\ i]Z hdjcY WVgg^Zg# L^i] C6H6Éh [dgbVi^dc! HXVaa^dc lVh Vhh^\cZY id i]Z HeVXZ IVh` <gdje! Egd_ZXi BZgXjgn! ldg`^c\ dc h^bjaVi^dch VcY egVXi^XZ gjch WZ[dgZ i]Z Òghi ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]ih# ÆLZ h^bjaViZY ldgaYl^YZ dgW^iVa \gdjcY hiVi^dch! h^bjaViZY V [djg"dgW^i b^hh^dc gZVa" i^bZ# >i iV`Zh [djg"VcY"V"]Va[ ]djgh id Yd i]Vi!Ç hV^Y HXVaa^dc# Æ>iÉh a^`Z ejii^c\ id\Zi]Zg V IK h]dl# NdjÉgZ egdYjX^c\ hdbZi]^c\# Ndj ]VkZ id lg^iZ hXg^eih VcY hZcY i]Zb dji#Ç I]Z aZVY ÆVXidghÇ ^c i]dhZ hXg^eih lZgZ i]Z dg^\^cVa BZgXjgn , VhigdcVjih# Æ> ldg`ZY l^i] Vaa i]dhZ hZkZc VhigdcVjih! `cZl i]Zb Vaa eZghdcVaan! eaVnZY ed`Zg dc i]Z V^geaVcZ l^i] LVaan HX]^ggV VcY 9Z`Z HaVnidc!Ç gZb^c^hXZY HXVaa^dc# ÆI]Z gZhi \di ^cid ;"&%'h VcY ÓZl Ydlc id i]Z 8VeZ! Wji i]ZnÉY \Zi dc i]Z V^geaVcZ l^i] jh dji ]ZgZ Vi WVhZ deZgVi^dch! WZXVjhZ i]Zn `cZl lZ ]VY V ed`Zg \VbZ \d" ^c\# >i lVh [jc eaVn^c\ l^i] i]Zb# LVaan HX]^ggV lVh dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi eZghdcVWaZ eZdeaZ > ZkZg bZi#Ç Ldg`^c\ dc i]Z heVXZ h^YZ! HXVaa^dc XdaaZXiZY YViV dc ZkZgni]^c\ [gdb gZ"Zcign gVY^Vi^dc ]ZVi^c\ id heVXZ h]jiiaZ l^cY ijccZa iZhih# =Z ^h eVg" i^XjaVgan egdjY d[ V heVXZ h]jiiaZ WV^adji hijYn# ÆLZ ]VY V W^\ i]gZZ eZg" XZci bdYZa d[ i]Z h]jiiaZ dgW^iZg VcY eji Vc Zm^i Yddg ^c ^i!Ç ]Z hV^Y# ÆLZ bdYZaZY a^iiaZ bZc VcY hXVaZY i]Zb ^c bVhh VcY ^cZgi^Vh! hd i]Zn XVbZ dji VcY WZ]VkZY _jhi a^`Z i]Z gZVa dcZh ldjaY# 9jg^c\ l^cY ijccZa iZhih! lZ idd` bdgZ i]Vc &'!%%% [ZZi d[ Òab# > hVi Ydlc [dg hZkZgVa bdci]h VcY gZVY i]Vi Òab WZXVjhZ > lVciZY id `cdl ]dl [Vhi ndj ]VY id XdbZ dji d[ i]ZgZ id bV`Z ^i# Ndj `cdl i]Vi WVg i]Vi XdbZh dji d[ i]Z h]jiiaZ Yddg i]Vi i]Zn XVc WV^a dji dc ½ i]Vi lVh YZkZadeZY WVhZY dc l]Vi lZ Y^Y# > [ZZa gZVa \ddY VWdji i]Vi! i]Vi i]Z h]jiiaZh VgZ Ón^c\ l^i] i]Vi#Ç

316

NASA

C6H6

Ed`Zg [VXZ 7^aa HXVaa^dcÉh ed`Zg \VbZh l^i] LVaan HX]^ggV VcY 9Z`Z HaVnidc lZgZ V [jc Y^kZgh^dc [gdb ]^h ldg` dg\Vc^o^c\ BZgXjgn heVXZÓ^\]i egVXi^XZ gjch#

dg bdhi d[ ]^h Òghi nZVg Vh V \dkZgcbZci ZbeadnZZ! G# <VaZ L^a" hdc lVh dc aZVkZ l^i]dji eVn# =^gZY ^c &.*,! L^ahdc lVh V hjb" bZg Zc\^cZZg^c\ V^YZ ^c C686 h AVc\aZn &+";ddi IgVchdc^X IjccZa HZXi^dc! jcYZg V egd\gVb [dg e]nh^Xh bV_dgh# >c &.*-! L^ahdc _d^cZY AVc\aZnÉh Hda^Y HiViZ E]nh^Xh HZXi^dc# >c^i^Vaan! L^ahdc gZhZVgX]ZY i]Z gZVXi^dc d[ XZgVb^X bViZg^Vah jcYZg gVe^Y ]ZVi^c\ id ]^\] iZbeZgVijgZh# I]^h ZkdakZY id i]Z jhZ d[ Xdb" edh^iZ bViZg^Vah VcY! Vh ZmeZXiZY! i]Zn lZgZ bdgZ Z[[ZXi^kZ Vh ]ZVi h]^ZaYh [dg heVXZXgV[i gZ"ZciZg^c\ i]Z Vibdhe]ZgZ# =Z YZkZadeZY cZl AVc\aZn [VX^a^i^Zh VcY iZhi iZX]c^fjZh VcY bdY^ÒZY Zm^hi^c\ dcZh [dg ]^\]"iZbeZgVijgZ iZhi^c\# 6cY [dg i]Z ]^\]Zhi iZbeZgVijgZh! L^ahdc Veea^ZY VgX"^bV\^c\ ^chigjbZciVi^dc VcY \ZcZgViZY hdbZ d[ i]Z Òghi YViV dc ]^\]"iZbeZgVijgZ egdeZgi^Zh "" YViV i]Vi lZgZ ZhhZci^Va [dg i]Z VcVanh^h VcY YZh^\c d[ ]ZVi h]^ZaYh [dg BZgXjgn! 6edaad VcY K^`^c\ heVXZXgV[i# D[[h]ddih d[ hdbZ d[ i]ZhZ bViZg^Vah cdl egdk^YZ egdiZX" i^dc [dg i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ dc gZ"Zcign# >c &.,%! L^ahdc ]ZaeZY YZkZade V bZi]dY Veea^XVWaZ id ^c"dgW^i iZhi^c\ d[ aVg\Z iZaZhXdeZ b^ggdgh# I]^h ldg` h]dlZY i]Vi V XaVhh^XVa bZi]dY d[ k^hjVaan X]ZX`^c\ i]Z ^bV\^c\ fjVa^in d[ V iZaZhXdeZ b^g" gdg XdjaY WZ jhZY id dWiV^c VXXjgViZ fjVci^iVi^kZ ZkVajVi^dc d[ i]Z ^bV\^c\ VXXjgVXn# I]Z dei^XVa ZmeZgi^hZ VXfj^gZY [gdb i]^h egd_ZXi egdkZY ^ckVajVWaZ ^c aViZg gZhZVgX] egd_ZXih Xdcig^Wji^c\ id XjggZci :Vgi] gZbdiZ hZch^c\ iZX]cdad\n# L^ahdc gZXVaaZY i]Vi ^c i]Z b^Y"id"aViZ &.,%h V \gZVi ^ciZgZhi YZkZa" deZY id Yd gZhZVgX] l^i] i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ i]Vi XdjaY cdi WZ YdcZ ^c

C6H6

;

8]Vgi^c\ V iZX]cdad\^XVa gZkdaji^dc <VaZ L^ahdcÉh ldg` ]Vh ]ZaeZY ^begdkZ i]Z fjVa^in d[ heVXZ iZaZhXdeZ b^ggdgh VcY heZXigVa VcVanh^h d[ i]Z :Vgi] [gdb heVXZ#

To achieve great things, you need a clear vision.

NASA has been dedicated to a singular mission for 50 amazing years. At Blue Cross Blue Shield, we appreciate long-term commitment and what it can accomplish. For 45 years, weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve been in the business of providing the best healthcare plans for federal employees across the nation, from Cape Canaveral to Pasadena. Best wishes, NASA. Keep aiming for the stars.

Blue Cross Blue Shield Association is an association of independent Blue Cross and Blue Shield Plans.

NASA'S JOHNSON SPACE CENTER

=6GDA9 ;:GG:H:

By Catherine E. BORSCHÉ

7

VX` l]Zc C6H6 h ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg lVh cdi]^c\ Wji V ÒZaY d[ egV^g^Z \gVhh [ZZY^c\ adc\]dgch! =VgdaY ;ZggZhZ VagZVYn lVh bV`^c\ V cVbZ [dg ]^bhZa[ ^c i]Z VZgdcVji^Xh ^cYjhign# >i XVc WZ hV^Y i]Vi C6H6 Y^Y cdi ÒcY ;ZggZhZ! Wji ;ZggZhZ ]ZaeZY [djcY C6H6! dg Vi aZVhi V eVgi d[ ^i# =Z _d^cZY C686 ^c &.*%! ldg`^c\ Vi AVc\aZn dc VYb^c^higVi^kZ VcY hjeean XaZg` Yji^Zh# ;ZggZhZ XVbZ id ?d]chdc ^c &.+'! l]Zc ^i deZcZY Vh i]Z BVccZY HeVXZXgV[i 8Zc" iZg# Æ> d[iZc iZaa eZdeaZ > deZcZY je i]Z XZciZg!Ç ]Z hV^Y! aVj\]^c\! cdi^c\ ]dl eg^dg id i]Z XZciZgÉh \gdjcYWgZV`^c\ ]Z ]ZaeZY hZi je h]de# ÆLZ jhZY id ]VkZ i]Z ]ZVYfjVgiZgh Ydlcidlc!Ç ;ZggZhZ hV^Y# ÆI]Zc lZ bdkZY [gdb i]ZgZ id d[[ d[ IZaZe]dcZ GdVY#Ç HdbZ d[ ;ZggZhZÉh [dcYZhi bZbdg^Zh lZgZ d[ ?H8Éh iZbedgVgn ]ZVYfjVgiZgh! Vh i]ZgZ ]Z ldg`ZY l^i] i]Z ÆDg^\^cVa HZkZcÇ Vhigd" cVjih# ;ZggZhZ Vahd ]VY i]Z eaZVhjgZ d[ ldg`^c\ ^ci^bViZan l^i] C6H6 h Òghi Ó^\]i Y^gZXidg! 8]g^hide]Zg 8dajbWjh @gV[i! ?g#! l]db ]Z ldjaY jeYViZ lZZ`an i]gdj\] iZaZe]dcZ XdckZghVi^dch# 6h i]Z ÓZY\a^c\ V\ZcXn lVh _jhi \Zii^c\ ^ih [ddi]daY dc i]Z heVXZ [gdci^Zg! ;ZggZhZ ]VY i]Z X]VcXZ id egdXjgZ hdbZ ^ciZgZhi^c\ ^iZbh i]Vi hiVgiZY C6H6 dc i]Z gdVY id W^\\Zg i]^c\h# Æ>c &.+,! > lVh idaY id \d add` [dg V LdgaY LVg >> B&%. ZaZXig^X igjX`!Ç ;ZggZhZ hV^Y# Æ6cY lZ lZci je id =Vgg^hWjg\! EZcc#! id add` [dg dcZ#Ç I]Vi hZVgX] lVh _jhi i]Z WZ\^cc^c\! [dg ]Z lVh VWaZ id adXViZ dcZ VcY ldg` l^i] i]Z EZciV\dc id ]VkZ ^i h]^eeZY Ydlc id ?d]chdc# 7ji WZ[dgZ ]Z XdjaY ]VkZ ^i h]^eeZY Ydlc! ;ZggZhZ ]VY id \Zi V XgVh] XdjghZ ^c aZVgc^c\ id Yg^kZ i]Z B&%. dkZg i]Z K^g\^c^V ]^aah# I]Zc ]Z lVh hZci dc Vcdi]Zg hZVgX]! Wji i]^h i^bZ [dg V \ZcZgVidg VcY V

318

NASA

C6H6

\gdjcY aVWdgVidg^Zh# I]^h ZkZcijVaan aZY id ]^h Xd"^ckZhi^\Vidg gdaZ dc i]Z ;ZVijgZ >YZci^ÒXVi^dc VcY AdXVi^dc :meZg^bZci ;>A: id iZhi V bZi]dY [dg dgW^iVa XaVhh^ÒXVi^dc d[ i]Z :Vgi]Éh eg^bVgn hjg[VXZ [ZV" ijgZh# I]Z ZmeZg^bZci h]dlZY i]Vi l^i] dcan ild heZXigVa WVcYh! [djg [ZVijgZ XaVhhZh XdjaY WZ XaVhh^ÒZY/ WVgZ aVcY! lViZg! kZ\ZiVi^dc VcY XadjYh! hcdl VcY ^XZ Vh V \gdje# I]^h Vahd lVh Xdch^YZgZY \gdjcY" WgZV`^c\ ldg` ^c heZXigVa VcVanh^h d[ i]Z :Vgi] [gdb heVXZ# D[ aViZ! L^ahdc ]Vh Xdci^cjZY hdbZ ldg` ^c gZbdiZ hZch^c\ l^i] i]Z ;>A: iZX]cdad\n XVgg^ZY dkZg ^cid hbVaa hViZaa^iZ ZmeZg^bZcih# =^h ÒWZg"dei^X hijY^Zh hjeedgiZY Z[[dgih ^c i]Z dei^XVa ÒWZg Xdbbjc^XV" i^dch ^cYjhign id ^begdkZ Xdjea^c\ a^c`h l^i]^c hnhiZbh VcY egdk^YZ bVcj[VXijg^c\ h^bea^X^in! Xdhi gZYjXi^dc! VcY adc\"iZgb gZa^VW^a^in VcY hiVW^a^in# =^h XjggZci gZhZVgX] Veea^Zh V edlZg[ja \ZcZgVa"ejgedhZ de" i^XVa YZh^\c VcY VcVanh^h hd[ilVgZ egd\gVb [dg V hijYn dc V b^c^Vijg" ^oZY! [dglVgY"add`^c\ 9deeaZg"a^YVg ^chigjbZci [dg hZch^c\ ijgWjaZcXZ VcY ^X^c\ XdcY^i^dch V]ZVY d[ V^gXgV[i# Æ>iÉh \gVi^[n^c\ id WZ gZhedch^WaZ [dg (* gZ[ZgZcXZ ejWa^XVi^dch! id WZ ^c i]Z Dei^XVa HdX^Zin d[ 6bZg^XVÉh gZk^ZlZg YViVWVhZ VcY id WZ gZXd\" c^oZY l^i] hZkZc C6H6 HeZX^Va dg <gdje 6X]^ZkZbZci VlVgYh!Ç hV^Y L^ahdc# ÆI]^h ]Va["XZcijgn heVc ]Vh hZZc b^cY"Wd\\a^c\ iZX]cdad\^" XVa XgZVi^dch VcY ^ccdkVi^dch ^c gdX`Zih VcY hViZaa^iZh! i]Z >ciZgcZi! XdbejiZgh! aVhZgh VcY ÒWZg dei^Xh! ZaZXigdc^Xh VcY deidZaZXigdc^Xh! Vk^Vi^dc! VjidbdW^aZh VcY bZY^X^cZ# 6 C6H6 XVgZZg l^i]^c i]^h iZX]" cdad\^XVa gZkdaji^dc lVh YZhi^cZY id WZ V igjan ZmX^i^c\ dcZ Ç DeZc^c\ je h]de =VgdaY ;ZggZhZ eaVnZY V `Zn gdaZ ^c i]Z deZc^c\ d[ i]Z ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg#

XVgg^Zg [dg i]Z \ZcZgVidg# ;ZggZhZ lVh VWaZ id egdXjgZ i]ZhZ ^iZbh ^c 8Va^[dgc^V VcY ;adg^YV VcY Vahd ]VkZ i]Zb hZci id ?d]chdc# DcXZ ZkZgni]^c\ lVh ^c eaVXZ! ]Z eji ^i Vaa dc V igV^aZg VcY ]VY ^i YZa^kZgZY id ;aV\hiV[[! 6g^o# I]ZhZ ^iZbh ldjaY hZgkZ Vh i]Z [dgZgjccZg id eji" i^c\ id\Zi]Zg V bdW^aZ XVbZgV id hZZ a^[id[[h ^c VXi^dc# 6i ?d]chdc! ;ZggZhZ XjggZcian ^h i]Z [VX^a^in bVcV\Zg [dg i]gZZ Wj^aY" ^c\h VcY bVcV\Zh i]Z XdchigjXi^dc egd_ZXih [dg ÒkZ Wj^aY^c\h dc h^iZ# Æ>Éb Vahd V ÒgZ lVgYZc! hV[Zin gZegZhZciVi^kZ ½ ZkZgni]^c\ WZilZZc i]Z Óddg VcY i]Z XZ^a^c\ Ä i]ViÉh bZ!Ç ;ZggZhZ hV^Y# =Z ZkZc ]Vh i]Z Y^hi^cXi^dc d[ WZ^c\ Vi i]Z kZgn Òghi ?d]chdc hV[Zin bZZi^c\ ]ZaY ^c &.+' Vi :aa^c\idc ;^ZaY! IZmVh# 7ji ;ZggZhZ ]Vh ]^h dlc i]Zdgn Vh id l]n ]Z ]Vh WZZc VWaZ id i]g^kZ Vi i]Z V\ZcXn! VcY ^i ^h WVhZY dc V kVajVWaZ aZhhdc ]^h [Vi]Zg iVj\]i ]^b jedc \gVYjVi^c\ [gdb ]^\] hX]dda# ÆBn [Vi]Zg ldg`ZY ^c V Xadi]^c\ Wjh^cZhh! VcY lZ Vaa ]VY id aZVgc i]Z Wjh^cZhh Ä bn ild Wgdi]Zgh VcY bnhZa[!Ç ;ZggZhZ hV^Y# Æ6cY bn [Vi]Zg idaY bZ! ÈLZ YdcÉi dlc i]Z Wjh^cZhh! Wji lZ Yd ldg` [dg hdbZ" WdYn# IgZVi ^i Vh ndjg dlc Wjh^cZhh VcY ndjÉaa cZkZg ]VkZ Vcn igdjWaZ#É 6cY i]ViÉh l]Vi >ÉkZ YdcZ Vaa i]^h i^bZ# ÆDcZ hjeZgk^hdg hV^Y id bZ dcZ YVn! ÈL]Vi Yd ndj Yd id bn eZdeaZ4É > hV^Y! ÈL]Vi Yd ndj bZVc4É 6cY ]Z VchlZgZY! ÈL]Zc i]Zn \Zi ndjg _dWh! i]Zn Vg\jZ VcY Ò\]i dkZg i]Zb# I]Zn lVci ndjg _dWh!ÉÇ ;ZggZhZ hV^Y# 6cY V adi d[ ;ZggZhZÉh edejaVg^in ^h YjZ id i]Z [VXi i]Vi ]Z ]Vh i]Z b^cYhZi d[ ValVnh \gZZi^c\ eZdeaZ l^i] V [g^ZcYan Æ\ddY bdgc^c\!Ç d[[Zg^c\ eZdeaZ l]d XdbZ id ]^h d[ÒXZ V Xje d[ Xd[[ZZ VcY Vaadl^c\ i]dhZ l]d `cdl ]dl id Yd i]Z _dW id _jhi Yd l]Vi i]Zn Yd WZhi# Æ>[ C6H6 lVciZY id aZi bZ \d! >ÉY Ò\]i a^`Z ]ZX`!Ç ]Z hV^Y#

LIGHT YEARS AWAY, RIGHT HERE ON EARTH Over the last 50 years NASA has transformed Americaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s space mission, re-deďŹ ning exploration and discovery all along the way. To better support NASA, ATK has undergone dramatic transformation to emerge as an innovative leader in advanced mission systems. Together, we continue an ongoing commitment to discovering new frontiers, inspiring a new generation of explorers and creating new and relevant knowledge for human civilization.

An advanced weapon and space systems company

www.atk.com

C6H6Éh ;jijgZ AZVYZgh

?:CC>;:G =:A9B6CC/ >c i]Z ;ddihiZeh d[ <Va^aZd

By Ruth Dasso MARLAIRE

IVg\Zi bddc ?Zcc^[Zg =ZaYbVcc ^h ]Zae^c\ VhigdcdbZgh eaVc [dg i]Z ^beVXi d[ i]Z AjcVg 8GViZg DWhZgkVi^dc VcY HZch^c\ HViZaa^iZ#

>

c &+%.! <Va^aZd <Va^aZ^ bVYZ ]^h Òghi bV_dg Y^hXdkZgn l^i] i]Z iZaZhXdeZ l]Zc ]Z dWhZgkZY i]Vi i]Z bddc lVh bdjciV^cdjh VcY e^iiZY! bjX] a^`Z :Vgi]# 6abdhi )%% nZVgh aViZg! i]Z hVbZ Y^hXdkZgn lVh bVYZ Wn &%"nZVg"daY ?Zcc^[Zg =ZaYbVcc# Æ> ]VY V hbVaa iZaZhXdeZ Vi ]dbZ!Ç gZXVaaZY =ZaYbVcc# ÆDcZ c^\]i! bn bdb VcY > ed^ciZY ^i Vi i]Z bddc! VcY > XdjaYcÉi WZ" a^ZkZ > XdjaY hZZ XgViZgh VcY bdjciV^ch G^\]i i]ZgZ! hd XadhZ id jh! lVh V l]daZ di]Zg ldgaY# > lVh igjan VbVoZY#Ç

320

NASA

IdYVn! =ZaYbVcc ^h V gZhZVgX] hX^Zci^hi Vi C6H6Éh 6bZh GZ" hZVgX] 8ZciZg! ldg`^c\ dc i]Z AjcVg 8GViZg DWhZgkVi^dc VcY HZch^c\ HViZaa^iZ egd_ZXi Vahd `cdlc Vh A8GDHH ! Vc ^bedgiVci egZXjghdg b^hh^dc id ]jbVch gZijgc^c\ id i]Z bddc# I]Z A8GDHH b^hh^dc dW_ZXi^kZh VgZ id hZVgX] [dg lViZg dc i]Z bddc id egZeVgZ [dg V [jijgZ ajcVg djiedhi [dg i]Z Vhigd" cVjih# >c ZVgan '%%.! A8GDHH l^aa gdX`Zi ild ^beVXidgh id i]Z bddc id `^X` je V eajbZ d[ Yjhi [gdb i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ# 6 hZch" ^c\ hViZaa^iZ l^aa i]Zc eVhh i]gdj\] i]Z eajbZ d[ bViZg^Va id ign id YZiZXi lViZg# 7VX` dc :Vgi]! aZV\jZh d[ egd[Zhh^dcVa VcY VbViZjg VhigdcdbZgh! eZg]Veh Vcdi]Zg ndjc\ \^ga a^`Z ?Zcc^[Zg! l^aa ed^ci i]Z^g iZaZhXdeZh ^cid i]Z eajbZ VcY aViZg XdbeVgZ cdiZh dc l]Vi i]Zn hVl# 6h i]Z A8GDHH b^hh^dc dWhZgkVi^dc XVbeV^\c XddgY^cVidg! =Za" YbVcc ^h dg\Vc^o^c\ V ldg`h]de id ^c[dgb VhigdcdbZgh VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY VWdji i]Z b^hh^dcÉh hX^ZcXZ \dVah VcY id egdk^YZ ]Zae[ja ^c" [dgbVi^dc VWdji l]ZgZ i]Zn XVc ed^ci i]Z^g iZaZhXdeZh id dWhZgkZ i]Z ajcVg ^beVXi# =ZaYbVcc! V cVi^kZ d[ HngVXjhZ! C#N#! ViiZcYZY J#H# HeVXZ 8Vbe ^c =jcihk^aaZ! 6aV#! Vh V ]^\] hX]dda hijYZci! VcY lVh hd VlZhigjX` Wn i]Z ZmeZg^ZcXZ i]Vi h]Z lVh gZVYn id Xdbb^i id V egd[Zhh^dc ^c V heVXZ"gZaViZY ÒZaY# 9jg^c\ XdaaZ\Z h]Z ^ciZgcZY Vi i]Z HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ HX^ZcXZ >chi^ijiZ ^c 7Vai^bdgZ! BY#! VcY ]VY i]Z deedgijc^in id VcVanoZ =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ YViV d[ Y^hiVci \VaVm^Zh# AViZg h]Z heZci V hjbbZg Vi 6bZh! l]ZgZ h]Z lVh ^cigdYjXZY id i]Z gZhZVgX] XdbW^cVi^dc d[ VhigdW^dad\n VcY eaVcZiVgn hX^ZcXZ# =ZaYbVcc gZXZ^kZY V YdXidgViZ ^c eaVcZiVgn hX^ZcXZ [gdb i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ 8dadgVYd! 7djaYZg! ^c '%%(# H]Z ]Vh Xd"Vji]dgZY '% eVeZgh! \^kZc (* egd[Zhh^dcVa egZhZciVi^dch VcY gZXZ^kZY cjbZgdjh VlVgYh! ^cXajY^c\ V C6H6 HjeZg^dg 6X]^ZkZbZci 6lVgY# IdYVn =ZaYbVcc hV^Y h]Z Zc_dnh ÆhijYn^c\ i]Z ldgaY VcY jc^" kZghZ WZXVjhZ i]ZgZ VgZ hd bVcn bnhiZg^Zh id jcgVkZa# >i ]Zaeh jh jcYZghiVcY djg XdciZmi ^c i]Z \gVcY hX]ZbZ d[ i]Z Xdhbdh#Ç

6aa e]didh XdjgiZhn d[ C6H6

Throughout NASA’s history, its young employees have been counted on to contribute to major agency projects with their technical talent, enthusiasm and unrelenting faith in the future. This section recognizes some of NASA’s future leaders who have a strong desire to carry the torch of exploration forward in the agency’s second half-century.

?:C @:N:H/ EaVcc^c\ [dg =jbVch dc i]Z Bddc VcY BVgh

By Rachel SAMPLES

@ZnZh VcY HXVaa^dc Vahd V\gZZ i]Z eVhi ^h ^bedgiVci! Wji ^i ^h bdgZ jhZ[ja id egZeVgZ [dg i]Z [jijgZ# @Znh egdk^YZh V h]^c" ^c\ ZmVbeaZ d[ l]Vi ndjc\ b^cYh VcY ^c\Zcj^in VgZ Wg^c\^c\ id C6H6# H]Z ]Vh gZk^ZlZY egdedhVah [dg hbVaa heVXZXgV[i! Xdb" eaZiZY Xdbbjc^XVi^dch VcVanh^h [dg [jijgZ heVXZXgV[i b^hh^dc XdcXZeih VcY YZh^\cZY cZl `^cYh d[ gdkZgh [dg BVgh Ä Vaa WZ[dgZ ]Zg (%i] W^gi]YVn#

6B6C96 =:C9G>M/ Jh^c\ JaigVk^daZi A^\]i id HijYn i]Z HdaVg HnhiZb

By Franklin O’DONNELL

BVgh XVcÉi lV^i ?Zc @Znh l^i] C6H6 *%"nZVg ZbeadnZZ 7^aa HXVaa^dc ^hcÉi V (%"hdbZi]^c\ nZi Wji ]Vh VagZVYn Xdcig^WjiZY id [jijgZ ZmeadgVi^dc b^hh^dch#

B

dgZ i]Vc *% nZVgh heVc i]Z^g V\Zh! Wji *%"nZVg C6H6 ZbeadnZZ 7^aa HXVaa^dc VcY ?Zc @ZnZh ]VkZ dcZ i]^c\ ^c Xdbbdc Ä i]Zn a^`Z id hdakZ egdWaZbh# ÆL]Vi VgZ lZ \d^c\ id Yd l]Zc lZ \Zi id i]Z bddc dg BVgh! VcY ]dl YdZh i]Vi V[[ZXi l]Vi lZ h]djaY YZh^\c VcY ]dl lZ YZh^\c ^i idYVn4Ç I]dhZ VgZ i]Z fjZhi^dch Vh`ZY Wn @ZnZh! Vc VZgdheVXZ aZVYZg ldg`^c\ ^c i]Z HeVXZ B^hh^dc 6cVanh^h 7gVcX] Vi C6H6Éh AVc\aZn GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg ^c =Vbeidc! KV# =Zg Vhh^\cbZci ^h id ZmeadgZ jeXdb^c\ de" edgijc^i^Zh [dg C6H6# L]Vi id Yd dc i]Z bddc dcXZ ]jbVch gZijgc ^h _jhi dcZ d[ i]Z X]VaaZc\Zh @ZnZh VcY ]Zg VhhdX^ViZh VgZ VcVano^c\# 9Z" he^iZ kVg^djh de^c^dch dc ]jbVc kZghjh gdWdi^X heVXZÓ^\]i! i]Zn VgZ ]VgY Vi ldg` Zmeadg^c\ edhh^W^a^i^Zh [dg ZmeZY^i^dch l^i] ]jbVch VWdVgY# Æ>i l^aa WZ \gZVi id hZZ hdbZdcZ aVcY dc i]Z bddc V\V^c!

ZkZc ^[ ^i XVccdi WZ bZ g^\]i VlVn!Ç hV^Y @ZnZh# Æ;dg i]Z aVhi [Zl bdci]h! > ]VkZ aZY i]Z ^c^i^Va YZkZadebZci VcY ^ciZ\gV" i^dc d[ i]Z cdc"hX^ZcXZ BVgh dW_ZXi^kZh i]Vi VgZ VYYgZhh^c\ i]Z \dVa d[ ÈegZeVg^c\ [dg adc\"iZgb! hjhiV^cZY ]jbVc Zmead" gVi^dc d[ BVghÉ#Ç @ZnZhÉ adkZ d[ hX^ZcXZ YZkZadeZY Vi V ndjc\ V\Z# H]Z lVh Wdgc ^c LViZgk^aaZ! BV^cZ! ^c &.-%# 7n ]^\] hX]dda h]Z `cZl h]Z Z^i]Zg lVciZY id WZ Vc VhigdcVji! dg V C6H6 hX^Zci^hi dg Zc\^cZZg# 9jg^c\ XdaaZ\Z! i]Z C6H6 Zci]jh^Vhi ^ciZgcZY l^i] i]Z =Vbeidc Jc^kZgh^in 8ZciZg [dg 6ibdhe]Zg^X HX^ZcXZh ^c =Vbeidc! KV# AViZg h]Z hZgkZY Vh V 8d"de XddeZgVi^kZ hijYZci ZbeadnZZ Vi AVc\aZn! ldg`^c\ ^c hjWhdc^X VZgdYncVb^Xh! Vibd" he]Zg^X hX^ZcXZh VcY ^c hnhiZb VcVanh^h! l]ZgZ h]Z ldjaY aViZg ÒcY V [jaa"i^bZ _dW V[iZg \gVYjVi^c\#

NZVgWdd` eaZY\Z Ild YZXVYZh V[iZg V egZhX^Zci nZVgWdd` egZY^Xi^dc!

6bVcYV =ZcYg^m ^h ^cYZZY V ?EA eaVcZiVgn hX^Zci^hi#

ÆI

lZcin nZVgh [gdb cdl!Ç V hijYZci Vi EVhVYZcVÉh ?d]c Bj^g =^\] HX]dda dcXZ egZY^XiZY ^c V bZhhV\Z lg^i" iZc ^c V [g^ZcYÉh nZVgWdd`! Æ>Éaa WZ ldg`^c\ Vi ?EA#Ç I]Vi egdkZY id WZ V hedi"dc WZi [dg 6bVcYV =ZcYg^m Ä l]d! ild YZXVYZh aViZg! cdl ]Vc\h ]Zg ]Vi Vi C6H6Éh ?Zi Egdeja" h^dc AVWdgVidgn ^c EVhVYZcV! 8Va^[#! Vh V hiV[[ hX^Zci^hi# =Zg XVgZZg Y^gZXi^dc eZg]Veh lVh egZY^XiVWaZ! \^kZc i]Z [VXi i]Vi h]Z ]VY V a^[Zadc\ ^ciZgZhi ^c i]Z hdaVg hnhiZbÉh WdY^Zh/ Æ:kZg h^cXZ hZXdcY \gVYZ! l]Zc lZ aZVgcZY VWdji i]Z eaVcZih!Ç h]Z hV^Y# 6[iZg ZVgc^c\ V WVX]ZadgÉh YZ\gZZ Vi 8Va Edan HVc Aj^h DW^hed! \gVYjViZ hX]dda idd` ]Zg id i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ 8dad" gVYd! l]ZgZ h]Z WZXVbZ hiZZeZY ^c i]Z jhZ d[ jaigVk^daZi a^\]i id hijYn hbVaa WdY^Zh a^`Z VhiZgd^Yh VcY ^Xn bddch# >i Vahd Wgdj\]i ]Zg dcWdVgY i]Z iZVb gZhedch^WaZ [dg i]Z jaigVk^daZi ^chigjbZci dc i]Z <Va^aZd b^hh^dc id ?je^iZg# H^cXZ i]Zc h]Z ]Vh bdkZY dc id i]Z 8Vhh^c^ b^hh^dc id HVi" jgc Ä gZbV^c^c\ l^i] i]Z jaigVk^daZi heZX^Vain Ä VcY Vahd jhZh

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

321

di]Zg dWhZgk^c\ eaVi[dgbh hjX] Vh i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ# H]Z ^h bdhi egdjY d[ ]Zg ldg` dc VhiZgd^Yh! jh^c\ jaigVk^daZi dW" hZgkVi^dch id Y^hXdkZg Zk^YZcXZ d[ ]dl i]ZhZ gdX`n WdY^Zh WZ" ilZZc BVgh VcY ?je^iZg VgZ lZVi]ZgZY# 7ji ]Zg ^ciZgZhih Yd cdi hide Vi VhiZgd^Yh# Æ:kZcijVaan >ÉY a^`Z id eji Vc jaigVk^daZi ^chigjbZci dc V b^hh^dc id ?je^iZgÉh bddc :jgdeV!Ç hV^Y =ZcYg^m! l]d ^c ]Zg heVgZ i^bZ ^h Òm^c\ je V k^c" iV\Z BZgXZYZh id gjc dc kZ\ZiVWaZ d^a Vh [jZa# ÆLZ b^\]i YZiZXi kZci^c\ d[ \Vh [gdb i]Z hjWhjg[VXZ Ä l]^X] ldjaY WZ [jgi]Zg Zk^" YZcXZ [dg V hjWhjg[VXZ dXZVc! Vc ^bedgiVci hiZe [dglVgY ^c i]Z hZVgX] [dg a^[Z#Ç

[dg [jijgZ b^hh^dch i]Vi ldjaY XdcXZcigViZ dc i]Z YVg` h^YZ d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ# Æ>c V lVn > ]VkZ i]Z WZhi d[ Wdi] ldgaYh!Ç ]Z hV^Y d[ ]^h YjVa hiVijh Vi ?EA VcY 8VaiZX]# ÆDc Vcn \^kZc YVn > b^\]i heZcY i^bZ Vi dcZ dg i]Z di]Zg# >i XdbW^cZh i]Z WZcZÒih d[ WZ^c\ Vi V [VX^a^in a^`Z ?EA VcY d[ WZ^c\ Vi V jc^kZgh^in#Ç

@>B =6B7J8=:C/ 6 EVhh^dc [dg GdWdi^Xh

By Amiko NEVILLS

?6HDC G=D9:H/ :meZgi dc i]Z 9Vg` H^YZ

By Franklin O’DONNELL

EgdW^c\ V bnhiZgn ?Vhdc G]dYZh ^h ]Zae^c\ eaVc [jijgZ b^hh^dch [dXjh^c\ dc i]Z YVg` h^YZ d[ i]Z jc^kZghZ#

H

^m nZVgh V\d! l^i] V cZl YdXidgViZ ^c e]nh^Xh [gdb Eg^cXZ" idc Jc^kZgh^in! >dlV cVi^kZ ?Vhdc G]dYZh idd` V nZVg d[[ id [dXjh dc gjcc^c\# 6 heZX^Va^hi ^c ]Va["b^aZ dg -%%"bZiZg gVXZh! G]dYZh lVh hedchdgZY Wn V hedgih h]dZ XdbeVcn VcY igV^cZY [dg i]Z Danbe^X ig^Vah! b^hh^c\ i]Z J#H# iZVb dcan WVgZan# I]Z Vi]aZi^X ldgaYÉh adhh lVh VhigdcdbnÉh \V^c# 6[iZg V hi^ci Vi C6H6Éh <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg ^c <gZZcWZai! BY#! Vh V CVi^dcVa GZhZVgX] 8djcX^a gZhZVgX] VhhdX^ViZ! G]dYZh XVbZ id C6H6Éh ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn VcY i]Z 8Va^[dgc^V >chi^ijiZ d[ IZX]cdad\n! l]ZgZ ]Z Y^k^YZh ]^h i^bZ WZilZZc ?EA VcY XVbejh# G]dYZhÉh heZX^Vain ^h YVg` bViiZg Ä Vaa i]Z bViZg^Va ^c i]Z jc^kZghZ i]Vi hX^Zci^hih egZY^Xi bjhi WZ i]ZgZ! Wji l]^X] iZaZhXdeZh XVccdi Y^gZXian hZZ# =Z ]Vh WZXdbZ V egdb^" cZci [^\jgZ ^c l]Vi ^h `cdlc Vh lZV` aZch^c\ Ä YZiZXi^c\ i]Z egZhZcXZ d[ YVg` bViiZg Wn i]Z lVn ^i hjWian WZcYh a^\]i [gdb hiVgh VcY \VaVm^Zh# Ldg`^c\ l^i] =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ YViV! ]Z Vahd ]Vh V ]VcY ^c hZkZgVa egdedhVah

322

NASA

7ZilZZc ]jbVch VcY gdWdih @^b =VbWjX]Zc YZkZadeh hd[ilVgZ id ^begdkZ ]jbVc"gdWdi ^ciZgVXi^dc#

6

gi^ÒX^Va ]jbVch VgZ Vbdc\ jh VcY ]VkZ WZZc! ^[ dcan Vi Òghi Vh eVgi d[ djg ^bV\^cVi^dc! [dg XZcijg^Zh# ;VhX^cV" i^dc ^c i]ZhZ cdc"]jbVc Wji ^ciZaa^\Zci [dgbh Wgdj\]i @^b =VbWjX]Zc id C6H6 h ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg! l]ZgZ gdWdih VgZ Wdgc! dg gVi]Zg Wj^ai! id ]Zae jh ^c heVXZ# GdWdih a^`Z G'9' d[ HiVg LVgh VcY i]Z dWZY^Zci [ZbVaZ gZea^XVh d[ I]Z HiZe[dgY L^kZh adc\ ]VkZ ^cig^\jZY jh# LZ XgZViZY V iVa`^c\ XVg cVbZY @>II! V hZa["deZgViZY [g^hWZZ" h]VeZY kVXjjb XaZVcZg VcY ZkZc V hi^[[ ^aajh^dcVgn YVcXZ i]Vi ZciV^ah hbVaa _Zg`h id \^kZ i]Z ^begZhh^dc d[ bdidgh hiVgi^c\ VcY hidee^c\! dg XgZV`^c\ ]^c\Zh# A^`Z bdhi d[ jh! =VbWjX]Zc! V ('"nZVg"daY l]d lVh Wdgc VcY gV^hZY ^c 8dclVn! 6g`#! VYb^gZh i]Z eZXja^Vg bZX]Vc^XVa bVgkZah# Jca^`Z bdhi! ]dlZkZg! h]Z bVYZ i]Zb ]Zg XVgZZg# =VbWjX]Zc WZ\Vc ]Zg XdaaZ\Z XVgZZg ^c W^dbZY^XVa Zc\^cZZg" ^c\ VcY VYYZY Vc ZaZXig^XVa VcY XdbejiZg Zc\^cZZg^c\ YZ\gZZ Vi KVcYZgW^ai Jc^kZgh^in ^c CVh]k^aaZ! IZcc# H]Z Xdci^cjZY ]Zg

hijY^Zh ^c ZaZXig^XVa VcY XdbejiZg Zc\^cZZg^c\ l^i] V bVhiZgÉh YZ" \gZZ VcY Òc^h]ZY l^i] V YdXidgViZ ^c ZaZXig^XVa Zc\^cZZg^c\# =Zg [Vi]Zg! V YZci^hi! VcY bdi]Zg cZkZg ejh]ZY ]Zg ^c Vcn Y^gZXi^dc Wji ZcXdjgV\ZY ]Zg id Yd l]Vi h]Z Zc_dnh bdhi# Gd" Wdi^Xh! V iZgb ^ckZciZY ^c &.)& Wn lg^iZg >hVVX 6h^bdk [dg i]Z &.)' hX^ZcXZ ÒXi^dc h]dgi hidgn GjcVgdjcY id bZVc i]Z hX^" ZcXZ VcY jhZ d[ gdWdih! WZXVbZ ]Zg eVhh^dc# Æ> VXijVaan [Zaa ^cid gdWdi^Xh gVi]Zg i]Vc X]ddh^c\ ^i!Ç =VbWj" X]Zc hV^Y# Æ> YZX^YZY >"gdWdih lZgZ egZiin Xdda! VcY > b^\]i a^`Z id ldg` l^i] i]Zb [dg nZVgh id XdbZ#Ç >i ^h cd ldcYZg! i]Zc! l]Zc i]Z deedgijc^in XVbZ [dg =Vb" WjX]Zc Ä Wn lVn d[ V gZhZVgX] [Zaadlh]^e VlVgY Ä id ldg` l^i] GdWdcVji! h]Z [djcY ]Zg lVn id C6H6# I]Z ]jbVcd^Y lVh YZ" h^\cZY Vi ?d]chdc id YZbdchigViZ V gdWdi^X hnhiZb i]Vi XVc [jcXi^dc Vh V heVXZlVa`Zg# 6[iZg ]Zg hi^ci ^c '%%) Vh V CVi^dcVa 6XVYZb^Zh d[ HX^ZcXZ edhi"YdXidgVa gZhZVgX]Zg Vi ?d]chdc! =VbWjX]Zc lVh ]^gZY [dg ]Zg ZmeZg^ZcXZ l^i] GdWdcVji VcY ZmeZgi^hZ ^c gdWdi^Xh ^c ?jan d[ '%%+# > X]dhZ C6H6 WZXVjhZ i]ZgZ ^h a^iZgVaan cd di]Zg eaVXZ dc :Vgi] l]ZgZ > XdjaY WZ Yd^c\ l]Vi > Yd cdl!Ç =VbWjX]Zc hV^Y# ÆI]Vi hdbZi^bZh Wadlh bn b^cY#Ç IdYVn! h]Z ldg`h [dg i]Z GdWdi^Xh HnhiZbh VcY IZX]cdad" \^Zh WgVcX] ^c :c\^cZZg^c\ l]ZgZ! Vh V gdWdi^Xh Zc\^cZZg! h]Z YZkZadeh hd[ilVgZ ^c i]Z VgZV d[ ]jbVc"gdWdi ^ciZgVXi^dc# Æ6a" i]dj\] > Vb Vc Zc\^cZZg Wn igVYZ! > Vb V ede XjaijgZ VcY [Vh]^dc _jc`^Z!Ç =VbWjX]Zc hV^Y# Æ> egZ[Zg >cHinaZ id EdejaVg HX^ZcXZ! Kd\jZ id >::: HeZXigjb#Ç IdYVn i]Z ^YZV d[ V bZX]Vc^XVa bVX]^cZ i]Vi XVc i]^c` cdi dcan e^fjZh djg Xjg^dh^in Wji [jaÒaah V cZZY# GdWdih VgZ XgZViZY id Yd dcZ d[ ild _dWh/ _dWh i]Vi V gdWdi XVc Yd WZiiZg i]Vc V ]j" bVc! VcY _dWh V ]jbVc XdjaY Yd WZiiZg i]Vc V gdWdi Wji l]^X] VgZ idd YVc\Zgdjh# C6H6Éh X]VaaZc\Z id Wj^aY bVX]^cZh i]Vi XVc ]Zae jh ldg` VcY ZmeadgZ ^c heVXZ ^h i]Z hVbZ X]VaaZc\Z =VbWjX]Zc ZbWgVXZh# H]Z ]deZh ^c i]Z [jijgZ id WZXdbZ bdgZ ^ckdakZY ^c i]Z bVcV\ZbZci VheZXi d[ djg gZijgc id i]Z bddc# Æ> gZVaan [ZZa i]Vi ajcVg djiedhih ]VkZ V igZbZcYdjh ediZci^Va [dg i]Z [jijgZ d[ heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc VcY ldjaY a^`Z id h]VgZ ^c i]Z Y^gZXi^dch d[ i]dhZ VXi^k^i^Zh!Ç h]Z hV^Y# Æ> ldjaY WZ hd egdjY ^[ hdbZ d[ bn ldg` bVYZ ^i ^cid b^hh^dch i]Vi l^aa ]Zae jh ZmeVcY djg `cdlaZY\Z d[ i]^c\h djih^YZ i]Z eaVcZi#Ç Ldg`^c\ h^YZ Wn h^YZ l^i] ]jbVch! dg \d^c\ l]ZgZ i]Z g^h`h VgZ idd \gZVi [dg eZdeaZ! i]Z gdWdih =VbWjX]Zc ldg`h id ]Zae YZkZade l^aa ZmeVcY djg VW^a^in id ZmeadgZ ^c heVXZ# >c ]Zg ldg`eaVXZ ^c i]Z gdWdi^Xh aVWdgVidgn! ]Zg XdbejiZg hXgZZc egd_ZXih i]Z =jWWaZ jaigV YZZe"ÒZaY ^bV\Z i]Vi \^kZh di]Zgh l]d k^h^i V \a^behZ d[ l]Vi ^che^gZh ]Zg bdhi# EZg]Veh igVkZa id [Vg"VlVn eaVXZh! a^`Z heVXZ! l^aa WZXdbZ =VbWjX]ZcÉh cZmi ]dWWn dg _dW ]ZgZ Vi C6H6# Æ@cdl^c\ i]Vi i]dhZ ^cXgZY^WaZ \VaVm^Zh VcY hiVgh Zm^hi `ZZeh bZ ]de^c\ ZVX] YVn i]Vi hdbZi]^c\ lZ Yd VgdjcY ?H8 l^aa ZcVWaZ jh Ä dg bdgZ VXXjgViZan djg [jijgZ \ZcZgVi^dch Ä id k^h^i i]ZhZ ZmigVdgY^cVgn adXVaZh!Ç =VbWjX]Zc hV^Y# Æ> l^h] > XdjaY WZ dcZ d[ i]dhZ eZdeaZ#Ç ;dg cdl! h]ZÉh hi^X`^c\ id l]Vi h]Z `cdlh WZhi Ä gdWdih#

>H67:AA6 K:A>8D<C6/ ;gdb >iVan id >XZ H]ZZih

By Franklin O’DONNELL

;daadl i]Z [gdoZc lViZg >hVWZaaV KZa^Xd\cV gZXd\c^oZh i]Z ^bedgiVcXZ d[ hijYn^c\ ^XZ h]ZZi WZ]Vk^dg#

L

]Zc >hVWZaaV KZa^Xd\cV lVh \gdl^c\ je ^c cdgi]Zgc >iVan! e]nh^Xh Y^Y cdi hdjcY a^`Z V egdb^h^c\ XVgZZg id ]Zg bdi]Zg# ÆH]Z ig^ZY id \Zi bZ id Yd hdbZi]^c\ ZahZ!Ç KZa^Xd\cV gZXVaaZY d[ i]Z i^bZ ]Zg ^ciZgZhi ^c bVi] VcY e]nh^Xh lVh Wadhhdb^c\ ^c ]^\] hX]dda# ÆH]Z Y^YcÉi i]^c` > XdjaY \Zi V _dW#Ç ;dgijcViZan! ]Zg bdi]ZgÉh [ZVgh egdkZY id WZ jc[djcYZY# HZkZgVa XdaaZ\Z YZ\gZZh aViZg! ^cXajY^c\ V YdXidgViZ ^c Veea^ZY \Zde]nh^Xh [gdb i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ Ig^ZhiZ ^c >iVan! KZa^Xd\cV ]Vh _d^cZY C6H6Éh ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn VcY ]Vh eaZcin d[ ldg`# =Zg heZX^Vain/ hijYn^c\ i]Z adhh d[ ^XZ ^c edaVg gZ\^dch Vh :Vgi]Éh Xa^bViZ lVgbh! l^i] i]Z V^Y d[ i]Z <gVk^in GZXdkZgn VcY 8a^bViZ :meZg^bZci! dg <gVXZ Ä V eV^g d[ hViZaa^iZh i]Vi bV`Z ZmigZbZan VXXjgViZ bZVhjgZbZcih d[ :Vgi]Éh \gVk^in Vh i]Zn X^gXaZ i]Z eaVcZi# >c i]Z [jijgZ! KZa^Xd\cV Ä l]d ejghjZh eV^ci^c\ VWhigVXi Vgi ^c ]Zg heVgZ i^bZ Ä ]deZh id XdbW^cZ YViV [gdb bdgZ hViZaa^iZh VcY \gdjcY hijY^Zh id XgZViZ V bdgZ XdbeaZiZ edgigV^i d[ ^XZ VgdjcY i]Z eaVcZi! dg :Vgi]Éh Xgndhe]ZgZ# Æ6ciVgXi^XV ^h :Vgi]Éh aVg\Zhi gZhZgkd^g d[ [gZh] lViZg!Ç h]Z hV^Y# ÆJcYZghiVcY^c\ i]Z WZ]Vk^dg d[ i]Z ^XZ h]ZZih ]Vh ^b" edgiVci hdX^ZiVa VcY ZXdcdb^X ^beVXih#Ç

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

323

IG68N 9G6>C/

<>C6 7G6C8D/

I]Z EaVn"Wn"EaVn Kd^XZ d[ BVgh :meadgVi^dc

By Beth HAGENAUER

6 GZlVgY^c\ ?djgcZn

By Franklin O’DONNELL

BZVhjgZbZci hnhiZb YZh^\cZg BZm^XVc cVi^kZ <^cV 7gVcXd ]Vh hZgkZY Vh Vc ^chigjbZciVi^dc Zc\^cZZg dc hZkZgVa Ó^\]i gZhZVgX] egd_ZXih#

C EjWa^X kd^XZ IgVXn 9gV^c Zc_dnZY hZgk^c\ Vh i]Z ejWa^X hed`ZheZghdc [dg i]Z BVgh GZXdccV^hhVcXZ DgW^iZg b^hh^dc#

L

VciZY/ ?VX`"d["Vaa"igVYZh Zc\^cZZg id lZVg bVcn BVg" i^Vc ]Vih# L^aa Wj^aY XdbbVcY hZfjZcXZh! hjeZgk^hZ i]Z^g jeadVY id i]Z heVXZXgV[i! hjeedgi gZVY^cZhh iZhih! aZVY eaVcc^c\ [dg igVch^i^dc e]VhZ V[iZg VZgdWgV`^c\# HZgkZ Vh kd^XZ d[ b^hh^dc Xdcigda [dg bV_dg heVXZXgV[i ZkZcih# IgVXn 9gV^c cZkZg hVl V edhi^c\ ^c hd bVcn ldgYh [dg Vaa i]Z gdaZh h]Z ldjaY eaVn dc i]Z BVgh GZXdccV^hhVcXZ DgW^iZg egd_ZXi Ä Wji ^[ h]Z ]VY! ^i b^\]i ]VkZ gjc hdbZi]^c\ a^`Z i]Vi# ?d^c^c\ C6H6Éh ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn ^c '%%% V[iZg ZVgc" ^c\ V bVhiZgÉh YZ\gZZ [gdb <Zdg\^V IZX] ^c bZX]Vc^XVa Zc\^" cZZg^c\ Æ> lVh V l^be [dg cdi \d^c\ higV^\]i [dg i]Z VZgd YZ" \gZZ!Ç h]Z _d`ZY ! 9gV^c heZci V nZVg ]Zae^c\ id eaVc VYkVcXZY b^hh^dc XdcXZeih WZ[dgZ _d^c^c\ i]Z BVgh dgW^iZg iZVb# 9jg^c\ i]Z heVXZXgV[iÉh ^chZgi^dc ^cid dgW^i VgdjcY i]Z GZY EaVcZi! 9gV^c \gVXZY iZaZk^h^dc hXgZZch Vh i]Z b^hh^dcÉh hed`ZheZghdc! ZmeaV^c^c\ i]Z dgW^iZgÉh eaVn"Wn"eaVn bVcZj" kZgh id i]Z k^Zl^c\ ejWa^X# BVcn b^hh^dc ZkZcih aViZg! i]Z dgW^iZg cdl ]Vh hZiiaZY ^cid gdji^cZ hX^ZcXZ deZgVi^dch! VcY 9gV^c a^`Zl^hZ ]Vh h]^[iZY ]Vih# H]Z ]Vh _d^cZY Vc dc"i]Z"_dW igV^c^c\ egd\gVb [dg hnhiZbh Zc\^cZZgh i]Vi l^aa eV^g ]Zg l^i] hZc^dg bZcidgh hjX] Vh K^`^c\ kZiZgVc <Zcign AZZ# L]^X] d[ ]Zg gdaZh ]Vh WZZc i]Z bdhi bZbdgVWaZ4 ÆI]Z dcZ l^i] i]Z bdhi ^bbZY^ViZ Xdda [VXidg lVh hZgk^c\ Vh Vc ÈVXZ!É WZXVjhZ > \di id VXijVaan hZcY XdbbVcYh id i]Z heVXZ" XgV[i!Ç h]Z hV^Y# Æ>iÉh Vc ^bedgiVci [jcXi^dc! VcY ^i iVj\]i bZ V adi VWdji i]Z 9ZZe HeVXZ CZildg` PC6H6Éh igVX`^c\ cZildg` [dg eaVcZiVgn heVXZXgV[iR# 7ji V adi d[ eZdeaZ YdcÉi a^`Z id Yd ^i WZXVjhZ ^i ^ckdakZh higVc\Z ]djgh# >iÉh i]Z `^cY d[ _dW ndj Z^i]Zg ]ViZ dg adkZ#Ç

324

NASA

6H6 Zc\^cZZg <^cV 7gVcXd lVh dcan &' l]Zc ]Zg bdi]Zg lVh `^aaZY ^c Vc VjidbdW^aZ VXX^YZci! [daadlZY Wn ]Zg [V" i]ZgÉh YZVi] i]gZZ nZVgh aViZg# I]ZhZ igV\ZY^Zh Y^Y cdi Y^hXdjgV\Z 7gVcXd [gdb ejghj^c\ V X]^aY]ddY YgZVb d[ ViiZcY^c\ XdaaZ\Z# I]Z ndjc\Zhi d[ Z^\]i X]^aYgZc! 7gVcXd i]Zc bdkZY [gdb ]Zg ]dbZ ^c 8jZgcVkVXV! BZm^Xd! id i]Z HVc ;gVcX^hXd 7Vn 6gZV! ]dbZ d[ ]Zg daYZg h^hiZg# 6h V cZl ^bb^\gVci id i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh! h]Z XdbeaZiZY ]^\] hX]dda gZfj^gZbZcih l]^aZ h]Z aZVgcZY id heZV` :c\a^h]# 7gVcXd Y^heaVnZY Vc Vei^ijYZ VcY adkZ d[ bVi] i]Vi hjgeg^hZY ]Zg iZVX]Zg! l]d ZcXdjgV\ZY ]Zg id Xdci^cjZ id hig^kZ [dg bVhiZgn ^c bVi]ZbVi^Xh# 6[iZg ]^\] hX]dda! 7gVcXd hijY^ZY bVi] Vh V c^\]i hijYZci Vi HVc ;gVcX^hXd HiViZ Jc^kZgh^in# H]Z i]Zc igVch[ZggZY id i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ Hdji]Zgc 8Va^[dgc^V ^c Adh 6c\ZaZh! l]ZgZ h]Z hijY^ZY W^dbZY^XVa VcY ZaZXig^XVa Zc\^cZZg^c\# 7gVcXd ]deZY id jhZ ]Zg ZYjXVi^dc id YZh^\c egdhi]ZhZh [dg ]VcY^XVeeZY ^c" Y^k^YjVah# ;^cY^c\ i]Z fjZhi [dg YjVa YZ\gZZh idd X]VaaZc\^c\! h]Z XdbeaZiZY V WVX]Zadg d[ hX^ZcXZ YZ\gZZ ^c ZaZXig^XVa Zc\^" cZZg^c\ hZkZc nZVgh V[iZg WZ\^cc^c\ XdaaZ\Z# 7gVcXd i]Zc Veea^ZY [dg Vc Zc\^cZZg^c\ edh^i^dc Vi C6H6Éh 9gnYZc ;a^\]i GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg# H]Z aZ[i ]Zg _dW ^ciZgk^Zl l^i] i]Z ^begZhh^dc i]Vi ZbeadnZZh Vi i]Z XZciZg Zc_dnZY i]Z^g ldg` VcY i]Vi i]^c\h gZVaan ]VeeZcZY Vi 9gnYZc# H]Z i]dj\]i i]Z hbVaa C6H6 XZciZg d[[ZgZY V [Vb^an Vibdhe]ZgZ i]Vi egdbdiZh iZVbldg`# :beadnZY Vh Vc ^chigjbZciVi^dc Zc\^cZZg Vi 9gnYZc! 7gVcXd YZh^\ch bZVhjgZbZci hnhiZbh [dg V^gXgV[i! ZcVWa^c\ gZhZVgX]" Zgh id \Vi]Zg VXXjgViZ YViV# DkZg i]Z nZVgh! 7gVcXd ]Vh Xdcig^WjiZY id bVcn hjXXZhh" [ja Ó^\]i gZhZVgX] egd_ZXih ^ckdak^c\ bdY^ÒZY V^gXgV[i! hjX] Vh i]Z ;"&%)! ;"&+MA! ;"&- =^\]"6ae]V GZhZVgX] KZ]^XaZ VcY i]Z >ciZaa^\Zci ;a^\]i 8dcigda HnhiZb egd_ZXi dc V ]^\]an bdY^ÒZY C;"&*7# H]Z XjggZcian ^h V bZbWZg d[ i]Z YZkZadebZciVa Ó^\]i ^chigjbZciVi^dc iZVb gZhedch^WaZ [dg YZh^\c^c\ VcY ^beaZ" bZci^c\ i]^h hjWhnhiZb id hjeedgi i]Z jeXdb^c\ aVjcX] VWdgi hnhiZb iZhi^c\ [dg i]Z Dg^dc XgZl ZmeadgVi^dc kZ]^XaZ# 7gVcXdÉh VYk^XZ id ndjc\ =^heVc^Xh ^h i]Vi gZhdjgXZh VcY deedgijc^i^Zh VgZ VkV^aVWaZ! ^[ i]Zn VgZ YZiZgb^cZY ^c i]Z^g \dVah VcY egZeVgZY id ldg` ]VgY# >i ^h cdi ValVnh ZVhn! Wji i]Z _djgcZn ^h gZlVgY^c\#

¥2007 SGI. All rights reserved. SGI is a trademark of Silicon Graphics, Inc., in the United States and/or other countries worldwide.

Welcome to the ICE age A new era of high-performance computing

"T XF DFMFCSBUF ZFBST PG DIBOHJOH UIF XPSME XF XPVME MJLF UP DPOHSBUVMBUF PVS àSTU DVTUPNFS /"4" PO ZFBST PG &YQMPSBUJPO BOE %JTDPWFSZ

'PS PVS UI BOOJWFSTBSZ XF IBWF JOUSPEVDFE UIF 4(*¡ "MUJY¡ *$& BO *OUFHSBUFE $PNQVUF &OWJSPONFOU CVJMU PO B QFSGPSNBODF CMBEF BSDIJUFDUVSF UIBU EFMJWFST VOQSFDFEFOUFE QPXFS BOE EFOTJUZ

5P MFBSO NPSF BCPVU 4(* QSPEVDUT WJTJU VT BU THJ DPN

AZhhdch [gdb Bn ;Vi]Zg

=Z idd` i]Z idgX]/ aZVYZgh]^e aZhhdch [gdb bn [Vi]Zg Ä <ZcZ @gVco

By Jeannie KRANZ

L

]^aZ aZ\ZcYVgn C6H6 ;a^\]i 8dcigdaaZg <ZcZ @gVco ^h WZhi `cdlc [dg ]^h XddacZhh jcYZg ÒgZ ^c hjXXZhh[jaan Y^gZXi^c\ djg cVi^dcÉh bddc aVcY^c\h! V h^\c^ÒXVci eVgi d[ ]^h aZ\VXn ^h i]Z eZdeaZ ^che^gZY Wn ]^h ZmVbeaZ id _d^c i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb# 6bdc\ i]Zb ^h ]^h YVj\]iZg ?ZVcc^Z! VcY hZkZgVa d[ ]Zg h^Wa^c\h# >c i]^h ZhhVn! ?ZVcc^Z lg^iZh VWdji aZVgc^c\ id hig^kZ [dg ZmXZaaZcXZ [gdb V C6H6 ]Zgd h]Z `cdlh WZhi Vh Æ9VY#Ç >i lVh cdi jci^a > _d^cZY i]Z heVXZ egd" \gVb Vh V hjbbZg ^ciZgc ^c &.-) i]Vi > gZVaan jcYZghiddY bn [Vi]ZgÉh gdaZ ^c i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb dg C6H6Éh ^bedgiVcXZ id djg cVi^dc# Cdl! '( nZVgh V[iZg i]Vi ^ciZgc" h]^e! C6H6 ]Vh WZZc V h^\c^ÒXVci eVgi d[ bn XVgZZg! VcY i]Z aZhhdch d[ 9VYÉh aZVYZg" h]^e VgZ Veea^ZY YV^an# 6h > lVh \gdl^c\ je! Vaa > `cZl lVh i]Vi YVY ldg`ZY [dg C6H6! bdb hiVnZY ]dbZ! >

]VY ÒkZ h^Wa^c\h! Vaa daYZg i]Vc bZ! [djg d[ i]Zb \^gah! VcY cZl Xadi]Zh lZgZ V hXVgXZ XdbbdY^in# Bn ldgaY lVh ]VcY"bZ"Ydlch VcY ign^c\ id `ZZe eVXZ l^i] bn daYZg Wgdi]Zg VcY h^hiZgh# 6h Æ9VY!Ç cdi C6H6Éh Æ<ZcZ @gVco!Ç ]Z ValVnh lVh eV^chiV`^c\an dg\Vc^oZY! deZgViZY [gdb V X]ZX`a^hi [dg ZkZc h^beaZ Æ]dcZn"Ydh!Ç ZbWVggVhhZY jh `^Yh l^i] i]Z lVn ]Z YgZhhZY VcY lVh ValVnh V ÆeaVn Wn i]Z gjaZhÇ `^cY d[ bVc# =Z lVh kZgn Zc\V\ZY l^i] jh \gdl^c\ je0 ^[ i]Z X]VgVXiZg gdaZ d[ LVgY 8aZVkZg lVh WVhZY dc VcndcZ gZVa! ^i a^`Zan lVh bn YVY# =^h YV^an gdji^cZ Xdch^hiZY d[ V kZgn bZ" i]dY^XVa bdgc^c\ Ä WgZV`[Vhi! \ddY YVn l^h]Zh id Vaa i]Z `^Yh WZ[dgZ hX]dda VcY i]Z egZY^XiVWaZ hiViZbZci id bn bdi]Zg Vh ]Z `^hhZY ]Zg lVa`^c\ dji i]Z Yddg! Æ=VkZ > idaY ndj > adkZ ndj idYVn4Ç =^h Yg^kZ ^cid i]Z d[ÒXZ! ^c dcZ d[ ]^h Æc^XZÇ VjidbdW^aZh! dcZ d[ l]^X] lVh V lddY"eVcZaZY nZaadl hiVi^dc lV\dc i]Vi g^" kVaZY i]Vi d[ 8]Zkn 8]VhZ ^c CVi^dcVa AVb" eddcÉh KVXVi^dc! Xdch^hiZY d[ ?d]c E]^aa^e HdjhVÉh bVgX] bjh^X eaVn^c\ adjYan id ejbe ]^b je [dg i]Z YVn# L]Zc ]Z Vgg^kZY ^c i]Z

;Vi]Zg YdZh `cdl WZhi <ZcZ @gVco! [VbZY C6H6 Ó^\]i XdcigdaaZg! l^i] ]^h [Vb^an# =^h l^[Z! BVgiV! ^h hZViZY WZh^YZ ]^b VcY ]^h X]^aYgZc! hiVcY^c\ [gdb aZ[i id g^\]i! VgZ ?ZVcc^Z VcY h^Wa^c\h AjXn! 7g^\^Y! 8VgbZc! ?dVc VcY BVg`#

326

NASA

d[ÒXZ! ]Z eaVnZY ^i ^c ]^h d[ÒXZ hj^iZ id idg" bZci Vaa d[ ]^h hiV[[ VcY ZchjgZ i]Zn lZgZ gZVYn [dg WViiaZ! idd# Ndjc\ C6H6 Zbeadn" ZZh [gZfjZcian ldjaY Vh` i]Z @gVco `^Yh! Æ>h ^i igjZ i]Vi ndjg YVY gZVaan ½4Ç gZ\VgY^c\ i]Z bVgX] bjh^X# I]ZgZ lVh V higVc\Z [VhX^cVi^dc VWdji YVY VcY ^i lVh XaZVg ]Z ]VY V [daadl^c\ Vi C6H6 h ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg# >i lVh W^oVggZ VcY hZZbZY Vabdhi Xjai"a^`Z jci^a > gZVaan jcYZg" hiddY ^i bdgZ# I]dj\] ]Z lVh lZaa"`cdlc [dg hd bVcn d[ ]^h eZghdcVa^in fj^g`h! VeeZVg" VcXZ VcY ]VW^ih! > i]^c`! bdhi ^bedgiVcian! ]Z lVh V gZheZXiZY VcY VYb^gZY aZVYZg! bZcidg VcY C6H6 VYkdXViZ# 6cY gZheZXi lVh ZVgcZY [gdb ndjc\ Zc\^cZZgh i]Vi ]Z X]VaaZc\ZY dc V YV^an WVh^h id ÆV^b ]^\]#Ç =Z `cZl i]Zn lZgZ i]Z [jijgZ VcY i]Z aZ\VXn d[ i]Z C6H6 aZVYZgh]^e# GZheZXi lVh ZVgcZY [gdb ]^h Xda" aZV\jZh i]Vi hjgk^kZY l^i] ]^b i]gdj\] igV\" ZYn! hjXXZhh VcY ^bedhh^WaZ dYYh# 6cY gZ" heZXi lVh ZVgcZY [gdb ]^h hjeZg^dgh! aZVYZgh a^`Z 9g# 8]g^h @gV[i l]d hVl V eVhh^dcViZ VcY [ZVgaZhh egdi \ l]d lVh cdi V[gV^Y id eji ]^h _dW dc i]Z a^cZ dg gZheZXi[jaan Y^hV\gZZ l^i] i]Z^g YZX^h^dch# 9VY lVh Vaa VWdji i]Z ndjc\ eZdeaZ ^c i]Z egd\gVb! i]Z [jijgZ aZVYZgh l]d cZZY" ZY id WZ igV^cZY! VcY igV^cZY i]Z g^\]i lVn# >c ]^h de^c^dc! i]ZgZ lVh V lgdc\ lVn id aZVY! VcY ]Z lVciZY id bV`Z hjgZ i]ZhZ hdaY^Zgh d[ i]Z ]^\] [gdci^Zg lZgZ egZeVgZY [dg l]ViZkZg idj\]! hea^i"hZXdcY YZX^h^dch b^\]i XdbZ i]Z^g lVn# 6[iZg i]Z 6edaad & ÒgZ! ]Z VcY di]Zgh YZ" kZadeZY V X]VgiZg! ;djcYVi^dch d[ B^hh^dc 8dcigda# >i lVh V XdcigVXi dg XdYZ d[ Xdc" YjXi! l]^X] ^c i]Z C6H6 ]jbVc heVXZÓ^\]i ldgaY lVh i]Z XadhZhi i]^c\ id i]Z IZc 8db" bVcYbZcih# ;djcYVi^dch kZgn XaZVgan heZaaZY dji i]Z kVajZh! ZmeZXiVi^dch VcY gZhedch^W^a^" i^Zh i]Vi ZVX] VcY ZkZgn ZbeadnZZ ^c B^hh^dc 8dcigda lVh ZmeZXiZY id jcYZghiVcY! WZa^ZkZ VcY a^kZ Vh V bZbWZg d[ i]Z C6H6 iZVb# 6h ^h i]Z XVhZ l^i] bVcn di]Zgh Vi C6H6! > ]VkZ V Xden d[ ;djcYVi^dch dc bn WjaaZi^c

?ZVcc^Z @gVco

The NASA heritage now spans over generations. The following articles and interview celebrate the legacy of three icons of NASA history and the daughters and sons who followed in their footsteps.

?ZVcc^Z @gVco

X]Vg\Z d[ h]jiiaZ deZgVi^dch VcY dkZghZZ^c\ I]Z ]VgYZhi ZmeZXiVi^dch id bZZi lZgZ WdVgY Vi Jc^iZY HeVXZ 6aa^VcXZ! l]ZgZ > Vb i]Z deZgVi^dch egdedhVa [dg l]Vi lVh i]Zc bn dlc# 6h V @gVco X]^aY! lZ lZgZ \ZcZi^" Vabdhi &% nZVgh ^cid bn aZVYZgh]^e gdaZ l^i] \d^c\ id WZ HeVXZ HiVi^dc ;gZZYdb# XVaan i]Z idj\]Zhi dc djghZakZh! hZiia^c\ [dg i]Z XdbeVcn# ;djcYVi^dch hZgkZh Vh V Xdc" 9Zhe^iZ Vaa i]Z ÒcZ eZdeaZ > ]VkZ ldg`ZY cdi]^c\ aZhh i]Zc i]Z kZgn WZhi# ;V^ajgZ lVh hiVci gZb^cYZg d[ i]Z igV^ih d[ V XdbeZiZci [dg! > XVc hi^aa hVn i]Vi YVY ^h dcZ d[ i]Z WZhi cdi Vc dei^dc lZaa WZ[dgZ i]Z bdk^Z 6edaad &( VcY gZheZXiZY aZVYZg ½ dcZ jai^bViZan gZ" aZVYZgh > ]VkZ `cdlc# IVj\]i Wn i]Z \gZVi bVYZ i]Vi e]gVhZ V Xdbbdc WZcX]bVg` hedch^WaZ [dg i]Z djiXdbZ d[ i]Z^g YZX^h^dch# aZVYZgh WZ[dgZ ]^b! ]Z idd` i]Z idgX] VcY aZY > [daadlZY i]^h ^ciZgch]^e l^i] Vcdi]Zg I]^h ^h i]Z `^cY d[ aZVYZg > Vhe^gZ id WZ# Wn ZmVbeaZ! eVhh^c\ dc i]Z aZhhdch d[ aZVYZg" Vi C6H6 VcY i]Zc bdkZY id i]Z XdcigVXidg 6h > WZ\Vc bn XVgZZg! > lVh ]^gZY ^c &.-) h]^e id ]^h X]^aYgZc VcY bVcn di]Zgh Vi C6H6# ldgaY! GdX`lZaa HeVXZ DeZgVi^dch 8dbeVcn# Vh V hjbbZg ^ciZgc Vi C6H6Éh ?d]chdc HeVXZ BVcn d[ i]ZhZ eZdeaZ VgZ cdl Vi i]Z ]Zab# Bn &.-- ^ciZgch]^e Vi GdX`lZaa HeVXZ 8ZciZg# 6i i]^h i^bZ i]Z h]jiiaZ egd\gVb lVh I]Z aZhhdch ^c V cjih]Zaa/ AZVYZgh]^e bZVch DeZgVi^dch 8dbeVcn lVh V ijgc^c\ ed^ci lZaa jcYZg lVn# ndj iV`Z i]Z gZhedch^W^a^in# Ndj YdcÉi WaVbZ [dg bn XVgZZg# > lVh ldg`^c\ Vi i]Z i^bZ ^c ?d^c^c\ C6H6 Vh i]Z WdhhÉ `^Y ]VY Wdi] dg bV`Z ZmXjhZh# Ndj bjhi ]VkZ ^ciZ\g^in VcY =jbVc GZhdjgXZh! VcY i]Z bVcV\Zg d[ i]Z egd[Zhh^dcVa VcY eZghdcVa ^bea^XVi^dch# iZaa i]Z igji]! YZhe^iZ i]Z Y^[ÒXjain d[ h]Vg^c\ 8dbbjc^XVi^dch VcY EjWa^X GZaVi^dch 9Z" :meZXiVi^dch lZgZ ZmigZbZan ]^\] [gdb WVY cZlh# 6cY ^c hdbZ XVhZh! ndj Vh` eZgb^h" eVgibZci cZZYZY egd_ZXi hjeedgi [dg V gZ" Vaa Y^gZXi^dch! VcY ^c hdbZ XVhZh XgZViZY h^dc aViZg# Igjhi ^h `Zn# Ndj XVccdi VXXdbea^h] ijgc id Ó^\]i ^c^i^Vi^kZ i]Vi [Vaa# > ]VY cZkZg h^\c^ÒXVci ]jgYaZh i]Vi ]VY id WZ dkZgXdbZ Vcni]^c\ l^i]dji XdbeaZiZ igjhi Vbdc\ i]Z Xdch^YZgZY V _dW ^c ejWa^X gZaVi^dch# > Y^Y cdi V\V^c VcY V\V^c# iZVb Ä ide id Wdiidb 6 higdc\ I]Z ZmeZXiVi^dch d[ bn Xd" ldg` Zi]^X bZVch ndj hiVn jci^a ldg`Zgh VcY hjeZgk^hdg lZgZ i]Z _dW ^h YdcZ! VcY ÆVYZfjViZÇ ]^\]# > ]VY id egdkZ i]Vi > ^h cdi V WZcX]bVg`# Ndj XVc" lVh cdi V cZedi^hb ]^gZ# :k" cdi VXXdbea^h] \gZVi i]^c\h Zgn egd_ZXi dg VXi^dc lVh V l^i] VkZgV\Z \dVah# I]Vi WZa^Z[ X]VaaZc\Z id VXXdbea^h] Wn ^h V XdchiVci gZb^cYZg [dg i]Z hZZ`^c\ id VX]^ZkZ Vh XadhZ l]daZ b^hh^dc deZgVi^dch iZVb id eZg[ZXi^dc Vh edhh^WaZ# >i l^i] i]Z hiViZbZci ÆGZh <ZhiV lVh V idj\] Zck^gdcbZci [dg EZg :mXZaaZci^VbÇ dg 6X]^ZkZ" V YZkZade^c\ ^ciZgc! Wji > lVh bZci i]gdj\] :mXZaaZcXZ! [dgijcViZ ^c hdbZ XVhZh id ^cXdgedgViZY ^c ^ih ad\d# 6cY ]VkZ igZbZcYdjh aZVYZgh VcY ÒcVaan! iZVbldg` VcY aZVYZg" bZcidgh l]d ]VY XdcÒYZcXZ h]^e \d ]VcY"^c"]VcY# Ndj aZVY ^c bZ! VcY i]Vi lVh Zcdj\] id Wn ZmVbeaZ! ndj X]VaaZc\Z ndjg ]Zae bZ hjXXZZY# hjWdgY^cViZh! ndj i]dgdj\]an :meZXiVi^dch [gdb YVY igV^c VcY egZeVgZ! ndj bZcidg! lZgZ ]^\] Vh lZaa! WZXVjhZ <adgn YVnh I]Z @gVco [Vb^an Yjg^c\ i]Z 6edaad egd\gVb nZVgh# E^XijgZY [gdci VcY VWdkZ Vaa! ndj l^c dg adhZ ]^h `^Yh lZgZ V k^h^WaZ ZmVb" gdl [gdb aZ[i id g^\]i VgZ 8VgbZc! BVg`! ?ZVcc^Z! AjXn! 7g^\^Y! VcY Xdjh^c ?d]c @^iiaZ0 WVX` gdl! <ZcZ! BVgiV VcY Xdjh^c ?dZ @^iiaZ# Vh V iZVb eaZ ldg`^c\ ^c i]Z gVc`h VcY 6h ZkZgn Vcc^kZghVgn d[ i]Z ]Z Y^Y cdi lVci VcndcZ Xji" ZVgan egd\gVbh XdbZ VcY \d! i]dhZ d[ jh @gVco `cdl bjX] VWdji i]Z Xdbbjc^XVi^dch ÒZaY! i^c\ jh Vcn haVX`# =dlZkZg! l]Zc i]^c\h `^Yh Xdci^cj^c\ djg XVgZZgh l^i] C6H6 VgZ aZ[i Wji V[iZg i]Vi ^ciZgch]^e > lVh ]dd`ZY# I]Vi \di idj\]! ]Z lVh fj^X` l^i] hdbZ bdgVaZ" l^i] i]Z hidg^Zh d[ ]Zgd^X ig^jbe]h VcY ]VgY lVh l]Vi > lVciZY id Yd [dg i]Z gZhi d[ bn Wj^aY^c\ VYk^XZ! hjX] Vh ÆVl! hedgih [Vc! aZhhdch! hdbZ hVYan ZmeZg^ZcXZY Òghi]VcY# XVgZZg! egdk^YZY ^i lVh [dg C6H6! i]Z dcan YdcÉi aZi i]Z ijg`Znh \Zi ndj Ydlc#Ç 6h lZ VlV^i cZl ig^jbe]h VcY VX]^ZkZbZcih! i]^c\ > ]VY V eVhh^dc [dg VcY l]dhZ b^hh^dc i]ZhZ aZhhdch [gdb YVY VcY bVcn di]Zg ^Xdch > WZa^ZkZY ^c# Dad was all about the young ^c C6H6Éh ]^hidgn hZgkZ Vh XdchiVci gZb^cY" DcZ d[ i]Z bdhi ^bedgiVci i]^c\h YVY Va" people in the program, the Zgh id gZbV^c ZkZg"k^\^aVci ^c djg ldg` VcY id lVnh idaY ]^h `^Yh l]Zc lZ lZgZ \gdl^c\ je gZheZXi i]Z Zck^gdcbZci ^c l]^X] lZ VgZ de" lVh! Æl]Zc ndj ÒcVaan X]ddhZ V XVgZZg! ÒcY future leaders who needed ZgVi^c\# HeVXZÓ^\]i ^h ]VgY VcY ^i ^h g^h`n! Wji hdbZi]^c\ ndj adkZ id Yd# ?dW hVi^h[VXi^dc to be trained, and trained the i]Z VX]^ZkZbZcih! i]Z ZmeadgVi^dc d[ heVXZ! ^h i]Z `Zn id ndjg aZkZa d[ Xdbb^ibZci VcY right way. In his opinion, there VgZ ldgi] i]Z g^h` VcY hVXg^ÒXZ# eZghdcVa [jaÒaabZci#Ç > VWhdajiZan adkZY i]Z was a wrong way to lead, and 9VY VcY > iVa` lZZ`an# =Z ^h bn VYk^hdg! ldg` VcY i]Z ^ciZgVXi^dc l^i] i]Z ejWa^X VcY he wanted to make sure these bn bZcidg dcZ d[ bVcn VcY bn aZVYZg# 6h i]Z ZbeadnZZh# soldiers of the high frontier > Yg^kZ ^cid ldg` ZVX] bdgc^c\! adjYan eaVn" I]Vi [Vaa! > hiVnZY ]dbZ id Òc^h] bn YZ" ^c\ dcZ d[ bn eaVna^hih [gdb bn ^EdY! \Zii^c\ \gZZ VcY lVh ]^gZY [jaa"i^bZ ^c ZVgan &.-. ^c were prepared for whatever bn b^cY hZi [dg i]Z YVn! > ldcYZg ^[ > Yd i]^h i]Z 8dbbjc^XVi^dch VcY EjWa^X GZaVi^dch tough, split-second decisions WZXVjhZ d[ \ZcZi^Xh dg l]Zi]Zg ^i ^h V bdi^" 9ZeVgibZci# 6i i]Z i^bZ! 9VY lVh i]Z Y^" might come their way. kVi^dcVa i^e > e^X`ZY je [gdb bn aZVYZg# gZXidg d[ b^hh^dc deZgVi^dch Vi ?d]chdc ^c

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

327

6 eVhh^dc gZWdgc/

6 Ó^\]i Y^gZXidg [daadlh ^c ]^h [Vi]ZgÉh Ze^X [ddihiZeh#

By Catherine E. RAGIN

?

jhi WZXVjhZ ndjg [Vi]Zg ]VeeZch id WZ dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi k^h^WaZ C6H6 ^Xdch YdZh cdi bZVc ndj VgZ YZhi^cZY id [daadl ]^h aZVY# 9Zhe^iZ 7gnVc AjccZnÉh ^cYZeZcYZci hZVgX] id ÒcY V XVgZZg i]Vi ldjaY WZ [jaÒaa^c\ id ]^b! i]Z eVi]h ]Z idd` aVcYZY ]^b ^c i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb! Yd" ^c\ ZmVXian Vh ]^h [Vi]Zg ]VY YdcZ V \ZcZgVi^dc WZ[dgZ# 9jg^c\ i]Z HIH"&&, b^hh^dc! <ancc AjccZn lViX]ZY ]^h hdc l^i] eg^YZ Vh 7gnVc dgX]ZhigViZY b^hh^dc Xdcigda aVcY^c\ VXi^k^i^Zh Vh Ó^\]i Y^gZXidg#

ÆHdbZ nZVgh V\d! l]Zc 7gnVc lVh hZaZXi" ZY Vh V Ó^\]i Y^gZXidg! ^i dXXjggZY id Wdi] d[ jh i]Vi ^i lVh i]Z Òghi i^bZ i]Vi V [Vi]Zg VcY hdc XdbW^cVi^dc ]VY hZgkZY ^c i]Vi edh^i^dc Vi i]Z XZciZg!Ç <ancc hV^Y# ÆId bn `cdlaZY\Z ^i ^h hi^aa i]Z dcan Xdjea^c\ d[ [Vi]Zg VcY hdc dc i]Vi _dW d[ Ó^\]i Y^gZXidg#Ç 7gnVc ^h ]jbWaZ VWdji i]Z^g dcZ"d["V"`^cY h^ijVi^dc# Æ> i]^c` bVnWZ hdbZ di]Zg [da`h hZZ ^i Vh bdgZ heZX^Va i]Vc ]Z VcY > Yd# LZ Wdi] VgZ kZgn egdjY d[ l]Vi i]Z di]Zg ]Vh YdcZ# LZ VgZ VWaZ id XdbeVgZ cdiZh VWdji hdbZ d[ i]Z ^hhjZh lZ ]VkZ YZVai l^i]! VcY i]Vi XVc WZ [jc hdbZi^bZh# 7ji bdhian! lZ Wdi] [ZZa ZmigZbZan WaZhhZY id ]VkZ [djcY V _dW i]Vi hj^iZY jh fj^iZ lZaa! PVcY ZVX] d[ jh ^hR ZmigZbZan ]Veen [dg i]Z di]Zg!Ç 7gnVc hV^Y# ÆEZg]Veh i]ViÉh i]Z \ZcZi^Xh eVgi d[ i]^h ZfjVi^dc#Ç <ZcZi^Xh XZgiV^can bVn ]VkZ hdbZi]^c\ id Yd l^i] ^i! WZXVjhZ Wdi] [Vi]Zg VcY hdc ]VkZ h^b^aVg! VYb^gVWaZ Vii^ijYZh idlVgY Zmeadg^c\ ^c heVXZ VcY i]Z ÒZgXZ hZchZ d[ gZhedch^W^a" ^in VhhdX^ViZY l^i] i]Z g^h`h# ÆI]ZgZ lVh Vc Vibdhe]ZgZ d[ [ZVg i]gdj\]" dji i]Z È+%h!Ç <ancc hV^Y! ÆVcY ^i lVh VXijVaan

C6H6

<ancc! Vc ZbeadnZZ Vi C6H6 h^cXZ ^ih [djc" YVi^dc ^c &.*-! lVh V Ó^\]i Y^gZXidg Yjg^c\ i]Z <Zb^c^ VcY 6edaad egd\gVbh# =Z lVh Vahd dc Yjin Yjg^c\ ]^hidg^X ZkZcih hjX] Vh i]Z 6edaad && ajcVg VhXZci VcY i]Z e^kdiVa ]djgh d[ i]Z 6edaad &( Xg^h^h# 6i i]Z ZcY d[ 6edaad! ]Z bVc" V\ZY i]Z 6edaad"Hdnjo IZhi Egd_ZXi! i]Z Òghi

eVgicZgh]^e WZilZZc i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh VcY i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc# <ancc aViZg hZgkZY Vh bVc" V\Zg d[ i]Z HeVXZ H]jiiaZ Egd\gVb# ÆDWk^djhan! > \gZl je l^i] V adi d[ C6H6 VXi^k^in VgdjcY i]Z ]djhZ VcY ValVnh Y^Y lZaa ^c i]Z bVi] VcY hX^ZcXZ XaVhhZh# Hd > `cZl > lVciZY id WZ Vc VZgdheVXZ Zc\^cZZg Yjg^c\ ]^\] hX]dda!Ç hV^Y 7gnVc! Ó^\]i Y^gZXidg Vi C6H6 h ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg# Æ7ji > Y^Y cdi gZVaan Xdbb^i id ldg`^c\ Vi C6H6! Vi aZVhi Zbdi^dcVaan! jci^a > lVh [dgijcViZ Zcdj\] id \Zi V hjbbZg _dW Vi ?d]chdc WZilZZc bn _j" c^dg VcY hZc^dg nZVgh ^c XdaaZ\Z# I]Vi _dW lVh ^c i]Z Egdejah^dc HnhiZbh <gdje ^c i]Z B^h" h^dc DeZgVi^dch 9^gZXidgViZ! VcY ZkZgni]^c\ VWdji ^i gZVaan Xa^X`ZY [dg bZ#Ç <ancc V\gZZh i]Vi ]^h hdcÉh eVhh^dc [dg C6H6 lVh d[ ]^h dlc bV`^c\# Æ> ]VkZ V ]VgY i^bZ hVn^c\ i]Vi ]Z ]VY iVg\ZiZY ]^bhZa[!Ç <ancc hV^Y# ÆHdbZl]ZgZ Vadc\ i]Z a^cZ! eg^dg id \d^c\ id XdaaZ\Z! 7gnVc WZ\Vc id [dXjh ^c dc iV`^c\ VZgdheVXZ Zc\^cZZg^c\ VcY Xdb^c\ id ldg` ]ZgZ Vh ]^h \dVa# 6cY i]Vi ^h l]Vi ]Z Y^Y#Ç I]Z jc^fjZ [Vi]Zg VcY hdc Ó^\]i Y^gZXidg XdbW^cVi^dc lVh! ^c [VXi! V cdkZain l^i]^c C6H6 i]Vi i]Zn lZgZ jcVlVgZ d[ Vi Òghi#

6i i]Z ]Zab <ancc AjccZn! ]ZVY d[ i]Z ;a^\]i 9^gZXidgh D[ÒXZ! Yjg^c\ Vc 6edaad &) egZÓ^\]i VXi^k^in ^c &.,&#

328

NASA

C6H6

HZXdcY \ZcZgVi^dc ;a^\]i 8dcigdaaZg 7gnVc AjccZn bVch i]Z XdchdaZ Yjg^c\ V heVXZ h]jiiaZ b^hh^dc#

i]Z [gVbZldg` ^c l]^X] EgZh^YZci @ZccZYn lVh hd hjXXZhh[ja ^c `^X`^c\ d[[ i]Z eaVc id \d id i]Z bddc Å V kZgn WdaY! XdjgV\Zdjh \dVa! WZXVjhZ ^i lVh YdcZ ^c Z^\]i dg c^cZ nZVgh [gdb i]Z i^bZ ]Z VccdjcXZY ^i VcY lZ Y^YcÉi ]VkZ i]Z ha^\]iZhi ^YZV d[ ]dl lZ lZgZ \d^c\ id Yd i]Vi#Ç =dlZkZg! i]Z WdaY k^h^dc @ZccZYn aV^Y dji ldg`ZY! VcY ^i ldg`ZY l^i] Vhidc^h]^c\ hjXXZhh# ÆLZ l]d lZgZ ^c i]Z egd\gVb lZgZ \^kZc i]^h deedgijc^in Vabdhi Vh hiZlVgY Ä id iV`Z XVgZ d[ i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb kZcijgZ i]Vi i]Z Xdjcign lVh dc VcY id Yd djg kZgn WZhi id bV`Z ^i XdbZ dji lZaa# > ZcYZY je ]Vk^c\ V hZchZ i]Vi i]Z hjXXZhh d[ ^i lVh g^Y^c\ dc bZ eZghdcVaan! VcY > Vb hjgZ i]Vi ZkZgnWdYn [Zai i]Z hVbZ lVn! i]Vi È> ]VkZ id Yd i]Z kZgn WZhi > XVc!ÉÇ <ancc hV^Y# 7gnVc ZX]dZY ]^h [Vi]ZgÉh ldgYh# Æ> WZ" a^ZkZ lZ Vaa [ZZa V hZchZ d[ dlcZgh]^e [dg djg XdjcignÉh bVccZY heVXZÓ^\]i egd\gVb# :k" ZgndcZ > ldg` l^i] Xdch^hiZcian \dZh VWdkZ

VcY WZndcY i]Z XVaa d[ Yjin id ZchjgZ i]Vi ZkZgni]^c\ edhh^WaZ ^h Xdch^YZgZY ^c dgYZg id ZchjgZ i]Z hV[Zin d[ i]Z XgZl VcY hjXXZhh d[ i]Z b^hh^dc#Ç <ancc gZÓZXiZY i]Vi! Vh V X]^aY! 7gnVc Y^Y cdi nZi jcYZghiVcY i]Z \gVk^in d[ i]Z Zmead" gVi^dc b^hh^dc! cdg ]dl ]Z Xdcig^WjiZY id C6H6# Æ> gZbZbWZg Yg^k^c\ Wn i]Z XZciZg l^i] Vaa d[ i]Z `^Yh ^c i]Z XVg! VcY ^i lVh dcZ d[ i]dhZ [Vi]Zg$X]^aY XdckZghVi^dch VWdji! È<ZZ! i]ViÉh i]Z eaVXZ l]ZgZ YVY ldg`h ½É Hd > hV^Y! ÈL]Vi YdZh ndjg YVY Yd dkZg i]ZgZ4É P6cY ]Z hV^YR ÈLZaa! ]Z add`h Vi IKh Vaa YVn#É P=^hR k^Zl d[ l]Vi lZ Y^Y ^c i]Z Xdcigda XZciZg# 7gnVc lVh egdWVWan VWdji * id + nZVgh daY Vi i]Z i^bZ!Ç <ancc hV^Y# L^i] i^bZ! 7gnVcÉh ZmedhjgZ id C6H6 \gZl i]Z bdgZ ]Z lVh hjggdjcYZY l^i] a^`Z" b^cYZY heVXZ Zci]jh^Vhih# Æ9jg^c\ i]dhZ YVnh! YVY ldjaY d[iZc ^ck^iZ [da`h dkZg id djg ]djhZ [dg eVgi^Zh! eVgi^XjaVgan l]Zc i]Z Hdk^Zih lZgZ ^c

idlc# 6i dcZ eVgi^XjaVg eVgin! V ndjc\ Hd" k^Zi Zc\^cZZg Wgdj\]i V Hdk^Zi iVc` bdYZa Vh V \^[i!Ç 7gnVc hV^Y# Æ> lVh VWdji , dg - nZVgh daY! VcY > \di id VhhZbWaZ i]Z iVc` Yjg^c\ i]Z eVgin# I]Z ndjc\ Zc\^cZZg ]ZaeZY bZ l^i] i]Vi VhhZbWan# 9jg^c\ bn igVkZah id BdhXdl! >ÉkZ aZVgcZY i]Vi i]Z bVc lVh K^Xidg 7aV\dk! V hZc^dg Gjhh^Vc Ó^\]i Y^gZXidg#Ç 7gnVc! V [Vi]Zg id i]gZZ `^Yh d[ ]^h dlc cdl! jcYZghiVcYh i]Z ^bedgiVcXZ d[ [daadl" ^c\ ndjg YgZVbh# =Z l^aa cdi WZ ejh]^c\ Vcn d[ ]^h dlc id eZg]Veh WZXdbZ i]Z i]^gY \Zc" ZgVi^dc d[ AjccZn Ó^\]i Y^gZXidgh Wji d[[Zgh i]^h e]^adhde]n ^chiZVY# Æ?jhi a^`Z bn eVgZcih Y^Y! > l^aa ZcXdjgV\Z bn `^Yh id ÒcY hdbZi]^c\ i]Zn adkZ VcY Yd i]Vi!Ç 7gnVc hV^Y# ÆBn eVgZcih cZkZg hiZZgZY bZ id C6H6 Ä _jhi id Yd lZaa ^c hX]dda VcY Y^hXdkZg bn dlc eVhh^dch#Ç 6cY l]^aZ i]Vi ^h XZgiV^can V adk^c\ hiVcXZ! C6H6 XVccdi ]Zae Wji ]deZ i]Vi i]Z VeeaZ YdZhcÉi [Vaa [Vg [gdb i]Z igZZ ½ V\V^c#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

329

By Edward S. GOLDSTEIN

D

cZ d[ i]Z bdhi jc^fjZ [Vi]Zg VcY hdc iZVbh ^c C6H6 ]^hidgn ^h i]Vi d[ <Zdg\Z Adl! V `Zn bZbWZg d[ i]Z bVcV\ZbZci iZVb i]Vi hjXXZhh[jaan aZY i]Z 6edaad ajcVg aVcY^c\ iZVb VcY l]d Wg^ZÓn lVh VXi^c\ C6H6 VYb^c" ^higVidg Vi i]Z i^bZ d[ i]Z 6edaad &) b^hh^dc!

VcY ]^h hdc <# 9Vk^Y! V i]gZZ"i^bZ h]jiiaZ Vhigd" cVji VcY cdl Vc ZmZXji^kZ l^i] DgW^iVa HX^ZcX" Zh 8dgedgVi^dcÉh 6YkVcXZY Egd\gVbh <gdje ^c 9jaaZh! KV# >c Vc 6j\jhi '%%, ^ciZgk^Zl! <# 9Vk^Y Adl hed`Z VWdji ]^h [Vi]ZgÉh ^beVXi dc ]^h a^[Z VcY VWdji ]^h heVXZ ZmeZg^ZcXZh#

F# Ndj lZgZ Wdgc ^c &.*+! V nZVg WZ[dgZ Hejic^`# 9d ndj ]VkZ hdbZ ZVgan bZbd" g^Zh d[ i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb ^c l]^X] ndj gZVa^oZY! ]Zn! bn YVY ^h V eVgi d[ i]^h4 6# NZh! > Yd! Wji VXijVaan! WZ[dgZ > `cZl i]Vi bn YVY lVh V eVgi d[ i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb! > `cZl i]Vi ]Z lVh V kdajciZZg ÒgZbVc# ;dg hdbZ gZVhdc [dg bdhi `^Yh WZ^c\ V ÒgZbVc ^h `^cY d[ V heZX^Va dXXjeVi^dc# > Yd gZbZbWZg l]Zc > lVh , nZVgh daY! ^i lVh cdi adc\ V[iZg ?d]c @ZccZYn ]VY hV^Y lZ VgZ \d^c\ id i]Z bddc! i]Vi bn YVY hV^Y id

bZ! Æ9Vk^Y! Wn i]Z i^bZ ndj VgZ &( nZVgh daY! lZ l^aa ]VkZ aVcYZY V bVc dc i]Z bddc VcY gZijgcZY ]^b hV[Zan id :Vgi]#Ç 6cY ndj `cdl! Vi i]Z i^bZ l]Zc ndj VgZ V ,"nZVg"daY `^Y! ndjg YVY ^h _jhi h]n d[ <dY! VcY ]Z XVc Yd cd lgdc\! VcY ]Z `cdlh ZkZgn" i]^c\! Wji > gZbZbWZg g^Y^c\ bn W^`Z aViZg dc i]Vi YVn! add`^c\ je VcY hZZ^c\ i]Z bddc VcY hVn^c\! ÆNdj `cdl! ]ZÉh egZiin hbVgi! VcY > YdcÉi i]^c` ]ZÉh a^ZY id bZ nZi! Wji i]ViÉh egZiin l^aY id hVn lZÉgZ \d^c\ id hZcY eZdeaZ je i]ZgZ#Ç Hd i]Vi lVh gZVaan bn Òghi bZbdgn d[ `cdl^c\ l]Vi ]Z Y^Y! VcY Vh i^bZ lZci dc! hjgZ Zcdj\]! ]Z lVh g^\]i# L]Zc ndj Veea^ZY [dg i]Z VhigdcVji egd\gVb! ndj bZci^dcZY i]Vi ndjg YVY jhZY id iV`Z ndj ^cid C6H6 h ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg dc lZZ`ZcYh VcY id Xdc" \gZhh^dcVa ]ZVg^c\h# L]Zc > lVh ndjc\Zg! lZ a^kZY ^c CVhhVj 7Vn! VcY ^i lVh cdi adc\ V[iZg i]Z 6edaad ÒgZ i]Vi bn YVY idd` dkZg i]Z 6edaad HeVXZXgV[i Egd\gVb# =Z lVh ldg`^c\ a^iZgVaan .%"]djg lZZ`h# I]Z l]daZ iZVb lVh ldg`^c\ i]dhZ `^cYh d[ ]djgh# =ZÉY \Zi je ^c i]Z bdgc^c\ VcY egdWVWan gjc! VcY i]Zc \d ^cid ldg`# > gZbZbWZg bVcn i^bZh! ]ZÉY XdbZ ]dbZ! VcY lZÉY iV`Z ]^b lViZgh`^^c\ [dg '% b^cjiZh! ]Z ldjaY ZVi Y^ccZg! VcY i]Zc \d WVX` id ldg`# =ZÉY WZ Vi ldg` jci^a &% dÉXadX` Vi c^\]i dg hd#

HeaVh]Ydlc X^\Vgh BVccZY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg 9Zejin 9^gZXidg <Zdg\Z B# Adl hZXdcY [gdb aZ[i _d^ch XdaaZV\jZh ^c XZaZWgVi^c\ i]Z hjXXZhh[ja XdcXajh^dc d[ i]Z <Zb^c^ >M"6 heVXZÓ^\]i dc ?jcZ +! &.++# E^XijgZY VgZ aZ[i id g^\]i! 8]g^hide]Zg @gV[i! Y^gZXidg d[ ;a^\]i DeZgVi^dch0 Adl0 9g# GdWZgi <^agji]! BVccZY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg Y^gZXidg0 VcY Ai# <Zc# AZ^\]idc 9Vk^h! 9d9 bVcV\Zg d[ BVccZY HeVXZ ;a^\]i#

330

NASA

7ji dc HVijgYVnh l]Zc ]ZÉY \d ^cid ldg`! dXXVh^dcVaan ]Z ldjaY iV`Z bZ l^i] ]^b! VcY lZÉY \d ^cid hdbZ d[ i]Z Y^[[ZgZci Wj^aY^c\h VgdjcY i]Z ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg! i]Zc XVaaZY i]Z BVccZY HeVXZXgV[i 8ZciZg# >c hdbZ d[ i]Z Wj^aY^c\h! i]Zn lZgZ Yd^c\ ]VgYlVgZ iZhi^c\! VcY ]ZÉY aZi bZ hZZ i]Z ]VgYlVgZ VcY iVa` id bZ V a^iiaZ W^i VWdji ^i# > gZbZbWZg XaZVgan \d^c\ ^cid ]^h d[ÒXZ VcY hZZ^c\ V l]daZ iVWaZ [jaa d[ l^gZh VcY XVWaZh! e^ZXZh d[ ]VgYlVgZ i]Vi ]VY gZVa jhZ dc 6edaad# I]^h lVh ]VgYlVgZ i]Vi Z^i]Zg ]VY egdWaZbh dg i]Zn lZgZ ign^c\ id ldg` i]^c\h dji l^i]# >ÉY Yd i]Vi Vh bjX] Vh > XdjaY0 ^i lVh ^ciZgZhi^c\ id bZ# EZdeaZ hV^Y VWdji ndjg [Vi]Zg i]Vi ]Z lVh cd cdchZchZ! i]Vi ]Z lVh bdYZhi! i]Vi ]Z cZkZg gV^hZY ]^h kd^XZ# 8Vc ndj iVa` V a^iiaZ W^i VWdji i]dhZ fjVa^i^Zh4 I]Vi hdjcYh kZgn bjX] a^`Z ]^b# > aZVgcZY V adi [gdb ]^b _jhi Wn lViX]^c\ ]^b# > i]^c` ]Z aZY Wn ZmVbeaZ Vh lZaa Vi ldg`# =Z ldg`ZY kZgn ]VgY! VcY l]Vi > aZVgcZY [gdb i]Vi ^h ndj XVc VXXdbea^h] V ]ZX` d[ V adi ^c ndjg a^[Z _jhi Wn ldg`^c\ ]VgY# I]ViÉh hdbZi]^c\ > ign id iZVX] bn `^Yh Vh lZaa# =Z XaZVgan lVh bdYZhi# =Z lVh V gVi]Zg fj^Zi bVc VcY adl `Zn# =Z lVh Vahd i]Z nVgY" hi^X` Wn l]^X] > bZVhjgZ Vaa i]Z \ddY i]^c\h VWdji i]Z fjVa^i^Zh d[ V ]jbVc WZ^c\# =Z ]VY i]Z ]^\]Zhi ^ciZ\g^in VcY iVj\]i bZ VWdji i]Vi WZ[dgZ > jcYZghiddY l]Vi ^i lVh# =Z eaVnZY \VbZh l^i] ldgYh id ]Zae iZVX] bZ l]Vi i]Vi lVh# Dc dcZ [Vb^an ig^e id djg \gVcYbdi]ZgÉh [Vgb ^c jehiViZ CZl Ndg`! ]Z Vh`ZY bZ id hXgVbWaZ i]Z ldgYh Æi^cn i^\ZgÇ ^cid Vcdi]Zg ldgY! VcY i]Z ldgY lVh Æ^ciZ\g^in#Ç > gZbZbWZg dc i]Vi ig^e! ]Z ZmeaV^cZY id bZ l]Vi ^ciZ\g^in lVh! VcY ^i XaZVgan lVh hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi bZVci V adi id ]^b! VcY ]Z ^chi^aaZY ^i ^c Vaa ]^h `^Yh! bZ VcY bn Wgdi]" Zgh VcY h^hiZgh# Id i]^h YVn! ^iÉh V kZgn! kZgn ^bedgiVci fjVa^in ^c bn a^[Z# Ndjg [Vi]Zg ]VY i]Z WdaY ^YZV id bV`Z 6edaad - ^cid V ajcVg Ó^\]i l]Zc lZ ]VY egdWaZbh l^i] YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z aj" cVg bdYjaZ# C6H6 YZX^YZY id \d id i]Z bddc l^i]dji i]Z ajcVg bdYjaZ VkV^a" VWaZ id egdk^YZ V WVX`je Zc\^cZ# 9^Y ]Z ZkZg iVa` id ndj VWdji i]Vi VcY ]dl bd" bZcidjh i]Vi YZX^h^dc lVh4 AViZg dc# Cdi Vi i]Z i^bZ# > gZbZbWZg l]Zc i]Vi ]VeeZcZY! i]dj\]# >i lVh ^c i]Z hjbbZg d[ &.+- l]Zc ]Z XVbZ je l^i] i]Z ^YZV l]^aZ lZ lZgZ kVXVi^dc^c\ Vi V XVW^c dc V aV`Z ^c jehiViZ CZl Ndg`#

9ZeVgibZci d[ 9Z[ZchZ

6 8dckZghVi^dc l^i] 6higdcVji <# 9Vk^Y Adl

C6H6

LZaa! ^iÉh i]Z FjVa^in VcY :mXZaaZcXZ 6lVgY i]ViÉh \^kZc dji id XdcigVXidgh!

Wdi] aVg\Z Wjh^cZhh VcY hbVaa Wjh^cZhh XdcigVX" idgh! [dg C6H6 l]d Zm]^W" ^i i]Z ]^\]Zhi hiVcYVgYh d[ fjVa^in VcY ZmXZaaZcXZ# L]Zc > lVh Vc Vhigd" cVji! C6H6 6Yb^c^higV" idg 9^X` Igjan XVaaZY bZ ^c VWdji &..% VcY idaY bZ i]Vi i]Zn lZgZ \d^c\ id gZcVbZ l]Vi lVh i]Zc `cdlc Vh i]Z C6H6 FjVa" ;Vb^an Wjh^cZhh 9Vk^Y Adl [Vg g^\]i ^c ]^h d[ÒX^Va XgZl edgigV^i [dg ]^h aVhi h]jiiaZ b^hh^dc! HIH"*, ?jcZ! &..( # AdlÉh [Zaadl XgZl ^in 6lVgY id i]Z <Zdg\Z bZbWZgh dc i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ :cYZVkdjg lZgZ aZ[i id g^\]i EZiZg Adl FjVa^in VcY :mXZa" L^hd[[! 7g^Vc 9j[[n! CVcXn H]ZgadX`! ?Vc^XZ Kdhh VcY GdcVaY <gVWZ# aZcXZ 6lVgY# > XVc iZaa ndj [gdb i]Z Adl [Vb^an ed^ci d[ =Z Y^YcÉi iVa` id bZ VWdji ^i Vi i]Z i^bZ! k^Zl i]Vi ]Vk^c\ bn YVYÉh cVbZ VhhdX^ViZY l]Vi ]Z lVh i]^c`^c\! Wji > XaZVgan gZbZbWZg l^i] fjVa^in VcY ZmXZaaZcXZ ^h V ]^\] ]dcdg# ]^b ldg`^c\ ]VgY VcY ]Vk^c\ iZaZe]dcZ Xdc" L]Zc lZ i]^c` WVX` VWdji bn YVY VcY ]dl kZghVi^dch VcY i]^c\h a^`Z i]Vi l]^aZ lZ lZgZ ]Z VeegdVX]ZY a^[Z! ]Vk^c\ C6H6Éh ]^\]Zhi je i]ZgZ Vi i]Z aV`Z# Add`^c\ WVX`! > i]^c` fjVa^in VcY ZmXZaaZcXZ VlVgY cVbZY V[iZg i]Vi lVh dcZ d[ i]Z \jih^Zhi YZX^h^dch ZkZg ]^b ^h V \gZVi ig^WjiZ id ]^b! VcY > eZghdc" bVYZ ^c i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb# Vaan i]^c` ^iÉh kZgn Òii^c\ Vh lZaa# >[ ndj lZgZ id Vh` l]Vi ]VkZ WZZc i]Z ide =ZgZ ^h V fjdiZ [gdb ndjg YVY/ ÆI]Z i]gZZ b^hh^dch ZkZg Ódlc! 6edaad && ]Vh \di l]daZ egd\gVb ^h WVhZY dc i]Z Vhhjbe" id WZ dcZ d[ i]Zb# 6edaad - ]Vh id WZ dcZ i^dc i]Vi ZkZcijVaan bVc l^aa eVgi^X^eViZ d[ i]Zb# 6cY > i]^c` HIH"&! i]Z Òghi h]jiiaZ ^c i]Z Zci^gZ egd\gVb d[ hX^Zci^ÒX Zmead" b^hh^dc! lVh Vahd dcZ d[ i]dhZ WZXVjhZ ^i gVi^dc! k^h^i^c\ eZg]Veh i]Z bddc VcY lVh i]Z Òghi i^bZ lZ ]VY ZkZg Ódlc V kZ]^XaZ i]Z eaVcZih#Ç I]^h lVh &.+%# Ndjg YVY l^i]dji Ón^c\ ^i l^i]dji ]jbVch ^c ^i Òghi# lVh V ]VgYXdgZ iZX]c^XVa \jn! Wji ]Z lVh >c bVcn lVnh! lZ WaZl i]gdj\] cZl iZX]" V k^h^dcVgn# cdad\n dc HIH"& l^i] i]Z Zc\^cZh! l^i] i]Z D]! ]Z lVh kZgn bjX] V k^h^dcVgn# I]Vi i]ZgbVa egdiZXi^dc hnhiZb VcY l^i] i]Z Ón" lVh egdWVWan dcZ d[ ]^h WZhi igV^ih# I]Z lVn Wn"l^gZ Xdcigda hnhiZb# I]Vi lVh V egZiin > YZhXg^WZ ]^b ^h i]Vi ]Z XdjaY hZZ VgdjcY \jihn dcZ! idd! Wji 6edaad - ]Vh id gVc` je XdgcZgh# >iÉh hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi > Vhe^gZ id! Wji > i]ZgZ ^c i]Z ide i]gZZ! ^[ cdi cjbWZg dcZ# Vb cdi XadhZ# > YdcÉi `cdl VcnWdYn l]d XVc L]Vi VgZ ndjg bZbdg^Zh d[ 6edaad hZZ VgdjcY XdgcZgh i]Z lVn ]Z XdjaY# &&4 L^abdci =Zhh! i]Z Y^gZXidg d[ HX^ZcXZ > lVh V 7dn HXdji Vi i]Z i^bZ! VcY > lVh Vi VcY 6eea^XVi^dch Vi i]Z BVccZY HeVXZ" i]Z 7dn HXdji CVi^dcVa ?VbWdgZZ ^c ;VggV\ji XgV[i 8ZciZg ^c =djhidc! hV^Y! Æ=Z ^h i]Z HiViZ EVg`! >YV]d# eZghdc bdhi gZhedch^WaZ [dg i]Z hjXXZhh I]Zn ]VY V iZci i]ZgZ! VcY i]Zn ]VY V \Zc" d[ i]Z 6edaad egd\gVb#Ç ZgVidg VcY V IK! VcY > gZbZbWZg WZ^c\ ^c > ]VkZ ]ZVgY hZkZgVa di]Zg eZdeaZ hVn i]Vi iZci! lViX]^c\ CZ^a 6gbhigdc\ hZi [ddi i]Vi# dc i]Z bddc# > WZa^ZkZ i]ZgZ lZgZ _jhi V ]VcY[ja d[ eZd" Bn YVY lVh Ydlc Vi i]Z aVjcX]! VcY ]Z lVh eaZ i]Vi ndj XVc hVn ^[ i]Zn lZgZcÉi i]ZgZ! WVX` ^c =djhidc [dg i]Z gZhi d[ i]Z Ó^\]i! Wji l]ZgZ i]Zn lZgZ Vi i]Vi eVgi^XjaVg ed^ci ^c a^`Z Vaa di]Zg 6bZg^XVch! > lVh kZgn! kZgn egdjY ]^hidgn! i]Vi lZ ldjaYcÉi ]VkZ \diiZc id i]Z VcY egZiin VbVoZY i]Vi i]ZhZ e^XijgZh i]Vi lZ bddc dc i^bZ# CdcZ d[ i]dhZ eZdeaZ! > WZ" lZgZ hZZ^c\ lZgZ Xdb^c\ WVX` [gdb i]Z bddc# a^ZkZ! VgZ VhigdcVjih# 6cY Vh Vc VhigdcVji! > I]ZgZ ^h hdbZi]^c\ XVaaZY i]Z <Zdg\Z i]^c` > XVc hVn i]Vi# Adl FjVa^in 6lVgY# IZaa bZ VWdji i]^h >Éb cdi iV`^c\ Vcni]^c\ VlVn [gdb i]Z VlVgY! l]Vi ^iÉh [dg VcY l]Vi ^i bZVch 6edaad && VhigdcVjih Vi Vaa# I]Zn Y^Y V id ndj#

WZVji^[ja _dW! Wji ^[ ^i ]VYcÉi WZZc i]dhZ i]gZZ VhigdcVjih! > WZa^ZkZ i]Z 6higdcVji D[ÒXZ ]VY di]Zg \jnh# L]Vi ldjaY ndj a^`Z id hZZ ^c i]Z cZmi *% nZVgh4 > ldjaY a^`Z id hZZ jh \d WVX` id i]Z bddc# >i ]VhcÉi WZZc h^cXZ > lVh V a^iiaZ `^Y! h^cXZ ?d]c @ZccZYn hV^Y lZ VgZ \d^c\ id \d id i]Z bddc! i]Vi lZ ]VkZ igjan WZZc ZmeadgZgh! VcY i]^h egZh^YZci hV^Y lZ VgZ \d^c\ id \d id i]Z bddc! lZ VgZ \d^c\ id \d id BVgh VcY i]Zc lZ VgZ \d^c\ id \d WZndcY# Djg YZhi^cn ^h dji i]ZgZ! VcY lZ VgZ \d^c\ id WZ Vc Zm" eadg^c\ cVi^dc# > ldjaY a^`Z id hZZ jh gZVaan XVggn i]Vi dji!

Wji ^iÉh Y^[ÒXjai l]Zc ndj \d i]gdj\] VYb^c" ^higVi^dc V[iZg VYb^c^higVi^dc# > bZVc! ^iÉh \d" ^c\ id heVc hd bVcn VYb^c^higVi^dch! Wji ^i ^h ZmX^i^c\ id Yd# I]ZgZ VgZ Y^[[ZgZci gZVhdch i]Vi eZdeaZ VgZ bdi^kViZY id \d Ón ^c heVXZ# HdbZ eZdeaZ! XaZVgan [dg hX^ZcXZ gZVhdch! VcY i]ViÉh \ddY# Di]Zg eZdeaZ! bdgZ [dg ZmeadgVi^dc gZVhdch!

WZXVjhZ ^iÉh cZl! ^iÉh Y^[[ZgZci! cd dcZ ]Vh ZkZg YdcZ ^i WZ[dgZ VcY i]ZgZ VgZ fjZhi^dch Vh id l]Vi ^h dji i]ZgZ# > Vb bjX] bdgZ dc i]Vi h^YZ d[ i]^c\h# > gZbZbWZg kZgn XaZVgan cdi adc\ V[iZg > lVh hZaZXiZY id WZ Vc VhigdcVji! i]Zn Wgdj\]i bn XaVhh Ydlc id ;adg^YV# >i lVh h]dgian WZ[dgZ V 8]VaaZc\Zg b^hh^dc ^c i]Z hjbbZg d[ È-)# LZ lZgZ Ydlc i]ZgZ Vi i]Z VhigdcVji WZVX] ]djhZ! VcY ndj XdjaY hZZ 8]VaaZc\Zg dji i]ZgZ dc i]Z aVjcX] eVY# > gZbZbWZg ijgc^c\ id dcZ d[ bn cZl WjYY^Zh! VcY > hV^Y! ÆNdj `cdl! hdbZ" i^bZh > i]^c` > lVh Wdgc '% nZVgh idd ZVgan dg '% nZVgh idd aViZ!Ç WZXVjhZ '% nZVgh WZ[dgZ i]Vi i^bZ! lZ lZgZ ZmeadgZgh! VcY lZ lZgZ Zm" eadg^c\ i]Z bddc# 6i i]Z i^bZ! > i]dj\]i '% nZVgh ]ZcXZ lZÉY WZ Zmeadg^c\ V\V^c# Cdl! >Éaa iV`Z l]Vi > \di# >i lVh ldcYZg[ja!

VcY Ón^c\ ^c heVXZ! a^`Z > hV^Y WZ[dgZ! ^h WZVj" i^[ja! Wji ^[ > ]VY bn X]d^XZ! ^i ldjaY WZ id \d ZmeadgZ# Id bZ! i]ViÉh V W^\\Zg bdi^kVi^dc i]Vc Vcni]^c\ ZahZ# >i \dZh WVX` id WZ^c\ i]Z *"nZVg"daY `^Y VcY ndjg ZnZh \Zi i]^h W^\ l]Zc ndj \d djih^YZ VcY ndj add` je Vi i]Z hiVgh VcY ndj hVn! ÆL]Vi ^h i]Vi4 L]ViÉh dji i]ZgZ! VcY l]ViÉh WZ]^cY i]Vi4Ç Hd ^iÉh gZVaan i]Vi `^cY d[ bdi^kVi^dc i]Vi > cZkZg gZVaan adhi# >ÉkZ \di i]gZZ ndjc\ `^Yh g^\]i cdl# I]ZnÉgZ egdWVWan VWdji i]Z g^\]i V\Z id WZ i]^c`^c\ VWdji BVgh# > i]^c` ^iÉh \d^c\ id WZ i]Z^g \ZcZgVi^dc i]ViÉh \d^c\ id Yd i]Vi#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

331

C6H6 6gdjcY i]Z LdgaY

By Brad WETZLER

C6H6

While NASA is most known for employees – astronauts – who have orbited over the world, every day intrepid NASA employees travel on the ground to the far reaches of our planet to conduct scientific research and explore some of Earth’s most desolate areas. Here is the story of some of the people who are planting NASA footprints all over the globe.

9g# IZggn ;dc\! >ciZaa^\Zci GdWdih <gdje! C6H6 6bZh GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg

9g# EVhXVa AZZ =Vj\]idc"BVgh Egd_ZXi AZVYZg BVgh >chi^ijiZ bVccZY BVgh ZmeZY^i^dc bVn hZZb a^`Z V adc\ lVn d[[! Wji i]ZgZ VgZ eaZcin d[ C6H6 egd_ZXih \d^c\ dc VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY id \Zi jh gZVYn [dg i]Vi YVn# IV`Z! [dg ^chiVcXZ! aVhi hjbbZgÉh ÒZaYldg` [dg i]Z =Vj\]" idc"BVgh Egd_ZXi! aZY Wn eg^cX^eVa ^ckZhi^\Vidg EVhXVa AZZ Xd"[djcYZg VcY X]V^gbVc d[ i]Z BVgh >chi^ijiZ! eaVcZiVgn hX^Zci^hi Vi i]Z H:I> >c" hi^ijiZ # AZZÉh iZVb XdcYjXiZY V h^m"lZZ` ÒZaY hijYn ^c i]Z BVgh"a^`Z XdcY^i^dch ^c i]Z VgXi^X Vi =Vj\]idc 8gViZg dc 8VcVYVÉh 9Zkdc >haVcY# 9jg^c\ i]Vi hijYn! Vbdc\ di]Zg i]^c\h! AZZÉh iZVb YZeadnZY ild gdWdih XgZViZY Wn IZggn ;dc\ VcY ]^h XdaaZV\jZh d[ i]Z >ciZaa^\Zci GdWdih <gdje Vi C6H6Éh 6bZh GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg# I]Z gdWdih lZgZ XVaaZY @&% 7aVX` VcY @&% GZY# I]Z b^hh^dc lVh id hjgkZn i]Z gdX`n! ^hdaViZY edaVg YZhZgi l^i]^c V XgViZg ^c i]Z 6gXi^X 8^gXaZ hd hX^Zci^hih XdjaY aZVgc V cjbWZg d[ i]^c\h! ^cXajY^c\ ^ih \Zdad\n! edhh^WaZ W^dad\^XVa Viig^WjiZh! i]Z ]^hidgn d[ Xa^bViZh VcY i]Z a^b^ih d[ a^[Z ^c ZmigZbZ Zck^gdcbZcih# 6ahd! i]Zn lVciZY id aZVgc ]dl gdWdih XdjaY ldg` l^i] eZdeaZ id ZkVajViZ ediZci^Va djiedhih dc i]Z bddc dg BVgh# Æ>iÉh [Vg bdgZ Z[ÒX^Zci id ]VkZ gdWdih Yd i]^h `^cY d[ ldg` i]Vc [dg ]jbVch!Ç ;dc\ hV^Y# ÆLZÉaa cZZY gdWdih a^`Z i]^h dc BVgh#Ç I]Z &+*"edjcY gdWdih! l]^X] VgZ XdcigdaaZY [gdb V gZbdiZ adXVi^dc! ]VkZ Y^[ÒXjai iVh`h/ i]Z @&% GZY ^h Zfj^eeZY l^i] V ("9 aVhZg hXVccZg i]Vi XVc bVe ided\gVe]^X [ZVijgZh Vh [Vg VlVn Vh (!'-% [ZZi# @&% 7aVX` ^h Zfj^eeZY l^i] \gdjcY eZcZigVi^c\ gVYVg YZkZadeZY Vi C6H6Éh ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn i]Vi XVc bVe WZadl \gdjcY Vh YZZe Vh &+#) [ZZi# I]^h l^aa Vaadl VhigdcVjih id hjgkZn bdgZ Z[ÒX^Zcian i]Z^g hjg" gdjcY^c\h l^i]dji ]Vk^c\ id aZVkZ i]Z^g aVcYZg# ÆI]Z gdWdih VgZ XdkZg" ^c\ i]Z VgZV ^c aVlcbdlZg"a^`Z eVi]h Vi ]jbVc lVa`^c\ heZZYh id bVe hnhiZbVi^XVaan VWdkZ VcY WZadl \gdjcY# D[ XdjghZ! i]ZgZ ^h V aVg\Zg ejgedhZ id i]ZhZ ZmeZg^bZcih# I]Z gZhZVgX] l^aa WZ V iZhi gjc id hZZ ]dl lZaa ]jbVch VcY gdWdih XVc ^ciZgVXi ^c ZmigZbZ XdcY^i^dch! id \Zi i]Z `^c`h dji ^c gdWdi"]jbVc gZaVi^dch# LZ VgZ aZVgc^c\ VWdji i]Z

332

NASA

C6H6

6

GdWdi h`jc` ldg`h Ide/ IZggn ;dc\Éh gdWdi YZkZadebZci iZVb# CZmi hide BVgh 6WdkZ/ I]Z @&% 7aVX` VcY @&% GZY gdWdih ZmeadgZ 8VcVYVÉh 9Zkdc >haVcY#

VlZhdbZ ediZci^Va d[ ]jbVc VcY gdWdi iZVbh!Ç hV^Y H# EZiZ LdgYZc! Y^gZXidg d[ C6H6Éh 6bZh GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg#

9g# Bdaan :# 7gdlc HZc^dg GZhZVgX] HX^Zci^hi! C6H6 <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg

I

]gdj\]dji i]Z ldgaY! adXVa eZdeaZ ldggn Vi ]VgkZhi i^bZ ^[ i]ZgZ l^aa WZ Zcdj\] \gV^c id [ZZY i]Z^g [Vb^a^Zh [dg i]Z gZhi d[ i]Z nZVg# BZVcl]^aZ! ]jbVc^iVg^Vc V^Y dg\Vc^oVi^dch higj\\aZ id egZY^Xi l]ZgZ i]Z cZmi [Vb^cZ VcY ]jbVc^iVg^Vc Xg^h^h l^aa dXXjg# LdjaYcÉi ^i WZ \gZVi ^[ ndj XdjaY hZZ ^cid i]Z [jijgZ VcY VchlZg i]dhZ fjZhi^dch! VcY \^kZ i]Vi ^c[dgbVi^dc id adXVa \dkZgcbZci d[ÒX^Vah VcY di]Zg YZX^h^dc"bV`Zgh4 C6H6 <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg gZhZVgX]Zg Bdaan :# 7gdlc ^h ldg`^c\ dc VchlZgh id i]dhZ fjZhi^dch# I]Z (-"nZVg"daY bdi]Zg d[ ild ^h jh^c\ hViZaa^iZ gZbdiZ hZch^c\ d[ Xgde \gdli] VcY V cZl ZXdcdb^X bdYZa id egZY^Xi ]dl bjX] [ddY l^aa WZ VkV^aVWaZ ^c V eVgi^XjaVg gZ\^dc VcY l]Vi ^ih eg^XZ l^aa WZ [djg bdci]h ^c VYkVcXZ# =Zg hijYn ^h [dXjhZY dc LZhi 6[" g^XV! l]ZgZ (#' b^aa^dc eZdeaZ VgZ Vi g^h` ZVX] nZVg d[ \d^c\ l^i]dji Zcdj\] [ddY# :Xdcdb^hih VagZVYn jhZ ^c[dgbVi^dc dc XjggZci bVg`Zi eg^XZh id YZkZade eg^XZ bdYZah# =dlZkZg! i]ZhZ bdYZah ]VkZ gVgZan WZZc jhZY ^c gZ\^dch l^i] hbVaa VcY ^c[dgbVa bVg`Zih hjX] Vh i]dhZ ^c LZhi

HeVXZ >bV\^c\ >cX# C6H6$I# HZkZg

6cdi]Zg jch^c`VWaZ Bdaan 7gdlc Ide VcY VWdkZ/ C6H6 gZhZVgX]Zg Bdaan 7gdlc! l]dhZ ldg` ^h [dXjhZY dc LZhi 6[g^XV! ^h jh^c\ hViZaa^iZ dWhZgkVi^dch d[ Xgde egdYjXi^k^in VcY V cZl ZXdcdb^X bdYZa id ign id egZY^Xi i]Z VkV^aVW^a^in VcY eg^XZ d[ [ddY ^c V eVgi^XjaVg gZ\^dc# JcZVgi]^c\ V BVnV bnhiZgn 6WdkZ! g^\]i/ C6H6 hX^Zci^hih jhZ ^bV\Zh iV`Zc Wn i]Z XdbbZgX^Va :Vgi]"dWhZgkVi^dc hViZaa^iZ >@DCDH d[ <jViZbVaV id ^YZci^[n BVnV hZiiaZbZcih [gdb heVXZ# BdYZgc >cY^Vc ?dcZhZh G^\]i/ 9ZZe ^c i]Z <jViZbVaVc _jc\aZ! C6H6 VgX]VZdad\^hi Idb HZkZg g^\]i VcY EZcchnakVc^V HiViZ Jc^kZgh^in <gVYjViZ HijYZci GdW <g^[Òc! hijYn V XgjbWaZY hiZaZ! V hidcZ engVb^Y jhZY Wn i]Z BVnV id gZXdgY ^c[dgbVi^dc dg Y^heaVn dgcViZan XVgkZY Vgi# I]Z h^iZ VcY di]Zg BVnV gj^ch! ]^YYZc [dg bdgZ i]Vc &!%%% nZVgh! lZgZ Y^hXdkZgZY Wn HZkZg VcY <g^[Òc! Yjg^c\ Vc ZmeZY^i^dc i]Vi gZa^ZY dc C6H6 gZbdiZ"hZch^c\ iZX]cdad\^Zh#

6[g^XV# 7gdlcÉh egd_ZXi \^kZh ZXdcdb^hih V cZl idda i]Vi egdk^YZh ^c[dgbVi^dc dc [jijgZ X]Vc\Zh d[ eg^XZh ^c i]Z gZ\^dc# L^i] i]Z ]Zae d[ hViZaa^iZ dWhZgkVi^dch VcY V W^de]nh^XVa bdYZa! h]Z VcY ]Zg Xda" aZV\jZh dWhZgkZ [gdb [Vg VlVn BVgnaVcY i]Z \gdl^c\ hZVhdc egd" \gZhhZh! bdc^idg^c\ gV^c[Vaa VcY i]Z Vbdjci d[ kZ\ZiVi^dc dg Æ\gZZc" cZhhÇ i]ZgZ ^h dc i]Z LZhi 6[g^XVc iZggV^c# I]Z ZXdcdb^X bdYZa XdbW^cZh bdYZaZY Xgde ]ZVai] l^i] XdbbdY^in eg^XZ dWhZgkVi^dch id egZY^Xi [jijgZ eg^XZh# H]Z XVc Yd ZkZgni]^c\ [gdb ]Zg YZh` ^c BVgnaVcY Wn ldg`^c\ l^i] d[ÒX^Vah ^c LZhi 6[g^XV l]d hZcY ^c[dgbV" i^dc dc bVg`Zi bdkZbZcih [gdb LZhi 6[g^XV ZkZgn bdci] k^V i]Z >ciZgcZi# Æ;dg i]Z Òghi i^bZ lZ XVc aZkZgV\Z hViZaa^iZ dWhZgkVi^dch d[ Xgde egdYjXi^k^in id XgZViZ V bdgZ VXXjgViZ eg^XZ bdYZa i]Vi l^aa ]Zae ]jbVc^iVg^Vc V^Y dg\Vc^oVi^dch VcY di]Zg YZX^h^dc bV`Zgh egZ" Y^Xi ]dl bjX] [ddY l^aa WZ VkV^aVWaZ VcY l]Vi ^ih Xdhi l^aa WZ Vh V gZhjai!Ç hV^Y 7gdlc! i]Z aZVY Vji]dg d[ i]Z hijYn# ÆI]^h ^h V jc^fjZ deedgijc^in [dg Vc ZXdcdb^X bdYZa id iV`Z Xa^bViZ kVg^VWaZh ^cid VXXdjci ^c V lVn i]Vi XVc V^Y edejaVi^dch aVg\Z VcY hbVaa#Ç

9g# Idb HZkZg 6gX]VZdad\^hi! C6H6 BVgh]Vaa HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg

9g# 7^aa HVijgcd 6gX]VZdad\^hi! Jc^kZgh^in d[ CZl =Vbeh]^gZ

6

Wdji &!'%% nZVgh V\d! dcZ d[ i]Z \gZViZhi X^k^a^oVi^dch i]Z ldgaY ]Vh ZkZg hZZc! i]Z BVnV! bnhiZg^djhan Y^hVeeZVgZY# ;dg hi^aa jc" ZmeaV^cZY gZVhdch! i]Z eZdeaZ aZ[i ^ih YZchZan edejaViZY jgWVc XZc" iZgh! l]^X] Vi dcZ i^bZ ]VY bdgZ eZdeaZ i]Vc CZl Ndg` 8^in! ^c i]Z NjXViVc VgZV d[ hdji]Zgc BZm^Xd# AZ[i WZ]^cY lZgZ ]jcYgZYh ^[ cdi i]djhVcYh d[ VgX]Zdad\^XVa gj^ch lV^i^c\ id WZ ZmeadgZY# 7ji jci^a cdl! i]ZhZ gj^ch lZgZ cZVgan ^bedhh^WaZ id ÒcY! Vh i]Zn VgZ ZcXVhZY ^c XZcijg^Zh d[ dkZg\gdlc kZ\ZiVi^dc#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

333

NASA rocket engines, for instance. Our Stennis Space Center is NASAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s primary propulsion testing facility and home to companies including Lockheed Martin, Boeing and Rolls-Royce.

Mississippi has the people, technology and tools to do anything.

1-800-360-3323

www.mississippi.org

C6H6

I]ZgZ \dZh i]Z hjc 6WdkZ! aZ[i/ C6H6 :Xa^ehZ :meZY^i^dc HX^Zci^hih ?dhZe] 9Vk^aV! BVY]ja^`V <j]Vi]V`jgiV! 9dc =VhhaZg! CZahdc GZ\^cVaY VcY 8]g^h Hi# 8ng Yjg^c\ i]Z^g '%%+ ig^e id A^WnV# 6WdkZ! g^\]i/ C6H6 hX^Zci^hih hZi je i]Z^g ZmeZg^bZci id bdc^idg i]Z hdaVg ZXa^ehZ ^c i]Z A^WnVc YZhZgi#

:ciZg Idb HZkZg! C6H6Éh dcan VgX]Zdad\^hi! l]d ldg`h Vi i]Z BVgh]Vaa HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg! VcY eVgicZg 7^aa HVijgcd! Vc VgX]Zda" d\^hi Vi i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ CZl =Vbeh]^gZ# Id\Zi]Zg i]Zn ]VkZ XdbZ je l^i] V gZbVg`VWan VXXjgViZ hnhiZb i]Vi l^aa ]Zae i]Zb ÒcY ]jc" YgZYh bdgZ# HViZaa^iZh iV`Z ^c[gVgZY e^XijgZh d[ i]Z VgZVh i]Zn lVci id ZmeadgZ VcY igVch[Zgh i]Zb ^cid Xdadg[ja bVeh l^i] XdcigVhi^c\ Xdadgh WVhZY dc i]Z Vbdjci d[ X]adgde]naa ^c i]Z kZ\ZiVi^dc ^c i]Z VgZV# I]Zn X^gXaZY VgZVh dc i]Z bVe l^i] jcjhjVa Xdadg^c\# HZkZg edh^iZY i]Vi i]Z higVc\Z Xdadgh lZgZ i]Z h^\c i]Vi i]Z a^bZhidcZ jhZY id Wj^aY i]Z higjXijgZh ]VY aZVX]ZY ^cid i]Z kZ\ZiVi^dc# I]Z cZmi hiZe lVh id igVkZa YZZe ^cid i]Z _jc\aZ VcY hZZ ^[ i]Z Y^[[ZgZci Xdadgh dc i]Z bVe XdggZhedcYZY id VXijVa gj^ch# 6 iZVb bVYZ je d[ HZkZg VcY HVijgcd VcY hZkZgVa di]Zg hX^Zci^hih lZci id i]Z WV_d! dg adlaVcYh! id hZZ ^[ i]Zn XdjaY ÒcY bdgZ gj^ch jh^c\ i]Z bVeh# L]Vi i]Zn [djcY lVh Vhidc^h]^c\# I]Zn Y^hXdkZgZY i]Vi gj^ch lZgZ ZmVXian l]ZgZ i]Z XddgY^cViZh dc i]Z bVe egZY^XiZY i]ZnÉY WZ# ÆI]^h ^h gZkdaji^dcVgn!Ç hV^Y HVijgcd ^c V E7H YdXjbZciVgn VWdji i]Z^g egd_ZXi# Æ>i idiVaan X]Vc\Zh i]Z lVn lZ VeegdVX] VgX]Zdad\n ^c i]Z igde^XVa Zck^gdcbZci#Ç I]Vc`h id i]Z XdaaVWdgVi^dc d[ VgX]Zdad\n VcY heVXZ iZX]cdad\n! hX^Zci^hih VgZ aZVgc^c\ ]dl i]Z BVnV XdcfjZgZY i]Z ]Vgh] aVcYhXVeZ Vh cd bdYZgc X^k^a^oVi^dc ZkZg ]Vh VcY ]dl i]Zn fj^iZ hjYYZcan adhi Xdcigda d[ ^i#

XdjaY ]VkZ \dcZ!Ç 9Vk^aV hV^Y# Æ7ji A^WnV lVh i]Z bdhi a^`Zan id ]VkZ XaZVg h`^Zh#Ç ;dgijcViZan [dg i]Zb! V[iZg YZXVYZh d[ Y^higjhi WZilZZc i]Z J#H# VcY A^WnV! gZaVi^dch WZilZZc i]Z ild Xdjcig^Zh ]VY i]VlZY V a^iiaZ W^i# I]Z J#H# HiViZ 9ZeVgibZci \VkZ i]Zb i]Z \d"V]ZVY# Hd i]Zn hZi je iZcih VcY \di i]Z^g ^chigjbZcih ^c eaVXZ [dg i]Z W^\ h]dl# HijYn^c\ i]Z XdgdcV ^h ^bedgiVci WZXVjhZ i]Vi ^h l]ZgZ i]Z ÆhdaVg lZVi]Zg!Ç i]Z gVY^Vi^dc dg eVgi^XaZh ^c heVXZ i]Vi XVc V[[ZXi hViZaa^iZh VcY XVjhZ VhigdcVjih id \Zi h^X` dg Y^Z! dg^\^cViZh# >i ^h edhh^WaZ id hijYn i]^h ^c heVXZ! Wji bjX] ZVh^Zg Yjg^c\ Vc ZXa^ehZ# 6h ^i ijgcZY dji! i]Z A^WnVc hX^Zci^hih ]VY ^ck^iZY YdoZch d[ di]Zg hX^Zci^hih [gdb VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY VcY ]ZaY V Xdc[ZgZcXZ ^c iZcih dc i]Z hVcY# Jca^`Z ^c hdbZ XdciZci^djh VgZVh d[ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa gZaVi^dch!

ZkZgnWdYn \di Vadc\ lZaa VcY V adi d[ ldg` lVh YdcZ# Æ>i lVh V adi d[ [jc!Ç hV^Y 9Vk^aV# ÆI]Z VXXdbbdYVi^dch lZgZcÉi WVY# 6cY i]Z [ddY! ^i lVh egZiin \ddY idd Ä ^[ ndj hlZei i]Z hVcY d[[ WZ[dgZ Y^\\^c\ ^c#Ç 9Vk^aV Vahd cdiZY i]Vi i]Z eZdeaZ lZgZ kZgn ^ciZgZhiZY ^c iVa`^c\ id i]Zb VWdji C6H6# ÆI]dj\] hdbZ d[ i]Z daYZg eZdeaZ lZgZ bdgZ lVgn# :kZgndcZ `cZl C6H6! VcY ZkZgnWdYn lVciZY hdbZi]^c\ l^i] i]Z C6H6 ad\d dc ^i# LZ \VkZ VlVn Vaa djg eZch! Wjiidch VcY hi^X`Zgh#Ç

9g# 7_dgc AVbWg^\ihZc 6ibdhe]Zg^X HX^Zci^hi! C6H6 ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn

9g# ?dhZe] 9Vk^aV 6higde]nh^X^hi! C6H6 <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg

H

X^Zci^hih l]d hijYn i]Z hjc adkZ V \ddY ZXa^ehZ# I]ViÉh WZXVjhZ l]Zc i]Z Y^h` ]^YZh WZ]^cY i]Z bddc! i]Zn ]VkZ V gVgZ deedgij" c^in id hijYn i]Z XdgdcV! i]Z [V^ci! djiZgbdhi aVnZg i]Vi ^h cdgbVaan dkZgl]ZabZY Wn i]Z hjcÉh Wg^\]i a^\]i# I]Z XdgdcV ^h V b^aa^dc i^bZh [V^ciZg i]Vc i]Z gZhi d[ i]Z hjc# I]jh l]Zc Vc ZXa^ehZ ]VeeZch! ]Z" a^de]nh^X^hih l^aa \d Vcnl]ZgZ Ä Vcnl]ZgZ Ä ZkZc id i]Z b^YYaZ d[ i]Z YZhZgi ^c A^WnV# 6i i]Z ^ck^iVi^dc d[ A^WnVc hX^Zci^hih! ^c aViZ BVgX] '%%+! V C6H6 iZVb ]ZVYZY Wn 9g# ?dhZe] 9Vk^aV! Vc Vhigde]nh^X^hi ^c i]Z ]Za^de]nh" ^Xh Y^k^h^dc Vi C6H6Éh <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg! VcY di]Zg hX^Zc" i^hih igVkZaZY id V gZbdiZ hedi ^c i]Z HV]VgV 9ZhZgi ^c A^WnV id lViX] i]Z BVgX] '. ZXa^ehZ# ÆI]ZgZ lZgZ hZkZgVa di]Zg eaVXZh l]ZgZ lZ

Æ>

iÉh ZVhn id hZZ i]Z YZhigjXi^kZ [dgXZh i]Vi V ]jgg^XVcZ XVc Wg^c\ id WZVg!Ç hV^Y 7_dgc AVbWg^\ihZc! Vc Vibdhe]Zg^X hX^Zci^hi WVhZY Vi i]Z ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn ^c EVhVYZcV! 8Va^[# Æ7ji lZ hi^aa YdcÉi `cdl bjX] VWdji ]dl i]Zn \Zi hiVgiZY Ä l]n Yd i]Zn hiVgi he^cc^c\4 I]ViÉh l]Vi > lVci id Ò\jgZ dji#Ç AVbWg^\ihZc! V cVi^kZ d[ CdglVn! ^h dc V fjZhi id Yd _jhi i]Vi# =Z ^h i]Z eg^cX^eVa ^ckZhi^\Vidg ^c Vc dc\d^c\ egd_ZXi id jhZ V ]^\]"iZX] ^chigjbZci ]Z ]ZaeZY Wj^aY bZVhjgZ i]Z Vibdhe]Zg^X XdcY^i^dch ^c" h^YZ ]jgg^XVcZh# L]^aZ bdhi d[ ]^h ldg` ^ckdakZh h^ii^c\ Vi V XdbejiZg! ÒZaYldg` ^h V cZXZhh^in# I]Z cVbZ d[ i]Z ^chigjbZci ^h V bdji][ja/ =^\] 6ai^ijYZ Bdcda^i]^X B^XgdlVkZ >ciZ\gViZY 8^gXj^i HdjcY^c\ GV" Y^dbZiZg# BdjciZY dc i]Z jcYZgh^YZ d[ V^gXgV[i! ^i bZVhjgZh ]dl iZb" eZgVijgZ VcY lViZg kVedg VgZ Y^hig^WjiZY ^ch^YZ i]Z ]jgg^XVcZ! hd i]Vi hX^Zci^hih \Zi V e^XijgZ d[ i]Z hidgbÉh ^ciZgcVa egdXZhhZh#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

335

Only HDNet brings you exclusive high-definition coverage of NASA Shuttle launches.

NASA did not select or approve this advertiser and does not endorse and is not responsible for the views or statements in this advertisement.

I]Z ldg` XdjaY ]VkZ \gZVi h^\c^ÒXVcXZ ^c i]Z hX^Zci^ÒX Xdbbjc^in VcY WZndcY/ l]n Yd hdbZ hidgbh hiVgi he^cc^c\! V egdXZhh XVaaZY Xn" Xad\ZcZh^h! l]^aZ di]Zgh [VYZ dji4 AVbWg^\ihZc ZmeaV^ch i]Vi Vaa 6i" aVci^X ]jgg^XVcZh WZ\^c Vh i]jcYZghidgbh dkZg LZhi 6[g^XV# 6h i]Zn ]ZVY lZhi dji id hZV! hdbZ d[ i]dhZ ijgc ^cid igde^XVa YZegZhh^dch# DXXVh^dcVaan dcZ d[ i]dhZ l^aa ijgc ^cid V igde^XVa hidgb# 6cY dXXVh^dc" Vaan dcZ d[ i]dhZ l^aa ijgc ^cid V [jaa"Wadlc ]jgg^XVcZ# Æ;dg V igde^XVa lVkZ id ijgc ^cid V ]jgg^XVcZ!Ç ]Z hV^Y! ^i cZZYh hdbZi]^c\ id \^kZ ^i V il^hi VcY ^i cZZYh XdckZXi^dc#Ç AVbWg^\ihZc XdbeVgZY ^i id V \^Vci ]ZVi Zc\^cZ! a^`Z V Wd^aZg# Æ>i iV`Zh bd^hijgZ [gdb i]Z hjg[VXZ VcY h]ddih ^i h`nlVgY# 6h lViZg kVedg XdcYZchZh ^cid gV^c! ZkVedgViZh! VcY XdcYZchZh V\V^c! ^i gZaZVhZh ZcZg\n i]Vi ]Zaeh Yg^kZ i]Z Zc\^cZ# Djg b^XgdlVkZ Vibdhe]Zg^X egdÒaZg bZVhjgZh ]dl iZbeZgVijgZ VcY lViZg kVedg VgZ Y^hig^WjiZY ^ch^YZ i]Z ]jgg^XVcZ hd lZ \Zi V e^XijgZ d[ i]Z hidgbÉh ^ciZgcVa egdXZhhZh VcY ]dl ZcZg\Zi^X ^i ^h#Ç

9g# A^cYV 6bVgVa OZiiaZg GZhZVgX] HX^Zci^hi! C6H6 6higdW^dad\n >chi^ijiZ

I

]Z CZl Ndg` I^bZh YZhXg^WZY HeV^cÉh G^d I^cid! V *-"b^aZ"adc\ g^kZg i]Vi gjch gZY a^`Z l^cZ! Vh WZ^c\ hd VX^Y^X i]Vi ^ih e= ^h ]Va[" lVn WZilZZc k^cZ\Vg VcY hidbVX] VX^Y# >i ^h Vahd ZmigZbZan bZiVaa^X! XdciV^c^c\ V \gZVi YZVa d[ ^gdc VcY hja[jg# >c di]Zg ldgYh! ^i ^h cdi i]Z `^cY d[ Zck^gdcbZci l]ZgZ ndj ldjaY a^`Zan ÒcY V adi d[ a^[Z#

C6H6

C6H6

“The Rio Tinto is a great terrestrial analog for what conditions on Mars might be. There are animals there that actually feed on rocks. Our goal is to try to establish linkages between the animals and minerals.” – Linda Amaral Zettler

CZVg i]Z ZnZ d[ i]Z hidgb Ide/ L]^aZ ^c Ó^\]i C6H6 hX^Zci^hi 7_dgc AVbWg^\ihZc jhZh ]^h =6BHG ZmeZg^bZci id bdc^idg V ]jgg^XVcZÉh iZbeZgVijgZ VcY lViZg kVedg Y^hig^Wji^dc# :migZbZ A^[Z 6WdkZ/ C6H6 6higdW^dad\n >chi^ijiZ hX^Zci^hi A^cYV 6bVgVa OZiiaZg hijY^Zh HeV^cÉh VX^Y^X G^d I^cid g^kZg id ÒcY Zmdi^X [dgbh d[ a^[Z#

I]Zn Òghi hijY^ZY i]Z Vibdhe]ZgZ dkZg ;adg^YV ^c '%%& VcY i]Zc ^c 8dhiV G^XV ^c '%%*! l]ZgZ i]Zn bdc^idgZY hdbZ ZVhiZgc EVX^ÒX hidgbh# I]Z aViZhi gZXdccV^hhVcXZ ig^e lVh dkZg i]Z 8VeZ KZgYZ >haVcYh ZVhi d[ 6[g^XV! l]ZgZ 6iaVci^X ]jgg^XVcZh \Zi i]Z^g hiVgi# I]Z eaVcZ ÓZl ^cid hdbZ hZg^djh ijgWjaZcXZ# ÆHdbZi^bZh ^i [ZZah a^`Z i]Z eaVcZ ^h \d^c\ id [Vaa VeVgi# 6i dcZ ed^ci lZ WjooZY i]Z dXZVc Vi VWdji '%% [ZZi# > Vabdhi \di h^X`#Ç

7ji V \gdje d[ hX^Zci^hih! ]ZVYZY je Wn 9g# A^cYV 6bVgVa OZiiaZg d[ C6H6Éh 6higdW^dad\n >chi^ijiZ! ]VkZ WZZc hijYn^c\ i]Z g^kZg# 6cY i]Zn ]VkZ [djcY Vaa `^cYh d[ a^[Z/ ]jcYgZYh d[ heZX^Zh d[ dcZ"XZaaZY Va\VZ! [jc\^! nZVhi! VbdZWVh VcY di]Zg b^XgdWZh! hdbZ d[ i]Zb VeeVgZcian jc^fjZ id i]Vi g^kZg# HdbZ d[ i]Vi a^[Z VXijVaan [ZZYh dc i]Z b^cZgVah ^c i]Z g^kZg# ÆI]Z G^d I^cid ^h V \gZVi iZggZhig^Va VcVad\ [dg l]Vi XdcY^i^dch dc BVgh b^\]i WZ!Ç hV^Y OZiiaZg! l]dhZ YVn _dW ^h l^i] i]Z BVg^cZ 7^d" ad\^XVa >chi^ijiZ ^c LddYh =daZ! BVhh# ÆI]ZgZ VgZ Vc^bVah i]ZgZ i]Vi VXijVaan [ZZY dc gdX`h# DcZ \dVa ^h id ign id ZhiVWa^h] a^c`V\Zh WZilZZc i]Z Vc^bVah VcY b^cZgVah#Ç I]Z egd_ZXi ]Vh WZZc \d^c\ dc h^cXZ '%%(! Wji OZiiaZg ]Vh WZZc hijYn^c\ i]Z g^kZg h^cXZ &...! l]Zc h]Z VXXZeiZY V CVi^dcVa >chi^ijiZh d[ =ZVai] \gVci id add` ^cid i]Z b^XgdWZh Vi i]Z VX^Y^X g^kZg# I]ZgZ VgZ kZgn [Zl eaVXZh a^`Z ^i ^c i]Z ldgaY! VcY cdcZ i]Vi egdk^YZ hjX] V eZg[ZXi Zck^gdcbZci [dg hX^ZcXZ# ;dg V adc\ i^bZ! adXVa eZdeaZ i]dj\]i ^ih gZY Xdadg lVh V gZhjai d[ Xde" eZg b^c^c\ i]Vi ]Vh iV`Zc eaVXZ ^c i]Z gZ\^dc [dg i]Z eVhi *!%%% nZVgh# 7ji &% nZVgh V\d! 9g# G^XVgYd 6b^ah! V HeVc^h] XdaaZV\jZ d[ OZiiaZgÉh l]d hijY^Zh i]Z ediZci^Va [dg ZmigViZggZhig^Va a^[Z! [djcY i]Vi i]Z g^kZgÉh XdcY^i^dc lVh aVg\Zan cVijgVa! V gZhjai d[ WVXiZg^V i]Vi ijgc hja[jg VcY ^gdc ^cid hja[jg^X VX^Y VcY ^gdc dm^YZ# DcXZ V nZVg! OZiiaZg VcY ]Zg XdaaZV\jZh igVkZa id i]Z G^d I^cid VcY iV`Z hVbeaZh VcY Wg^c\ i]Zb WVX` id VcV" anoZ# Æ>iÉh V gZ\^dc `cdlc [dg ^ih ]Vb VcY X]ZZhZ! idd!Ç h]Z VYYZY! _d`^c\an# ÆLZ iV`Z V adi d[ hVbeaZh d[ i]Vi! idd#Ç

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

337

C6H6 dc i]Z HXgZZc 7^\ VcY HbVaa

By Bert ULRICH

S

LZ Yd [ZZa ajX`n C6H6 lVh ]dcdgZY l]Zc 8a^ci :VhilddY YZX^YZY id Òab HeVXZ 8dlWdnh Vi V\ZcXn XZciZgh#

338

NASA

jcX]VgiZY Jc^kZghZ Wn lViX]^c\ i]Z ^c^i^Va HiVg IgZ` hZg^Zh#Ç 8gdhh"edaa^cVi^dc WZilZZc C6H6 VcY XdbbZgX^Va ZciZgiV^cbZci lVh ^cZk^iV" WaZ# Jca^`Z WgdVYXVhi cZlh l]^X] ldjaY ^c[dgb i]Z ejWa^X ^c V [VXijVa bVccZg! i]Z ZciZgiV^cbZci ÒZaY XdjaY d[iZc \ZcZgViZ Vc Zci^gZan [gZh]Zg VcY bdgZ ^bV\^cVi^kZ eZgheZXi^kZ id i]Z hjW_ZXi d[ heVXZ Zmead" gVi^dc# DcZ d[ i]Z bdhi edejaVg hX^ZcXZ ÒXi^dc bdk^Zh d[ i]Z &.+%h! VcY dcZ d[

i]Z bdhi Xg^i^XVaan VXXaV^bZY bdk^Zh d[ Vaa i^bZ! lVh HiVcaZn @jWg^X`Éh \gdjcYWgZV`" ^c\ Òab '%%&/ 6 HeVXZ DYnhhZn &.+- # 6a" i]dj\] C6H6 lVh cdi Y^gZXian ^ckdakZY ^c i]Z egdYjXi^dc! i]Z Òab! cdcZi]ZaZhh! Zm" eadgZY ^c \gZVi YZiV^a ]jbVc heVXZ Ó^\]i#

C6H6

6h i]Z ZedX]Va HeVXZ 6\Z YVlcZY ^c i]Z &.*%h VcY &.+%h! XdbbZgX^Va =daanlddY Vahd ZbWgVXZY heVXZ igVkZa l^i] k^hjVa heZX" iVXaZh# HX^ZcXZ ÒXi^dc WZXVbZ [Vh]^dcVWaZ l^i] Òabh a^`Z I]Z 9Vn i]Z :Vgi] HiddY Hi^aa &.*& ^ckdak^c\ V heVXZ h]^e aVcY^c\ Vi i]Z LVh]^c\idc BdcjbZci VcY ;dgW^YYZc EaVcZi &.*+ # I]ZhZ Òabh e^fjZY i]Z ^bV\^cVi^dch d[ ndji]h VcY \ZcZgViZY edejaVg ^ciZgZhi ^c heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc# HX^ZcXZ ÒXi^dc iZaZk^h^dc hZg^Zh a^`Z Adhi ^c HeVXZ &.+*"&.+- Vahd ^c" XgZVhZY VjY^ZcXZhÉ Xjg^dh^in VWdji Zmeadg^c\ di]Zg ldgaYh# HiVg IgZ` &.++"&.+. WZXVbZ V XjaijgVa e]ZcdbZcdc heVlc^c\ V l]daZ ^c" Yjhign d[ iZaZk^h^dc egd\gVbh VcY Òabh! Vh i]Z cdi^dc d[ WdaYan \d^c\ l]ZgZ cd dcZ ]VY \dcZ WZ[dgZ higjX` V gZhedch^kZ X]dgY ^c V cVi^dc l]dhZ VhigdcVjih lZgZ Yd^c\ _jhi i]Vi# >cXajYZY ^c i]ZhZ VjY^ZcXZh lZgZ V \Zc" ZgVi^dc d[ hX^Zci^hih VcY Zc\^cZZgh l]d ldjaY ZciZg i]Z gVc`h d[ C6H6# C6H6 eaVc" ZiVgn hX^Zci^hi ?^b <Vgk^c cdiZY i]Vi Æ6h Vc ^begZhh^dcVWaZ X]^aY! > lVh Zci]gVaaZY Wn i]Z hZchZ d[ bV\^XVa ZmeadgVi^dc i]Vi Adhi ^c HeVXZ VcY jai^bViZan HiVg IgZ` egdk^YZY bZ Vh > XVbZ id ^bV\^cZ kdnV\Zh d[ Y^hXdk" Zgn id di]Zg ldgaYh# > WZXVbZ [VhX^cViZY Wn i]Z hX^ZcXZ edhh^W^a^i^Zh VcY gZVa^i^Zh d[ i]Z

I]Z @dWVa 8daaZXi^dc

pace and aeronautics have long been a source of inspiration for the worlds of film and television. One of the first popular films ever made was A Trip to the Moon by French director George Melies in 1902. Melies saw film as a way to bring science-fiction fantasy to audiences and the image of a wrinkled-faced moon with drooping eyes became indelible in the memory of film history.

The first film ever to win an academy award was a silent movie with Gary Cooper entitled Wings (1927). Released the year of Lindbergh’s historic journey, Wings chronicled the lives of young pilots. It glorified the concept of early flight with dare-devil stunts and aero acrobatics, which were much in vogue in the 1920s.

I]Z @dWVa 8daaZXi^dc I]Z @dWVa 8daaZXi^dc

>i YZe^XiZY V heVXZ hiVi^dc ^cÓjZcXZY Wn i]Z dg^\^cVa XdcXZeih d[ LZgc]Zg kdc 7gVjc! V bddc WVhZ! VcY V b^hh^dc id ?j" e^iZg egdbeiZY Wn i]Z Y^hXdkZgn dc i]Z bddc d[ V bnhiZg^djh WaVX` gZXiVc\jaVg bdcda^i]# A^[Z ^b^iViZY Vgi ^c &.,% l]Zc h]dgian V[iZg i]Z egZb^Zg d[ BVgddcZY &.+. ! V Òab VWdji V YVg^c\ heVXZ gZhXjZ d[ higVcYZY VhigdcVjih! i]Z 6edaad &( XgZl ZmeZg^ZcXZY V cZVg Y^hVh" iZg Zc gdjiZ id i]Z bddc! VcY gZijgcZY hV[Zan id ]dbZ i]Vc`h ^c eVgi id i]Z ]Zgd^X ldg` d[ C6H6Éh Ó^\]i iZVb# >gdc^XVaan! BVg^anc AdkZaa! i]Z l^[Z d[ 6edaad &( XdbbVcYZg ?^b AdkZaa! ]VY cZgkdjhan k^ZlZY BVgddcZY h]dgian WZ" [dgZ ]Zg ]jhWVcYÉh Ó^\]i a^[iZY"d[[# >c i]Z &.,%h VcY &.-%h! edejaVg Òabh Xdci^cjZY id YgVl dc heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc VcY VXi^k^i^Zh [dg i]Z^g eadi YncVb^Xh# ?VbZh 7dcY hVkZY i]Z ldgaY [gdb V YVc\Zgdjh hVi" Zaa^iZ VcY ÓZl dc V heVXZ h]jiiaZ ^c Òabh a^`Z 9^VbdcYh VgZ ;dgZkZg &.,& VcY BddcgV`Zg &.,. # 9Vgi] KVYZg YjZaZY Aj`Z H`nlVa`Zg ^c HiVg LVgh &.,, # 8adhZ :cXdjciZgh d[ i]Z I]^gY @^cY &.,, VcY :I &.-' ^ckdakZY Xa^bVXi^X hXZcZh l^i] Va^Zc heVXZh]^eh#

>c I]Z G^\]i Hij[[ &.-( ! =daanlddY eji V ]jbVc [VXZ dc VhigdcVjih VcY iZhi e^adih# 7VhZY dc Idb Lda[Z h WZhihZaaZg! i]Z Òab ZmeadgZY i]Z ]Zgd^hb VcY XdbeZi^i^kZcZhh d[ i]ZhZ WgVkZ bZc# 9jg^c\ i]Z &..%h VcY ^cid i]Z cZl b^aaZc" c^jb! C6H6 WZ\Vc eVgi^X^eVi^c\ ^c i]Z bV`" ^c\ d[ =daanlddY egdYjXi^dch ^c ZVgcZhi! h^b" ^aVg id i]Z b^a^iVgn! l]^X] egdk^YZh iZX]c^XVa ZmeZgi^hZ VcY adXVi^dc h]ddih [dg ZciZgiV^c" bZci dg^ZciZY egd_ZXih# 6edaad &( &..* ! Gdc =dlVgYÉh ig^WjiZ id i]Z bdhi ]Vggdl^c\ b^h" h^dc ^c C6H6Éh ]^hidgn! lVh ÒabZY dc C6H6 adXVi^dch# 7ZXVjhZ d[ 6edaad &(Éh edejaVg^in! hddc di]Zg Òab egdYjXi^dch gZfjZhiZY C6H6 eVgi^X^eVi^dc a^`Z B^X]VZa 7VnÉh 6gbV\ZY" Ydc &..- ! 8a^ci :VhilddYÉh HeVXZ 8dlWdnh '%%% ! VcY 7g^Vc 9ZEVabVÉh B^hh^dc id BVgh '%%% # IZaZk^h^dc idd WZXVbZ i]Z YdbV^c d[ bVcn C6H6 XdaaVWdgVi^dch gVc\^c\ [gdb Ze^hdYZh d[ IdjX]ZY Wn Vc 6c\Za &..)"'%%( !

I]Z LZhi L^c\ &..."'%%+ id i]Z VXXaV^bZY =7D YdXjYgVbV hZg^Zh ;gdb i]Z :Vgi] id i]Z Bddc egdYjXZY Wn Idb =Vc`h &..- ! l]^X] ^cigdYjXZY V cZl \ZcZgVi^dc id i]Z ^cXgZY" ^WaZ ZmeZg^ZcXZ d[ ajcVg ZmeadgVi^dc#

B^cY WZcY^c\ Ide/ '%%&/ 6 HeVXZ DYnhhZn VbVoZY VjY^ZcXZh ldgaYl^YZ l^i] ^ih YVooa^c\ k^h^dc d[ ]jbVc^inÉh [jijgZ ^c heVXZ# Id WdaYan \d 8ZciZg/ I]Z HiVg IgZ` IK hZg^Zh ^che^gZY V \ZcZgVi^dcÉh ^ciZgZhi ^c heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc# I]Z Va^Zch VgZ Xdb^c\ 6WdkZ//I]^h &.*%h XaVhh^X ^h dcZ d[ bVcn bdk^Zh edejaVg^o^c\ i]Z ^YZV i]Vi lZ VgZcÉi VadcZ#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

339

I]Z @dWVa 8daaZXi^dc C6H6

H^akZg hXgZZc ig^WjiZ 6WdkZ/ 6edaad &( VXidgh Idb =Vc`h ?VbZh AdkZaa ! @Zk^c 7VXdc ?VX` Hl^\Zgi VcY 7^aa EVmidc ;gZY =V^hZ ÓZl ^c oZgd" \gVk^in V^gXgV[i Yjg^c\ i]Z egdYjXi^dc d[ Gdc =dlVgYÉh ig^WjiZ id C6H6Éh jcYZ[ZViVWaZ he^g^i# B^hh^dc/ HVkZ :Vgi] G^\]i/ I]Z VhiZgd^Y cZVg Y^hVhiZg Òab 6gbV\ZYYdc WZ^c\ ÒabZY Vi @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg l^i] A^k InaZg VcY 7Zc 6[ÓZX`#

>c i]Z VgZcV d[ YdXjbZciVgn ÒabbV`^c\! C6H6 eVgi^X^eViZh ^c dkZg V &%% YdXjbZciVgn Òabh V nZVg [dg i]Z 9^hXdkZgn 8]VccZa! CV" i^dcVa <Zd\gVe]^X! i]Z =^hidgn 8]VccZa! ZiX# I]ZhZ egd\gVbh ]Zae h]VgZ i]Z C6H6 hidgn ^c Vc ^c[dgbVi^kZ lVn# 6ahd! >B6M Òabh ]VkZ WZZc Vc ^bedgiVci bZY^jb [dg gZXdgY^c\ C6H6 b^hh^dch dc V ÒkZ" hidgn hXgZZc Zc]VcX^c\ i]Z k^hjVa ZmeZg^ZcXZ [dg VjY^ZcXZh# Idb =Vc`h egdYjXZY i]Z >B6M Òab BV\c^ÒXZci 9ZhdaVi^dc '%%* ! l]^X] XZaZWgViZY 6edaad VhigdcVjih# H]di ^c ("9! i]Z Òab Vaadlh i]Z k^ZlZg id ZmeZg^ZcXZ 7joo VcY CZ^a h lVa` dc i]Z bddc Vh ^[ ^i lZgZ Æa^kZ#Ç <Zdg\Z 7jiaZgÉh aVg\Z [dgbVi ldg` [dg 9^hcZn! Gdk^c\ BVgh '%%+ ! iZaah i]Z ZcYZVg^c\ hidgn d[ i]Z BVgh gdkZgh He^g^i VcY Deedgijc^in# Idc^ BnZgh Y^gZXiZY V cjbWZg d[ >B6M heVXZ"gZaViZY Òabh VcY ^h XjggZcian Òab^c\ V cZl dcZ! l]^X] l^aa YdXjbZci i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ# ;^cVaan! V YdXjbZciVgn Y^gZXiZY Wn 9Vk^Y H^c\idc! >c i]Z H]VYdl d[ i]Z Bddc '%%, ! l]^X] egZb^ZgZY Vi i]Z HjcYVcXZ ;^ab ;Zhi^kVa! Vaadlh hZkZgVa 6edaad VhigdcVjih id iZaa ^c i]Z^g dlc edlZg" [ja ldgYh l]Vi ^i bZVci id ]VkZ i]Z eg^k^aZ\Z id WZ Ä i]jh [Vg Ä Vbdc\ i]Z ]VcY[ja d[ eZdeaZ id hZZ Vc Va^Zc ldgaY je XadhZ# I]Z edlZg d[ Òab VcY iZaZk^h^dc XVccdi WZ jcYZgZhi^bViZY# I]Zn ]VkZ WZZc V kZgn Z[[ZXi^kZ bZVch d[ h]Vg^c\ C6H6 b^hh^dch VcY egd" \gVbh l^i] aVg\Z VjY^ZcXZh# 6higdcVjih ]VkZ WZZc \jZhih dc edejaVg iVa` h]dlh hjX] Vh I]Z Idc^\]i H]dl l^i] ?Vn AZcd VcY AViZ C^\]i l^i] 9Vk^Y AZiiZgbVc# GZXZcian! [ddiV\Z [gdb i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa HeVXZ HiV" i^dc lVh [ZVijgZY dc I]Z DegV] L^c[gZn H]dl [dg :Vgi] 9Vn# I]ZhZ egd" \gVbh gZVX] Zcdgbdjh VjY^ZcXZh# HdbZ [ZVijgZ Òabh ^ckdak^c\ C6H6

eVgi^X^eVi^dc ]VkZ ZkZc WZZc WadX`WjhiZgh# 6gbV\ZYYdc VcY 6edaad &( VgZ Vbdc\ i]Z ide &%% \gdhh^c\ Òabh d[ Vaa i^bZ# >c \ZcZgVa! C6H6Éh eVgi^X^eVi^dc ^c Òab VcY iZaZk^" h^dc egd_ZXih ZcVWaZ i]Z V\ZcXn id h]VgZ ^ih egd\gVbh VcY b^hh^dch l^i] Vh WgdVY Vc VjY^ZcXZ Vh edhh^WaZ#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

341

C6H6 VcY i]Z 6gih

By Bert ULRICH

D

c Òghi Xdch^YZgVi^dc! i]Z XdcXZei d[ C6H6 Xdbb^hh^dc^c\ e^ZXZh d[ Vgi bVn hZZb [Vg"[ZiX]ZY# =dlZkZg! gZÓZXi^c\ i]Z igVY^i^dc d[ i]Z b^a^iVgnÉh Vgi egd\gVbh! C6H6 WZ\Vc Xdb" b^hh^dc^c\ Vgi^hih id YdXjbZci VcY XVeijgZ dc XVckVh i]Z YgVbV d[ ^ih b^hh^dch# I]Z XViVanhi WZ]^cY C6H6 aZVk^c\ Vc Vgi^hi^X aZ\VXn lVh C6H6 6Yb^c^higVidg ?VbZh LZWW# Jedc hZZ^c\ V YZ[ian ZmZXjiZY edg" igV^i d[ 6aVc H]ZeVgY! LZWW XVbZ je l^i] i]Z ^YZV d[ Vc Vgih egd\gVb#

342

NASA

LZWW [Zai i]Vi C6H6 h]djaY VXi^kZan hZZ` dji Vgi^hih id h]dl V Y^[[Zg" Zci h^YZ d[ i]Z heVXZ V\ZcXn! gZÓZXi^c\ i]Vi Æ>bedgiVci ZkZcih XVc WZ ^ciZgegZiZY Wn Vgi^hih id \^kZ V jc^fjZ ^ch^\]i ^cid h^\c^ÒXVci VheZXih d[ djg ]^hidgn"bV`^c\ VYkVcXZh ^cid heVXZ# 6c Vgi^hi^X gZXdgY d[ i]^h cVi^dcÉh egd\gVb d[ heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc l^aa ]VkZ \gZVi kVajZ [dg [jijgZ \ZcZgVi^dch VcY bVn bV`Z V h^\c^ÒXVci Xdcig^Wji^dc id i]Z ]^hidgn d[ 6bZg^XVc Vgi#Ç&

C6H6 6gi Egd\gVb

ÆB^hh^dc id BVghÇ D^a dc bVhdc^iZ eV^ci^c\ Wn GZc L^X`h# L^X`hÉ eV^ci^c\ YZe^Xih BVgi^Vc ZmeadgZgh XdcYjXi^c\ hX^Zci^ÒX dWhZgkVi^dch! gZXdgY^c\ l^cY heZZY l^i] Vc VcZbdbZiZg VcY eaVcZiVgn [ZVijgZh l^i] V ]VcY"]ZaY XVbZgV# 6 Yjhi hidgb ^h VeegdVX]^c\ i]Z XgViZg VgZV cZVg i]Z aVcY^c\ h^iZ! Wji k^Zlh d[ i]Z bddch E]dWjh VcY 9Z^bdh VgZ VkV^aVWaZ ^c i]Z il^a^\]i h`n# 6 BVgh ZmXjgh^dc kZ]^XaZ ^c i]Z WVX`\gdjcY hZgkZh Vh XgZl fjVgiZgh [dg i]Z b^hh^dc#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

343

SDT I Spacecraft Design Tool EA/EOU

Purdue is a preeminent university with a rich tradition in aeronautics, astronautics and aviation. Known as the cradle of astronauts, Purdue has graduated 22 men and women who have been selected for space travel. Thousands of others have worked in key positions for NASA or for companies that support the space program. Purdue congratulates NASA on 50 years of exploration and discovery!

West Lafayette, IN 47907 â&#x20AC;˘ (765) 494-6000 â&#x20AC;˘ purdue.edu

#LKDO>QRI>QBP .!3!

CLO VB>OP LC FKKLS >QFLK IB>ABOPEFM TTT OL5QBP @LJ

Spacecraft simulation with advanced 3D visualization including articulation S TA R T E C H N O L O G I E S w w w. S DT- S t a r Te c h . c o m 703.759.2933

â&#x201E;˘

C6H6 A^XZchZY Wn CdgbVc GdX`lZaa A^XZch^c\! C^aZh! >aa#

Æ6higdcVjih dc i]Z BddcÇ 7Z[dgZ CZ^a 6gbhigdc\ lVa`ZY dc i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ CdgbVc GdX`lZaa egdk^YZY V XdbeZaa^c\ YZe^Xi^dc d[ l]Vi i]Z Òghi hiZe dc i]Z bddc ldjaY add` a^`Z# GdX`lZaa! hZZc Vi ide g^\]i Vi i]Z ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg! lVh Xdbb^hh^dcZY Wn C6H6 [dg i]^h ldg`#

LZWW iVh`ZY C6H6 hiV[[Zg VcY Vgi^hi ?VbZh 9ZVc ^c &.+' id ^beaZbZci i]^h cZl Vgi egd\gVb# L^i] i]Z ]Zae d[ CVi^dcVa <Va" aZgn XjgVidg =ZgZlVgY AZhiZg 8dd`Z! 9ZVc aV^Y i]Z [gVbZldg`# 6gi^hih ldjaY WZ \^kZc ^begZhh^kZ WZ]^cY"i]Z"hXZcZh VXXZhh id C6H6 b^hh^dch! ^cXajY^c\ hj^i"je! aVjcX] VcY aVcY^c\ VXi^k^i^Zh! bZZi^c\h l^i] hX^Zc" i^hih VcY VhigdcVjih! ZiX# >c ]^h ^ck^iVi^dc aZiiZg id Vgi^hih! 8dd`Z lgdiZ! ÆC6H6 YZ" X^YZY id Vh` Vgi^hih id hjeeaZbZci i]Z gZ" XdgY V[iZg gZk^Zl^c\ i]Z YdXjbZciVi^dc d[ i]Z Òghi [Zl nZVgh d[ i]Z HeVXZ 6\Z# >i lVh gZVa^oZY i]Vi ^bedgiVci hiZeh ^c i]Z HeVXZ 6\Z lZgZ b^hh^c\# L]Zc V aVjcX] iV`Zh eaVXZ Vi 8VeZ 8VcVkZgVa! ;aV#! bdgZ i]Vc '%% XVbZgVh gZXdgY ZkZgn hea^i hZXdcY d[ i]Z VXi^k^in# :kZgn cji! Wdai! b^c^Vijg^oZY ZaZXigdc^X YZk^XZ ^h e]did\gVe]ZY [gdb Zk" Zgn Vc\aZ# I]Z Vgi^hi XVc VYY kZgn a^iiaZ id i]^h ^c i]Z lVn d[ [VXijVa gZXdgY# 7ji! Vh P=dcdg R 9Vjb^Zg ed^ciZY dji VWdji V XZc" ijgn V\d! i]Z XVbZgV hZZh ZkZgni]^c\ VcY jcYZghiVcYh cdi]^c\# >i ^h i]Z Zbdi^dcVa ^beVXi! ^ciZgegZiVi^dc VcY ]^YYZc h^\c^Ò" XVcXZ d[ i]ZhZ ZkZcih l]^X] a^Z l^i]^c i]Z hXdeZ d[ i]Z Vgi^hiÉh k^h^dc# 6c Vgi^hi bVn YZe^Xi ZmVXian l]Vi ]Z i]^c`h ]Z hZZh! Wji i]Z ^bV\Z ]Vh hi^aa \dcZ i]gdj\] i]Z XViV" anhi d[ ]^h ^bV\^cVi^dc VcY ]Vh WZZc igVch" [dgbZY ^c i]Z egdXZhh#Ç' 6 C6H6 Vgi Xdbb^hh^dc lVh bdYZhi! V bZgZ -%%! Wji Vgi^hih lZgZ cdi bdi^kViZY Wn i]Z ÒcVcX^Va \V^ch Wji gVi]Zg Vi i]Z egdheZXi d[ l^icZhh^c\ 6bZg^XVc ]^hidgn

VcY YdXjbZci^c\ ^i# I]Zn lZgZ Vahd \^kZc [gZZ gZ^\c id XgZViZ ldg`h d[ Vgi# C6H6 lVh cdi \d^c\ id Y^XiViZ V XZgiV^c hinaZ Vh lVh i]Z XVhZ d[ hdX^Va^hi gZVa^hb d[ i]Z Hdk^Zi

Jc^dc# >c [VXi! Vgi^hih ^ciZgZhiZY ^c eVgi^X^" eVi^c\ ^c i]Z egd\gVb lZgZ fj^iZ V Y^kZghZ \gdje! gVc\^c\ [gdb i]Z VkVci \VgYZ GdWZgi GVjhX]ZcWZg\ id i]Z Ò\jgVi^kZ CdgbVc

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

345

C6H6 6gi Egd\gVb C6H6 6gi Egd\gVb

ÆL]Zc I]dj\]ih Ijgc >clVgYÇ Ide/ LViZg Xdadg Wn =Zcgn 8VhhZaa^# I]Z eV^ci^c\ h]dlh VhigdcVji ?d]c Ndjc\ Yjg^c\ hj^i"je [dg i]Z Òghi heVXZ h]jiiaZ b^hh^dc# Æ;gdb i]Z HZZYh d[ 8]Vc\Z ½ V 9^hXdkZgnÇ 6WdkZ/ D^a Wn GdWZgi 6#B# HiZe]Zch! l]d hV^Y/ ÆHdbZi^bZh! dc i]Z adc\ kdnV\Z! i]ZgZ VgZ Xjg^djh i]^c\h i]Vi bVc ZbWgVXZh ^c ]^h ^chVi^VWaZ fjZhi [dg Y^hXdkZgn# Id l^c\ ^cid i]Z kd^Y VcY Xdci^cjVaan hZZ djg ]dbZ [gdb V[Vg VcY id ji^a^oZ i]Vi kd^Y XdchigjXi^kZan! ^h i]Vi fjZhi Vi ^ih oZc^i]# >i ^h l^i] i]Z YZZeZhi d[ [ZZa^c\h ^c eg^YZ VcY adk^c\ eVhh^dc [dg i]^h a^[Z i]Vi > [ZZa hd ]dcdgZY id hZZ i]^h egdlZhh Zm]^W^iZY ^c i]Z [dgb d[ i]Vi dejaZci l]^iZ ig^VY X]Vg^di i]Vi ^h i]Z HIH hnhiZb# =dl igjan Òii^c\ i]Vi ^c i]Z YZZe hlZZicZhh i]Vi YdZh VW^YZ ^c Vaa d[ jh i]Vi i]^h XdcÒ\jgVi^dc VcY ^ih Zci^gZ bZVc^c\ XdbZh id a^[Z ^c i]Z bVccZg eV^ciZY! VcY gZijgch [gdb i]Z ÒcVa kd^Y ^c YZVg h^aZcXZ VcY ^c hd Yd^c\! gZb^cYh jh ValVnh i]Vi lZ VgZ Vaa `^cYgZY ^c V lVn! dc i]Z adc\ kdnV\Z#Ç

346

NASA

C6H6 6gi Egd\gVb

GdX`lZaa# GVjhX]ZcWZg\ XgZViZY ldg`h [dg kVg^djh aVjcX]Zh! ^cXajY^c\ 6edaad && VcY i]Z Òghi heVXZ h]jiiaZ aVjcX]# GdX`lZaa k^h" ^iZY C6H6 XZciZgh VcY lVh ZkZc adVcZY V gZVa heVXZ hj^i id XgZViZ ldg`h! l]^X] ldjaY WZ Y^heaVnZY ^c Add` bV\Vo^cZ# I]Z Òghi \gdje d[ C6H6 Vgi^hih igVk" ZaZY id i]Z @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg! ;aV#! ^c &.+( id l^icZhh i]Z aVhi BZgXjgn aVjcX]! igVchedgi^c\ <dgYdc 8ddeZg dc dgW^i# 6gi" ^hih Xdbb^hh^dcZY ^cXajYZY EZiZg =jgY! <Zdg\Z LZnbdji]! EVja 8VaaZ! GdWZgi BX" 8Vaa! GdWZgi H]dgZ! AVbVg 9dYY VcY ?d]c BX8dn# B^iX]Zaa ?Vb^Zhdc lVh Vhh^\cZY id V gZXdkZgn h]^e id Vgi^hi^XVaan YdXj" bZci heaVh]Ydlc VcY aVcY^c\ deZgVi^dch# 6ai]dj\] C6H6 hiV[[ cZZYZY id \Zi jhZY id Vgi^hih WZ^c\ VgdjcY! V[iZg V l]^aZ i]Zn lZaXdbZY i]Zb ^cid i]Z C6H6 Xdbbjc^in! l]^X] V[[dgYZY i]Z Vgi^hih VbVo^c\ VXXZhh! ^cXajY^c\ hj^i"je VXi^k^i^Zh# 6gi^hi EZiZg =jgY gZÓZXiZY dc i]Z l]daZ ZmeZg^ZcXZ/ Æ;dg i]Z cZmi ÒkZ YVnh! lZ eV^ciZgh! hZkZc ^c Vaa! gdVbZY i]Z 8VeZ! hdbZi^bZh l^i] \j^YZh! hdbZi^bZh Wn djghZakZh# LZ ]VY WZZc ^ck^iZY ½ id bV`Z cdiZh! h`ZiX]Zh VcY eV^ci^c\h ½ id [dgb Vc VgX]^kZ d[ ediZci^Va ]^hidg^XVa kVajZ# > Vb XZgiV^c i]Vi > heZV` [dg Vaa l]Zc > hVn lZ lZgZ! ZVX] d[ jh! igZ" bZcYdjhan hi^ggZY VcY d[iZc VlZY! Wn i]Z i]^c\h lZ hVl VcY ]ZVgY Yjg^c\ i]dhZ ÒkZ XgdlYZY YVnh#Ç( I]Z ldg`h XgZViZY [gdb 8ddeZgÉh b^h" h^dc lZgZ ^cXdgedgViZY ^cid Vc Zm]^W^i^dc Vi i]Z CVi^dcVa <VaaZgn d[ 6gi ^c &.+*# 6gi 8g^i^X ;gVc` <ZiaZ^c l]d gZk^ZlZY i]Z Zm]^" W^i^dc [dg i]Z LVh]^c\idc HiVg lgdiZ! ÆÈ:nZ" l^icZhh id HeVXZÉ ^h i]Z XdaaZXi^kZ cVbZ d[ ,% eV^ci^c\h VcY YgVl^c\h egdYjXZY Wn &* Vgi^hih jcYZg i]Z C6H6 6gi Egd\gVb! cdl ' nZVgh daY# I]Z ldg` h]dlh idiVa [gZZYdb VcY V l^YZ kVg^Zin! gVc\^c\ [gdb i]Z hjeZgW ^aajhigVi^dc^hiÉh hinaZ d[ EVja 8VaaZ id i]Z ]^\]an ^cY^k^YjVa VWhigVXi^dc d[ LVh]^c\idc Vgi^hi 6a[gZY BX6YVbh#Ç) I]Z hjXXZhh d[ i]Z Òghi Zm]^W^i^dc aZY id V hZXdcY Zm]^W^i^dc d[ C6H6 Vgi Vi i]Z CVi^dcVa <VaaZgn ^c &.+. [daadl^c\ 6edaad &&# =dlZkZg! Vh i]Z 6edaad egd\gVb YgZl id V XadhZ ^c i]Z &.,%h! [ZlZg Xdbb^hh^dch idd` eaVXZ! l]^X] Xd^cX^YZY l^i] i]Z ajaa d[ b^hh^dch WZilZZc 6edaad VcY i]Z h]jiiaZ# ?VbZh 9ZVc VggVc\ZY [dg V igVch[Zg d[ C6H6 Xdbb^hh^dcZY ldg`h id i]Z CVi^dcVa 6^g VcY HeVXZ BjhZjb id egdiZXi i]Z XdaaZXi^dc# >i lVhcÉi jci^a i]Z ^cVj\jgVi^dc d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ i]Vi i]Z

ÆHZgk^X^c\ =jWWaZÇ D^a eV^ci^c\ Wn ?d]c Hda^Z# I]^h eV^ci^c\ YZe^Xih i]Z ]^hidg^X hZgk^X^c\ d[ i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ# 6higdcVji @Vi]n I]dgcidc gZaZVhZh V YZ[ZXi^kZ hdaVg eVcZa ^cid heVXZ Vh Vcdi]Zg VhigdcVji eZg[dgbh Yji^Zh ^c heVXZ h]jiiaZ :cYZVkdjgÉh XVg\d WVn# I]Z HdaVg 6ggVn VcY i]Z L^YZ ;^ZaY$EaVcZiVgn 8VbZgV lZgZ hdbZ d[ i]Z bV_dg jc^ih hZgk^XZY# I]Z hZgk^X^c\ b^hh^dc! HIH"+&! idd` eaVXZ [gdb 9ZX# ' id 9ZX# &(! &..(#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

347

C6H6 6gi Egd\gVb

egd\gVb idd` dc V cZl bdbZcijb jcYZg i]Z Y^gZXi^dc d[ GdWZgi HX]jabVc# HX]ja" bVcÉh Xdbb^hh^dch ZbWgVXZY V cjbWZg d[ hjW_ZXih! Wji bdhian [dXjhZY dc i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ# >c i]Z &..%h i]Z egd\gVb lVh ijgcZY dkZg id 7Zgi Jag^X]! l]d lVh iVh`ZY Wn 6Yb^c^higVidg 9Vc <daY^c id ZbWgVXZ cZl Vgi [dgbh# Ldg`h ^cXajYZY k^YZd Vgi Wn CVb ?jcZ EV^`! Vc DYZ id C6H6 Wn GVn 7gVYWjgn! VcY e]did\gVe]n Wn 6cc^Z AZ^Wdk^io# EVii^ AV7ZaaZ eZg[dgbZY V hdc\ Xdbb^hh^dcZY Wn C6H6 i]Vi ldjaY ZkZcij" Vaan WZ cdb^cViZY [dg V \gVbbn# I]Z hdc\ ÆLVn Je I]ZgZÇ WZXVbZ Vc ZaZ\n [dg i]Z adhi XgZl d[ heVXZ h]jiiaZ 8dajbW^V# Ldg`h ]VkZ WZZc Xdbb^hh^dcZY dc hjW_ZXih gVc\" ^c\ [gdb BVgh egdWZh id i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ# CZlan Xdbb^hh^dcZY ldg`h hiVgiZY id ViigVXi i]Z ViiZci^dc d[ bjhZ" jbh a^`Z i]Z Edbe^Ydj 8ZciZg ^c EVg^h0 i]Z =^gh]]dgc BjhZjb VcY i]Z CVi^dcVa Bj" hZjb d[ LdbZc ^c i]Z 6gih ^c LVh]^c\idc!

9#8#0 VcY i]Z <j\\Zc]Z^b! CZl Ndg`! C#N#0 l]^X] Vaa Zm]^W^iZY C6H6 Xdbb^hh^dcZY ldg`h# ;dg C6H6Éh *%i] Vcc^kZghVgn! i]Z Hb^i]hdc^Vc ^h XdaaVWdgVi^c\ l^i] C6H6 VcY i]Z CVi^dcVa 6^g VcY HeVXZ BjhZjb id XgZViZ V igVkZa^c\ Zm]^W^i d[ C6H6 Vgi! l]^X] l^aa gjc jci^a '%&%# IdYVn! i]Z Vgi egd\gVb ]Vh WZZc hXVaZY WVX`! Wji Xdbb^hh^dch ]VkZ Xdci^cjZY [dg V bdYZhi ]dcdgVg^jb d[ '!*%%# I]Z Xda" aZXi^dc XjggZcian Xdbeg^hZh d[ hdbZ (!%%% ldg`h Y^k^YZY WZilZZc i]Z CVi^dcVa 6^g VcY HeVXZ BjhZjb VcY C6H6# I]Zn hi^aa h]VgZ hdbZi]^c\ cZl l^i] i]Z ejWa^X! VcY iZaa C6H6Éh hidgn ^c V jc^fjZ lVn# I]Zn Vahd egdk^YZ V ]^hidg^XVa gZXdgY# 6[iZg Vaa! l]Vi d[iZc ^h aZ[i dkZg d[ \gZVi V\Zh ^c ]^hidgn ^h Vgi# 6h AZhiZg 8dd`Z! dcZ d[ i]Z C6H6 Vgi egd\gVbÉh dg^\^cVa [djcYZgh! lgdiZ! Æ> ]deZ i]Vi [jijgZ \ZcZgVi^dch l^aa gZVa^oZ i]Vi lZ ]VkZ cdi dcan hX^Zc" i^hih VcY Zc\^cZZgh XVeVWaZ d[ h]Ve^c\ i]Z YZhi^cn d[ djg V\Z! Wji Vahd Vgi^hih ldgi]n id `ZZe i]Zb XdbeVcn#Ç &# C6H6! ;^ghi 9gVl^c\h GZXZ^kZY [gdb C6H6 6gi^hihÉ 8dde" ZgVi^dc Egd\gVb! C6H6 EgZhh GZaZVhZ! +("&)%! e#( &.+( # '# 8dd`Z! =#A# VcY 9ZVc! ?#9#! :nZl^icZhh id HeVXZ! ee# &&" &(! =Vggn C# 6WgVbh! >cX# CN &.,& # (# =jgY! EZiZg! 8djciYdlc Vi 8VcVkZgVa! 6gi ^c 6bZg^XV! *! ee# +%",'! DXidWZg &.+( # )# <ZiaZ^c! ;gVc`! :nZl^icZhh id HeVXZ :m]^W^i^dc DeZch Vi CVi^dcVa <VaaZgn d[ 6gi! I]Z HjcYVn HiVg! LVh]^c\idc! 98! e# <+ BVgX] &)! &.+* # &.-% I]Z LVh]^c\idc HiVg# GZ" eg^ciZY l^i] eZgb^hh^dc d[ i]Z LVh]^c\idc HiVg#

Æ=di H]diÇ A^i]d\gVe] Wn GdWZgi GVjhX]ZcWZg\# I]^h ldg` lVh XgZViZY id h]VgZ VcY ZmegZhh i]Z Vgi^hiÉh WZa^Z[ ^c i]Z he^g^ijVa VcY e]nh^XVa ^begdkZbZci d[ a^[Z VcY i]Z b^cY i]gdj\] Xjg^dh^in#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

349

Ejh]^c\ i]Z :ckZadeZ

By Rich COOPER

Thanks to the U.S. Postal Service, the history of America’s accomplishments in space has been widely celebrated with some of the most popular stamps in modern times.While museums and science centers across the country are capable of sharing many of the physical artifacts of legendary missions (space capsules, consoles, spacesuits, etc.), all of those items were beyond the physical reach of visitors – but not the postage stamp. Every American with a little change in their pocket could affix to a letter, birthday card or bill a small piece of American pride to any destination in the world. b^hh^dc aVjcX] XVcXZaaZY dc ^i! dg i]Z YViZh d[ i]Z b^hh^dcÉh di]Zg VX]^ZkZbZcih ^#Z# heVXZlVa`h! bddc aVcY^c\! ZiX# Vh lZaa Vh ^ih aVcY" ^c\ YViZ WVX` dc :Vgi]# HdbZ d[ i]Z bdhi jc^fjZ d[ i]ZhZ edhiVa hiVbe XVcXZaaVi^dch XVbZ XdjgiZhn d[ i]Z J#H# CVkn# HV^adgh gjc" c^c\ i]Z ^cY^k^YjVa h]^e edhi d[ÒXZh l]^X] lZgZ eVgi d[ i]Z J#H# CVkn GZXdkZgn ;dgXZ Vhh^\cZY id e^X` je VhigdcVjih [daadl^c\ i]Z^g gZ"Zcign heaVh]Ydlch YZkZadeZY i]Z^g dlc heZX^Va ]VcY hiVbeh id XdbbZbdgViZ i]Z^g h]^eÉh gdaZ ^c i]Z heVXZ b^hh^dc# Cd hZg^Zh d[ edhiVa XdkZgh! ]VcY hiVbeh dg XVcXZaaVi^dch VgZ Vh jc^fjZ dg Vh XdcigdkZgh^Va Vh i]dhZ i]Vi lZgZ eVgi d[ i]Z 6edaad &* b^hh^dc id =VYaZn 6eZcc^cZ dc i]Z bddc# 6higdcVjih ]VY adc\ XVg" g^ZY edhiVa XdkZgh VcY di]Zg hbVaa eZghdcVa ^iZbh dcWdVgY i]Z^g heVXZXgV[i [dg i]ZbhZakZh! i]Z^g [Vb^a^Zh dg id Y^hig^WjiZ id di]Zgh V[iZg i]Z^g hV[Z gZijgc# Eg^dg id i]Z^g a^[id[[! i]Z 6edaad &* XgZl ZciZgZY ^cid V ÒcVcX^Va V\gZZbZci l^i] V hiVbe YZVaZg! =ZgbVcc H^Z\Zg! id XVggn V cjbWZg d[ edhiVa XdkZgh id i]Z hjg[VXZ d[ i]Z bddc l]ZgZ i]Zn ldjaY WZ ÆXVcXZaaZYÇ VcY hdaY id XdaaZXidgh jedc gZijgc id :Vgi]# HidlZY l^i]^c dcZ d[ i]Z edX`Zih d[ i]Z XgZlh heVXZhj^ih! i]Z )%% hd"XVaaZY ÆH^Z\ZgÇ XdkZgh bVYZ ^i id i]Z hjg[VXZ d[ i]Z bddc

HeVXZ$hiVbe XdaaVWdgVi^dc I]Z 6edaad"Hdnjo hiVbeh lZgZ YZh^\cZY Wn 6bZg^XVc heVXZ Vgi^hi GdWZgi BX8Vaa VcY Hdk^Zi Vgi^hi 6cVidan B# 6`hVb^i#

350

NASA

6aa hiVbeh XdjgiZhn d[ G^X] 8ddeZg

7

Z\^cc^c\ ^c &.+%! l^i] C6H6Éh aVjcX] d[ :8=D >! i]Z ldgaYÉh Òghi Xdbbjc^XVi^dch hViZaa^iZ! i]Z J#H# EdhiVa HZgk^XZ JHEH hiVgiZY id ^hhjZ XdbbZbdgVi^kZ hiVbeh id ]ZgVaY 6bZg^XVc VX]^ZkZbZcih ^c heVXZ# L^i] i]Z gZaZVhZ d[ i]Z Egd_ZXi BZgXjgn hiVbe dc ;ZW# '%! &.+'! i]Z YVn d[ ?d]c <aZccÉh ;g^ZcYh]^e , b^hh^dc! i]Z JHEH WZXVbZ i]Z YZ [VXid eVgicZg id C6H6 ^c ]Zae^c\ ^i hi^g ejWa^X VlVgZcZhh! ZmX^iZbZci VcY Zci]jh^Vhb [dg 6bZg^XVÉh cZl ZgV d[ Zm" eadgVi^dc# L]Zi]Zg Vh V gZXdgYZg d[ X^k^X eg^YZ dg Vh V bZVch d[ cV" i^dcVa egdeV\VcYV! hiVbeh WZXVbZ i]Z ÆhcVeh]diÇ i]Vi ZkZgn eZghdc XdjaY ZVh^an add` Vi id `cdl l]Vi lVh ]VeeZc^c\ Vi C6H6 VcY ]dl lZ lZgZ bZVhjg^c\ je id djg Hdk^Zi g^kVah ^c gZVX]^c\ [dg i]Z bddc# 6h C6H6 bdkZY i]gdj\] ^ih b^hh^dch! bdgZ eZdeaZ hiVgiZY id XdaaZXi heVXZ"i]ZbZY hiVbeh VcY edhiVa XdkZgh Vh V lVn id gZXdgY i]Z ]^hidgn d[ 6bZg^XVÉh gVXZ [dg i]Z bddc# HeVXZ"hiVbe XajWh! bVcn d[ l]^X] lZgZ Vi dg cZVg C6H6 [VX^a^i^Zh ldg`^c\ dc i]Z BZgXjgn! <Zb^c^ VcY 6edaad b^h" h^dch! ldjaY XgZViZ heZX^Vaan"i]ZbZY edhiVa XdkZgh! XVX]Zih VcY edhiV\Z XVcXZaaVi^dch id ]Zae i]Zb gZXdgY i]Z ]^hidgn i]Zn lZgZ l^icZhh^c\# I]Z Æb^hh^dc XdkZgÇ ldjaY WZXdbZ dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi eg^oZY [dg heVXZ hiVbe XdaaZXidgh# HjX] V XdaaZXi^WaZ ldjaY ]VkZ i]Z YViZ d[ V

HiVbe d[ VeegdkVa HiVbeh l^i] heZX^Va XdkZgh VcY YVn d[ aVjcX]$bddc aVcY^c\ XVcXZaaVi^dch XdbbZbdgVi^c\ ild Ze^X ZkZcih ^c heVXZ ]^hidgn#

dc i]Z jai^bViZ d[ bV^a gdjiZh# I]Z^g hjWhZfjZci gZijgc id :Vgi] VcY hVaZ id hiVbe XdaaZXidgh egdbeiZY djigV\Z VcY ^ckZhi^\Vi^dch Wn C6H6 VcY 8dc\gZhh i]Vi iVgc^h]ZY i]Z XVgZZgh d[ i]Z VXXdbea^h]ZY XgZl# IdYVn! i]Z H^Z\Zg XdkZgh VgZ ldgi] hZkZgVa i]djhVcYh d[ Yda" aVgh Ve^ZXZ VcY VgZ Xdch^YZgZY hdbZ d[ i]Z bdhi eg^oZY ^iZbh Wn heVXZ ]^hidgn VcY hiVbe XdaaZXi^c\ Zci]jh^Vhih# Di]Zg edhiVa XdkZgh

h^\cZY Wn i]Z VhigdcVjih VcY C6H6 aZVYZgh d[ i]Z ZVgan heVXZÓ^\]i ZgV VgZ ldgi] hZkZgVa ]jcYgZY! ^[ cdi i]djhVcYh! d[ YdaaVgh! Wji id i]Z XdaaZXidgh l]d ]VkZ i]Zb! i]Zn VgZ h^bean eg^XZaZhh# L]^aZ hiVbe XajWh VcY XdaaZXidgh Y^Y bjX] id gZXdgY i]Z ÒcZg YZ" iV^ah d[ 6bZg^XVÉh [dgVnh ^cid heVXZ! i]Z JHEH Xdci^cjZY id XVeijgZ

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

351

0s!

0 ve $1 nd Sa

a oday

rt Orde

Rare Hoard of 100-Year-Old U.S. Gold Coins Released to Public

HISTORIC U.S. GOLD ON SALE Just discovered hoard of U.S. $10 Gold Liberty Coins Now Available Our buyers just discovered one of the most significant Swiss Bank hoards of U.S. gold in years. They secured 2,785 magnificent U.S. gold coins guaranteed to be over 100 years old. The vintage coins in this hoard represent dates ranging from 1866 through 1906 that uniquely symbolize the history of our nation in fine gold.

Uncirculated Gold Coins from the Past Hold Key for Future Profits

been recently advertised for $579—a whopping $100+ more than these fresh uncirculated coins. Collectors will not overlook the value of these vintage uncirculated coins as they As low as consider their scarcity and true profit potential, creating a collectors ea. market explosion that has yet to be reflected in today’s coin prices.

$439

Each of these $10 Gold Liberty coins is guaranteed Don’t Miss This Opportunity: in Uncirculated Condition.

Order Now! As gold values soar with unpredictable oil prices and Consider that since 1999, the falling dollar, you the number of coin collecmay never again have the tors has sharply risen from opportunity to own these 3 million to 130 million, gold coins at this price. With you may never get a continued uncertainty in the second chance to capitalize stock market, demand for on this opportunity. Order now these coins continues to escawhile our limited supplies last. late as collectors and investors Due to the scarcity of these scramble to scoop up U.S. gold coins, we must issue a strict limit coins for their gold content of 10 coins per customer. Prices and and their role as “safe haven” orders subject to change, so call today. against a falling dollar. Uncir- Shown larger than actual size Your satisfaction is assured by our 30-day moneyof 27 mm in diameter culated coins create additional back guarantee. value over bullion, making these coins Order More & Save even more attractive as you diversify your $ per coin shipping total 1 Liberty Coin $479 $15 S&H $494 portfolio. These coins have sold 3 Liberty Coins $465 FREE! $1,395 for hundreds of dollars more.

5 Liberty Coins $449 FREE! $2,245 10 Liberty Coins $439 FREE! $4,390 Circulated $10 Liberty coins have

Call Toll-Free:

1-800-642-9160 New York Mint, Edina MN © 2007 New York Mint

Not affiliated with the U.S. Government

ext. 2178

Ldgi]n ^bV\Zh HiVbeh jh^c\ ^bV\Zh dWiV^cZY Wn i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ lZgZ jhZY [dg i]^h hZg^Zh dc Vhigdcdbn#

i]Z k^h^dc! VXXdbea^h]bZci VcY ZmX^iZbZci i]Vi VXXdbeVc^ZY 6bZg^" XVÉh ZVgan ZmeadgVi^dc d[ heVXZ# I]Z hiVbe ]dcdg^c\ i]Z 6edaad - XgZlÉh kdnV\Z id i]Z bddc lVh YgVlc [gdb i]Z WgZVi]iV`^c\ :Vgi]g^hZ e]did\gVe] iV`Zc Wn i]Z XgZl VcY fjdiZY i]Z^g bdk^c\ &.+- 8]g^hibVh :kZ gZVY^c\ [gdb i]Z 7dd` d[ <ZcZh^h! Æ>c i]Z WZ\^cc^c\! <dY ½Ç Id XdbbZbdgViZ i]Z 6edaad && bddc aVcY^c\! i]Z J#H# EdhiVa HZg" k^XZ ^hhjZY cdi _jhi V hiVbe YZe^Xi^c\ Vc 6bZg^XVc VhigdcVji hZii^c\ [ddi dc i]Z bddc! Wji Vahd V jc^fjZ XVcXZaaVi^dc hiVbe id ]dcdg i]Z YViZ i]Vi cd dcZ Va^kZ Vi i]Vi i^bZ XdjaY ZkZg [dg\Zi#

McCall also has the distinction of being the only artist to have his stamps (the twin 8-cent stamp celebrating a decade of U.S. achievements in space) hand cancelled on the moon by the “first postmaster in space,” Commander David Scott of Apollo 15, during a first-day issue ceremony broadcast on live television. >c ]dcdg d[ C6H6Éh '*i] Vcc^kZghVgn! i]Z XgZl d[ HIH"- VcY i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ 8]VaaZc\Zg XVgg^ZY '+&!.%% edhiVa XdkZgh Vh eVgi d[ ^ih b^hh^dc eVnadVY# DcXZ WVX` dc :Vgi]! i]Z edhiVa XdkZgh ^c XdbbZbd" gVi^kZ [daYZgh lZgZ hdaY id i]Z \ZcZgVa ejWa^X# I]Z hVaZ d[ i]ZhZ Xdk" Zgh cdi dcan ]dcdgZY '* nZVgh d[ C6H6 VXXdbea^h]bZcih Wji gVi]Zg \VkZ i]Z ejWa^X V X]VcXZ id dlc V e^ZXZ d[ bV^a i]Vi ]VY WZZc dc i]Z jai^bViZ YZa^kZgn gdjiZ# L]^aZ ZVX] d[ i]Z ^hhjZY JHEH hiVbeh d[ i]Z heVXZ gVXZ XVeijgZY i]Z \gdjcYWgZV`^c\ bdbZcih d[ i]Vi ZgV! cd Vgi^hi ]Vh ]VY \gZViZg

XdbbVcY dg XVeVW^a^in d[ XVeijg^c\ i]Z ]^hidgn VcY ^che^gVi^dc d[ heVXZ i]Vc GdWZgi 7dW BX8Vaa# 6h i]Z Vgi^hi WZ]^cY '& Y^[[ZgZci heVXZ hiVbeh! BX8Vaa ]Vh YZe^XiZY heVXZXgV[i hjX] Vh H`naVW ^c dgW^i VcY i]Z eaVcZiVgn egdWZ E^dcZZg Yd^c\ ^ih ÓnWn d[ ?je^iZg0 ^ciZgcVi^dc" Va XddeZgVi^dc l^i] i]Z Hdk^Zi Jc^dc [dg i]Z 6edaad"Hdnjo IZhi Egd_ZXi V hiVbe YZh^\cZY _d^cian l^i] Hdk^Zi Vgi^hi 6cVidan B# 6`hVb^i VcY aViZg i]Z Gjhh^Vc HeVXZ Egd\gVb Vcdi]Zg _d^cian YZh^\cZY hiVbe l^i] Gjhh^Vc Vgi^hi KaVY^b^g 7Z^a^c 0 i]Z egdb^hZ VcY Zci]jh^Vhb d[ i]Z deZc^c\ d[ i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ ZgV0 VcY i]Z [VciVhn VcY ^bV\^cVi^dc d[ [jijgZ heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc# BX8Vaa Vahd ]Vh i]Z Y^hi^cXi^dc d[ WZ^c\ i]Z dcan Vgi^hi id ]VkZ ]^h hiVbeh i]Z il^c -"XZci hiVbe XZaZWgVi^c\ V YZXVYZ d[ J#H# VX]^ZkZbZcih ^c heVXZ ]VcY XVcXZaaZY dc i]Z bddc Wn i]Z ÆÒghi edhibVhiZg ^c heVXZ!Ç 8dbbVcYZg 9VkZ HXdii d[ 6edaad &*!

Yjg^c\ V Òghi"YVn ^hhjZ XZgZbdcn WgdVYXVhi dc a^kZ iZaZk^h^dc# L]^aZ BX8VaaÉh h`^aa VcY ^bV\^cVi^dc XVeijgZY i]Z ZhhZcXZ d[ 6bZg^XVÉh ZmeadgVi^dc VXXdbea^h]bZcih! i]Z gZVa ^bV\Zgn [gdb C6H6Éh dc\d^c\ b^hh^dch ]Vh Vahd \ZcZgViZY V edh^i^kZ gZhedchZ Wn heVXZ"hiVbe Zci]jh^Vhih h^cXZ i]ZhZ hiVbeh hiVgiZY id WZ ^hhjZY# I]Z hiVbeh ]dcdg^c\ i]Z BVgh EVi]ÒcYZg VcY Hd_djgcZg GdkZg VcY i]Z WgZVi]iV`^c\ Y^hXdkZg^Zh d[ i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ jhZY VXijVa ^bV\Zh XdaaZXiZY Wn i]ZhZ gZheZXi^kZ C6H6 heVXZXgV[i# Cd Vgi^hiÉh Wgjh] XdjaY ]deZ id XVeijgZ i]Z hijcc^c\ WZVjin VcY YZiV^a d[ i]ZhZ ^bV\Zh i]Vi C6H6 ]Vh h]VgZY l^i] i]Z ejWa^X# I]Vi ^h l]n i]Z [jijgZ d[ heVXZ hiVbeh Xdci^cjZh id ]VkZ hjX] egdb^hZ VcY edhh^W^a^in# ;dg *% nZVgh! C6H6 ]Vh deZcZY V jc^kZghZ d[ VXXdb" ea^h]bZcih! `cdlaZY\Z VcY edhh^W^a^i^Zh dcXZ i]dj\]i jc" ^bV\^cVWaZ# 6h edlZg[ja Vh i]Zn Vaa bVn WZ! i]Zn XVc Vaa hi^aa Òi dc hdbZi]^c\ Vh hbVaa Vh V edhiV\Z hiVbe# ?jhi ^bV\^cZ l]Vi i]Z cZmi *% nZVgh l^aa Wg^c\ id ndjg bV^aWdm#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

353

C6H6 E]did\gVe]Zgh/

*% NZVgh d[ 8Veijg^c\ i]Z BdbZci

By Edward S. GOLDSTEIN

Eg^XZaZhh bdbZci C6H6 e]did\gVe]Zg 7^aa >c\Vaah VWdkZ idd` i]^h e^XijgZ d[ EgZh^YZci 7^aa 8a^cidc h]dl^c\ ?d]c ;# @ZccZYn! ?g#! VcY ]^h l^[Z 8Vgdanc 7ZhhZiiZ i]Z edgigV^i d[ ?;@ Yjg^c\ V L]^iZ =djhZ h]dl^c\ d[ Idb =Vc`Éh =7D Òab hZg^Zh ;gdb :Vgi] id i]Z Bddc ?jan *! &..- #

354

NASA

>c\Vaah gZXVaaZY ]dl ]Z XVbZ id C6H6 ^c &.-. WZXVjhZ ]Z lVciZY id ldg` Vi V eaVXZ l^i] ÆV kZgn ZmX^i^c\ hjW_ZXi bViiZgÇ VcY hddc [djcY ]^bhZa[ dc i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ hdji] aVlc e]did\gVe]^c\ i]Z 6edaad && VhigdcVjih VcY EgZh^YZci <Zdg\Z =#L# 7jh] Yjg^c\ XZgZbd" c^Zh bVg`^c\ i]Z '%i] Vcc^kZghVgn d[ i]Z bddc aVcY^c\# >c\VaahÉ bdhi l^YZan gZegdYjXZY e]d" id\gVe] gZhjaiZY [gdb Vcdi]Zg L]^iZ =djhZ k^h^i! i]^h ^c &..- dc i]Z dXXVh^dc d[ V heZX^Va h]dl^c\ d[ Idb =Vc`Éh =7D Òab hZg^Zh! ;gdb

Y^Y! Wji Æ>Éb XZgiV^c i]Vi ndj bjhi ]VkZ V WZi" iZg e^XijgZ i]Vi ndjg \jn idd` WZXVjhZ ]Z lVh Vahd i]ZgZ#Ç 6YYZY >c\Vaah! ÆI]Zn hV^Y! ÈCd! lZ XVcÉi ÒcY Vcni]^c\#É Hd > hZci i]Z e^XijgZ dkZg id i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ# HdbZ]dl I]Z CZl Ndg` I^bZh \di l^cY d[ i]Z e^XijgZ VcY i]Zn e^X`ZY ^i je VcY ^i hiVgiZY gjcc^c\ Vaa dkZg i]Z eaVXZ# Bn jcYZghiVcY^c\ ^h i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ egZeVgZY V Wdd` [dg i]Z @ZccZYn [Vb" ^an d[ e]did\gVe]h VcY i]^h lVh dcZ d[ i]Z aZVY ^bV\Zh#Ç

“The escort said, ‘Nyet, Bill, we’re here for launch.’ I then said I was concerned because my remotes were 10 feet in front of me and remotes are supposed to be remotes … He said, ‘No, you’re here. If you should die, not to worry, we’ll bury you here full honors.’ He was joking.” – Bill Ingalls. i]Z :Vgi] id i]Z Bddc# 9jg^c\ V WgZV` ^c i]Z ZkZci 7^aa kZcijgZY ]^h lVn ^cid i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ bV^c ]Vaa VcY [djcY ]^bhZa[ iV`^c\ e]d" idh d[ \jZhih ?d]c ;# @ZccZYn! ?g#! VcY ]^h l^[Z! 8Vgdanc 7ZhhZiiZ! _d^cZY Wn EgZh^YZci 7^aa 8a^cidc! VYb^g^c\ EgZh^YZci @ZccZYnÉh d[ÒX^Va edgigV^i# AViZg! hV^Y >c\Vaah! ÆL]Zc ?d]c ;# @ZccZYn! ?g#! eVhhZY VlVn ^c i]Z eaVcZ XgVh] > gZXZ^kZY V XVaa [gdb i]Z L]^iZ =djhZ hVn^c\! ÆLZ jcYZghiVcY ndj ]VkZ V e^XijgZ i]Vi ndj idd` d[ ]^b VcY ]^h l^[Z add`^c\ Vi i]Z eV^ci^c\ l^i] i]Z egZh^YZci#Ç >c\Vaah gZhedcYZY i]Vi ]Z

DcZ d[ >c\VaahÉ bdhi bZbdgVWaZ ig^eh lVh id @VoV`]hiVc ^c BVgX]! &..* [dg i]Z aVjcX] [gdb i]Z 7V^`dcjg 8dhbdYgdbZ dc V Hdnjo heVXZXgV[i d[ VhigdcVji Cdgb I]V" \VgY id i]Z B^g heVXZ hiVi^dc# 6[iZg bVcn cZ\di^Vi^dch! >c\Vaah VcY ]^h e]did\gVe]^X iZVbbViZ! C^`dcÉh HXdii 6cYgZlh! lZgZ Va" adlZY id kZcijgZ &%% nVgYh [gdb i]Z eVY V bZgZ ild ]djgh eg^dg id a^[id[[# ÆDjg ZhXdgi hed`Z Wgd`Zc :c\a^h]!Ç gZXVaaZY >c\Vaah# ÆLZ hi^aa ]VYcÉi hZi je djg Zfj^ebZci# ;^cVaan i]Z \jn >Éb l^i] iZaah bZ id hZi bn gZbdiZh je Vi

C6H6$7^aa >c\Vaah

H

^cXZ i]Z YVlc d[ i]Z HeVXZ 6\Z! C6H6 ]Vh egdYjXZY hdbZ d[ i]Z bdhi ^Xdc^X e]did\gVe]^X ^bV\Zh ^c ]^hidgn# C6H6Éh bdhi Ze^X Æh]di!Ç eZg]Veh! ^h i]Z dcZ 6edaad - VhigdcVji 7^aa 6cYZgh idd` d[ i]Z :Vgi]g^hZ dkZg i]Z ajcVg hjg[VXZ dc 8]g^hibVh :kZ! &.+-# I]^h e]did lVh [ZV" ijgZY dc i]Z XdkZg d[ V heZX^Va ZY^i^dc d[ A^[Z bV\Vo^cZ Vh dcZ d[ i]Z &%% bdhi ^bedgiVci e]didh d[ Vaa i^bZ# 6cYZgh hV^Y d[ ]^h e]did! ÆAZi bZ VhhhjgZ ndj i]Vi! gVi]Zg i]Vc V bVh" h^kZ \^Vci! Pi]Z :Vgi]R h]djaY WZ i]dj\]i d[ Vh PVR [gV\^aZ 8]g^hibVh"igZZ WVaa l]^X] lZ h]djaY ]VcYaZ l^i] Xdch^YZgVWaZ XVgZ#Ç L]^aZ C6H6 VhigdcVjih ]VkZ gZVYn"bVYZ deedgijc^i^Zh id iV`Z e]did\gVe]h d[ jc^fjZ kVajZ! C6H6Éh dc"i]Z"\gdjcY egd[Zhh^dcVa e]did\gVe]Zgh Vahd ]VkZ Xdcig^WjiZY id V gZXdgY d[ ^bV\Zh i]Vi cZkZg XZVhZ id ^che^gZ VlZ VcY ldcYZg# HdbZ d[ i]Z^g [Vkdg^iZ e^X" ijgZh VgZ [ZVijgZY ^c i]^h hZXi^dc# GZegZhZciVi^kZ d[ i]Z iVaZciZY C6H6 e]did\gVe]n hiV[[ ^h 7^aa >c\Vaah! Vc &-"nZVg V\ZcXn kZiZgVc! l]d hZgkZh Vh XdcigVXi hZ" c^dg e]did\gVe]Zg VcY egd\gVb bVcV\Zg Vi C6H6Éh =ZVYfjVgiZgh# >c ]^h edhi! >c\Vaah ]Vh gdVbZY i]Z cVi^dcÉh 8Ve^ida VcY L]^iZ =djhZ! VcY e]did\gVe]ZY aVjcX]Zh [gdb i]Z hlVbeh d[ ;adg^YV id i]Z YZhdaViZ YZhZgi d[ @VoV`]hiVc#

C6H6$7^aa >c\Vaah C6H6$7^aa >c\Vaah

i]Z ZY\Z d[ i]Z aVjcX] eVY# 6cY > hV^Y! ÈAZiÉh \d! aZiÉh \d#É 6cY ]Z hV^Y! ÈCnZi# 7^aa! lZÉgZ ]ZgZ [dg aVjcX]#É > i]Zc hV^Y > lVh XdcXZgcZY WZXVjhZ bn gZbdiZh lZgZ &% [ZZi ^c [gdci d[ bZ VcY gZbdiZh VgZ hjeedhZY id WZ gZbdiZh dg > h]djaY WZ gZbdiZ [gdb i]Z gZbdiZh# =Z hV^Y! ÈCd! ndjÉgZ ]ZgZ# >[ ndj h]djaY Y^Z! cdi id ldggn! lZÉaa Wjgn ndj ]ZgZ [jaa ]dcdgh#É =Z lVh _d`^c\# Hd i]Z aVjcX] ]VeeZcZY# 6h i]Z Hdnjo lVh aZVk^c\ i]Z eVY i]ZgZ lVh V adi d[ YZWg^h ^c i]Vi VgZV! hidcZh _jhi Ón^c\ [gdb i]Z eVY# > h]di V WjcX] d[ [gVbZh l^i] V ]VcY]ZaY XVbZgV! Wji ^i lVh hd XdaY i]Z b^ggdg dc bn XVbZgV [gdoZ je# Hd > h]di Wa^cY [dg V l]^aZ cdi WZ^c\ VWaZ id hZZ l]Vi > lVh h]ddi^c\!

VcY i]Zc > ]^i i]Z \gdjcY WZXVjhZ i]ZgZ lVh hd bjX] YZWg^h Ón^c\ VgdjcY# AViZg > [djcY dcZ d[ i]Z gZbdiZh &% [ZZi ^c [gdci d[ bZ! V =VhhZaWaVY XVbZgV! ]VY ^ih h^YZ h]ZZgZY d[[ Wn V gdX`#Ç >c\Vaah Vahd gZXVaaZY [dcYan iV`^c\ V e]did d[ i]Z Hdnjo gdX`Zi gdaa^c\ dji ^c V XadjY higZlc aVcYhXVeZ id i]Z aVjcX] eVY ^c i]Z ZVgan bdgc^c\ a^\]i# >c\VaahÉ ^bV\Z XVe" ijgZY i]Z hiVg` YgVbV d[ i]Z ZkZci Wn h]dl" ^c\ i]Z ÆYVg` YZiV^ahÇ d[ i]Z ZkZci# Æ> lVh gZ" Vaan ]Veen!Ç ]Z hV^Y# ÆHdbZi^bZh i]Z i^b^c\ VcY a^\]i XdbZh id\Zi]Zg Vi i]Z g^\]i i^bZ#Ç Dc Vcdi]Zg VYkZcijgZ! >c\Vaah lVh a^[iZY Ydlc ^cid 6aVh`VÉh Bdjci Hejg kdaXVcd id

e]did\gVe] i]Z C6H6"8VgcZ\^Z BZaadc Jc^" kZgh^in 9VciZ >> GdWdi! YZh^\cZY id iZhi Xdc" XZeih [dg eaVcZiVgn ZmeadgVi^dc# I]^h i^bZ ]Z lVh cdi ViiVX`ZY Wn Ón^c\ gdX`h# >c\Vaah hV^Y i]Vi dcZ d[ ]^h [Vkdg^iZ ad" XVi^dch ^h hiVcY^c\ WZ]^cY VhigdcVji VcY XdhbdcVji XgZlh WZ[dgZ i]Zn g^YZ dji id i]Z aVjcX] eVY ^c @VoV`]hiVc! Æl]Zc i]Z XgZlÉh WZ]^cY i]Z \aVhh [dg i]Z aVhi i^bZ! \Zii^c\ i]Z^g eZgheZXi^kZ add`^c\ WVX` dji#Ç >c\Vaah ^h fj^X` id ed^ci dji i]Vi ]Z ^h [dgijcViZ id gZegZhZci V ldcYZg[ja \gdje d[ C6H6 e]did\gVe]Zgh VgdjcY i]Z V\ZcXn l]dhZ XjggZci ldg` ^h ]^\]a^\]iZY dc i]ZhZ eV\Zh! eajh hjX] aZ\ZcYVgn heVXZ e]did\gV" e]n kZiZgVch Vh 6cYgZl EVicZh`n ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg ! @aVjh L^a`Zch @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg VcY 7^aa IVjW ]ZVYfjVg" iZgh Vbdc\ bVcn di]Zgh# 6aa d[ i]ZhZ e]did\gVe]Zgh ]VkZ XdcYjXi" ZY i]Z^g ldg` kZgn bjX] ^c i]Z igVY^i^dc d[ e]did\gVe]^X ^Xdc =Zcg^ 8Vgi^Zg"7gZh" hdc l]d Xd^cZY i]Z e]gVhZ! Æi]Z YZX^h^kZ bdbZci!Ç h^\c^[n^c\ l]Zc V e^XijgZ iV`Zc i]gdj\] ViiZci^dc id YZiV^a!

Xdbedh^i^dc VcY X^gXjb" hiVcXZ! ^h VWaZ id XVeijgZ dc Òab i]Z ZhhZcXZ d[ V bdbZci ^c i^bZ d[ aVhi^c\ kVajZ#

Gdaadji Vi YVlc Ide/ >c\VaahÉ hiVg` YVlc edgigV^i d[ i]Z Hdnjo gdX`Zi gdaa^c\ dji id ^ih aVjcX] eVY# KdaXVc^X ]ZVi 6WdkZ/ >c\VaahÉ h]di d[ i]Z C6H6"8VgcZ\^Z BZaadc Jc^kZgh^in 9VciZ >> gdWdi Zmeadg^c\ 6aVh`VÉh Bi# Hejg kdaXVcd#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

355

PHOTO CREDIT: NASA

OCTOBER 11-24, 2000 STS-92 ONBOARD VIEW Nikon, a proud participant in the NASA program since the Apollo 15 mission, has contributed its expertise and equipment to help NASA capture stunning photographs like the image above from the STS-92 mission. Photographed from the cargo bay of the Earth-orbiting Space Shuttle Discovery, this image features a heavily cloud-covered Earth and part of the International Space Station mirrored in the visor of an STS-92 mission specialist.

Congratulations NASA On Your 50th Anniversary

C6H6 ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg e]did ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg

8ViiaZ XVaa Ide/ I]Z ^cigZe^Y e]did\gVe]Zgh d[ C6H6Éh BVccZY HeVXZXgV[i 8ZciZg dg ?d]chdc HeVXZ 8ZciZg e]did Y^k^h^dc ^c &.+(# 6WdkZ/ 8dlh \gVo^c\ l]ZgZ C6H6Éh BVccZY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg lVh Wj^ai#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

357

C6H6

KZcjh kdnV\Zg 6 egdidineZ WVaaddc YZh^\cZY Wn V iZVb ^cXajY^c\ C6H6 ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn Zc\^cZZgh XdjaY ZkZcijVaan Ón ^c KZcjhÉ Vibdhe]ZgZ id bdgZ XadhZan hijYn :Vgi]Éh Æh^hiZg eaVcZi#Ç

358

NASA

C6H6$<Zdg\Z H]Zaidc

L]ZgZ dhegZnh YVgZ 6 bdi]Zg dhegZn aZ[i h^ih egdiZXi^kZan cZmi id dcZ d[ ]Zg X]^X`h ^c V cZhi h^ijViZY Vi i]Z ide d[ V edaZ ^c i]Z @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZgÉh C6H6 CZlh 8ZciZg eVg`^c\ adi# 7Z]^cY i]Z cZhi ^h i]Z ÓV\ eV^ciZY dc i]Z KZ]^XaZ 6hhZbWan 7j^aY^c\# DhegZn cZhih VgZ [djcY i]gdj\]dji i]Z @ZccZYn HeVXZ 8ZciZg VcY cZVgWn BZgg^ii >haVcY CVi^dcVa L^aYa^[Z GZ[j\Z#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

359

360

NASA

C6H6

:nZ dc i]Z ]ZVkZch BVgh]Vaa HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg ZbeadnZZ ?dcVi]Vc K# 8VbeWZaa ^cheZXih V aVg\Z hZ\bZciZY b^ggdg YZkZadeZY [dg edhh^WaZ jhZ ^c YZiZXi^c\ VhiZgd^Yh$bZiZdgd^Yh VcY di]Zg [dgbh d[ dgW^iVa YZWg^h#

C6H6

E]did h]de 6 <dYYVgY HeVXZ ;a^\]i 8ZciZg e]did\gVe]Zg VhhZbWaZh V XVbZgV hnhiZb ^ch^YZ i]Z YncVb^X iZhi X]VbWZg Vi i]Z XZciZgÉh iZhi VcY ZkVajVi^dc [VX^a^in ^c &.+)#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

361

C6H6$FjZci^c HX]l^cc

Dc id Dg^dc 6 bdX`"je d[ i]Z Dg^dc XgZl ZmeadgVi^dc kZ]^XaZ WZ^c\ Wj^ai Vi i]Z <aZcc GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg#

362

NASA

C6H6 C6H6$HZVc Hb^i]

AVhZg a^\]i h]dl Ide/ C6H6 Zc\^cZZgh EZiZ OZaa VcY L^aa^Vb 8a^[idc =dgcZ [dgZ\gdjcY egZeVgZ V aVhZg a^\]i h]ZZi [dg V Ă&#x201C;dl k^hjVa^oVi^dc iZhi! l]^aZ ?d]c <g^kZc hiVcYh ^c i]Z cVXZaaZ d[ EgVii L]^icZnĂ&#x2030;h 6YkVcXZY 9jXiZY Egdejahdg YZbdchigVidg Zc\^cZ ^c V )% m -% [ddi l^cY ijccZa# Bdk^c\ [dglVgY 6WdkZ/ Ldg` Vi i]Z AVc\aZn GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg dc ]ZVi h]^ZaY [VWg^XVi^dc VcY kZ]^XaZ ^ciZ\gVi^dc [dg C6H6Ă&#x2030;h cZmi \ZcZgVi^dc d[ heVXZXgV[i#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

363

C6H6$?^b Gdhh

=ZVY^c\ ]dbZ 6 heVXZ h]jiiaZ dgW^iZg VcY i]Z ,),"WVhZY heVXZ h]jiiaZ XVgg^Zg V^gXgV[i WZ^c\ bViZY je Vi 9gnYZc ;a^\]i GZhZVgX] 8ZciZg [dg i]Z^g gZijgc id ;adg^YV#

364

NASA

> LVh 7dgc V C6H6 7VWn

By John M. GRUNSFELD

&.*-

lVh V WZcX]bVg` nZVg ^c i]Z ]^hidgn d[ heVXZ ZmeadgVi^dc ^c i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh d[ 6bZg^XV# Dc ?Vc# (&! &.*-! i]Z Òghi 6bZg^XVc hViZaa^iZ lZci hjX" XZhh[jaan ^cid dgW^i# I]Z i^cn ?Zi Egdejah^dc AVWdgVidgn :meadgZg"> dgW^iZY :Vgi]! bZV" hjg^c\ [dg i]Z Òghi i^bZ i]Z gVY^Vi^dc WZaih

366

NASA

ZcX^gXa^c\ i]Z \adWZ Vi Vc Vai^ijYZ d[ bdgZ i]Vc +%% b^aZh# Dc DXi# &! &.*-! C6H6 lVh Wdgc l]Zc i]Z CVi^dcVa 6ZgdcVji^Xh VcY HeVXZ 6Xi d[ &.*- lZci ^cid Z[[ZXi! ]Vk^c\ WZZc h^\cZY Wn EgZh^YZci 9l^\]i 9# :^hZc" ]dlZg dc ?jan '.! &.*-# >ih ejgedhZ lVh Æid egdk^YZ [dg gZhZVgX] ^cid egdWaZbh d[ Ó^\]i

l^i]^c VcY djih^YZ i]Z ZVgi]Éh Vibdhe]ZgZ! VcY [dg di]Zg ejgedhZh#Ç L]d XdjaY ]VkZ `cdlc i]Z WgdVY VcY [Vg"gZVX]^c\ ^beVXi i]^h ldjaY ]VkZ dc i]Z [jijgZ d[ i]Z ldgaY4 > XZgiV^can Y^YcÉi# > lVh Wdgc &% YVnh aViZg ^c V hbVaa ]dhe^iVa dc i]Z CZVg Cdgi] H^YZ d[ 8]^XV\d#

C6H6

I]jbWh je L]^aZ ]Zae^c\ gZeV^g i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ dc i]Z HIH"&%. b^hh^dc BVgX] '%%' ! <gjch[ZaY h^\cVah id XgZlbViZh ^ch^YZ heVXZ h]jiiaZ 8dajbW^VÉh XgZl XVW^c i]Vi ]^h i]^gY heVXZlVa` ^h \d^c\ lZaa#

L]^aZ bn bdi]Zg lVh hZiia^c\ ^c id i]Z gdj" i^cZ d[ V cZl WVWn! Egd_ZXi BZgXjgn! 6bZg^XVÉh Òghi bVccZY heVXZ egd\gVb! lVh ^c^i^ViZY# 7n &.+&! lZ ]VY dji\gdlc djg hbVaa VeVgibZci VcY bdkZY id i]Z Hdji] H^YZ d[ 8]^XV\d id gZh^YZ ^c V WgVcY"cZl idlc ]dbZ ^c =nYZ EVg`! Wj^ai Vh eVgi d[ V 8]^XV\d jgWVc gZcZlVa

egd_ZXi# Dc 6eg^a &'! &.+&! Njg^ <V\Vg^c WZ" XVbZ i]Z Òghi bVc id dgW^i :Vgi] ^c Kdhid` &! [daadlZY ^c BVn Wn i]Z Òghi 6bZg^XVc ^c heVXZ! 6aVc 7# H]ZeVgY! ?g#! VWdVgY ;gZZYdb ,# H]dgian V[iZg i]^h hjXXZhh[ja Ó^\]i! EgZh^" YZci ?d]c ;# @ZccZYn hZi i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh dc V XdjghZ id i]Z bddc# 6Wdji i]^h i^bZ! > Xa^bWZY dc djg `^iX]Zc XdjciZg VcY _jbeZY d[[! ÓVee^c\ bn Vgbh ign^c\ id Ón# <gdl^c\ je ^c =nYZ EVg` lVh _jhi i]Z [dgbjaV [dg bZ Vh V ndjc\! WjYY^c\ hX^Zc" i^hi# I]Z cZ^\]Wdg]ddY lZ a^kZY ^c lVh hi^aa ]ZVk^an edejaViZY Wn hX^Zci^hih l]d! aZY Wn :cg^Xd ;Zgb^ Vi i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ 8]^XV\d! ]ZaeZY XgZViZ i]Z Òghi hZa["hjhiV^c^c\ cj" XaZVg gZVXi^dc# I]Z Vidb^X"e^aZ! Vh ^i lVh XVaaZY! lVh l^i]^c V h]dgi W^`Z g^YZ d[ bn ]djhZ! jcYZg i]Z lZhi hiVcYh d[ HiV\\ ;^ZaY Vi i]Z jc^kZgh^in# > ZmeadgZY i]Z WZVX]Zh d[ =nYZ EVg` add`^c\ [dg [dhh^ah ^c i]Z a^bZhidcZ! k^h^iZY l^i] bn e]nh^Xh VcY X]Zb^hign egd[Zhhdg cZ^\]Wdgh VcY eaVnZY ^c i]Z WVX` VaaZnh WZilZZc i]Z VeVgibZcih l^i] bn [g^ZcYh _jhi a^`Z Vcn ndjc\ Wdn# =dlZkZg! lZ ]VY hdbZi]^c\ cZl VcY bV\^XVa id Yd Vh lZaa Ä lViX] iZaZk^h^dc# IZaZk^h^dc lVh hi^aa ^c ^ih ^c[VcXn VcY hdbZi]^c\ cdkZa Ä VcY ]^\]an XdcigdaaZY! l^i] bn k^Zl^c\ hig^Xian a^b^iZY Wn bn eVgZcih# I]Z hZgZcY^e^idjh Vgg^kVa d[ iZaZk^h^dc Vi V i^bZ l]Zc djg cVhXZci heVXZ egd\gVb lVh Wadhhdb^c\ Va" adlZY bZ id eVgi^X^eViZ k^XVg^djhan ^c i]Z ZmX^iZbZci d[ i]Z aViZ BZgXjgn egd\gVb! <Zb^c^ VcY! aViZg! Egd_ZXi 6edaad# C6H6 hX^Zci^hih YZhXg^WZY i]Z adc\ ]djgh d[ ^hdaVi^dc i]Z VhigdcVjih ldjaY ]VkZ id ZcYjgZ# Dc i]Z hbVaa WaVX`"VcY"l]^iZ hXgZZc! > hVl ^b" V\Zh d[ VhigdcVjih lVa`^c\ id i]Z aVjcX] eVY! l^i] ]dhZh ZmiZcY^c\ [gdb i]Z^g h]^cn heVXZ hj^ih ViiVX]ZY id WdmZh l^i] a^fj^Y V^g Wd^a^c\ d[[ l]Vi add`ZY a^`Z hiZVb# 6cY! d[ XdjghZ! > h]VgZY ^c i]Z ZmX^iZbZci d[ lViX]^c\ i]Z gdX`" Zih gdVg d[[ ^cid i]Z YZei]h d[ heVXZ! VcY i]Z heaVh]Ydlc! gZXdkZgn VcY i^X`Zg"iVeZ eVgVYZh Vh djg ]ZgdZh gZijgcZY [gdb i]Z^g VYkZcijgZh# > bVn cdi ]VkZ `cdlc i]Z W^\\Zg h^\c^Ò" XVcXZ d[ i]Z ZkZcih! Wji > `cZl ^i lVh ZmX^i" ^c\ VcY ^cXdgedgViZY ^i ^cid bn eaVn# Djg :aZXigdajm kVXjjb XaZVcZg VcY ]dhZ WZXVbZ bn a^fj^Y V^g Xdda^c\ jc^i VcY djg ]Vaa XadhZi bn heVXZ XVehjaZ Vh > egZeVgZY [dg i]Z ^hd" aVi^dc d[ heVXZ# > ldjaY heZcY l]Vi hZZbZY a^`Z ]djgh egZiZcY^c\ id WZ ^c heVXZ! lZVg" ^c\ V ]ZabZi XgV[iZY [gdb Vc ^XZ XgZVb Xdc" iV^cZg# Bn [g^ZcYh VcY > ldjaY heZcY ]djgh

eaVn^c\ _Zi e^adi l^i] hbVaa bdYZah d[ kVg^djh Ò\]iZgh! Vh Vaa i]Z VhigdcVjih lZgZ Ò\]iZg e^" adih VcY iZhi e^adih# 6i VWdji V\Z ,! > YZX^YZY > lVciZY id WZ Vc VhigdcVji# Bn bdi]Zg gZXdjciZY id bZ i]Vi Vi i]Z i^bZ h]Z i]dj\]i i]Vi lVh V ÒcZ ^YZV# >i ldjaY hi^bjaViZ bZ id hijYn hX^ZcXZ VcY bVi]ZbVi^Xh! VcY h]Z i]dj\]i i]ZgZ lVh Zh" hZci^Vaan cd X]VcXZ > ldjaY ZkZg WZXdbZ Vc VhigdcVji! hd h]Z Y^Y cdi ldggn# LZaa! h]Z lVh eVgian g^\]i#

For me, growing up with the space program, it only seemed natural that people like me would be able to go to space.

Only now that I have had the chance to fly to space, see the wonder of the Earth and return safely do I fully realize how special it has been. The risk is real and significant, but so are the rewards, both for me personally and for society. :kZcijVaan lZ bdkZY id i]Z cdgi]Zgc hjWjgWh d[ 8]^XV\d! VcY > Y^Y Xdci^cjZ id WZ ^ciZgZhiZY ^c hX^ZcXZ VcY bVi]# > Vahd WZ\Vc id WgdVYZc bn ZmeadgVi^dc d[ eaVcZi :Vgi] WZndcY lViX]^c\ i]Z bddc > XdjaY cdi hZZ bVcn hiVgh ^c i]Z ^ccZg X^in Wn Zmeadg^c\ ^c i]Z gVk^cZh VgdjcY bn ]dbZ! hV^a^c\ dc AV`Z B^X]^\Vc VcY gdX` Xa^bW^c\ l^i] i]Z adXVa X]VeiZg d[ i]Z H^ZggV 8ajW je ^c L^h" Xdch^c# > Vahd ZcgdaaZY ^c V ]^\] hX]dda hX^" ZcXZ egd\gVb hedchdgZY Wn C6H6 Vi i]Z 6YaZg EaVcZiVg^jb ^c 8]^XV\d# L]Zc ^i XVbZ i^bZ id \d id XdaaZ\Z! > ]VY YZX^YZY > lVciZY id hijYn Vhigde]nh^Xh VcY Xdhbdad\n# > lVh V kdgVX^djh hX^ZcXZ ÒXi^dc gZVYZg! VcY i]Z BVhhVX]jhZiih >chi^ijiZ d[ IZX]cdad\n B>I lVh i]Z bdhi d[i bZci^dcZY hX]dda# B>I Vahd WdVhiZY i]Z bdhi \gVYjViZh l]d lZgZ VhigdcVjih dji d[ Vaa VXVYZb^X ^chi^" iji^dch# L]^aZ bn adkZ lVh i]Z hijYn d[ hX^" ZcXZ! ^c i]Z WVX` d[ bn b^cY > i]dj\]i ^i ldjaY dcan WZ cVijgVa id Yd i]Vi hX^ZcXZ ^c heVXZ#

50 Years of Exploration and Discovery

367

368

NASA

d[ hdbZ d[ bn bdgZ hidY\n XdaaZV\jZh# > lVh hZaZXiZY ^cid i]Z &)i] \gdje d[ C6H6 VhigdcVjih ^c i]Z XaVhh d[ &..'# Bn YgZVbh ]VY iV`Zc bZ [gdb V bdjciV^c" ide Vi i]Z EVadbVg DWhZgkVidgn ^c &..' id V heVXZ"WVhZY dWhZgkVidgn dc heVXZ h]jiiaZ :c" YZVkdjg ^c &..*! hi^aa Yd^c\ Vhigdcdbn l^i] i]Z 6higd ' iZaZhXdeZh# 6WdVgY :cYZVkdjg Yjg^c\ i]Z &+"YVn b^hh^dc! > [Zai a^`Z > ]VY ÒcVaan [djcY bn eaVXZ ^c i]Z ldgaY! dg d[[ ^i VcnlVn# H^cXZ i]Zc > ]VkZ Ódlc i]gZZ [jgi]Zg b^h" h^dch! dcZ id i]Z Gjhh^Vc B^g heVXZ hiVi^dc ^c &..,! VcY ild Ó^\]ih id i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ ^c &... VcY '%%'# > XVccdi VYZ" fjViZan ZmegZhh i]Z WZVjin VcY hZchZ d[ VlZ > [ZZa l]^aZ ldg`^c\ dc =jWWaZ# >i ^h [V^g id hVn i]Vi i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ ^h i]Z bdhi egdYjXi^kZ hX^Zci^ÒX ^chigjbZci ZkZg XgZViZY Wn ]jbVch# L]Zc [da`h Vh` bZ l]n > iV`Z i]Z g^h`h d[ \d^c\ id heVXZ! > iZaa i]Zb i]Vi i]Z ldg` dc =jWWaZ ^h ldgi] g^h`^c\ bn a^[Z# >i ^h i]Vi ^bedgiVci# Cdl > Vb egZeVg^c\ id gZijgc! Vh Vc Zm" eZg^ZcXZY heVXZlVa`^c\ VhigdcVji! i]Z X]^Z[ =jWWaZ gZeV^g VhigdcVji VcY ^c"dgW^i Vhigdcd" bZg! id je\gVYZ VcY gZeV^g i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ# I]^h l^aa WZ i]Z ÒcVa =jWWaZ hZg" k^X^c\ b^hh^dc id WZ VXXdbea^h]ZY Wn i]Z heVXZ h]jiiaZ# Djg Ó^\]i ^h eaVccZY [dg aViZ hjbbZg ^c '%%-! _jhi h]n d[ i]Z *%i] W^gi]" YVn d[ C6H6! VcY b^cZ# L]d XVc hVn ]dl bVcn b^aa^dch d[ eZdeaZ ]VkZ WZZc ^che^gZY Wn i]Z YVlc d[ i]Z HeVXZ 6\Z VcY hi^ggZY id gZVX] id \gZVi eZghdcVa VcY egd[Zhh^dcVa ]Z^\]ih4 ;dg bZ! \gdl^c\ je l^i] i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb! ^i dcan hZZbZY cVijgVa i]Vi eZdeaZ a^`Z bZ ldjaY WZ VWaZ id \d id heVXZ# Dcan cdl i]Vi > ]VkZ ]VY i]Z X]VcXZ id Ón id heVXZ! hZZ i]Z ldcYZg d[ i]Z :Vgi] VcY gZijgc hV[Zan Yd > [jaan gZVa^oZ ]dl heZX^Va ^i ]Vh WZZc# I]Z g^h` ^h gZVa VcY h^\c^ÒXVci! Wji hd VgZ i]Z gZlVgYh! Wdi] [dg bZ eZghdcVaan VcY [dg hdX^Zin# 6h lZ ejh] WZndcY i]Z WdjcYh d[ :Vgi] dg" W^i! WVX` id i]Z bddc! id BVgh VcY WZndcY! ^i l^aa dcan hZZb cVijgVa id i]Z X]^aYgZc Wdgc ^c '%%- i]Vi i]Zn idd l^aa WZ VWaZ id ZmeadgZ i]Z \gZVi Xdhbdh WZndcY i]Z^g ]dbZh# I]Z Òghi *% nZVgh d[ C6H6 ]VkZ Wgdj\]i igZbZcYdjh X]Vc\Z id djg hX^ZcXZ! djg iZX]cdad\n VcY i]Z `cdlaZY\Z d[ djg eaVXZ ^c i]Z jc^kZghZ# L^i] i]Z XjggZci eVXZ d[ iZX]cd" ad\^XVa \gdli]! l]d `cdlh l]Vi i]Z cZmi *% nZVgh d[ C6H6 l^aa Wg^c\4 >i l^aa cd YdjWi WZ _jhi Vh ZmX^i^c\ Vh i]Z Òghi

?d]c B# <gjch[ZaY

]ZaeZY Wj^aY XVaaZY i]Z 8]^XV\d 8dhb^X GVn Cj" XaZ^ :meZg^bZci# I]^h ^c" higjbZci ÓZl dc heVXZ h]jiiaZ 8]VaaZc\Zg! HIH"*&;! ^c ?jan &.-*# 6WdVgY 8]VaaZc\Zg lVh VhigdcVji VcY Vhigdcd" bZg @Vga =Zc^oZ# 6aa i]Z l]^aZ! > Xdc" i^cjZY id \d dji VcY Zm" eadgZ i]Z bdjciV^ch d[ i]Z 6bZg^XVc LZhi VcY Xa^bW bdjciV^ch VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY# I]ZgZ hZZbh id WZ V gdbVci^X XdccZX" i^dc WZilZZc i]Z hijYn d[ Vhigdcdbn VcY i]Z bdjciV^ch# Bn hX^ZcXZ ]Zgd! :cg^Xd ;Zgb^! lVh Vc Vk^Y bdjciV^cZZg! Vh 7jYY^c\ gdX`Zi Zci]jh^Vhi 6 '%"nZVg daY ?d]c B# <gjch[ZaY ^c ?VeVc lVh AnbVc He^ioZg! i]Z [dg i]Z aVjcX] d[ i]Z ?VeVcZhZ =^cdidg^ hdaVg dWhZgk^c\ hViZaa^iZ ^c &.-&# [Vi]Zg d[ i]Z =jWWaZ HeVXZ IZaZhXdeZ! VcY VhigdcVji$VhigdcdbZgh ?Z[[ =d[[bVc VcY DcZ d[ i]Z fjZhi^dch ^c i]Z Veea^XVi^dch [dg @Vga =Zc^oZ! id cVbZ _jhi V [Zl# I]Z XdccZX" XdaaZ\Z lVh ÆL]ZgZ Yd ndj hZZ ndjghZa[ ^c '% i^dc XVccdi _jhi WZ YjZ id i]Z [VXi i]Vi bdhi nZVgh4Ç > lgdiZ VWdji ]dl > lVciZY id WZ i]Z \gZVi Vhigdcdb^XVa dWhZgkVidg^Zh VgZ adXViZY X]^Z[ hX^Zci^hi dc V J#H# dgW^i^c\ heVXZ hiVi^dc# dc bdjciV^cideh# Bn dWhZgkVidg^Zh lZgZ ^c 6i i]Z i^bZ! djg heVXZ egd\gVb lVh l^cY^c\ heVXZ# 6cY i]Vi ^h ZmVXian l]ZgZ > lVciZY id Ydlc [gdb 6edaad VcY H`naVW# EjWa^X ^ciZgZhi \d lVh lVc^c\ ^c i]Z heVXZ egd\gVb! VcY i]Z 6[iZg \Zii^c\ bn YdXidgViZ > YZX^YZY id heVXZ h]jiiaZ lVh hi^aa ^c ZVgan YZkZadebZci# hZcY ^c Vc Veea^XVi^dc id WZ Vc VhigdcVji# > Vb cdi hjgZ ^[ bn Xdc_ZXijgZ VWdji bn XV" > `cZl i]Vi ^[ > Y^Y cdi Veean! i]Z djiXdbZ gZZg ]ZaeZY dg ]jgi! Wji > \di ^c! VcY ^c &.,+ lVh `cdlc# 6i i]Z i^bZ! Wdi] C6H6 VcY > hiVgiZY Vh Vc jcYZg\gVYjViZ Vi B>I# lZgZ (% nZVgh daY# > YZeVgiZY i]Z Jc^kZgh^in L]^aZ Vi B>I! > ldg`ZY Vh V c^\]i deZgVidg d[ 8]^XV\d id VXXZei V gZhZVgX] [VXjain edh^" [dg i]Z C6H6 HbVaa 6higdcdbn HViZaa^iZ ( Vi i^dc Vi i]Z 8Va^[dgc^V >chi^ijiZ d[ IZX]cdad\n i]Z 8ZciZg [dg HeVXZ GZhZVgX] Ä cdi ndjg 8VaiZX] # > Xdci^cjZY id ldg` dc ]^\]"ZcZg" ine^XVa jcYZg\gVYjViZ _dW! Wji B>I ^h cdi \n Vhigde]nh^Xh! hZcY^c\ bn ZmeZg^bZcih id ndjg ine^XVa hX]dda# DcZ d[ i]Z [Zaadlh ldg`" i]Z ZY\Z d[ heVXZ dc ]^\]"Vai^ijYZ WVaaddch! ^c\ Vi i]Z aVW lVh V edhi"YdXidgVa gZhZVgX]Zg \d^c\ id bdjciV^cideh id dWhZgkZ VcY! d[ cVbZY 9g# ?Z[[ =d[[bVc# >c bn _jc^dg nZVg! XdjghZ! jh^c\ hViZaa^iZh ^c :Vgi] dgW^i# ?Z[[ lVh hZaZXiZY Vh Vc VhigdcVji ^c i]Z Òghi 6 eg^bZ eVgi d[ bn ldg` ^ckdakZY dWhZg" XaVhh d[ heVXZ h]jiiaZ VhigdcVjih# > gZVa^oZY kVi^dch bVYZ Wn i]Z 8dbeidc <VbbV"GVn i]Vi > Y^Y cdi ]VkZ id WZ V Ò\]iZg e^adi id WZ DWhZgkVidgn! dcZ d[ i]Z C6H6 <gZVi DWhZg" Vc VhigdcVji VcY i]Vi i]Z eVi] bn Xjg^dh^in kVidg^Zh# 8dbeidc lVh YZeadnZY Wn i]Z heVXZ ^c hX^ZcXZ lVh iV`^c\ bZ b^\]i _jhi WZ i]Z h]jiiaZ# 9jg^c\ i]Z b^hh^dc! i]Z bV^c VciZccV g^\]i dcZ id \Zi id heVXZ# [dg 8dbeidc lVh hijX` XadhZY# 6higdcVjih ?Zg" Bn ^ciZgZhi ^c ]^\]"ZcZg\n Vhigde]nh^Xh! gn Gdhh VcY ?Vn 6ei lZci dji dc V heVXZlVa` i]Z hijYn d[ cZjigdc hiVgh! WaVX` ]daZh VcY VcY hjXXZhh[jaan YZeadnZY i]Z VciZccV# 8dbe" Xdhbdad\n idd` bZ [gdb B>I id heZcY V nZVg idc VcY bn XVgZZg lZci dc id cZl ]Z^\]ih l^i] Vi i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ Id`nd! ldg`^c\ l^i] i]Z i]Z ÓddY d[ cZl hX^ZcXZ YViV i]Vi gZhjaiZY# =V`jX]d M"gVn Vhigdcdbn hViZaa^iZ# I]Zc > >c &..& > lVh Vh`ZY id XdbZ id =djh" lZci dc id i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ 8]^XV\d! l]ZgZ idc [dg Vc ^ciZgk^Zl id WZ Vc VhigdcVji# > > gZXZ^kZY V YdXidgViZ ^c e]nh^Xh ^c &.--# _jbeZY Vi i]Z X]VcXZ! bjX] id i]Z hjgeg^hZ Bn i]Zh^h lVh WVhZY dc Vc ZmeZg^bZci > ]VY

Congratulations to the men and women of NASA on 50 years of giant leaps for mankind

Proud to supply the public sector with the technology and customized service to keep leaping forward.

V i s i t u s o n l i n e a t w w w. b e s t b u y g o v. c o m â&#x20AC;˘ C a l l t o p l a c e a n o r d e r : 8 8 8 . 2 2 4 . 8 1 8 1 NASA did not select or approve this advertiser and does not endorse and is not responsible for the views or statements contained in this advertisement.