Resolution Booklet - Digital Lublin 2020

RESOLUTION BOOKLET DIGITAL Lublin 2020 Nov 20th-22nd

T​ABLE​​ OF​C​ ONTENTS

General Assembly Procedure

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Motion for Resolution from the ENVI I Committee

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Motion for Resolution from the SEDE Committee

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Motion for Resolution from the EMPL II Committee

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Motion for Resolution from the DROI Committee

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Motion for Resolution from the ENVI II Committee

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Motion for Resolution from the EMPL I Committee

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G​ENERAL​A​ SSEMBLY​P​ ROCEDURE

G​ ENERAL​R​ ULES​:

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Committees have the ability to use their Discord text & voice channel for communication during GA. Each committee will be afforded ​two Direct Responses​per debate.

All delegates are encouraged to vote and ​refrain from abstaining​unless they have a true

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moral conflict.

Resolutions pass if they receive more votes in favour than against, otherwise they fail.

Delegates should afford equal respect to all debates as if they were their own.

The wish to speak is indicated through the ​“Raise hand”​function on Zoom.

A chair will act as the committee placard and a delegate as the Direct Response

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placard​.

Participants will unmute themselves.

The authority of the Board is absolute.

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Procedure

1. Reading of the topic by the board 2.

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Time for the delegates to look through the topic (2 mins) Defence speech by proposing committee (3 mins) Position speech(es) (3 mins) Response to position speeches by prop. committee (2 mins) Rounds of debate

a. Round of debate + 1 min response by prop. Committee b. Round of debate + 1 min response by prop. Committee c. Round of debate + 1 min response by prop. Committee d. Round of debate 7. Summation speech(es)* (3 mins) 8. VOTE 9. Reading of results *the committee may split the summation between 2 people if they wish. The summation should also serve as a short response to the final round of debate as well as summing up the topic.

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S​ PEECHES​ :

Proposition speech

This speech is used by the proposing committee to explain the proposed resolution. It is used to explain the ​ underlying goals and motives​of the committee and to show how the current resolution is an efficient way to reach those goals. It is more ​factual​and logical than emotional.

Position speech

After the rounds of debate, two committees will be recognised to deliver two proposition speeches: one in favour and one against the proposed resolution. The speeches should support/disagree with the goals of the committee and/or the ​general direction​of the resolution.

They should not consist of a list of points.

Summation speech

The summation speech will consist of two main parts delivered by a member of the proposing committee. The first speaker will ​summarise the debate​, while the rest of the time will be used to convince the Assembly​to vote in favour of the proposed resolution.

O​ PEN​D​ EBATE​:

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There will be three rounds of debate lasting for a total of 15 minutes.

The board will recognise a varying number of committees depending on time before

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returning to the proposing committee for a response.

The chair will raise their hand to indicate that they have a point.

The chairperson is responsible for ensuring the order of speakers within the committee.

Committees may use their Direct Responses to jump the queue only in this portion of the debate.

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Points should refer to either Introductory clauses or Operative Clauses of the resolution, focusing on one singular cohesive idea.

Delegates are encouraged to propose alternative solutions and enrich the debate rather than simply asking for clarification.

D​ IRECT​R​ ESPONSES​:

This placard can ​only be used to directly answer a point of the Open Debate​. The Direct Response should refer to the ​core of the last point​made and not just be on the same topic. The Direct Response can only be raised ​two times by the debate​. If a Direct Response is misused, it still counts as used.

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M​OTION​​ FOR​​ A​R​ ESOLUTION​​ BY T​ HE​C​ OMMITTEE​O ​N​T​HE​E​ NVIRONMENT​ , P​ UBLIC​H​ EALTH​​ AND​F​ OOD S​ AFETY​I [​ ​NVI I​] ​ E

Words do hurt: ​With cyber bullying being a major concern of the digital era, especially among young Internet users, what measures can the EU institutions and Member States take to effectively tackle this problem?

Submitted by:

Zuzanna Fabis (PL), Mikolaj Mochnacki (PL), Bianca-Maria Negrau (RO), Katarzyna Olejarczyk (PL), Patryk Piechuta (PL), Matei Plescan (RO), Zuzanna Rosocka (PL), Anna Szymkowiak (PL), Zofia Zatorska (PL), Elena Chrysafi(GR, Chairperson), Danai Varna (GR, Chairperson)

The European Youth Parliament,

A. Aware of the fact that the rapid growth of social media has led to ​36.5%​of children between the ages of 12 and 17 being harassed online, B. Alarmed by the fact that ​68%​of children who have been cyberbullied have developed mental health issues, C. Bearing in mind that ​ adolescents and young adults​are spending more time on social media platforms than any other age group, D. Noting with regret that the European Union (EU) does not currently have ​a common definition of cyberbullying​ , E. Expressing its appreciation for the efficiency of undertakings aiming to combat cyberbullying, like the ​Better Internet for Kids Strategy​and the ​ENCASE​project, F. Further noting the ​lack of evidence​regarding the effectiveness of social media anti-bullying policies, G. Acknowledging that there are​no legal instruments directly combating cyberbullying​, H. Bearing in mind that a stricter regulatory framework of social media platforms may lead to online censorship​, I.

Keeping in mind that due to the absence of common legislation regarding cyberbullying the extent of the ​ phenomenon cannot be measured properly​;

1. Encourages ​ EUROPOL ​to further collaborate with ​INTERPOL​, facilitating international pursuit and prosecution of cyberbullying perpetrators; 2. Suggests that the ​Directorate General of Communication Networks, Content and Technology​ , in collaboration with social media platforms, initiate Artificial Intelligence​1​research programmes capable of detecting online harassment;

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Artificial Intelligence: ​the development of computer programmes, systems and machines able to perform ​ tasks that would normally require human intelligence such as sensations or the ability of decision-making.

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3. Urges the European Commission to create a European database following cyberbullying incidents, supplied by statistics from social media platforms as well as internet sites; 4. Appeals to the Institute of Educational policy in collaboration with Childnet International, to enrich academic establishments with lectures and workshops regarding cyberbullying and cybersecurity; 5. Calls upon Member States’ Ministries of Justice to ensure that victims of cyberbullying have access to legal aid in case of online harassment; 6. Hopes that social media platforms will accelerate the removal reported content from their pages; 7. Calls upon the European Commission to introduce media campaigns raising awareness of the impact of cyberbullying on its victims and the importance of parental guidance regarding safe internet use; 8. Calls upon Member States to introduce a special task force dedicated to cyberbullying cases within their National Cyber Crime Divisions​2​; 9. Encourage social media platforms to comply with the ​General Data Protection Regulation​and the ​ Safer Social Networking Principles​; 10. Urges the European Commission to create a common definition of cyberbullying, outlining definite criteria for identifying cyberbullying cases; 11. Further calls upon Member States to implement counselling regarding online harassment in educational institutions, inspecting their therapists annually; 12. Proposes that Member States further collaborate with the ​European NGO Alliance for Child Safety Online (​eNACSO​), facilitating knowledge sharing, regarding different national approaches to cyberbullying and ​cybersecurity protocols.

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National Cyber Crime Division: ​is the establishment responsible for the investigation, combat and prevention ​ of cyber crime.

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M​OTION​​ FOR​​ A​R​ ESOLUTION​​ BY T​HE​C​OMMITTEE​O​N​S​ ECURITY​A ​ND​D​ EFENSE​[SEDE]

Global Union against Global Peace​: Armed conflicts are the greatest cause of fundamental rights’ violations worldwide. Turkey has been present in various armed conflicts in the 21st century, both internal and external. With Turkey being a candidate for European Union membership since 1999 but still not fulfilling the necessary criteria, how should the European Union use its diplomatic power to contribute to global peace?

Submitted by:

Nikodem Dudek (PL), Ioannis Georgiou (GR), Szymon Krzyzan (PL), Aleksandra Pawlik (PL) Renata Sarre (PL), Darius Scutariu (RO), Weronika Sienkiewicz (PL), Wiktoria Wisz (PL), Šimon Prek (CZ, chairperson)

The European Youth Parliament,

A. Concerned by the ​continued suspension​of Turkey accession negotiations, B. Further concerning the ​lack of unity in Member States’ position during the Turkey accession negotiations, C. Emphasising the fact that ​65% of the Turkish public finds the ability to work, study or travel throughout the European Union (EU) freely as advantageous, D. Noting with regret that the EU did not ​fully encourage​the ​Migration Deal​3​, E. Aware of the parity of Directorate-Generals responsible for the IPA​4​fund allocation, F. Pointing out ​ good outputs​ , often barred, that IPA delivered, G. Taking into consideration the large number of ​Syrian immigrants​within the Turkish border, H. Conscious of the negative effect the departure of ​American military​had on relations between Turkey;

1. Appeals to the ​ Council of Europe​to overhaul the migration system, prioritizing simple and efficient acceptance of Syrian as well as other Middle-eastern migrants; 2. Instructs the Member States to establish accessible immigration programs aimed at easier inclusion of first generation migrants; 3. Invites the European Commission to amend the ​35 chapters of accession​in favour of the 5​ French Proposal​ , ensuring a faster accession procedure; 4. Designates the ​European External Action Service​to increase the volume of EU diplomatic corps in Northern Syria and Turkey; 5. Urges the European Commission to establish joint task forces between the EU and Turkey by: a. comprising professionals of educational, industrial fields, b. finding ways to align Turkey with requirements necessary for accession into the EU; 6. Invites the European Commission to: 3

​ he 2016 agreement between Turkey and European Union​concerning the irregular flow of immigration, T Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance (IPA)​, a funding mechanism of assistance for candidate states ​ ensuring resources for necessary projects, 5 A comprehensive set of reforms to the accession procedure, including gradual accession, concrete benefits, rigorous conditions and reversibility, 4

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a. rework the ​Customs Union agreement​with Turkey​6​, b. liberalize the visa system in place, c. lower the requirements following accommodation and fees for Turkish students in Europe; Directs the Member States to incentivize facilities providing psychological help for first generation Syrian immigrants; Encourages that the European Commission bound by consensus policy of Member States establishes a negotiating committee for accession; Further requests an immediate end of accession negotiations if aforementioned requirements are not met.

Asks the European Commission to establish advertisements and workshops primarily focusing on benefits of immigration; Requests immediate continuation of Turkey’s accession negotiations complemented by a concrete agreement of incentives and requirements.

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The established customs union provides free movement of some goods between the two entities, with exception of essential goods, services or public procurement.

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M​OTION​​ FOR​​ A​R​ ESOLUTION​​ BY T​ HE​C​ OMMITTEE​O ​N​E​MPLOYMENT​​ AND​S​ OCIAL​A​ FFAIRS​[EMPL II]

Work for money: No more cheap labour:​The European Parliament (EP) has banned unpaid internships in their institutions and therewith take a step towards proper remuneration of interns working for the EP. With these actions, how can the EU work towards a common standard in the EU where no intern works without proper pay?

Submitted by:

Aleksandra Borowska (PL), András Erdos (HUN), Emilia Kruczek (PL), , Ermioni Kimpouropoulou (GR), Ernest Kraczowski (PL), Julia Mizera (PL), Marta Seredyńska (PL), Mikołaj Matysik (PL), Natalia Literacka (PL), Weronika Korczak (PL), Magdalena Kwiecień (PL, Chairperson), Lily-Rose Temple (IE, Chairperson)

The European Youth Parliament,

A. Alarmed by the fact that​80% of interns​believe that apart from payment, their working conditions​7​are equivalent to those of regular employees, B. Further noticing that ​ 30% of interns​are not receiving any substantial learning content, C. Bearing in mind the​minimum wage regulation​in most of Member States does not include specific notations of intern payment, D. Recognising the progress of ​Germany​and France internship policies in the creation of a common standard, E. Alarmed by the impact of unpaid internships,leading to perpetual poverty​8​by decreasing wages along with increasing unemployment, F. Deeply concerned by the ​ growing issue of discrimination​and missed opportunities, regarding minorities unable to support themselves without a well paying job, G. Alarmed by the fact, that most of the public University students, such as law and medicine, are required to complete an unpaid and habitually long internship to graduate;

1. Underlines the improvement of the ​European Parliament banning unpaid internships​in their departments, 2. Encourages the Member States to incentivise businesses by recognising internships as a form of work by: a. including them in a ​Minimum Income Protection​, b. setting a minimum salary for internships;

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Conditions such as equipment, working hours, workload and treatment Perpetual poverty: ​situation when a person or family is not able to leave a life of poverty no matter what they do.

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3. Calls upon the European Commission to set new guidelines for the Member States and businesses on internships including;

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a. a cap on a maximum allowed working hours for interns annually, b. strong recommendations eradicating unpaid internship; Invites the Member States to ban public institutions’ unpaid internships; Commends the Member States to support small businesses by implementing tax incentives for those who fully remunirateinterns; Endorses European Union (UN) Universities to recognise internships as non-compulsory prerequisite for graduation, unless provided by the institution itself; Raises awareness of the issue through media campaigns by: a. reaffirming autonomous students' organisations in higher education, b. highlighting consequences, which unpaid internships can lead to;

8. Further extend funding for ​ Erasmus​onto internships as part of traineeships; 9. Emphasis the European Commission to expand existing fields of education to provide alternative opportunities for students instead of internships.

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M​OTION​​ FOR​​ A​R​ ESOLUTION​​ BY T​HE​C​OMMITTEE​​ ON​H​ UMAN​R​ IGHTS​[DROI]

Hungry Waste:​With Poland occupying the 5th place in the EU for food waste, while an estimated 20 million Europeans suffer from hunger, what steps can be taken to reduce food waste and eradicate hunger?

Submitted by:

Andrzej Kalakucki (PL), Malgorzata Pitus (PL), Zofia Rozanska (FR), Beata Szuleka (PL), Julia Wielgosz (PL), Iga Wietecha (PL), Katarzyna Wrona (PL), Wiktor Zaplata (PL), Zuzanna Drużyńska (PL, Chairperson), Emily Hatzenberger (FR, Chairperson)

The European Youth Parliament,

A. Alarmed by the fact that around ​14% of the world’s food is lost during its production, storage and transportation, B. Noting with deep concern that ​20 million​Europeans suffer from hunger, C. Bearing in mind that ​53% of food waste in the European Union (EU) is within the consumers’ households, D. Acknowledging that the United Nations’ (UN) ​Sustainable Development Goal 12.3 aims to halve food waste per capita at retail and consumer levels by 2030, E. Alarmed by the fact that as many as ​130 million people are at risk of going hungry in 2020 as a result of the economic recession caused by COVID-19, F. Aware of the heavy reliance of Western Europe’s agricultural system on ​seasonal workers from Eastern Europe, G. Emphasising that food waste has a high global carbon footprint of ​about 8% concerning all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans, H. Noting that the transport of excess food to people in need is complicated as food banks are still ​lacking visibility​;

1. Suggest the Member States to establish a ​quota for retail companies with a storage capacity of 400m² offering a sufficient amount of food coming from short-supply chains;

2. Encourages the EU to revise the products’ packaging by including explanatory instructions on date marking;

3. Suggests food retailers give a discount on products close to the expiration date conversely applying ​ dynamically adjustable expiration date​;

4. Demands the Member States to publish an annual statistical analysis of food waste to the Resources Library​of the European Commission;

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5. Calls upon the European Commission to increase the budget allocated to the ​Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived (​FEAD​)9​ ​, adapting the ​increase in demand ​as a result of the economic recession caused by COVID-19;

6. Encourages the European Commission to further enhance the development of independent agriculture in Member States by: a. reforming national laws to require companies hiring foreign seasonal workers providing the minimum wage of their country of residence and suitable working conditions and protections, b. not importing food produced on their soil; 7. Invites that the European Commission requires retailers to systematically indicate the country of production with the approximate distance travelled creating more transparent food supply chains;

8. Further requests the Member States to introduce programmes supporting local and sustainable businesses;

9. Urges that the Member States facilitate the transfer of food by: a. opening more drop-off points for food banks, b. creating a map with all drop-off points, c. establishing economic consequences for companies not donating their excess food;

10. Requests the Member States to promote cooperation between NGOs such as ​Slow Food ​or Feedback​ , alongside supermarkets on a national level by applying a model of the ​French law on food waste; 11. Urges the EU to endorse projects such as ​TooGoodToGo encouraging consumers and restaurants to use food rescue initiatives.

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Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived

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M​OTION​​ FOR​​ A​R​ ESOLUTION​​ BY T​ HE​C​ OMMITTEE​​ ON​E​ NVIRONMENT​ , P​ UBLIC​H​ EALTH​​ AND​F​ OOD​S​ AFETY [ENVI II]

Support and be supported:​With 1.1% of the deaths in the EU in 2015 being due to

intentional self-harm, it appears that there is not enough focus on the mental wellbeing of citizens by their national governments. What actions can the EU take to promote a more mentally healthy population?

Submitted by:

Katarzyna Buszka (PL), Mihaela Chiujdea (RO), Zuzzanna Gasik (PL), Julia Jungewicz (PL), Dorota Liszewska (PL), Laura Peirs (PL), Agnieszka Podstolak (PL), Daria Voicu (RO), Güneş Uğuz (TR, Chairperson)

The European Youth Parliament,

A. Deeply conscious that the ​ attitudinal barriers such as stigma​10 pose a challenge to accessing healthcare, B. Acknowledging that refugees do not get access to healthcare due to: i. language barriers, ii. lack of specialised professionals in the treatments they require, iii. undetermined working permits, preventing them to financially support themselves, C. Alarmed by the LGBT+ community experiencing low living conditions and not completely trusting the regulations set by the European Union (EU), D. Fully aware of the mentally ill people being at risk of ​income reduction​, job loss and permanent labour exclusion, E. Further concerned about the ​financial difficulties ​being the cause of mental health problems, F. Taking into account the COVID-19 guidelines and social distancing requirements triggering anxiety, depression and stress-related disorders​, G. Expecting the ​ usage of technology such as Artificial Intelligence​11​, Virtual Reality​12​, Augmented 13​ Reality​ and softwares in mental treatments to: i. be researched in all mental disorder treatments to evaluate their impact and efficiency, ii. gain standardisation and validation, iii. become more widespread when the cost of acquisition lowers, H. Realising ​The European Mental Health Action Plan 2013–2020​14​is coming to an end; 10

Stigma​is a label that causes loss of reputation and discriminination; when a person is labelled by their illness, ​ they lose their identity as an individual and become associated with a stereotyped group.

11 Artificial Intelligence (AI)​is a simulated human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and ​ act like humans.

12 Virtual Reality (VR)​is a simulation generated by computers that one can interact with the three-dimensional ​ environment via electronic devices.

13 Augmented Reality​​(AR)​is a technology that generates digital images of the real physical world. ​ 14 The European Mental Health Action Plan​focuses on seven interlinked objectives and proposes effective ​ actions to strengthen mental health and well-being

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1. Encourages the Member States to include extracurriculars: a. led by the psychologist regarding mental health to promote seeking help in the academic establishments, b. teaching immigrants and refugees the Member State's official language for all age groups, c. educating pupils regarding challenges migrants face as well as finding ways to overcome them; 2. Appreciates the ​ World Health Organisation (WHO)​15​and ​Mental Health Europe (MHE)​16 conducting awareness campaigns informing on mental health illnesses as well as treatments available; 3. Asks the​European University Association (EUA)​17​to create a specific major of higher education for psychology students getting a degree in refugees’ mental health treatment; 4. Suggests the Member States to provide refugees with necessary living conditions to enhance their disadvantaged circumstances; 5. Encourages​​ the European Union to prohibit ​conversion therapies​in each Member State; 6. Requests European Commission to fund helplines and shelters for LGBT+ people, having psychological support led by professionals in the area; 7. Calls upon ​Global Alliance of Mental Illness Advocacy Network-Europe (GAMIAN-Europe)​18 to provide psychological support in educational institutions for minorities who are developing a mental illness due to suffering from racism; 8. Invites the WHO to provide public and private workplaces with: a. trainings and workshops regarding mental illness prevention, b. public surveys among the employees measuring their stress levels; 9. Transmits the WHO to: a. raise awareness on the positive effects technology has to offer regarding mental health, such as AI and AR, b. create policies concerning standardisation and validation of the technologies used in preventing and fighting mental disorders; 10. Recommends to the​​ Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence​to promote apps with VR and chatbots encouraging more therapists to be working through a software, 11. Calls upon WHO to extent the goals achieved, by making an evaluation of their previous work; 12. Further invites the WHO to create another action plan to resolve the remaining challenges;

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World Health Organisation ​is an agency of the United Nations concerned with world public health. Itsets ​ agenda 16 Mental Health Europe ​is a European non-governmental network organisation that promotes, protects rights ​ of mental health service users.

17 European University Association ​represents 800 universities in 48 European countries and contributes to ​ influencing European Union policies on higher education, research and innovation while forming continuous interactions with various European and international organisations.

18 GAMIAN-Europe​is a non-profit patient-driven pan-European organisation that advocate the rights of people ​ experiencing mental illnesses, fight with stigma and discrimination through education and raising awareness.

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M​OTION​​ FOR​​ A​R​ ESOLUTION​​ BY T​ HE​C​ OMMITTEE​​ ON​ E​ MPLOYMENT​​ AND​S​ OCIAL​A​ FFAIRS​I (EMPL I)

Man Versus Machine:​Bearing in mind the increase in automation and artificial intelligence in the working environment, as well as the rise in unemployment rates, how can the European Union (EU) ensure that its citizens are equipped with the necessary skills to remain up to date with the constantly increasing demands of a modern workplace?

Submitted by:

Aleksandra Kudyba (PL), Evangelia Moschou (GR), Filip Kleibert (PL), Kaja Mazurkiewicz (PL), Maria-Anna Vakalopoulou (GR), Oliwia Latka (PL), Polytimi-Christina Papitsa (GR), Robert Topa (RO), Sandra Saade (RO), Wiktor Zagawa (PL), Spyridoula-Iris Vasilakopoulou (Chairperson, GR), George Vagias (Chairperson, GR)

The European Youth Parliament A. Recognising that basic digital skills are increasingly ​required​and ​necessary​in the modern workplace, B. Fully alarmed by the fact that ​one in ten employees​think that their government is taking measures to prepare them for new technologies, C. Deeply concerned that many public administrations in the Member States ​risk ​regression regarding the level of digital skills in comparison to the private sector,

D. Further noticing that ​ automation​19​: i.

could cause technological unemployment by taking over 20 million jobs globally and over ​ 2 million in the European Union​(EU) by 2030,

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has already caused an ​ increase in unemployment rates​in the Europe and globally,

E. Keeping in mind that ​ 40% of workers​with a lower secondary degree have jobs with a higher risk of automation compared to the ones who own a tertiary degree, F. Noting with concern that automation has the potential of​​widening inequality​among workers by favoring ​ particular groups​, whilst reducing the employability of others, G. Appreciating the ​ Position​​Paper on Digital Literacy​submitted by ​The European Literacy Policy Network (ELINET)​, H. Acknowledging the fact that ​ overpopulation​affects the education quality negatively, leading to underqualified labour force, I. Aware of the lack of appropriate​life-long education​ensuring people’s ability to ​handle digital skills​in a constantly developing working environment, J. Keeping in mind that​​ not all Member States​have the means needed to ensure the smooth transition to digitalisation,

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​Automation​is the application of machines to tasks once performed by human beings or, increasingly, to tasks that would otherwise be impossible.

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1. Invites the European Commission to: a. further implement the guidelines from the ​New Skills Agenda for Europe​proposed in 2016, b. ensure that enterprises refrain from adopting a fully-automated policy and maintain a c.

minimum amount of workers, to specify the demand for skills in the modern workplace as well as propose adequate training via further expanding the ​European Employment Strategy​(EES)​;

2. Further invites the Member States to sign partnerships with online learning platforms providing accessible courses for employees in need of requalification;

3. Recommends that the​International Labour Organisation (ILO)​20​encourages adults and elderly people to improve their digital literacy by actively participating in skill developing programmes;

4. Encourages the ​ Directorate General for Education and Culture​(​​DG EAC)​21​to draft a common educational policy in cooperation with the Member States to: a. rework educational institutions’ curriculum ensuring that empirical studies are more included, b. emphasise in academical establishments which have a large share of students with a lower-income background through providing better learning conditions, c.

fund long-term programmes and trainings enabling experts to provide students with the necessary digital knowledge;

5. Directs Member States to cooperate closely with ​Labor Unions​22​ensuring transparency regarding employment policies and relevant undertaken actions;

6. Suggests that the ​EU Science Hub​collaborate with the ​Information and Communication Τechnology (ICT)​fields by sharing their knowledge with all Member States smoothening the transition into digitalisation for all; 7. Calls upon the Member States to promote a media campaign emphasising the importance of possessing digital skills.

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International Labour Organization​(​ILO​) is a United Nations agency whose mandate is to advance social ​ and economic justice through setting international labour standards.

21 Directorate General for Education and Culture (DG EAC)​is the executive branch of the European Union responsible for policy on education, culture, youth, languages, and sport. DG EAC also supports these issues through a variety of projects and programmes, notably Creative Europe and Erasmus+.

22 Labour Unions​include organisations that protect and represent the collective interests of workers; they serve ​ as a means for employees to negotiate working conditions such as wages, hours and other benefits with employers.

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