SHS 250 FINAL EXAM 2023 WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ phoneme - Answer the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish between morphemes morpheme - Answer minimal unit of meaning vowel reduction - Answer occurs in unstressed syllables; vowel reduces along the dotted line, usually moving one step in progression centrally ex: /i/ to "i" in bit diphthongs reduce to monophthongs diphthong - Answer employs a gradual transition from one vowel-like sound to another allophone - Answer variation of a phoneme which does not change meaning complementary distribution - Answer rules based on the phonetic environment. 2 allophones will not occur in the same phonetic environment; the allophones occur in mutually exclusive environments. Can be predicted free variation - Answer random; allophones can occur in the same environment coarticulation - Answer when a sound is produced differently because of the influence of sounds in its phonetic context (neighborhood) ex: key /ki/, k /k/, cow (rounded back vowel) Assimilation - Answer the change of a sound segment whereby it takes on characteristics of neighboring sounds, becoming similar spreading/shingling - Answer as if the characteristics permeate nearby sounds, 'coloring' them ex: input > imput blending - Answer as if the proximity of 2 sounds to each other creates a fusion, in which a hybrid sound is created (also called co-production) ex: ASU Anticipatory assimilation - Answer most common in English; occurs when a sound is altered in anticipation of the sound to follow ex: gang (velar n) retentive (regressive assimilation) - Answer a sound retains characteristics of a sound that has preceded it ex: me (nasalized vowel) broad transcription - Answer general detail; usually one symbol narrow transcription - Answer fine detail, more than one symbol; representation of target and variations in production (diacritics) phonetic transcription - Answer the identification of allophones phonemic transcription - Answer the identification of phonemes
SHS 250 FINAL EXAM 2023 WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ IPA - Answer Internation Phonetic Alphabet; provides cross-linguistic consistency minimal contrast/minimal pairs - Answer two morphemes differing in only one sound segment (phoneme) ex: pin vs bin 3 systems of speech production - Answer -respiratory=air source -lungs, trachea, ribcage, abdomen, air passages, thoracic musculature, inhalation/expiration -laryngeal=sound source -larynx=voice box -actual sound is produced by vibration of the vocal folds as air sets them in motion -larynx is housed between the trachea and the hyoid bone; includes the thyroid cartilage as well as other cartilages and muscles -vocal fold vibration=bilateral muscle; adduction (together).abduction (apart); rapid opening and closing of the vocal folds is what creates voice -supralaryngeal= sound filter (everything above vocal cords/larynx) -filters and shapes sound as it travels -three cavities: Pharyngeal, oral, nasal fundamental frequency - Answer the lowest frequency of vibration of a standing wave 2-way - Answer right or wrong 5 way scoring - Answer Correct, omission, distortion, substitution, addition obstruent - Answer more closure; fricatives, stops, and affricates sonorant - Answer more open; vowels, nasals, glides, and liquids strident - Answer sibilant; a fricative consonant sound, in which the tip, or blade of the tongue is brought near the roof of the mouth and air is pushed past the tongue to make a hissing sound s, z, "sh", rou"g"e plosive - Answer sounds create an abrupt, sharp, sometimes shocking effect. Stop homorganic - Answer same organs/place of articulation homotypic - Answer same manner/type of sound cognate - Answer same place and manner, but different voicing (p and b) voice onset time - Answer the internal between articulation (of a consonant) and onset of voicing; more than 50 sec=voiceless diacritics - Answer special marks to indicate subtle phonemic difference
SHS 250 FINAL EXAM 2023 WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ suprasegmentals - Answer aspects of the message that are above the level of sound segments; larger unit of language that conveys meaning -paralinguistics -prosody paralinguistics - Answer vocal adjustments (style), emotion, voice quality prosody - Answer the music of language -loudness -tempo >>pause >>phrase-final lengthening >>speaking rate -intonation >>rhythm >>lexical stress >>pitch declination >>new vs given info >>tone >>contrastive stress syllable - Answer a unit of phonological organization composed of one or more segments and minimally containing a nucleus (the nucleus is usually a vowel, liquid, or syllabic nasal in English) -onset -rhyme >>nucleus >>coda stress syllables - Answer the degree of prominence associated with a particular syllable -prominence= higher pitch, louder, longer (in English) -sonority= are higher, louder, longer (greater acoustic energy): vocal tract is more open; vowels, glides, liquids, nasals juncture - Answer the punctuation in speech; indicates timing southern dialect - Answer -pin pen merger before nasal consonants -monophthongization of b"ye" to baaa -dipthongization/tripthongizatoin of front vowels, which develop a glide up from their original starting position to /j/ and then in some cases back to the schwa northern cities - Answer -fronting of a to boston a -post-vocalic /r/ deletion -raising, tensing, and diphthongization of c"a"t towards "kyat" west coast/california - Answer -cot caught merger -b"i"t raised to b"e" before velar n ex:king
SHS 250 FINAL EXAM 2023 WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ -th"a"nk raised "thaynk" fronting - Answer velars and palatals become alveolar, alveolar become dental or interdental stopping - Answer fricatives, affirmatives become stops gliding - Answer liquids become glides reduplicatoin - Answer intial or final syllable is duplicated ex: bottle = baba syllable deletion - Answer applies to unstressed syllables cluster reduction - Answer truck becomes tuk resonance - Answer the human voice has resonances, meaning that energy only at certain frequencies is strengthened formants - Answer resonance peaks liquid characteristics - Answer -vocal tract constricts slightly more than vowels, but less than consonants -well-defined formant structure like vowels -brief formant transitions -/r/ has the lowest formant frequency of any sound in AE -have low energy and frequency than vowels glides characteristics - Answer -like liquids, the vocal tract is partially constricted -lower energy and frequency than vowels but higher energy and frequency than consonants -well-defined formant structures similar to vowels and diphthongs stops - Answer -voiced/voiceless - aspirated /unaspirated -stop gap -voice bar -stop burst -2nd formant transitions (gives clues to place) nasals - Answer similar to stops, but -nasal formant= f1 is low (around 200 HZ, notable less amplitude) -Nasal murmur: always voiced, faint formant frequencies, first and third are more visible than 2nd intensity - Answer loudness (dB) duration - Answer length (msec)
SHS 250 FINAL EXAM 2023 WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ frequency (cycles per sec) - Answer pitch (Hz) period - Answer length of one cycle in seconds (ms) F1 is... - Answer inversely related to tongue height F2 is... - Answer proportional to tongue advancement