Restoring the Living Waters of Larimer

RESTORING THE

artfully integrating green infrastructure throughout our community, economy, and environment

LIVING WATERS OF LARIMER A PROJECT OF The Kingsley Association, the Larimer Green Team, and Larimer Consensus Group SUPPORTED BY The Heinz Endowments Copyright © 2015 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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All water has a perfect memory and is forever trying to get back to where it was. – Toni Morrison

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Postcard image of Larimer Avenue Bridge over Negley’s Run shortly after it opened in 1910 (Carnegie Library Archives)

CONTENTS 06 LIVING WATERS 20 LIVING WATERS OF LARIMER 28 WHAT CAN WE DO? 40 LARIMER’S JOURNEY 48 GLOSSARY

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Water is important to us individually and as a community, and the systems we once took for granted are changing. We need to think about water strategically.

LIVING WATERS 7 LWOL

The human body is more than 60% water. If you live to the age of 80, you would drink almost 15,000 gallons of water!

We would not survive long without water!

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Photo: Betsy Damon

Over 70% of the earth is covered in water, but less than 2% is fresh water!

Approximately 90% of Allegheny County residents rely on our rivers for drinking water!

Our local resources are part of a global conversation.

Our community’s health depends on our water quality.

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Storm sewer overflow (Carnegie Library Archives)

our water is

VALUABLE High quality fresh water is gaining value as a community resource.

Water Rich Region

The river system at Pittsburgh carries about 7,000 BGY (billion gallons per year) of water past our city. Another 40 BGY of water reaches the city as rain. While our region is rich in water, we face challenges to the quality of our water. Rainfall is clean, but once on the ground, water becomes contaminated with pollution and needs to be treated. Our history of industrial contamination and the ongoing inflow of sewage into our rivers challenge our water authority, Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority (PWSA) as they deliver safe drinking water that meets modern health standards.

Mixing Waste and Water

Because of our abundance of water and relatively low costs, we are often wasteful in our usage. Water reaching our taps is of very high quality and is consistently safe to drink, yet we drink less than one percent of the water we use at home. At the same time, all the high quality (drinkable) water we use for showers, laundry, dishes, and cleaning has to be treated again by the sewage treatment plants at Alcosan before it can be released back to the rivers. This water moves through thousands of miles of pipes and many of those pipes are at the end of their useful life.

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Storm sewer construction (Carnegie Library Archives)

our water is

H IDDEN In the past, we solved our rainwater problems underground. It’s time to think differently.

Pittsburgh’s Sewer System

As more Pittsburgh residences installed indoor plumbing in the late 19th century, the City developed a plan to better manage wastewater. We piped all waste water underground and directed those pipes downhill to the nearest valley stream.

Streams were buried in place using giant tunnels and roads built on top. Rainwater runoff captured at street inlets lead to the same network of pipes. This is the basis of a combined sewer system.

Currently, our combined sewer system flushes sewage into the rivers on a regular basis. One of the region’s biggest challenges is to fix the system and limit overflows.

An Expensive Solution

Pittsburgh and many older cities are under federal Consent Decrees to end Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs). The solution to this is expensive. It is estimated that Allegheny County will have to spend almost four billion dollars to correct the problem. Some of the proposed solutions involve even bigger buried pipes and treatment plant expansion to manage all the rain falling on the region.

Increasingly, people are feeling that such an enormous investment should be made within our communities — not just underground — reintroducing streams, ponds, and wetland gardens so that rainwater can be managed within the landscape while creating new public amenities.

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crisis to

A CTION We will have to invest billions of dollars into our infrastructure to prevent future tragedies.

Washington Boulevard-Then

Pittsburgh’s struggle with flooding on Washington Boulevard is nothing new. During the flood of 1952, the Pittsburgh Press reported “some 50 autos were stranded…city officials reconsidered a $785,000 storm sewer plan but decided it cost too much.”

1952 Washington Boulevard flood 14 LWOL

Washington Boulevard-Now

On August 11, 2011 a similar circumstance happened on the Boulevard when two adults and two children died after their cars became submerged in 9 feet of water during a rain storm. Pittsburgh was once again faced with the problem that we thought we had “buried” decades ago. The region must invest in upgrading our rainwater infrastructure. Green infrastructure can improve safety and rainwater performance while creating more beautiful communities.

2011 Washington Boulevard flood

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WHEN IT RAINS...

ROADS PAVING

TO SEWA

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COMBINED SEWERS OVERFLOW INTO OUR RIVERS! 16 LWOL

we used to think...

ROOFS STORM DRAINS

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“move it out quickly” “put it underground” “send it downstream”

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today we think...

N OW “We need to artfully integrate green infrastructure in our community, our economy, and our environment.”

Image: Park Proposal, Larimer Ecodistrict, evolveEA

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Living Waters of Larimer (LWOL) is a project that advocates for community open space that is brought to life with rainwater infrastructure.

We are a group of community members, artists, designers, and engineers that has been working under the Larimer Consensus Group to engage residents, business owners, developers, and other organizations and agencies in “water first� planning in support of the Vision-to-Action Plan.

The project advocates for high quality and high performing places while building community leadership in Larimer and in the region.

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Living Waters of Larimer is a community development project that will demonstrate how green infrastructure can be integrated into the cultural life, urban spaces, and economic systems of the Larimer community.

LIVING WATERS OF LARIMER 21 LWOL

Our Focus Placemaking

Policy

We advocate for the creation of artful and high performing places that support the community’s plans.

We elevate community concerns in regional policy discussions to support green infrastructure as a community building strategy.

East Liberty Presbyterian Church

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Topographic analysis, Larimer

People

Performance

We prepare the community to understand current conditions and future changes so they can proactively navigate their community’s development.

We retain our community’s water to lessen the negative downstream impact and to capture benefits for members of the community.

Waterdrop workshop

Latham Street Commons

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LARIMER VILLAGE GREEN

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THE KINGSLEY ASSOCIATION

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PUBLIC RIGHT-OF-WAY/PARKS

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The valley where Negley Run once flowed will become a beautiful place once again with a trail along side wetlands and an intermittent stream. It will accept water from developments and serve as a rainwater utility.

SCATTERED SITE DEVELOPMENT KBK Enterprises new rental housing has infiltration trenches that can be routed into a larger system when developed.

FARM/COMMUNITY GARDEN The community is exploring models for urban agriculture that can benefit from the abundance of water in this area.

Community+Water in Larimer

Water First Planning The residents of Larimer have committed to decreasing the amount of water that flows from the neighborhood and to use water to benefit the community. Living Waters of Larimer and the community have used Water First Planning to to envision green infrastructure that creates great urban spaces, adds to the cultural life of a neighborhood, and provides economic opportunity.

Water First Planning closely examines water flow to identify high priority sites. When combined with community aspirations and market information, Water First Planning can identify opportunities for beautiful and high performing places.

HOMEOWNER LOTS Water coaches will help homeowners design, build, and care for rain gardens and other installations so they can responsibly lessen their runoff.

MASTERPLANNED DEVELOPMENT The Phase One units of Choice Neighborhoods will create a park-like setting with bioswales and other infrastructure to capture building and parking lot rainwater.

Uniquely Larimer: The Well For many years people have gathered around community wells to gather water and share stories. Artplace America has funded The Well, an artist installation that invites the neighborhood to gather and engage around water. The Well will be fun and functional as it stores, retains, and conveys water in a park-like setting.

Image: Design for Little Negley Run, LaQuatra Bonci Associates

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CHECK IT OUT!

There are many inspiring examples of rainwater management in the East End.

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LARIMER COMMUNITY GARDEN

Rain gardens and future home of container garden pavilions with solar panels and rainwater storage.

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MIKE’S AUTO BODY

A well maintained rain garden on the side of the automotive center.

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EECO CENTER

An ambitious rainwater landscape including pervious paving, rainwater gardens and other strategies.

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BAKERY SQUARE

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TARGET

Penn Ave & Centre Ave.

Bioswale capturing water from pavement.

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EAST LIBERTY PREBYTERIAN

Large rainwater garden with native plantings and integrated seating areas in front of a historic church.

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BUS SHELTER

Bus shelter with green roof and rainwater storage under the seating.

Larimer Ave & Carver St.

6223 Meadow St & McDonald St.

Larimer & East Liberty Blvd.

Penn Ave & East Liberty Blvd.

Penn Ave & Highland Ave.

Penn Ave & Whitfield St.

Pervious paving and street conveyance, below ground storage and native plantings.

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What Can We Do? SCALE

regional watershed

1 | Reestablish natural systems

neighborhood 3 | Target net zero water for new developments

streetscape

wetland phase 1

parcel

wetland

2 | Public Infrastructure to create neighborhood amenities

TIME

westinghouse hs

drop rain

5| Incentivize individual action

new houses

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park

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phase 2

storage

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new houses

r majo

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ce eyan conv

Image: evolveEA

PARCEL

Parcels can hold rain that falls on roofs and on the ground. Many strategies are small and may not be able to retain the all the water in a large storm event and need a place to overflow.

STREETSCAPE

WE CAN MAKE GREAT PLACES BY CREATIVELY USING RAINWATER

Streets are in the public right-of-way and can have retain or convey the rain water that falls on the pavement or from adjacent properties. These systems are usually publicly owned.

NEIGHBORHOOD

Neighborhood scale strategies are multiparcel installations that can hold water from other parcels or from the right-of-way. It often requires collaboration between multiple property owners.

WATERSHED

Watershed strategies have a greater ability for rainwater storage and can be fed from the previous scales. It can become a park or amenity for multiple neighborhoods.

REGIONAL

Regional infrastructure Infrastructure accepts and treats water from multiple municipalities or watershed systems. Currently that role is being fulfilled by ALCOSAN’s sewage treatment.

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Homeowner rain barrel in Larimer

My water bill was between $45 and $50; [after] they installed the rain barrel last year‌ my water bill [was] $25! – Mary Turner, Homeowner

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What Can We Do?

What Can We Do?

Rain Barrel

Indoor Cistern for Water Re-Use

Existing Homes A rainbarrel is a tank used to collect rainwater runoff, usually from rooftops through rain gutters. The collected water can be used for non-potable uses like garden irrigation, flushing toilets and car washing.

Downspout Garden

A garden planted in a depression or a hole that allows rainwater runoff funneled through a downspout from impervious surfaces like roofs to be gradually absorbed into the ground.

Permeable Pavers

Permeable paving refers to materials that promote the absorption of runoff water and snowmelt. The most common type are paving blocks—systems that leave small openings filled with sand or soil to let the runoff water pass through to the ground.

Proposed Homes Rainwater reuse entails storing rainwater runoff from a surface pond or undergroundcatchment device and then using it for irrigation. The philosophy behind the practice is that the lowest quality water should be used for the lowest quality need.

Green Roof

A green roof is covered with vegetation on a growing medium. Green roofs absorb rainwater to irrigate the vegetation, act as insulation for the building roof and can decrease the heat island effect in the cities.

New development gives us the opportunity to have captured rainwater integrated into the plumbing system.

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Larimer area businesses speak with LWOL about rainwater management

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Rainwater trench at Mike’s Auto Body, Larimer

What Can We Do?

Commercial Facilities Rainwater Utility Garden

Rainwater Tree Trench

Retention+Detention Basins

Businesses may be able to capture roof rainwater and reuse it for irrigation or industrial processes.

A rainwater utility garden is a rain garden that is designed to withstand the extremes of rainwater runoff that can service multiple properties. On the surface, it looks like an attractive garden.

A detention basin is an area where excess rainwater is stored temporarily before it slowly drains into the ground. A significant amount of rainwater is detained during heavy rainfalls, preventing overflows.

Retention basins tend to hold rainwater on a more permanent basis compared to detention basins, helping recharge underground water aquifiers.

A rainwater tree trench is a series of tree pits that are connected by an underground engineered filtration system. The trench has gravel and soil with trees. The runoff water is lead through the underground drain to the tree trenches.

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Construction of new Larimer Housing, KBK Enterprises

Larimer has branded itself as green, and our part will add to the allure.

It will be beautiful. – Jennifer DeNardo, Assistant Vice President, KBK Enterprises

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What Can We Do?

Larger Developments example KBK-Scattered Sites

New bioswales have been designed along Larimer Avenue between Meadow and East Liberty Blvd as part of the KBK Enterprises 40 unit development.

A bioswale is a landscape system that can remove pollution from runoff water while it is being directed.

Housing construction in Larimer

example MBS-Choice Neighborhoods

Through ongoing conversations between the Living Waters team and MBS, more green infrastructure has been introduced into the neighborhood plan. During Phase I there will be vegetative soils to capture street trees and native street trees with permeable pavers in the public allies.

Choice Neighborhood proposal 35 LWOL

Sounds of Water Fountain, Redding, CA Betsy Damon

Trees and green spaces are elements of the ecosystems that clean air and surface water, provide or renew potable water, and reduce energy consumption. – Kathleen L. Wolf, College of Washington

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What Can We Do?

Public Space+Green Areas example Negley Run-Wetland Restoration

example The Well: Urban Ag Irrigation

Negley Run Was Here Tour Below East Liberty Boulevard

Living Water Garden, Chengu, China Betsy Damon

A constructed rainwater wetland is a shallow marsh system that is engineered to serve as a natural filter while it stores temporarily runoff rainwater. Wetlands can remove significant amounts of pollutants from the water, they have aesthetic benefits and can also act as wildlife habitats.

Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agriculture crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall.

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Management Responsibilities Parcel: Owner

Streetscape: Dept. of Public Works

Neighborhood: New Agency

Watershed: Collection Pipes [PWSA]

Regional: Interceptor Pipes [ALCOSAN]

We can design a community resources agency to efficiently manage rainwater for communities throughout the watershed and the region.

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What Can We Do?

Rainwater Utility The Utility of the Future

We will need to change our utility structure to manage rainwater as an asset. Alcosan and PWSA currently manage hard piped systems and are not equipped to cultivate living systems. We need to create a new rainwater utility model that is economically viable, ecologically sound, and socially just.

Our region will spend millions of dollars to improve our water quality and no one is certain of the funding source. The future rainwater utility will generate revenue through creative financing and will fairly distribute costs. The system will need to work today and be structured to serve future generations.

The future rainwater utility will collaboratively manage water as a resource.

It will equitably partner in local development that maximizes the services provided by the ecosystem. The utility will need to educate the community and train for new jobs that care for the rainwater landscapes.

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We’ve Been Thinking About Water

LARIMER’S JOURNEY COMMUNITY ASPIRATIONS

Larimer Community Plan 1998+2008

The neighborhood of Larimer developed a shared understanding of its own strengths and challenges, and a unified strategy for creating and inclusive community. The plan created the first ever community-based Action Teams.

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UNDERSTANDING LAND USE

Larimer Vision Plan 2010

This land-use vision plan addresses the opportunities and challenges related to water, as identified in the Place & Environment Goals in the Larimer Community Plan.

SETTING PERFORMANCE GOALS

IDEAS IN ACTION

Living Cities Masterplan

Choice Neighborhoods Plan

The Living Cities Masterplan was Pittsburgh first ecodistrict plan. The plan quantified baseline rainwater performance and proposed projects and policies to decrease runoff and improve water quality.

The Choice Neighborhoods program identified major development areas and rainwater infrastructure that could support the community vision. The first development areas are currently under construction.

2011

2013

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Image: Strada Architecture

GREENWAY/GREEN STREET Create liveable urban spaces where water is celebrated not hidden in gutters and pipes.

PARK PATHWAY+PAVILION A greenway is a linear parcel of land set aside to preserve open space and often provide access to landscape areas that otherwise would have been forgotten.

FARM/COMMUNITY GARDEN Utilizing vacant land and open space to produce food through urban farms, individual garden plots, and community gardens.

POTENTIAL SIDE LOTS Conversion of some small, strategically located lots into rain gardens and infiltration areas for storm water management.

Planning for Water Management

Larimer Vision Plan

The Larimer Vision Plan of 2010, identified green infrastructure as a priority. “Green infrastructure is a set of strategies for bringing greater ecological function into urban environments and rethinking the existing infrastructure of cities in new, more sustainable ways... it involves redesigning urban infrastructure—particularly rainwater and drainage systems— to more closely resemble natural drainage patterns that encourage groundwater infiltration, evapotranspiration and water quality improvement through filtration.

Many different techniques have been developed for creating artificial wetlands, rain gardens, and other interventions into the conventional, street/gutter/ drain/pipe system of urban rainwater management.”

RAINWATER RAINGARDEN Vegetated flat, low area that allows the runoff water from impervious areas to get filtrated and absorbed into the ground.

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Image: evolveEA

BLUE NECKLACE Reestablish valley water flows with wetland storage and conveyance and restore natural ecosystems in the park.

URBAN AGRICULTURE Use water to irrigate urban agriculture and to assist with on site organic waste processing.

RESIDENTIAL WATER STREETS Create redundant systems on residential lots and green conveyance in sideway right-ofways to make a more pleasant pedestrian experience.

BUSINESS DISTRICT Properties without much greenspace can capture roof rainwater and reuse it inside or outside the building and for industrial processes.

MASTER DEVELOPMENT Large developments can create identity and enhance the pedestrian experience with networked green spaces that collect building and site rain water.

Planning for Water Management

Living Cities Masterplan

The Living Cities Ecodistrict Masterplan quantified water flow from the plateau and set goals for reduction. The recommended strategies were quantified to estimate the reduction and concluded that the plateau could support three times its current population if it captured water. “It is anticipated that the cost of water and sewage will increase by at least 50% in the Pittsburgh region over the next 15 years and if we can take preventative measures today, we can ensure our residents are not hit hard economically by the price increases...

Larimer is home to two aesthetically beautiful habitats, Negley Run and Washington Run, which are largely ignored because busy roadways and unsightly infrastructure create an unwelcoming environment.

With the proper resources, these natural habitats can be restored to their original state of beauty for the enjoyment of the Larimer community and all citizens of Pittsburgh. This restoration will allow for the natural flow of water through the valleys and into the Allegheny River.�

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NEGLEY RUN WETLAND Create a park along Negley Run with trails and a park edge drive from which future rainwater drains would connect.

PARK BUFFER Strategically place small parks and greens within the neighborhood to help reduce rainwater flows and create amenity spaces NATURALIZED DETENTION The valley is a natural collector and a restored wetland system can be both parkland and perform and important function of holding water. (LWOL project) LARGE SITE REDEVELOPMENT Major parcels have on site detention and have opportunities to contribute to the naturalized detention system.

(LWOL assisted project)

Planning for Water Management

Choice Neighborhoods Plan The Housing Authority of the City of Pittsburgh is partnering with the Larimer community’s Primary Planning Team (PPT) to undertake a comprehensive community transformation as a part of the Choice Neighborhoods program of the US Housing and Urban Development (HUD).

The plan is focused on housing and was created, “to replace distressed public and assisted housing with high-quality mixed-income housing that is wellmanaged and responsive to the needs of the surrounding neighborhood...and will create the conditions necessary for public and private reinvestment in distressed neighborhoods to offer the kinds of amenities and assets...”

Rainwater harvest and control have been integral to the planning process and LWOL and the community are exploring shared rainwater infrastructure to service the redevelopment areas.

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GLOSSARY GRASSED SWALE A specific type of swale, grassed swales are shallow channels lined with grass that can be used to treat and reduce rainwater flow.

LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT (LID) an approach to land development (or redevelopment) that works with nature to manage rainwater as close to its source as possible.

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE (GI) An approach to wet weather management that uses natural systems- or engineered systems that mimic natural processes- for environmental/utility quality.

MEMBRANE A natural filtering system made of sand and pebbles.

A good means of filtering contaminants out of rain water.

GREEN STREETS A streetscape designed to: integrate a system of rainwater management within its right of way, reduce the amount of runoff into storm sewers.

GRAY INFRASTRUCTURE The hard, engineered systems to capture and convey runoff, such as gutters, storm sewers, tunnels, culverts, detention basins, and related systems.

MINIMUM CONTROL MEASURES (MCMS) Rainwater management public outreach + participation, illicit discharge detection + removal, runoff control (pre/post construction) + pollution prevention.

NON-POINT-SOURCE These water sources move toward a water body, picking up pollutants from the land surface and depositing them into rivers, lakes and other water bodies.

HEADWATER STREAMS Small swales, creeks and streams that are the origin of most rivers.

PERMEABLE PAVEMENT contains small voids that allow rainwater to drain through the pavement to collect+ infiltrate into the soil or be detained for slow release back into the soil.

IMPERVIOUS COVER Any surface that cannot be effectively (easily) penetrated by water, thereby resulting in runoff.

POINT-SOURCE These sources discharge to waterbodies at a single point, or pipe.

INFILTRATION To pass into or through by filtering or permeating.

PRECIPITATION Any form of water, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, which falls to the earth.

LONG TERM CONTROL PLANS (LTCPS) A national approach for controlling discharges into the nation’s waters from combined sewer systems.

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RAINBARRELS Rain barrels capture+store rainwater as a means of reducing rainwater runoff and providing a non-potable water source for irrigation and gray water issues.

GLOSSARY RAIN GARDEN A rain garden is a strategically located low area planted with native vegetation that intercepts runoff.

RAINWATER AUTHORITY/UTILITY A mechanism to fund the cost of municipal services directly related to the control and treatment of rainwater.

RAIN HARVESTING Collective rain water from impervious surfaces and storing it for later use.

RAINWATER BUMP-OUT/CURB CUT An opening on the sidewalk that leads rainwater from the street into a green rainwater planter.

REPURPOSING The reuse of water for economic and green development.

RAINWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN A program to reduce the contamination of rainwater runoff and prohibit illicit discharges.

RECEIVING WATERS A body of water such as a river, lake, ocean or stream, that effluent discharge and runoff flow into.

RETENTION/RETENTION BASIN Used to manage runoff, prevent flooding and erosion, and improve water quality in an adjacent river or stream.

RETROFIT A design modification or alteration of an existing built environment or landscape.

RUNOFF An excess of water that drains from where it falls.

SANITARY SEWER OVERFLOWS (SSOS) Occasional unintentional discharges of raw sewage from municipal sanitary sewers.

SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM Transports sewage and wastewater from homes and commercial or industrial properties to treatment plants.

STORMWATER Rain water that has landed on point source pollutants (eg. buildings, man-made surfaces, waste areas).

STREET TREES Traditional tree plantings along street and road edges, which can capture, infiltrate, and transpire rainwater.

SWALE A depression or low area on a tract of land that receives and detains rainwater for infiltration.

URBAN HEAT ISLAND An urban area with warmer temperatures than the surrounding land due to human development activity.

VEGETATED RIVER BUFFERS Vegetation that locks soil into place to reduce erosion caused by runoff and can also filter out sediment and other pollutants.

WASTEWATER CONVEYANCE The system, mostly a network of pipes, which collects and transports sewage waste to a treatment facility.

WATERSHED A watershed is the area of land where all of the water that is under it or drains off of it goes into the same place.

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ACTION TEAM KINGSLEY ASSOCIATION The Kingsley Association was established in 1893 for the purpose of providing services to working class ethnic families of Pittsburgh

LARIMER GREEN TEAM Larimer Green Team (LGT) is an all volunteer organization focused on establish Larimer as a stateof-the-art green community

LARIMER COHOUSING GROUP CoHousing revolves around people coming together for the betterment of themselves in an intentional community

LARIMER HOMEOWNER’S ASSOCIATION An organization in a subdivision, planned community or condominium that makes and enforces rules for the properties in its jurisdiction

LARIMER CONSENSUS GROUP The Larimer Consensus Group brings neighborhood stakeholders together in order to be at the forefront of community-driven change

REDD-UP TEAM The Redd-Up Team’s addresses the blighted and abandoned land in Larimer by developing strategies for reactivating vacant land

THE LIVING WATERS TEAM Yusef Ali Bob Bingham Laura Brocklebank Fred Brown Ashley Cox

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Betsy Damon Matt Graham Robert Germany Daniel Klein Betty Lane

Ian Lipsky Mikana Maeda Da’Shan Malloy Christine Mondor John Stephens

RESOURCES ORGANIZATIONS

INFORMATION & TOOLS

Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority www.pgh2o.com/going-green

To model your stormwater performance: www.3riverswetweather.org/green-infrastructure

Allegheny County Sanitary Authority (Alcosan) www.alcosan.org/

Penn State Residential Guidelines for Rainwater http://bit.ly/1Jm4jtu

Three Riveras Wet Weather www.3riverswetweather.org/

Philadephia Green Infrastructure Resources www.phillywatersheds.org/what_were_doing/green_infrastructure

Nine Mile Run Watershed Association www.ninemilerun.org/

Villanova Urban Stormwater Partnership http://www1.villanova.edu/villanova/engineering/research/ centers/vcase/vusp1.html

Stormworks www.stormworkspgh.com/ Project 15206 www.project15206.org/

Green Infrastructure Research Clearinghouse http://www2.epa.gov/water-research/research-supportinggreen-infrastructure-performance-effectiveness-mid-atlantic

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Printed in Larimer by Broudy Printing.

Special thanks to Broudy Printing for in-kind contributions toward the production of this booklet, and to Rolland Enterprises and Lecta North America for generously donating the paper.

Printed on Rolland Enviro100: an FSC-certified, 100% postconsumer fiber and EcoLogo accredited paper manufactured using renewable biogas energy.

Cover printed on Torraspapel Creator cover stock.

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Living Waters of Larimer is a project of The Kingsley Association, the Larimer Green Team, and Larimer Consensus Group Supported by The Heinz Endowments LIVINGWATERSPGH.ORG