SESSION Global FMD Control Strategy, socio-economic rationale and implementation costs

SESSION 7 Global FMD Control Strategy, socio-economic rationale and implementation costs

The impact of foot and mouth disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 J. Rushton & T. Knight-Jones

The Global Foot and Mouth Disease Control Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 J. Domenech, G. Ferrari, N. Leboucq, B. Todeschini, S. Metwally & P. de Leeuw The initial cost estimate of the FAO/OIE global foot and mouth disease control strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 E. Fukase, F. Le Gall & W. Martin

RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Foreword

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) still occurs in large parts of the world. Its transboundary nature is becoming increasingly important because of the rapid development of international trade in animals and animal products and the increase in people movements worldwide. Countries and regions that are free from FMD are continuously threatened by the presence of FMD elsewhere. This makes FMD a major obstacle to regional and global trade in animals and animal products. However, FMD is more than a disease a ecting global trade and threatening FMD-free countries. The consequences of FMD in developing countries are often underestimated. In regions where FMD is still endemic, the disease has a strong negative impact on animal production caused by mortality in newborn animals, reduced milk and meat production from cows, bu alo, goats, sheep and swine and preventing draught animals from preparing elds for crops or harvesting or use as a means of transport. The overall goals of the Global FMD Control Strategy are therefore to protect FMD-free countries from re-introduction of the virus and to improve animal production in FMD-endemic countries, which are very often developing countries, thereby contributing to the alleviation of poverty and improving the livelihoods of small-scale farmers. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) consider that FMD control activities should be seen as for a global public good, as they bene t all countries, all populations and future generations. Moreover, countries strongly depend on each other to achieve sustainable progress. The FMD Control Strategy recognises that improved FMD control will go hand in hand with the strengthening of veterinary systems, in particular the national Veterinary Services on the basis of the OIE Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) Pathway. Therefore, the FMD Control Strategy has the subtitle ‘Strengthening Veterinary Systems’. This in turn will result in improved control of other major animal diseases, while costs of activities may be shared. The rst global conference on FMD, ‘The way towards global FMD control’, was organised by OIE and FAO in Asunción, Paraguay, in June 2009. The participants of the conference formulated a set of recommendations and reiterated their strong support for a globally coordinated approach to FMD control. Recommendation 14 called for a pledging conference with the participation of free and a ected countries, relevant organisations and donors to support a global FMD control programme. FAO and the OIE jointly prepared the Global FMD Control Strategy, assisted by regional organisations and experts and under the umbrella of the Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases. The FMD Control Strategy is to be presented during the second international conference on FMD control in Bangkok, Thailand, from 27 June to 29 June 2012. This conference is organised by FAO and the OIE, together with the Thai Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, and is supported by several sponsors. We are proud to present these Proceedings. It will give conference attendees a quick overview of what was presented by the speakers at this event. We would like to thank the many distinguished speakers who were kind enough to accept our invitation to present the FMD situation globally and in various parts of the world according to virus pools, the lessons learned in the di erent regions where FMD has been eliminated or where good progress has been made, and of course the major tools of the Global FMD Control Strategy and the cornerstones on which the strategy is built.

We would also like to thank the joint FAO/OIE FMD Working Group, the consultants who worked with them and everyone who has assisted and advised the working group while developing the FMD Control Strategy, the nancial partners; and, last but not least, the experts from the World Bank, who took the lead in making an assessment of the budget necessary to roll out the Global FMD Control Strategy. This successful meeting will be an important milestone in the global ght against FMD, and we sincerely hope that the necessary political and nancial support will be generated.

Rome, June 2012 Paris, June 2012 Juan Lubroth Bernard Vallat Chief Animal Health Service Director General of the OIE Chief Veterinary O cer of FAO

Preface

Diseases are among the most signi cant limiting factors for sustainable livestock production, and, among them, foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an eminent transboundary animal disease that severely a ects the production of livestock and disrupts regional and international trade in animals and animal products and the livelihoods of millions of people. In developing countries the adverse e ects of FMD are often underestimated. The disease directly undermines food security and economic development at the level of both village smallholders or more organised value and market chains supplying urban and export markets, and indirectly the allied industries of feed, transport, and at times even tourism. As recommended by the rst World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Global Conference on Foot and Mouth Disease in Asunción, Paraguay, in June 2009, the Global FMD Control Strategy was prepared under the umbrella of the FAO/OIE Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (GF-TADs). A rst outline was presented during the 79th General Session of the World Assembly of Delegates of the OIE in May 2011 and it was further developed in consultation with experts, national and regional authorities and policy-makers, nancial partners and private industry. The experiences of a number of countries and regions, especially Europe, South America and South-East Asia, also served as the basis for developing the strategy. This second international conference on FMD control, held in Bangkok, Thailand, from 27 June to 29 June 2012, was organised by FAO and OIE, together with the Thai Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, and was supported by several sponsors, partners, and OIE and FAO reference centres. The three days of the meeting were divided into nine sessions, which provided ample time to address successively the global and regional situations, the tools to be used to control FMD, the key elements to control and eradicate the disease and to maintain free status. The Global FMD Control Strategy was described, including its rationale and objectives, the underlying strategic principles, the expected results, the activities, the governance and the limiting factors. The action plan and milestones, as well as the portfolio for the FMD control component, are included in a document entitled ‘The global foot and mouth disease control strategy. Strengthening animal health systems through improved control of major diseases’, which was distributed at the conference and was made available on the OIE and FAO websites.

The participants discussed the three components of the strategy, namely: 1. improving global FMD control 2. strengthening Veterinary Services and 3. improving the prevention and control of other major diseases of livestock. By the end of the meeting, the global strategy was strongly supported, as attested in the recommendations of the conference. The Global FMD Control Strategy is not seen as a ‘standalone activity’, aimed solely at FMD control, but as a carrier mechanism to simultaneously progress in other elds, with the strengthening of veterinary systems as a linchpin that will create a more sustainable environment to control other priority diseases as well as cost-e ective combinations of activities to be promoted. The FAO and the OIE consider that FMD and other high impact animal disease control programmes should be seen as a global public good, as they bene t all countries, all populations and future generations.

Juan Lubroth Bernard Vallat Chief Animal Health Service Director General of the OIE Chief Veterinary O cer of FAO

Setting the scene

J. Lubroth

Chief Veterinary Officer, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Animal Production and Health Division, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy Correspondence: Juan.Lubroth@fao.org

This paper is a product of close co-operation between the World Bank (WB) Team and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Global Framework of Transboundary Animal Diseases (GF-TADs) Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Working Group. The longer version of the paper (3) is available as a supporting document of the global strategy (2). The paper relies heavily on discussions with and data provided by the members of GF-TADs FMD Working Group consulted between November 2011 and May 2012. We are deeply grateful to Joseph Domenech (OIE) and Peter DeLeeuw (FAO) for overall guidance and inputs, including during our meetings at OIE Headquarters in Paris on 21–22 November 2011 and at FAO Headquarters in Rome on 19–21 December 2011, and to Giancarlo Ferrari (FAO), Samia Metwally (FAO), Nadège Leboucq (OIE) and Bernardo Todeschini (OIE) for generously sharing their time, data and expertise. We also would like to thank Brian Bedard (WB), Cyril Gay (United States Department of Agriculture [USDA]), Alex Donaldson (FAO/OIE consultant), Stephane Forman (WB), Mimako Kobayashi (WB), Caroline Planté (WB), Jonathan Rushton of Royal Veterinary College, University of London and Juergen Voegele (WB) for very useful inputs, comments and discussions.

Summary

Retrospectively, the success in the eradication of rinderpest was in large part because of the commitment from national, regional and international organisations coordinating the vision to remove the threat to cattle production in large swathes of Asia, the Middle East and Africa. As with the establishment of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), the creation of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) not only recognised the paramount importance of rinderpest but also emphasised the significance of foot and mouth disease (FMD). Over the past 30 years, the regional FMD campaigns in western Europe and parts of South America and the country programmes in East and Southeast Asia and southern Africa have been largely successful. However, in endemic settings, owing to multiple disease burdens, differing health and developmental priorities and resource-poor veterinary systems have not been successful in tackling the eroding production efficiencies caused by FMD. With an expected global population of over nine billion people by 2050 and the need to produce more food, as well as the forecasted demand for more animal products in people’s diets, efficiencies in production parameters are required, as is the management of natural resources and sound policies for a vibrant livestock sector – including safe trade. The ever increasing disease threats in a globalising world place all countries at risk of incursions of FMD and other pathogens, as recently seen in East Asia, North Africa, Western Europe and the southern cone of the Americas. While existing tools in FMD diagnostics and vaccines have proven successful for some regions, improved methods in risk management, understanding drivers in the emergence of virus variants, and insight into production and marketing practices can be used to improve FMD management. A progressive control pathway (PCP), which guides the public veterinary authorities and livestock holders to intervene at critical stages of convergence of risks, would be advantageous in terms of maximising epidemiological knowledge and would be cost effective especially in resource-poor environments. The developed PCP for FMD provides this framework and fully complements existing regional programmes on FMD control. Furthermore, this approach can be modified to address other high-impact diseases, including some zoonoses. In this regard, it is important that Veterinary Services meet their public good obligations to conform or reform to attain the international standards as prescribed by the OIE. Thus, investments into this aspect of agricultural and livestock development would have a major impact on overall human health, nutrition and food safety, and contribute to local and national economic and social growth. In this context, it is for the global public good to tackle FMD control at source, and it is of vital interest of both developed (usually FMD free) and developing (usually endemically infected) countries. An international global concerted effort with strong regional coordination is necessary, as is global joint financing to further leverage public–private partnerships. There is a need for a global FMD strategy that opens opportunities to address other diseases that impact efficiencies and food security and develops robust veterinary systems in developing countries.

Keywords

Coordination – Foot and mouth disease – Foot and mouth disease virus – Progressive control – Regional roadmap.