77th Session of the Executive Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth

Report

77TH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE EUFMD COMMISSION VIENNA, AUSTRIA 11-12TH DECEMBER 2008 • 77TH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE EUFMD COMMISSION • REPORT

VIENNA, AUSTRIA 11-12TH DECEMBER 2008

77th SESSION of the

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE of the

European Commission for the Control of Foot-andMouth Disease (EUFMD)

Vienna - Austria, 11-12th December 2008

77th Session of the EuFMD Executive Committee –Vienna –Austria- 11-12th December 2009 –FINAL version

TABLE OF CONTENTS ITEM 1. AGENDA ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 ITEM 2. FOLLOW-UP TO THE 76TH SESSION ................................................................................................................ 3 Item 2.1 Status of the revised EuFMD Bio-security (Veterinary Containment) Standards for FMD laboratories (paper for adoption at the 38th General Session, 2009). ..................................................................................... 3 Item 2.2 Minimum Diagnostic Capacity of member countries (paper for adoption at the 38th General Session, 2009). ................................................................................................................................................................... 3 ITEM 3. AGENDA ITEMS FOR THE 38TH GENERAL SESSION, APRIL 2009 .................................................................. 4 ITEM 4. FMD RISK SITUATION ................................................................................................................................. 4 ITEM 5. EURO-MEDITERRANEAN ANIMAL HEALTH NETWORK ................................................................................ 6 ITEM 6. REVISION OF THE 4 YEAR EUFMD STRATEGIC PLAN (2009-2013) .............................................................. 6 ITEM 7. INTERNATIONAL FMDV SURVEILLANCE..................................................................................................... 7 7.1 Brief report on the Annual meeting of the OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory Network for FMD (September, China) .................................................................................................................................................................. 7 7.2 Reporting of global progress against FMD; proposal to produce a combined laboratory and epidemiology/risk Report ..................................................................................................................................... 8 7.3 Summary of EuFMD/EC support to FMD surveillance: Sahelian zone of Africa ......................................... 8 ITEM 8. PROGRESS REPORTS ON FMD CONTROL PROJECTS IN THE REGION .............................................................. 9 8.1 Annual Tripartite Meeting report .................................................................................................................. 9 8.2 FMD control in Turkey .................................................................................................................................. 9 8.3 FMD control in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan; progress of the EUFMD/EC supported program of in the buffer zone...................................................................................................................................................... 9 8.4 FMD control in Iran: progress of the EUFMD/EC supported program to improve FMD surveillance and control ................................................................................................................................................................ 10 8-5 Syria............................................................................................................................................................. 10 ITEM 9. LONG TERM STRATEGY FOR FMD CONTROL IN WEST EURASIA: DEVELOPMENT OF A ROADMAP ............... 11 ITEM 10. GLOBAL FMD INITIATIVE ....................................................................................................................... 12 10.1 Outcome of the International Technical Meeting held in Erice –the Open Session of the EuFMD Standing Technical Committee ......................................................................................................................................... 12 10.2 Agenda of the International OIE/FAO Conference in Paraguay (June 2009) ........................................... 12 ITEM 11. REPORT OF THE STANDING TECHNICAL COMMITTEE .............................................................................. 13 ITEM 12. FINANCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT.............................................................................................. 13 ITEM 13. ANY OTHER BUSINESS ............................................................................................................................. 14 Veterinary Public Health/Animal Health Co-ordination Forum for the Balkan Region ................................... 14 CLOSING REMARKS ................................................................................................................................................. 14

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LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1 List of Participants Appendix 2 Agenda and Briefing notes Appendix 3 Follow-up to Recommendations 76th Session Appendix 4 Agenda for 38th General Session Appendix 5 WRL update report Appendix 6 FAO/OIE Reference laboratory Quarterly Report (July September 2008) Appendix 7 Euro-Mediterranean Animal Health Network Appendix 8 Revision of the EuFMD Strategy Plan Appendix 9 Global FMD Control Report 2008 Appendix 10 Improving surveillance of FMD in West and Central Africa Appendix 11 FMD situation in Turkey Appendix 12 Progress Report – Transcaucasus Appendix 13 Progress Report - Iran Appendix 14 Progress Report - Syria Appendix 15 Report of the Regional FMD control Workshop - held in Shiraz, Iran Appendix 16 Progressive Control of FMD Appendix 17 International Conference on FMD to be held in Paraguay - Draft Agenda Appendix 18 EuFMD Research Group - report and plan Appendix 19 Financial Statements Appendix 20 EuFMD/EC/OIE Tripartite Meeting on FMD control in the Southern Balkans – Meeting Report October 2008

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Meeting report The Executive Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EUFMD) held its Seventy-Seventh Session in Vienna, Austria, on the 11th and 12th of December 2008, hosted by the Government of Austria.

Members of the Executive Committee present were: Dr Peter de Leeuw (the Netherlands) Chairman, Dr Nigel Gibbens (United Kingdom, Vice-Chairman), Dr Ulrich Herzog (Austria) 2nd Vice-Chairman, Dr Georgi Georgiev (Bulgaria, representing the CVO), Dr Spiros Doudounakis (Greece), Dr Carlos Pinheiro (Portugal), Dr Nihat Pakdil, (Turkey) and Dr Petrovic (Serbia, Alternate to Dr Marinkovic). Other participants were Dr Aldo Dekker (the Netherlands), Chairman of the Research Group, and Dr Jef Hammond, Head of the FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD. In addition, the CVO of Greece, Dr Batziliotis, attended the Session, and Dr Naci Bulut attended as technical advisor to Dr Pakdil.

Observers from the international organizations were Dr Alf-Eckbert Fuëssel, Head of Sector, DGSANCO, Brussels, Dr Nikola Belev, Regional representative of the OIE for Europe, and Dr Lea Knopf, Scientific and Technical Department of the OIE, Paris, Dr Joseph Domenech, FAO, Chief of the Animal Health Service, and Dr Vladimir Borisov, FMD reference laboratory, Vladimir, All-Russian Institute for Animal health (FGI-ARRIAH). The Secretariat for the 77th Session comprised Dr Keith Sumption, Dr Adel Ben Youssef (officer seconded to EuFMD by France) and Ms N Rumich. The list of participants is given in Appendix 1.

The Session considered the current risk situation and recent events in FMD epidemiology in the region, reviewed progress of actions as agreed in the Strategic Plan for 2005-8 and endorsed by 37th Session of the Commission, and reached agreement on the Items and main points of strategy to be tabled at the 38th Session in 2009.

ITEM 1. Agenda The agenda (Appendix 2) was adopted without change.

ITEM 2. Follow-up to the 76th session The follow-up to the recommendations of the 76th Session were summarised (Appendix 3).

Item 2.1 Status of the revised EuFMD Bio-security (Veterinary Containment) Standards for FMD laboratories (paper for adoption at the 38th General Session, 2009) Dr Dekker summarised the status of the document; the Standing Technical Committee (STC) had reviewed and given technical clearance to the proposed Standard, with minor revision to the text relating to infectious RNA. The latest Version had been cleared by the Chairman of the Committee, and he proposed this version be the one presented at the 38th Session of the Commission for adoption in 2009.

The Chairman, on behalf of the Executive Committee, recorded the appreciation of the Committee to those responsible for this major effort, and especially to Dr Bernd Haas (FLI, Germany) who had lead the Working Group.

The ExC agreed that: - the proposed Standard should now be circulated to all MS, after a delay of at least two weeks to allow concerned members of the Executive to consult with their administrations; - it would be advantageous if a future CVO or SCoFCAH meeting review the proposed Standard, by mid-February, to seek agreement of EU MS ahead of the 38th Session.

The Secretariat proposed that these reviews should provide feedback by mid-February in order that any technical comments be received in sufficient time to allow the Standing Technical Committee to review and redraft, if required.

Item 2.2 Minimum Diagnostic Capacity of member countries (paper for adoption at the 38th General Session, 2009) Following the 76th Session, the STC had reviewed and cleared the document, at the Closed Session in October 2008. The only concern had been that some in non-EU countries may have difficulties to comply with the requirement for commencement of diagnostic testing within 12 hours of receipt of EuFMD 77th Executive Committee11-12th December 2008- Vienna, Austria

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samples. The representatives of Turkey and Serbia did not consider that there would be such a problem.

Dr Hammond requested a line be added to require countries to provide a nominated international contact point on FMD laboratory diagnosis. This was agreed.

Recommendation: 1. Secretariat should add a requirement to provide and keep updated a contact point on FMD diagnosis to the final version; and the document should be distributed to MS at the same time as the new Biosecurity Standard.

ITEM 3. Agenda items for the 38th General Session, April 2009 The ExC considered the paper presented by the Secretary (Appendix 4) on the possible Agenda for the 38th Session. The Constitution and Rules of procedure of the Commission set out the required items on the Agenda of Sessions; additional technical or other Items can be proposed by the Executive or MS. The Executive discussed at length the possible Agenda, and reached the following conclusions: 1.

2.

3.

The Agenda should comprise the following Items: a) The required statutory items, including under future Plans the Item on the 2009-2013 Strategic Plan; b) Standards for endorsement which have regulatory significance across the Member States: 1) Bio-security Standards for FMDV laboratories (Updated Standard for Adoption) 2) Minimum diagnostic capacity in EuFMD member states (Standard for Adoption) c) Progress Reports on FMD control in the European neighbourhood: 1) Progress towards long term FMD control in Turkey and its immediate neighbours 2) Progress towards long term FMD control in the Trans-Caucasus 3) Progress towards FMD control in Iran and Syria d) The EuFMD role in development and technical support for a long term FMD control in “West EurAsia” (West EurAsia Free of Clinical FMD by 2020) e) “Euro-mediterranean FMD control network: vision and modalities” f) Technical items: The new decentralised (”penside”) diagnostic test systems : guidance on use in European situations g) Training Item : Initative to rebuild European experience in FMD and network training resources -the FMD Training Bank.

The format of the meeting should as far as possible remain at 2.5 days (10 Sessions); Regarding the required Item on vaccine and antigen bank holdings by member states, effort should be made to include countries in the neighbourhood in the survey; data in electronic form on individual holdings should not be supplied, but a paper containing such data could be provided to delegates of EuFMD Member States, on the understanding that the data would be kept in confidence.

Regarding : - the Technical item on decentralised tests, this paper should provide guidance to MS on incorporation of the test systems into their diagnostic procedures (decision tree on conformation of FMDV); - the Euro-Mediterranean animal health network, the EC should be invited to provide a speaker in order to ensure that decisions made at the 38th Session are taken in full knowledge of the EC position and likely developments; - the order of Items, the Strategic Plan should follow after discussion on the situation, regional progress, and on regional opportunities within the overall global approach being developed by FAO and OIE. - the need for continual and long term improvement to FMD surveillance in Africa immediately south of the Sahara, Dr Fuëssel advocated that the need for improved surveillance be re-iterated under the “Global Situation Report” and be included as a major activity in the 2009-2013 Strategic Plan.

ITEM 4. FMD risk situation Dr Hammond, representing the World Reference Laboratory (WRL), reported on the change in FMD risk situation since the 76th Session (Appendix 5). He drew attention to the quarterly (Appendix 6) and annual report to FAO, as well as other online reports and documents related to sample submission (www.wrlfmd.org).

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Of note was the first FMDV submission from Gabon, and the first submissions from Nigeria and Somalia since 1984 and 1983 respectively, achieved through the support of EuFMD/FAO. The situation in west EurAsia had been relatively stable over the past 6 months, with type O PanAsia II and A Iran 05 still predominating, but required careful and continuous monitoring for emergence of type A variants. Although the number of type A outbreaks was low compared to 2006-7, the appearance of the infection in Bahrain (the first since 1965) indicates a sufficient incidence for jumps in distribution to occur.

In discussion, the observation in Turkey that the A 05 ARD07 genotype, which has a lower r-value to A 22 Iraq, had now replaced the previous circulating type, was reported by the SAP Institute representative (Dr Bulut). As a result, Turkey has decided to use a homologous A Iran 05 antigen in vaccines applied in 2009. The relevance of the findings for the European reserves were discussed; since the A22 Iraq antigen can be formulated at a high payload there was confidence that a sufficient level of protection could be gained whereas for routine protection, a homologous PD50 of 3 or 6 may not be sufficient against the heterologous challenge of the current circulating type A viruses.

Therefore A 22 Iraq remains high priority in the European reserves, and A Iran 96 has been moved from high to medium priority.

The question of development of new vaccine seed viruses was also raised, following concern expressed that vaccine producers may not be responding to concerns of antigenic drift with development of new seed viruses. One options mentioned was the development of new seed viruses as a public good, where private companies may choose not to risk the cost of investment because of limited international demand.

The Secretary briefed the meeting on the recommendation for improving networking between the laboratories in Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Pakistan and Iran, with WRL and FAO, with teleconferences at least every 3 months, to improve recognition of new findings on strain diversity and virus risk.

Recommendations: On the International FMD situation 2.

Members States should be aware of the relative increase in incidence in FMD type A outbreaks in Turkey in 2008, and the recent jump of type A infection to new countries in the middle-east, and review their precautionary measures during the upcoming winter transmission risk period; 3.

Member States take note of the recommended priority vaccine bank antigens, as recommended by the report of the WRL/CRL; 4.

The Turkish authorities are urged to continue their efforts to contain FMD type A infection, with additional effort to regionalise infection and rapidly identify and trace linkages between each outbreak, making use of the opportunity of EuFMD/EC supported full length sequencing project to achieve a full molecular fingerprint of FMD viruses from outbreaks of concern; 5.

That the EuFMD Secretariat improve the networking of FMD laboratories in Turkey, Pakistan, Iran, Greece, Bulgaria with the WRL, Pirbright, to ensure a more continual and adequate flow of information and supply of FMDV isolates to track emergence of variants in the affected countries; 6.

The Veterinary services of Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkey are encouraged to develop and test contingency plans in advance of emergence of type A viruses poorly covered by the vaccines in current use; the status of these plans should be reported at the 38th General Session; 7.

The WRL should bring to attention of the EUFMD and EC, results of vaccine matching tests which fail to identify a closely matched vaccine held in banks or by commercial suppliers.

On the priority vaccine antigens for use in West EurAsia 8.

Type O Manisa and Asia-1 Shamir, and a type A strain that has been demonstrated to provide a close match to the circulating type A Iran 05 sublineage, remain the recommended types and strains for inclusion in vaccination programmes in West EurAsia to cover the upcoming 6 month risk period. Countries should undertake risk assessments before omitting one or more of these strains from the routine programme. Countries which utilise routine vaccination should ensure access to vaccines in emergency situation against less frequent FMDV strains, in the medium priority category of the WRL. 9.

A paper on the feasibility of producing FMDV seed viruses as a public good, to address lack of timely development of vaccine seed viruses in response to antigenic drift and epidemic events, should be developed by the Research Group, in close collaboration with commercial vaccine producers.

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On the priority vaccine antigens for use in North Africa 10.

The Secretariat should ensure the WRL vaccine recommendations for North African countries are passed to the relevant authorities; these include the use of type O Manisa and type A Eritrea or A Kenya 22, assuming the main type A risk is from East Africa.

Adaptation of diagnostic protocols of Member States (MS) for the currently circulating FMDV strains 11.

The WRL should maintain on its website the recommended primers for 5’ UTR and 3D genes for detection of the priority circulating strains in the region, to which EUFMD MS are at risk.

ITEM 5. Euro-Mediterranean Animal Health Network The Chairman introduced this Item, and gave a short account of the CVO meeting held in Strasbourg under the French presidency, in October, to discuss the development of an animal health network for the countries surrounding the Mediterranean. The presentation of the Chairman to that meeting is provided (Appendix 7). The outcome of the meeting was a recommendation to the European Commission to examine current animal health co-ordination and networking initiatives between European and neighbourhood countries in this region, and identify modalities for improved networking.

In discussion, concern was expressed that if a new body was created, this could lead to further difficulties of co-ordination between new entity with the European Commission, OIE and FAO, and with member states.

In conclusion, the Committee were in agreement that: - the EuFMD Commission can act as an effective mechanism for bringing together the technical expertise on FMD in European MS and institutions with those of countries in the Mediterranean neighbourhood; - the EuFMD Commission should continue to provide technical and where required, organizational support to regional FMD “roundtable” meetings convened under the Gf-TADS structure; Recommendation: 12.

1. The 38th Session should consider the role of the EuFMD in supporting FMD networking in the region, including the issue of further integration of FMD experts from the Mediterranean region into meetings of the Standing Technical Committee.

ITEM 6. Revision of the 4 year EuFMD strategic plan (2009-2013) The Secretary presented a short paper (Appendix 8) on the potential revision of the EuFMD Strategic Plan, and highlighted changes in the international situation that require a change in strategy. He indicated that the General Session of the Commission falling every 2 years is an important opportunity for setting direction and priority for actions in each forthcoming biennium. In 2005, the General Session approved a 4 year strategic plan, in order to plan for longer term goals and in line with the likely 4 year duration of the contract with the European Commission (DG-SANCO) for activities in support of FMD control. The 38th Session in 2009 is therefore the right time to reconsider the strategic activities and goals of the Commission.

The 2005-9 Plan included six priorities (Appendix 8-Table 1). The proposed priorities for the 20092013 Plan were discussed; for clarity the table below has been modified following the proposal of the Chairman to reflect: the continued emphasis on risk from countries neighbouring to Turkey, including from the region of the Caucasus; the need for continued emphasis on virus surveillance, but to include a new priority of monitoring progress in FMD control in the 7 major virus pools to better inform risk assessment; to upgrade efforts on FMD Training as a funded program, reflecting on the lack of facilities to demonstrate FMD in European laboratories and the new tools and opportunities for in country and online training networks; the need for technical co-operation between European experts and those in FMD endemic and at risk countries in the European neighbourhood, with greater involvement of experts from neighbourhood regions in the Sessions of the EuFMD Standing Technical Committee.

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Priorities in 1st and 2nd Plans First 4 year Plan (2005-2009)

Second 4 year Plan : 2009-2013

1. FMD risk –Turkey 2. FMD risk – via Caucasus 3.

Emergency response neighbourhood 4. Viral surveillance for prioritisation

1.

Risk reduction – Turkish neighbourhood/west EurAsia Roadmap –

European

Vaccine

bank

continued funding provision to be made under the EC/EuFMD agreement 2009-2013 2. Viral surveillance for Vaccine bank prioritization 3. Global FMD progress monitoring/risk information across 7 virus pools

5. Lack of recent experience in MS

FMD

investigation

6. Technical issues - Vaccination to live

4. FMD Training program - European/EuFMD member states 4 year rolling program 5. Technical networking – Euro-Med, West Eurasia region (focus on vaccination performance, FMD risk, surveillance and survey design)

Discussion: The Chairman emphasised the need for a concise presentation of the Plan to the General Session, with a clear summary of the mission of the EuFMD, the main issues to be addressed, and the reasons for change in emphasis or priority from the first Plan.

The need for continued emphasis on actions to ensure virus surveillance in Africa immediately south of the Sahara was emphasised by the representative of DG-SANCO. The purpose the technical networking was discussed, and it was agreed that these should be to the enhanced development and maintenance of FMD technical expertise in Europe and neighbouring areas, and improved information on surveillance and prevention measures in neighbouring countries to improve risk identification and management in the free countries.

Recommendations 13.

The Draft Plan be revised, after the comments of the Session, and circulated to the Executive Ctee and Observers for comment and clearance by the Chair, ahead of presentation for adoption by the 38th Session.

14.

The Secretariat should ensure that the provision for emergency support in the European neighbourhood, and surveillance support measures in the virus pools of greatest risk to the European region, be included in the Plan and in the associated agreement to be negotiated with DG-SANCO on support to activities in the period 2009-2013.

ITEM 7. International FMDV surveillance 7.1 Brief report on the Annual meeting of the OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory Network for FMD (September, China) Dr Hammond summarised the progress and main issues arising from the meeting; the network activities and meeting are part funded by FAO (under the EuFMD/FAO contract with the Institute for Animal health) and by OIE (travel of some participants from OIE Reference laboratories).

Two new OIE RLs were welcomed to the network meeting, from Belgium (VAR; Kris de Clercq) and SENASA, Argentina. For the first time, representation of network members and observer laboratories enabled at least 2 labs per “region” to participate, which greater assisted group work on virus distribution, vaccine priorities, and workplans.

The main conclusions: - the principal goals of the network should relate to 1) the need for better understanding of the global virus distribution and the need for vaccine recommendations , and 2) Improving the quality of laboratory tests for international and national reference laboratories.

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The main points of agreement: - the network discussed and agreed that global distribution of FMDV can be described as seven major virus pools, to assist in development of specific recommendations and actions that focus on the unique characteristics of the FMDV strains circulating and evolving in these pools; - that future network annual reports should be organised to give information and recommendations for each virus pool, to assist regional follow-up and actions; - that there is a need to address the lack of proficiency test schemes being operated in five of the seven virus pools, exceptions being Europe and South America; - that the greatest problem with vaccine selection and recommendation is in Africa, followed by West and South EurAsia; - further reference centres and expertise in virus typing is needed to address these gaps, particularly the lack of expertise from West/Central and East Africa in the network.

7.2 Reporting of global progress against FMD; proposal to produce a combined laboratory and epidemiology/risk Report The Secretary briefed the Session on the recommendation from the Erice Open Session of the Standing Technical Committee that FAO, with OIE, produces a six monthly Global FMD report, bringing together both FMDV strain typing information with a comprehensive analysis of changes in risk in each region, with the purpose to improve risk analysis and monitoring of progress towards FMDV control in each region.

The Secretary produced a draft Plan for a Global Report (Appendix 9). The proposal was to include input from the OIE/FAO network of labs (lead by the IAH Pirbright); OIE (official data, progress in implementing PVS, and changes in international standards; from FAO (global vaccination coverage, epidemiological analyses, regional and national projects), and from the Global FMD research alliance (GFRA) on progress in research and development on development of improved vaccines and other tools.

In discussion, it was agreed that a need existed for a comprehensive report, and the first target should be to develop an annual report, with the first to be produced ahead of the Paraguay meeting in June 2009.

Conclusion The proposed annual State of FMD Report should fill a need of the EuFMD member states for a comprehensive analysis and source of information on FMD that should assist risk assessment, as well as having high relevance for risk managers in endemic regions.

Recommendations: 15.

The Secretariat was encouraged to take a leading role in development of the Annual FMD Report, working with FAO , OIE, the IAH and the GFRA, towards publication of the report

by FAO with OIE, as aGf-TADS publication.

16.

The Secretariat should proceed with efforts to reach agreement between partners, collate inputs and produce the Draft 2008 Report by the time of the EuFMD General Session in April 2009; recognising that the final decision on final publication be made by FAO in consultation with OIE.

7.3 Summary of EuFMD/EC support to FMD surveillance: Sahelian zone of Africa Dr Adel Ben Youssef (EuFMD Secretariat) gave a short presentation on the meeting attended in Bamako, Mali, in December 2008, at which the issue of improving FMD surveillance in West and Central Africa was presented to participants at the annual meeting of the regional avian influenza and other TADS laboratory and epidemiology networks (Appendix 10). The very wide geographical coverage in the meeting presented an excellent opportunity to identify new potential partners for improving FMDV surveillance; a high interest was evident and laboratories from 3 countries (Senegal, Nigeria and Guinea) expressed high interest to submit proposals to FAO for co-operative studies with the WRL Pirbright, under the EuFMD/EC scheme that is currently supporting FMDV sample submission from Ethiopia and Kenya.

Conclusion 1. The progress made in 2008 to achieve sample submission from Nigeria had proved beneficial to the understanding of FMDV circulation in parts of the region. The Secretariat should EuFMD 77th Executive Committee11-12th December 2008- Vienna, Austria

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continue efforts to promote FMDV collection and co-operation between laboratories in the region and the IAH, Pirbright, in 2009.

ITEM 8. Progress reports on FMD control projects in the region 8.1 Annual Tripartite Meeting report The report is provided (Appendix 20).

8.2 FMD control in Turkey Dr Bulut, Turkey, provided a progress report (Appendix 11) on the Turkish FMD control program, including the implementation of actions supported by the EC under EuropeAid TR 06 03 02. He presented data indicating an overall much reduced incidence of FMD in 2008, and with a switch from type O back to type A, and an upsurge in monthly type A outbreaks in 2008 compared to 2007.

Sequence analysis revealed that several sublineages of the A Iran 05 were circulating in 2008, with pre-eminence of the “ARD07” sublineage of the A05 genotype, which has effectively replaced the previous type. The significant genetic shifts in O and A types suggest these genetic jumps are the result of incursions of genetically related viruses, possibly from Iran.

Of concern is that the A22 Iraq vaccine provided only a poor reaction to Ao5 ARD07 (r1 0.2), and therefore the FMD Project Task Force recommended replacing A 22 Iraq with A Iran 05 antigen in the 2009 campaigns. Turkey remained concerned about the continual evolution of type A in Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, especially the results from FMDV typing of viruses in Afghanistan.

Overall, vaccination coverage in 2008 was higher than in 2007; and incentives had been introduced at province level, through banning inter-Province movements for Provinces with less than 85% coverage in large ruminants. However a limiting factor in autumn 2008 was the amount of FMD vaccine, which was insufficient in cattle re-vaccination (exception of Thrace, which had remained a priority and full provision was made for this region).

Special precautions had been made ahead of the kurban-bayram festival in December 2008; these include measures to prevent return of unsold animals to Thrace from markets in Istanbul, and additional precautions at market sites. The announcement of these measures had been highly welcomed at the Tripartite meetings held in October 2008 and it was hoped the combination of revaccination in the 1-2 months prior to the festival , the higher vaccination coverage, and the banning of movement from certain provinces would reduce the risk during the festival period.

The Committee discussed the reports in depth. The increased delivery of vaccination in cattle was noted but concern was expressed on lack of use of booster vaccination in calves, in light of the findings of the outbreak investigations. The value was questioned of dispersing large quantities of vaccine amongst a low proportion of sheep flocks. The movement control issue was discussed, with emphasis on achieving an effective system for pre-movement checks on animal vaccination. The scale of changes required was noted, but concern was expressed that the large budget for the FMD control did not appear to be balanced with management support to achieve the changes required to deliver effective use of the vaccine, especially if vaccine supply remained insufficient. In addition, the chairman again expressed concern on the lack of incentives for small farmers and private veterinarians to actively cooperate in the vaccination campaigns and FMD control after an outbreak. This problem needs to be addressed as it is a sine qua non for future success.

Conclusions The EuFMD support for capacity building of the epidemiology section at the GAP and the SAP Institute, instigated after the 77th Executive, should continue until the General Session in 2009.

Recommendations These are combined with those of the International Risk Item 4.

8.3 FMD control in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan; progress of the EUFMD/EC supported program of in the buffer zone A progress report was delivered by Dr Carsten Potzsch (EuFMD Consultant) (Appendix 12).

He summarised progress to maintain the buffer zone of vaccination along the southern border of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan; in spring 2008, vaccination had proceeded as usual in ARM and AZB (reported at the 77th Session), but in GEO vaccination had not occurred since 2006, as a result of decisions of the Georgian Government for organisational or priority reasons, including in 2007 the EuFMD 77th Executive Committee11-12th December 2008- Vienna, Austria

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perceived risk of vaccination teams spreading ASF. FMD vaccine had been delivered by the project to GEO in autumn 2008 and the Government had mobilised central veterinary staff to overcome difficulties to implement vaccination with local staff, and vaccination was proceeding in December 2008, but had been completed in Adjara autonomous region.

He summarised the findings of national serological surveys supported by the project in ARM and AZB, which had shown areas with high NSP positive animals/villages in both countries, and not restricted to the border regions. The possible reasons were presented, including the epidemic situation in neighborouring Turkey and Iran, for a situation in which clinical reports of FMD are very few and no confirmed outbreaks have occurred in each of the countries in 2008.

In discussion: The Committee questioned how it was possible that there could be serological evidence of frequent FMD infection in the past 2 years, without clinical signs of FMD. Possible reasons that were given included exposure of immune cattle to infection of unvaccinated sheep and pigs, and movement of animals exposed in border regions to internal regions as a result of well known seasonal movements.

The findings were of concern as they indicated a higher frequency and depth of FMDV incursion into the region than suspected before, and brought into question the level of protection achieved by vaccination.

The Chairman advised that the results be examined by the Standing Technical Committee, who should advise on follow-up studies to be conducted in early 2009.

8.4 FMD control in Iran: progress of the EUFMD/EC supported program to improve FMD surveillance and control The progress report is provided (Appendix 13). Since the 77th Session, a 15-month program of activities had been agreed with EC (to use savings from Phase I) and an MOU and project document negotiated with the Iranian veterinary organisation (IVO). The Secretary had visited Iran in September 2008 and completed negotiations; the IVO had placed a very high priority on the project and gave great attention to the details of the agreement. The IVO emphasised a high desire to work cooperatively with the EuFMD/EC, and of their own high financial input to FMD control in Iran. They requested EC/EuFMD to consider supporting a vaccination buffer zone in the west of Iran, as currently supported in the Caucasus, to enable their national efforts to focus on reducing the risk from the east of Iran (Pakistan).

Further, they asked that the current Phase include a twinning project element, to upgrade the Karaj Central Laboratory to provide services that meet those of an international reference laboratory on FMD; Phase I support having upgraded their molecular diagnostic capacity for FMD with introduction of real-time PCR for FMD. It was agreed that a twinning element be included under the Phase II, with emphasis on upgrading the sero-diagnostic capacity, for both SP and NSP serology, and a budget of 60,000 US$ ear-marked for the twinning activities.

He also indicated that the problems of serological test performance required external laboratory testing of sera collected in Phase I, and the IZS Brescia had expressed willingness to undertake this work.

He reported that the nominated national project coordinator for the EuFMD/IVO FMD project was Dr Khalaj, Deputy to the Head of the IVO, who should attend future meetings. The Secretary indicated that progress compared to 2007 had been slow, as a result of the move of Dr Geiger from Iran to France, and the change in project Phase and project national coordinator; a higher effort will be needed to ensure progress than with a resident coordinator.

Conclusion 1. The Committee noted the progress to implement Phase II, but urged improvement to the reporting of virus typing conducted in country and by the WRL, to assist detection of significant changes; 2. The Committee supported the inclusion of the twinning project component and the involvement of the WRL Pirbright and IZS Brescia in support of improved serodiagnosis and use of serological surveys conducted to date. Reporting of the findings and progress should be made to the 38th Session in April

8-5 Syria Dr Potzsch reported on the progress in support of surveillance for FMD infection and sero-monitoring of infection in Syria (Appendix 14). During his November mission, the authorities had requested him to design a national surveillance plan, and he had done so on the basis of the total sample size agreed EuFMD 77th Executive Committee11-12th December 2008- Vienna, Austria

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in the project document for a regional survey. Overall, he was delighted to report a very willingness of the Syrian authorities to work with the EuFMD Commission and conformed the need remained for the project support, and especially for laboratory and epidemiology training. The former could possibly be given at Brescia (IZS) in Italy, and the latter in Iran (GIS training associated with the EuFMD/IVO project).

The Chairman noted with gratitude the progress.

ITEM 9. Long term strategy for FMD control in west Eurasia: development of a roadmap The Secretary gave a summary of the Regional Meeting held in Iran, for 15 countries in eastern Europe/Central Asia/Middle-east and organised between the EuFMD Commission and the FAO project funded by Italy (GTFS/ITA). All countries represented had been affected directly or indirectly (by their neighbours) by the epidemics of type A Iran 05 and type O PanAsia 2, in 2005-8, from Pakistan to Turkey, and Kazakhstan to Syria. (Appendix 15) At the meeting, a “2020 Roadmap”, and a vision statement that the region would be free of clinical FMD by 2020, were developed and agreed, and enthusiasm shown by the participants for entry into a long term program on FMD. The West EurAsia Roadmap for FMD was developed through group work with the countries which assessed their current risk analysis and risk management position and the likelihood that the countries would progress along a “progressive Control pathway” (PCP).

He explained the progressive Control pathway as having “stages” of activities that should if implemented allow countries to arrive to a position where they could apply for recognition by the OIE as free of FMD; 4 stages were described, from Stage 0, where the FMD risk has not been measured through serological surveys, to Stage 3, where each outbreak is shown to be exogenous and brought rapidly under control. The PCP was used at the Shiraz regional meeting and found to rapidly enable countries to assess their own position, and enable comparison with their neighbours. The activities required to progress from Stage 0 to Stage 1 are realistic, and in 5 countries supported under GTFS/ITA project, these actions should occur in 2009, and are already under way in Turkey, Iran, and the Caucasus with EC or EuFMD support. (Appendix 16).

The Regional Meeting also considered what regional support measures would be needed to support and promote the in country actions needed under the pathway, and these were recommended to be: a. b. c. d. e.

a laboratory working group for virus characterization and vaccine selection a working group to improve planning disease control measures, use of epidemiology and risk analysis multi-lateral actions to reduce risk associated legal and informal trade across land borders actions to harmonise, optimise and monitor the use of FMD vaccination across the region Communication, Awareness and Training.

Regarding overall coordination, it was recommended that a Secretariat should be established in the Region for the progressive control of foot-and-mouth disease (with introduction of transboundary animal disease regional issues as needed); such Secretariat could be placed within or become the OIE/FAO Regional Animal Health Centre for the Region. At the meeting, both Iran and Kazakhstan offered to host the Secretariat.

Conclusions The Committee noted with interest the Report of the Meeting, and endorsed the approach of the “progressive Control Pathway”.

Recommendations: 17.

18.

19.

20.

FAO, with OIE, should further develop the “Progressive Control Pathway” and consider wider application as a tool to measure and monitor progress in FMD risk management in other regions of the world.

The vision, modality and role of the EuFMD in supporting and promoting the “West Eurasia 2020 Roadmap” should be on the Agenda of the 38th General Session of the EuFMD, April 2009.

Since 9 of the 15 countries represented at the Regional Roadmap meeting are European (Eastern European including Turkey), the Committee urged the Regional Steering Committee of GF-TADS to give full consideration to the report and to consider means to actively support and promote countries in the region to engage in the Pathway activities.

EuFMD 77th Executive Committee11-12th December 2008- Vienna, Austria

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21.

That the EuFMD Commission, in its Strategic Plan for 2009-2013, gives a high priority to promoting the West EurAsia Roadmap activities, where these fit with the goals of the Commission to reduce the risk to Europe. The Chairman recommended participation in the meeting of the EUFMD Commission, through the Secretary with at least one member of the Executive Committee.

ITEM 10. Global FMD initiative 10.1 Outcome of the International Technical Meeting held in Erice –the Open Session of the EuFMD Standing Technical Committee Dr Domenech, FAO, summarised the outcome of the Erice Meeting; it had been an outstanding success, with almost 200 participants from across the globe. The meeting considered the major constraints to FMD control, including organisation, vaccine quality and vaccine coverage, biosecurity, incentives for stakeholder participation, and global and regional information needs to progress management and monitoring of progress in FMD control.

The recommendations of the Meeting were of high relevance to the organisation of the International Conference (at CVO/official veterinary level) planned for Paraguay in June 2009. In particular, he drew attention to the recommendations of the Erice meeting to: progress the development of long term regional roadmaps in seven areas based on FMDV ecology and epidemiology; develop a risk based approach to FMD control that maximises the efficiency of use of scarce resources including FMDV vaccines to reduce FMD transmission at critical risk points; develop a global progress monitoring system that brings together strain typing, incidence measurements, and progress in capacity development and activity implementation, as a 6 monthly or 12 monthly Global Report continue to develop the network of FMD expertise following Erice -2008, with the Open Session as the pre-eminent meeting place for FMD technical specialists, to serve the Global FMD initiative.

Discussion: - the need for improved FMD vaccines was discussed; it was noted that FMD had been largely eradicated from 2 of the “virus pools” (Europe and South America) through the use of conventional FMD vaccines, and therefore was possible in other regions. Organisation and resources, rather than vaccine quality, was probably the main obstacle in other regions.

The Chairman, on behalf of the Committee thanked the Secretariat, and the research group, for the excellent organisation and the success of the Open Session.

Recommendations 22.

The Secretariat should continue to actively support the networking of FMD experts and scientists who have a strong involvement in FMD control, following the Erice Session, in order to share expertise and maintain and build the expertise within Europe.

23.

The Secretariat should proceed with planning of the next Open Session in 2010, in advance of the 38th General Session, and in consultation with FAO and OIE; and for this Session consider holding the conference in a venue outside of Europe if this enables the maximum participation from endemic countries in Asia and Africa as well as from European countries.

10.2 Agenda of the International OIE/FAO Conference in Paraguay (June 2009) Dr Lea Knopf (OIE) gave a short presentation on the Agenda for the International FMD Conference (Appendix 17). The Steering Committee and Scientific Committee were in the process of being appointed, and tentative Session titles and contents identified. The OIE had taken into consideration the outcomes of the Erice Session in the planning.

The Secretary suggested that the “progressive FMD Control Pathway” be presented at the Conference, and could provide a basis for organisation of the item on surveillance, since the PCP encourages the use of measurement of FMD exposure in the livestock population as a routine activity to help identify critical risk control points, and thereafter to measure incidence as part of progress monitoring.

Dr Knopf supported this idea and agreed to take the idea for consideration by the Scientific and Technical Department of OIE and the Conference Committee.

EuFMD 77th Executive Committee11-12th December 2008- Vienna, Austria

12

Recommendations: 24.

25.

The EUFMD Commission, at the 38th Session, should give consideration to actively supporting the development and implementation of the Regional Roadmaps for West EurAsia, and possibly to other neighbouring regions, as a major contribution to the Global Initiative; The Secretariat, working in support of FAO and OIE, should actively assist with the writing and production of a regular 6 or 12 month Global report on FMD control, as part of its support to the Regional and Global FMD control.

ITEM 11. Report of the Standing Technical Committee The progress report (Appendix 18) was presented by Dr Dekker, Chairman of the Standing Technical Committee. He provided an account of the Closed Session held in Erice, and those additional tasks that had been identified by the Executive Committee and referred to the STC. Five technical studies (full length sequencing of FMDV O and A isolates from Turkey and Iran, on the emergency vaccination of sheep, and methods for stability analysis of oil-adjuvanted vaccines, and optimisation of transfection to replace live virus shipment, and the field trial of penside test devices) were at contract development stage or being implemented shortly; progress was expected in all by the April General Session and reports by the Closed Session of 2009.

Regarding the membership of the group, the Executive was asked to assist in finding names for possible epidemiologists to join the Committee in 2009, following resignation through job change, of two members. Dr Pinheiro and Dr Gibbens both agreed to propose or provide possible names.

Dr Dekker proposed that the participation in the group be extended to involve experts from the neighbourhood countries along the south and east Mediterranean, to bring together those actively practising FMD surveillance with those in Europe who need to remain practised in the discipline.

Recommendations: 26.

The Secretariat should, subject to the appropriate budget clearance from the EC, invite (with observer status) participation of a laboratory or epidemiology expert from each of the neighbourhood countries in the south and east Mediterranean, to the Closed Session of the STC in 2009.

ITEM 12. Financial and administrative report The Committee considered the financial position of the Trust Fund MTF/INT/003/EEC, after receiving a report from the Secretary of the financing of the Commission in 2010 and 2011. The report illustrated options for reducing the impact of exchange rate changes on the budget of the Commission, including fixing the budget in US$ and € at the Session and allowing countries to opt for one of the two currencies at the Session; and to counteract losses during the 2007-8 period of the low US$, by an additional 2% increase in the contribution on top of the inflationary figure of 4%. Since the 4+2% rise is taken over two years, this represents a 3% per annum increase in the budget. (Appendix 19).

In discussion, the Committee considered a stronger case must be made at the 38th Session for the proposed budget, making clear if the request is for maintaining a historic level of funding or is essential for the current and agreed functions of the Commission.

The Chairman asked for an indication of support for the proposed budget for 2010 and 2011; the support was unanimous.

The Committee noted the cost savings implemented by the Secretariat following the recommendations of the 76th Session.

Recommendations: 27.

The proposed budget for the Commission for MTF/INT/003/EEC be proposed to the 38th Session, but with stronger supporting arguments for the increase proposed.

EuFMD 77th Executive Committee11-12th December 2008- Vienna, Austria

13

ITEM 13. Any other business Veterinary Public Health/Animal Health Co-ordination Forum for the Balkan Region Dr Herzog, CVO Austria and Vice-Chairman of the Commission, reminded the Committee that a planning meeting would be held on the 12th December, to organise the first meeting of the Forum, probably in Croatia in February or March 2009. The Forum had been discussed with FAO and EC and the OIE through Dr Belev would attend the meeting.

Closing Remarks The Chairman, on behalf of all members and observers, proposed a vote of thanks to Dr Herzog and Dr Bartl for the marvellous hospitality and organisation, He considered the ExC77 had been a very enjoyable and productive meeting, and looked forward to meeting the Committee again at the premeeting to the EuFMD General Session, to be held in Rome just before the Session which begins the 27th April 2009.

EuFMD 77th Executive Committee11-12th December 2008- Vienna, Austria

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Appendix 1

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 77th Session of the Executive Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vienna – Austria 11-12 December 2008

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Serbia / Serbie

Austria / Autriche

Representing Dr M. Marinkovic, CVO: Nenad Petrović Head of the Centre for Control and Prevention of Particularly Dangerous Diseases Veterinary Directorate 1 Omladinskih brigada St New Belgrade Tel / Fax: e-mail: nenad.petrovic@minpolj.sr.gov.yu

Ulrich Herzog (Second Vice-Chair) Chief Veterinary Officer Austria, Mag. Ministry of Health, Family and Youth 1031 Vienna, Radetzkystr. 2 Tel: +43 1 71100 4824 Fax: +43 1 7104151 Mobile: +43664 611 29 96 e-mail: ulrich.herzog@bmgfj.gv.at; CVO-Austria@bmgfj.gv.at

Greece / Grèce Spiros Doudounakis Head of Unit of Animal Diseases Ministry of Rural Development and Food 2, Acharnon Str. 10176 Athens Tel: +30 210-8836420 Fax: +30 210 2125719 e-mail: vetserv@ath.forthnet.gr

Turkey / Turquie Nihat PAKDIL Director General, MARA General Directorate of Protection and Control Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Esat cad. 3, Bakanliklar 06100 Ankara Tel: +90-312-4257789 Fax: +90-312-4186318 e-mail: vet_service@kkgm.gov.tr

United Kingdom / Royaume Uni The Netherlands / Pays Bas

Nigel Gibbens, CVO, Head, International Animal Health Division Room 403C Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 1A Page Street London SW1P 4PQ Tel: +44 20 79046169 Fax: +44 20 79046364 e-mail: nigel.gibbens@defra.gsi.gov.uk

Peter de Leeuw (Chairman) Chief Veterinary Officer Food and Veterinary Affairs Department Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality Bezuidenhoutseweg 73 PO Box 20401 2500 EK The Hague Tel: +31-70-3784278 Fax: +31-70-3786134 e-mail: p.w.de.leeuw@minlnv.nl

CHAIRMAN OF THE RESEARCH GROUP

Portugal

The Netherlands / Pays Bas

Carlos Agrela Pinheiro Director General of Veterinary Services Largo Academia Nacional de Belas Artes, nº 2 1249-105 Lisboa Tel: +351 21 323 9655 Fax: +351 21 346 3518 Mobile: +351 966 901 943 e-mail: dirgeral@dgv.min-agricultura.pt

Aldo Dekker Senior Scientist Laboratory Vesicular Diseases Central Institute for Animal Disease Control PO Box 2004 Lelystad 8203 AA Tel: +31 320 238603 Fax: +31 320 238668 Mobile: +31 651 311371 e-mail: aldo.dekker@wur.nl

15

EXPERTS ASSISTING MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Bulgaria / Bulgarie

1527 Sofia Bulgaria Tel: +359-2-9441514 / Fax: +359-2-8462910 e-mail: rr.easteurope@oie.int

Georgi Kirilov Georgiev Head of Exotic and Emerging Diseases Laboratory of the National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medicine Institute 1606 Sofia Tel: +359 2 345402

Lea Knopf Scientific and Technical Department of the OIE 12, rue de Prony Paris France e-mail: l.knopf@oie.int

Greece / Grèce

World Reference Laboratory (WRL)

Vasilios Batziliotis Chief of Veterinary services of Hellas Veterinary Services Ministry of Agriculture 2, odos Acharnon 10176 Athens Tel: +30 210 212 57 54 Fax: +30 210 822 91 88 e-mail: ka6u040@minagric.gr

Jeffrey Hammond Pirbright Laboratory Institute for Animal Health Ash Road Pirbright, Surrey GU24 ONF United Kingdom Tel: +44 1483 231012 Fax: +44 1483 232621 e-mail: jeffrey.hammond@bbsrc.ac.uk

Turkey / Turquie

FAO

Dr Abdulnaci Bulut Expert, Head of Diagnosis Department SAP Institute Eskisehir Yolu 7 Kilometre Ankara Tel: +90 312-2873600 178 Fax: +90 312-2873606 e-mail: nacib@sap.gov.tr

Joseph Domenech Chief, Animal Health Service Animal Production and Health Division FAO HQs Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy Tel: +39 06570 53531 Fax: +39 065705 5749 e-mail: joseph.domenech@fao.org

OBSERVERS EC - European Commission / Commission européenne Alf-Eckbert Füssel Head of Sector DG SANCO/O1 Animal Health, Trade and Zootechnics rue Froissart, 101, 3/67 B-1040 Brussels Belgium Tel: +32 2 2950870 / Fax: +32 2 2953144 e-mail: Alf-Eckbert.Fuessel@ec.europa.eu Russian Federation Vladimir Borisov FGI ARRIAH Jur'evets Vladimir 600901 e-mail: borisov2@arriah.ru OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health / Organisation mondiale de la santé animale Nikola Belev President of the OIE Regional Commission for Europe and Regional Coordinator for East European Countries Bld Wasil Lweski 110

Andriy Rozstalnyy Animal Production and Health Officer FAO-Subregional Office for Central and Eastern Europe Benczúr ut.34, 1068 Budapest Hungary Tel: 00361 461 2025 Fax: 00361 351 7029 e-mail: Andriy.Rozstalnyy@fao.org EUFMD Keith Sumption Secretary, EUFMD Animal Health Service Animal Production and Health Division FAO HQs Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome, Italy Tel: +39 065705 5528 Fax: +39 065705 5749 e-mail: keith.sumption@fao.org Adel Ben Youssef Animal Health Service Animal Production and Health Division FAO HQs Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome, Italy Tel: +39 065705 e-mail: Adel.BenYoussef@fao.org

16

Carsten Potzsch EuFMD consultant FMD Surveillance and Control in the Transcaucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia) Tbilisi e-mail: carsten.potzsch@fao.org Nadia Rumich EUFMD Secretariat Animal Health Service Animal Production and Health Division FAO HQs Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 001053 Rome, Italy Tel: +39 065705 2637 Fax: +39 065705 5749 e-mail : nadia.rumich@fao.org

17

Appendix 2

77th Session of the Executive Committee of the EUFMD Commission Agenda Vienna, Austria 11-12th December 2008

1

Opening and Adoption of the Agenda

2

Follow-up to the Recommendations of the 76th Session (Summary)

2.1. Summary of progress by recommendation 2.2. Status of the revised EuFMD Bio-Security (Veterinary Containment) Standards for FMD laboratories (paper for adoption at the 38th General Session, 2009)

2.3. Minimum Diagnostic Capacity of member countries (paper for adoption at the 38th General Session, 2009) 3 4

Agenda Items for the 38th General Session, April 2009 FMD risk situation and priorities for vaccine / antigen diagnosis (WRL)

4.1. FMD risk situation 4.2. Priority antigens for the national / European banks and priority vaccine strains for West Eurasia (Turkey / Iran / Caucasus) and North Africa 5

Euro-Mediterranean animal health network 5.1. Report on CVO meeting held in Strasbourg; EuFMD and FMD networking in the Euro-Mediterranean region (Chairman EuFMD)

6

Revision of the 4 year EuFMD Strategic Plan (2009-2013)– paper to be prepared for the 38th Session

7

International FMD Surveillance networking 7.1. Brief report on the Annual meeting of the OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory Network for FMD (September, China) (WRL) 7.2. Reporting of global progress against FMD; proposal to produce a combined laboratory and epidemiology/risk Report 7.3. Summary of EuFMD/EC support to FMD surveillance: sahelian zone of Africa

8

Progress Reports on FMD Control Projects in the region 8.1. Annual Tripartite Meeting held 30th October 2008; recommendations relating to FMD 8.2. Turkey: implementation of the Turkey / EuropeAid Project (N.Pakdil / Turkey) 8.3. Transcaucasus: situation and progress report on the EUFMD/EC programme 8.4. Iran: situation and progress report (MTF/INT/003/EC) 8.5. Syria

9

Long Term Strategy for FMD Control in “West Eurasia” (Eastern Europe / West Asia) 9.1. Progressive FMD control pathway approach. A new tool for wider application to promote FMD risk management in regional programs/Roadmaps?

9.2. Report of the Meeting held to develop a Roadmap for FMD control in West Eurasia (Shiraz, 9-12th November 2008)

10 Global FMD Initiative (GF-TADS - follow-up to 75th Session) 10.1. Discussion on the follow-up to the Recommendations of the Open Session – October, Sicily (The Global control of FMD: tools, ideas and ideals) 10.2. Agenda for the International Conference on FMD, Paraguay – June 2009

77th Session of the Executive Committee of the EUFMD Commission

18

11 Report of the Closed Session of the Standing Technical Committee 11.1. Report and actions recommended 11.2. Concept Notes – progress (follow-up to 76th) 11.3. Membership of the group 12 Financial and Administrative Report 13 Any Other Business 13.1. Balkan Region Veterinary Public Health and Transboundary Disease Forum (follow-up to 76th).

77th Session of the Executive Committee of the EUFMD Commission

19

Briefing Notes on the 77th Session Agenda items Timetable: Day 1: Items 1-10, and day 2, the rest

Item 2 2.1

Note

Responsible SEC

Follow-up to the Recommendations of the 76th Session Summary

2.2

Status of the revised EuFMD Bio-Security (Veterinary Containment) Standards for FMD laboratories

SANCO and ExC to agree on next steps with Member States ahead of the adoption at the 38th GS

SEC/Aldo Dekker

2.3

Minimum Diagnostic Capacity of member countries

Paper cleared by Research Group. Main consequence is for non-EU countries. ExC to agree if period of consultation needed ahead of the adoption at the 38th GS

SEC

3

Agenda Items for the 38th General Session, April 2009

Exc Ctee role is to decide on technical items , and changes (if any to be proposed for the Constitution)

SEC

4

FMD risk situation and priorities for vaccine/antigen diagnosis b) Priority antigens for the national / European banks and priority vaccine strains for West Eurasia (Turkey / Iran / Caucasus) and North Africa

The prioritization of vaccine strains is a response to requests from countries using preventive vaccination in West EurAsia/Near-east and in North Africa

WRL

5

Euro-Mediterranean animal health network

Report on CVO meeting held in Strasbourg: issues for ExC - EuFMD and FMD networking in the Euro-Mediterranean region - regional networking –part of the 4 year strategic plan?

Chairman EuFMD

6

Revision of the 4 year EuFMD Strategic Plan (2009-2013)

Review main elements of the 2005-9 plan: minor or major shift in emphasis required for the next 4-year period?

Working group from the ExC needed?

SEC

7

International FMD Surveillance networking Briefing. New concept of regional FMDV pools; imbalance in efforts

WRL

Briefing on progress

A BenYoussef (EuFMD)

Proposal that EuFMD Secretariat take a lead role to put together the report, organize the epidemiology/risk sections

SEC

Brief report on the Annual meeting of the OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory Network for FMD (September, China) (WRL) Summary of EuFMD/EC support to FMD surveillance: sahelian zone of Africa Reporting of global progress against FMD; proposal to produce a combined laboratory and epidemiology/risk Report 8

FMD Control Projects in the region 77th Session of the Executive Committee of the EUFMD Commission

20

Item

Note Annual Tripartite Meeting held 30th October 2008; recommendations relating to FMD programme

SEC

Turkey: implementation of the Turkey / EuropeAid Project (N.Pakdil / Turkey)

Dr Pakdil, Turkey

Transcaucasus: situation and progress report on the EUFMD/EC Iran: situation and progress report (MTF/INT/003/EC)

C Potzsch (EuFMD) SEC

Syria 9

C Potzsch (EuFMD)

Long Term Strategy for FMD Control in “West Eurasia” (Eastern Europe / West Asia)

Report of the Meeting held to develop a Roadmap for FMD control in West Eurasia (Shiraz, 9-12th November 2008)

9.1

Progressive FMD control pathway approach. A tool for wider application to promote FMD risk management in regional programs?

9.2

Roadmap report - and potential EUFMD future involvement

10

11

Responsible

Global FMD Initiative (GFTADS - follow-up to 75th Session) • Discussion on the follow-up to the Recommendations of the Open Session – October, Sicily (The Global control of FMD: tools, ideas and ideals) • Agenda for the International Conference on FMD, Paraguay – June 2009

Report of the Closed Session of the Standing Technical Committee • Report and actions recommended •

Membership of the group

SEC

J Domenech (FAO)

EuFMD involvement in the Technical Planning Ctee?

Will the outcomes of the (EUFMD) Open Session be presented or utilized?

L Knopf (OIE)

Briefing for ExC on main technical issues being addressed.

A Dekker, Chair RG

ExC to review/approve the balance of RG members between disciplines ahead of election at 38th Session

12

Financial and Administrative Report

Issue of US$ fluctuations on 2008-9 budget.

Note: the administrative budget should also be approved ahead of the 38th Session (2010-2011 budgets)

SEC

13

Any Other Business Balkan Region Veterinary Public Health and Transboundary Disease Forum (follow-up to 76th).

Briefing

Dr Herzog

77th Session of the Executive Committee of the EUFMD Commission

21

Appendix 3

FOLLOW UP TO THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE 76TH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

done

ongoing

follow-up

Item of the Recommendation

Progress

1.

Member States should be aware of the relative increase in FMD type A outbreaks in Turkey in 2008, and review their precautionary measures during the upcoming period.

MS responsibility. ??impact

2.

Member States take note of the recommended priority vaccine bank antigens, as recommended by the report of the WRL/CRL.

MS responsibility. ??impact

3.

The Turkish authorities are urged to increase their efforts to contain FMD type A infection, with additional effort to regionalise infection and rapidly identify and trace linkages between each outbreak (note also R#27 to support study on full length sequencing).

TUR to report at 77th

4.

Additional effort is made to ensure a continual supply from Turkey and Iran to the WRL of FMDV virus isolates, or at the minimum, sufficient sequence information, to track emergence of variants in these countries.

WRL to report at 77th.

Proposed Lab network – Greece/Bul/TUR/Iran/Pakistan - outcome of west Eurasia workshop, Balkan Tripartite

5.

FAO continues to place effort to collect and submit type A viruses from Afghanistan/Pakistan/west Asia to the WRL to monitor for possible appearance of an epidemic of type A viruses which would not be covered

by A22 Iraq vaccine.

Ongoing FAO effort under GTFS/ITA project

Follow up to the recommendations of the 76th session of the Executive Committee

22

Appendix 3

6.

Contingency plans (CP) are developed and tested in the Caucasus , Iran and Turkey in preparation for the possible emergence of type A viruses poorly covered by A 22 Iraq, and the status of these plans is keep under review by the Commission.

Partial: CPs being developed GEO, ARM, AZB. CP in TUR: check at 77th

7.

Type O Manisa, type A22 Iraq, and Asia-1 Shamir remain the recommended types and strains for inclusion in vaccination programmes in West EurAsia to cover the upcoming 6 month risk period. Countries should undertake risk assessments before omitting one or more of these strains from the routine programme. Countries which utilise routine vaccination should ensure access to vaccines in emergency situation against less frequent FMDV strains, in the medium priority category of the WRL.

Reviewed : A TUR 06, A IRN96 (Syria) also being used, rationale for A TUR 06 is clear, not for A Irn96 .

8.

The Secretariat should ensure the WRL vaccine recommendations for North African countries are passed to the relevant authorities; these include the use of type O Manisa and type A Eritrea or A Kenya 22, assuming the main type A risk is from East Africa.

9.

A systematic study of vaccine suitability against West and east African, A and SAT2 (and possibly SAT1 viruses) is urgently required to provide vaccine recommendations for west and eastern North African countries along the Mediterranean basin, and the WRL/CRL should develop a proposal to address this gap.

Limited progress

10.

The WRL should bring to attention of the EUFMD and EC, results of vaccine matching tests which fail to identify a closely matched vaccine held in banks or by commercial suppliers. Of concern is the finding that A ETH 4/2007 was not matched by A22 or A Eritrea (r < 0.15) vaccines.

Need to follow-up: no reports, or no event to report ?

11.

NRLs of MS in Europe should ensure that their diagnostic procedures can detect type O panAsia II (type strain: WRL to state) and type A Iran 05 (type strain: WRL to state). The WRL should supply MS on demand with these virus isolates or inactivated materials that will enable NRLs to validate their diagnostic procedures.

CRL follow up at Annual meeting. Check

Follow up to the recommendations of the 76th session of the Executive Committee

23

Appendix 3

12.

The WRL should maintain on its website the recommended primers for 5’ UTR and 3D genes for detection of the priority circulating strains in the region, to which EUFMD MS are at risk.

Information not found on WRL website

13.

The text should be further reviewed and re-presented at the 77th ExC, with a view to adoption as a minimum standard at the EUFMD General Session in 2009.

Reviewed RG. Re-present 77th [consultation needed with non-EU MS including SER, TUR, ISR,...]

14.

A letter should be sent to MS to re-enforce the importance of participating in the WRL/CRL ring-trials in 2008, and to increase their awareness of the development of development of rapid test kits for FMD which may enable updating of procedures for FMDV confirmation.

Check progress with WRL -2008 participation P.Deleeuw?

15.

FAO should make the systematic assessment of vaccine suitability in each Africa region a priority subject for the first meeting of African surveillance networks in Nairobi in November.

On track, FAO/OIE/IBAR Jan meeting in Nairobi

16.

The proposed study on replacement of live virus shipment for FMDV typing be given a high priority by the Research group, and the proposed study be carried out subject to funding guarantees and after clarification of the protocol.

RG approved, commissioned Lindholm

The Committee supported the proposal, and encouraged FAO to proceed with OIE in the development of a “Roadmap” towards FMD freedom in the region where Europe and Asia meet.

Roadmap developed, November 2008 Next steps?

The Chairman recommended participation in the meeting of the EUFMD Commission, through the Secretary with at least one member of the Executive Ctee.

Completed (Secretary), no member Exec present

17.

The EC/FVO and FAO tools available for assessment of CPs should first be compared, and discussions held between EC, EUFMD and FAO to develop a common approach.

To be done

18.

The Secretariat should 1) investigate possibilities for networking of CP experts of the MS, assisted by focal points identified by the members of the Executive Committee, and 2) prepare a proposal to the EC for a training fund to enable in-country training visits to FMD outbreaks in countries not free of infection.

to be done

to be costed/done (part of 2009-2013 plan)

Follow up to the recommendations of the 76th session of the Executive Committee

24

Appendix 3

19.

Further consultation on the “Roadshow” occur with MS and agencies involved, to identify priorities and training modes for the different position of MS.

to be done

20.

FAO and OIE were encouraged to work closely together in developing the persuasive arguments for upscaling global and regional effort.

FAO to report

21.

FAO/OIE should develop supporting papers at least 6 months ahead of the Conference (by end 2008) that indicate the scale of the problem, the benefits and cost of investment options which would be expected to improve the current levels of FMD control.

Limited progress

22.

EUFMD Commission, through the focal point of the Secretary, should take a prominent role in contributing to the FAO/OIE effort to develop the Regional and Global elements of the Initiative.

West EurAsia – on track

23.

The Open Session of the STC be used as a technical meeting to review the technical and organisational elements of the global initiative.

Done – October 2008

24.

Members of the Executive should, if possible, participate in the Open Session and in the international Conference in 2009.

One member present, plus Deputy CVO at Erice

25.

A decision on the role of the EUFMD Commission in supporting regional Roadmaps in West EurAsia, and in the monitoring of global progress, be made at the EUFMD General Session in 2009, ahead of the International Conference.

WestEurAsia Roadmap to be a 38th session Agenda item

26.

The Chairman of the STC should produce a list of those tasks that are to be continued, for clearance by the Chairman of the Executive, and should encourage a greater involvement of the RG in undertaking the priority tasks that remain, and in solving new issues identified during the 76th Session.

Chair to Report

27.

The three technical studies presented as concept notes should, subject to funding from the EC, be carried out before the April 2009 General Session, and the 77th Executive should receive a progress report to enable decision on the use of the new information at the EUFMD General Session in 2009.

Contracts developed but not signed Lelystad): issue of vaccine release (Turkey)

Global Technical meeting -Erice

Follow up to the recommendations of the 76th session of the Executive Committee

(IAH-Pirbright,

25

Appendix 3

28.

The call to Member states for their annual contributions should, subject to the FAO Financial procedures, be made in € for the eurozone countries, using the levels of € and US$ contribution in the paper presented and agreed by MS at the 37th Session, giving MS the option of selecting the currency for their contributions.

Call made in the normal manner, FAO procedures did not allow for change.

29.

Travel budget in 2008 and 2009 should be kept to the level of actual expenditure in 2007, and thereby produce savings from that agreed at the 37th Session.

On track/Being implemented

30.

Savings should be made in the administrative costs of the Commission, including a reduction in the salary costs through the recruitment of an Administrative Clerk at a G4 or lower G5 level that will enable the costs of this position in 2009 to fall to a target of less that 115,000 US$ per annum.

On track/Being implemented

31.

The proposal was appreciated by the members as filling a gap in the current co-ordination arrangements between national and regional bodies, and Dr Herzog was encouraged to proceed with the arrangements for the first meeting.

Pre-meeting planned, Forum first meeting planned Feb 2009. Progress update -77th Session

32.

The operating procedures of the Forum should be established in close consultation with FAO and OIE, as far as possible to be allied or under the overall direction of the Regional Steering Committee of the FAO: OIE GFTADS.

Pre-meeting planned

33

Tripartite Meeting on the control of FMD and other exotic diseases in the Southern Balkans: the proposal from Greece was supported by Bulgaria and Turkey, to hold the next TPT in Lesvos, Greece, 29-30th October.

Completed, report at 77th

Follow up to the recommendations of the 76th session of the Executive Committee

26

Appendix 4

THIRTY-EIGHT SESSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE (EUFMD) Rome, Italy 27-29th April 2009 Possible Agenda Items – for discussion at the 77th Executive Committee Required Items at each Session

1.

Global FMD situation, region by region

2.

Report of the EUFMD Executive Committee for past biennium

3.

Strategic Plan 2009-2013 (including activities for upcoming biennium)

4.

Report of the Chairman of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee

5.

FMD Antigen and Vaccine banks: survey of national and EC bank holdings

6.

Financial matters

7.

Election of the Executive Committee and Standing Technical Committee Items already agreed for 38th Session (decision: the Terceira Executive)

8.

Papers for adoption: a) Bio-security Standards for FMDV laboratories (Updated Standard for Adoption) b) Minimum diagnostic capacity in EuFMD member states (Standard for Adoption) Items of Regional importance – possible inclusion in 38th Session

9.

EuFMD and FMD control in the European neighbourhood: a) “West EurAsia Free of Clinical FMD by 2020: Vision and Roadmap” b) “Euro-meditteranean FMD control network : vision and modalities”

10. Supporting skills and capacity for FMD control (expertise and training networks) 11. Information requirements for Risk assessment: needs of member states 12. Progress towards long term FMD control in Turkey and its immediate neighbours i) FMD control in Iran and Caucasus ii) FMD control in Syria and Iraq 13. Technical items: a) Decision making on inclusion of sheep in emergency vaccination programs b) The new decentralised (”penside”) diagnostic test systems : guidance on use in European situations

77th Executive Committee

27

Appendix 4

Background Information: Previous General Sessions (1999- 2007)

THIRTY-SEVENTH SESSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE (EUFMD) Rome, Italy- 18 - 20 April 2007 PROVISIONAL AGENDA

1. Opening of the Session 2. Adoption of the Agenda 3. Global FMD situation, region by region 4. FMD control in the European neighbourhood: epidemic events 2005-2007 and the lessons learnt

5. The protection of Turkish borders b)

1. FMD control in Iran and Caucasus FMD control in Syria and Iraq

6. Thematic item: The Middle East and Mediterranean interface: trends in animal trade and prospects for risk reduction

7. Progressive international FMD risk reduction: strategy, partnerships and plans 8. Report of the EUFMD Executive Committee for past biennium 9. Proposal for EUFMD programme of activities for upcoming biennium 10. Report of the Chairman of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee 1. Progress on technical items referred to the Group 2. Report of the task force on laboratory containment

11. Technical issues with the vaccination to live policy 1. Progress on post-vaccination surveillance (PVS) 2. Vaccine banks 12. Technical issue: progress in predictive epidemic modelling

13. Financial matters 14. Election of he Executive Committee and Standing Technical Committee 15. Any other business 16. Closing of the Session

77th Executive Committee

28

Appendix 4

THIRTY-SIXTH SESSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE (EUFMD) Rome, Italy-27-29 April 2005 PROVISIONAL AGENDA

1. Opening of the Session 2. Adoption of the Agenda 3. Overview of the FMD situation in Europe and in other regions 4. Report of the Executive Committee on the Commission’s activities during the past biennium

5. Plan of Action for the EUFMD Commission for the next 4 years (2005-2008) 6. European involvement in the global surveillance for FMD 1. The role of the World Reference Laboratory, Pirbright 2. Plan of action, 2005-2008

7. Progress towards FMD freedom in Europe 3.

4.

5.

6.

FMD situation in Turkey – current situation and future outlook FMD control in Trans-Caucasus region FMD control in neighbouring regions Strategy and plans, 2005-2008

8. Addressing technical constraints to application of FMD control policy; report of the Standing Technical Committee of the EUFMD Commission 7. Report for the past biennium 8. Priorities and plan of action, 2005-2006

9. European FMD expertise and technical capacity – situation critical?

9. Situation overview 10. Proposal for action in this area in period 2005-2008 Specific Technical Items

10. FMD vaccine situation in the European region 11. Stocks held 12. Future outlook

11. Emergency vaccination in FMD-free countries – what issues are resolved – and which remain?

77th Executive Committee

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Appendix 4

12. Bio-containment and bio-security 13. Paper for adoption on biosecurity standards for FMD sero-diagnostic laboratories Constitution and Procedures, Finances, Committees

13. Financial matters: accounts 2003 and 2004 and proposed budget for 2006 and 2007 14. Rules of Procedure – proposed changes 14. Election of Chairmen, Vice-Chairmen, members of the Executive Committee and members of the Standing Technical Committee

15. Any other business 16. Adoption of the Draft Report of the 36th Session 17. Closing of the Session

77th Executive Committee

30

Appendix 4

THIRTY-FIFTH SESSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE (EUFMD) Rome, Italy - 9-11 April 2003 PROVISIONAL AGENDA

1.

Opening of the Session

2.

Adoption of the Agenda

3.

FMD situation in Europe and in other regions

4.

Global FMD surveillance 2.

1. Report of the FAO World Reference Laboratory 2. New initiatives

5.

Report on the Commission’s activities during 2001 and 2002

6.

Report on the FMD situation in Turkey

7.

FMD control in Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries

8.

EUFMD activities related to FMD surveillance in neighbouring regions

9.

FMD diagnostic capacity in Europe

10.

FMD vaccine situation in the European region 3.

1. Stocks held 2. Revision to the FMD monograph (European Pharmacopeia) 3. Guidelines for post-vaccination surveillance

11.

Issues relating to the new EU directive

12.

Report on the activities of the Research Group during 2001 and 2002

13.

Financial matters: accounts 2001 and 2002 and proposed budget for 2004 and 2005

14.

Election of Chairman, Vice-Chairmen, members of the Executive Committee and members of the Research Group

15.

Any other business

16.

Adoption of the Draft Report

17.

Closing of the Session

77th Executive Committee

31

Appendix 4

EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE

Thirty-fourth Session Rome, Italy, 21-23 March 2001 PROVISIONAL AGENDA

Item 1.

Adoption of the Agenda

Item 2.

FMD situation in Europe and in other regions

Item 3.

Report on the Commission's activities during 1999-2000

Item 4.

Report on the situation in Turkey

Item 5.

FMD control in CIS countries

Item 6.

Report on the activities of the Research Group during 1999 and 2000.

Item 7.

Report of the FAO World Reference Laboratory

Item 8.

Progress in the implementation of Contingency Plans in Member countries and destruction of carcasses.

Item 9.

Availability of vaccines for emergency vaccination in Europe.

Item 10.

Financial matters: accounts 1999 and 2000 and proposed budgets, 2001, 2002 and 2003.

Item 11.

Election of Chairman, vice-Chairmen, members of the Executive Committee Members of the Research Group.

Item 12.

Any other business.

Item 13.

Adoption of the draft report.

agenda as on 22 November 2000

77th Executive Committee

32

Appendix 4

EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE

Thirty-third Session Rome, Italy, 7-9 April 1999 PROVISIONAL AGENDA

Item 1.

Adoption of the Agenda

Item 2.

FMD situation in Europe and in other regions

Item 3.

Report on the Commission's activities during 1997-1998

Item 4.

Report on the situation in Turkey

Item 5. FMD control in CIS countries Item 6.

Report on the activities of the Research Group during 1997 and 1998.

Item 7.

FMD laboratories: -

report of the FAO WRL, national laboratories, quality assurance

Item 8.

Progress in the implementation of Contingency Plans in Member countries.

Item 9.

Availability of vaccines for emergency vaccination in Europe.

Item 10.

Financial matters: accounts 1997 and 1998 and proposed budgets 1999, 2000.

Item 11.

Election of Chairman, vice-Chairmen, members of the Executive Committee Members of the Research Group.

Item 12.

Any other business.

Item 13.

Adoption of the draft report.

77th Executive Committee

33

Appendix 5

WRL FMD Update for 77th Executive Committee Meeting of EUFMD

WRL FMD Update for 77th Executive Committee Meeting of EUFMD Brussels-11th December 2008 Jef M. Hammond, Donald P. King, Nick J. Knowles, Jemma Wadsworth, Kate G. Swabey, Bob Statham, Yanmin Li, Phil Keel, Pip Hamblin, Geoff H. Hutchings, Scott M. Reid, Katja Ebert, Julie M. Stirling, Nigel P. Ferris, Chris Chisholm and David J. Paton Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UNITED KINGDOM

Talk Overview •

Introduction

•

FMD situation update

•

Current threats

•

Vaccine Recommendations

•

Other activities

•

Current and Future Issues

EuFMD 77th Executive Committee

34

Principal Activities of WRLFMD Referral diagnosis and reference laboratory coordination Recognition of threats and vaccine selection Test improvement, validation, quality assurance, reagent supply and training Consultancy and research priorities

The WRLFMD website contains quarterly and annual reference laboratory reports and can be found at http://www.wrlfmd.org/ref_labs/fmd_ref_lab_reports.htm

WRLFMD: 1250 samples from 37 countries October 2006 - 2008 BOTSWANA EGYPT ETHIOPIA GABON 1st KENYA MALI MAURITANIA

NAMIBIA NIGERIA 1984-5 SENEGAL SOMALIA 1983 SUDAN UGANDA ZAMBIA

Africa 14

BAHRAIN IRAN ISRAEL JORDAN KUWAIT SAUDI ARABIA UAE YEMEN

Middle East 8

Asia 10 Europe 5

AFGHANISTAN BHUTAN CAMBODIA KYRGYZSTAN LAOS PAKISTAN THAILAND VIETNAM MALAYSIA NORTH KOREA

UK TURKEY MALTA ITALY (SVD) PORTUGAL(SVD

EuFMD 77th Executive Committee

35

523 FMD Viruses Isolated Between October 2006-2008 O A SAT 1 SAT 2

382

Asia 1

84 44 11

2

WRLFMD: 330 Viruses Sequenced (VP1) 2007-2008 O A SAT 1 SAT 2 Asia 1

194

69

51 14 2

FMD Outbreaks in 2007-2008 Jordan, Lebanon Israel, PAT O (2007) Kazakhstan O (2007)

United Kingdom O (2007)

Kyrgyzstan A & O (2007)

Turkey O & A (2007-8)

Cyprus O (2007) Colombia A (2008)

Venezuela A & O (2007)

North Korea Asia 1 (2007)

Nigeria O, SAT 2 (2007-8) China Asia 1 (2007-8) Somalia O (2008)

Ecuador O (2007)

Egypt O (2007)

Bolivia O (2007)

Lao PDR O (2007-8)

Namibia SAT2 (2007-8)

Malawi SAT 2 (2008)

Botswana SAT2 (2007-8) Bahrain A (2008)

Vietnam O, A and Asia 1 (2007-8)

Mozambique ? (2008)

Zambia SAT 1 & SAT 2 (2008)

Ethiopia O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 (2007)

FMD -Free

Endemic

Free with vaccination

Free. Virus present in game parks

Intermediate, sporadic

Countries with multiples zones: FMD-free, free with vaccination or not free

EuFMD 77th Executive Committee

36

Other recent FMD outbreaks in 2007-08 •

Southern/Southeast Asia • •

•

Circulation of O, A, Asia 1 (Vietnam) Asia 1 continues in various parts of China

Central Asia • •

•

Kazakhstan (centre and west of country) – serotype O Kyrgyzstan (serotype O and A)

Middle East • •

•

New sub-lineage of A-Iran-05 appeared in Turkey in August 2007 and predominating during 2008 A in Bahrain 1st time since 1965- No sequence yet

Africa • • • •

•

Problems with recurrent SAT 2 in Botswana, Namibia and Zambia Types O and SAT 2 recorded in Nigeria First record of SAT 1 in Ethiopia in 2007 Untyped outbreaks in southern Malawi (SAT 2) and south-western Mozambique

South America • • •

Outbreaks of serotype O & A in Venezuela Outbreaks of type A in Colombia Outbreaks of type O in Ecuador

O/IRN/60/2006 O/IRN/64/2006 O/UAE/1/2007 O/UAE/2/2007 98 O/IRN/59/2006 O/ IRN/47/2006 O/IRN/58/2006 O/IRN/26/2007 O/IRN/44/2006 O/IRN/28/2006 O/IRN/42/2006 O/IRN/24/2006 O/IRN/27/2006 O/IRN/ 16/2006 O/IRN/30/2006 O/ IRN/31/2006 O/IRN/ 17/2006 O/IRN/21/2006 O/IRN/26/2006 O/IRN/18/2006 O/TUR/731/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) O/IRN/61/2006 O/IRN/28/2007 O/IRN/29/2007 99 O/IRN/ 8/2006 O/IRN/ 9/2006 O/IRN/ 10/2006 O/IRN/34/2007 O/IRN/ 12/2006 O/IRN/46/2006 O/IRN/14/2006 O/IRN/ 19/2006 99 O/PAK/10/2007 O/PAK/11/2007 O/IRN/13/2006 O/IRN/23/2006 O/IRN/34/2006 O/IRN/ 20/2006 O/ TUR/30/2007 O/TUR/18/2007 O/TUR/25/2008 O/TUR/ 30/2008 99 O/Bursa/TUR/126/2008* (FMDI-Ankara) 73 O/IRN/39/2006

Report on FMDV O from Turkey in 2008 (including sequences determined at the FMDI-Ankara) Batch: WRLFMD/2008/00020

O/TUR/14/2007 O/IRN/30/2007 O/KUW/9/ 2008 O/IRN/51/2006 O/IRN/38/2006 O/TUR/15/2007 O/TUR/23/2007 O/TUR/ 16/2007 SAU 2007 O/JOR/ 7/2006 O/ Balikesir/TUR/1/2008* (FMDI-Ankara) O/JOR/5/2006 79 O/ISR/1/2007 O/ ISR/3/2007 O/ISR/5/2007 97 O/ISR/9/2007 O/ISR/7/2007 O/JOR/6/ 2006 O/TUR/4/2007 O/TUR/1/2007 O/TUR/3/2007 O/ TUR/28/2007 O/TUR/ 29/2007 O/TUR/285/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) 90 74 O/Kirsehir/TUR/1032/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) 95 O/TUR/16/2008 O/TUR/9/2008 O/TUR/10/2008 85 O/IRN/ 32/2006 O/IRN/35/2006 O/IRN/33/ 2007 O/IRN/48/2006 O/IRN/49/2006 O/ IRN/55/2006 O/IRN/37/2006 O/ IRN/15/2006 O/TUR/ 5/2008 73 O/TUR/9/2007 O/Kutahya/TUR/19/2008* (FMDI-Ankara) 74 O/ TUR/27/2007 93 O/ TUR/600/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) O/TUR/6/2007 O/IRN/ 33/2006 O/TUR/20/2007 O/TUR/11/2007 O/TUR/1423/2006* (FMDI-Ankara) O/ TUR/13/2007 O/IRN/52/2006 O/IRN/56/2006 O/IRN/50/2006 O/IRN/53/2006 O/ IRN/11/2006 O/ IRN/29/2006 O/ IRN/43/2006 O/ IRN/45/2006 O/PAK/3/2007 O/PAK/53/2007 O/PAK/24/ 2007 79 O/PAK/44/2007 O/PAK/2/2007 O/PAK/45/2007 90 O/PAK/42/2007 O/PAK/43/2007 O/PAK/40/2007 O/PAK/26/2007 O/PAK/46/2007 99 O/AFG/29/2007 O/AFG/42/ 2007 O/IRN/22/2006 O/PAK/ 4/2006 O/PAK/ 8/2006 O/ PAK/11/2006 O/IRN/25/2006 O/AFG/34/2007 O/AFG/36/2007 99 O/PAK/ 20/2007 80 O/PAK/ 5/2007 O/PAK/31/2007 71 O/BAR/1/2008 O/SAU/3/2008 O/BAR/2/2008 O/BAR/3/2008 O/ SAU/1/2008 O/ SAU/2/2008 88 70 O/ SAU/5/2008 70 O/SAU/4/2008 O/SAU/ 11/2008 O/KUW/ 3/2008 O/KUW/ 4/2008 87 O/KUW/ 5/2008 99 O/SAU/7/2008 O/IRN/27/2007 O/SAU/6/2008 O/PAK/ 71/2007 81 99 O/IRN/31/2007 O/IRN/32/2007 O/KUW/6/2008 O/KUW/2/2008 O/KUW/10/2008 O/KUW/8/2008 O/KUW/1/2008 O/KUW/7/2008 PAK 2007-08 89 O/ PAK/48/2007 95 IRN 2005 MAY 2003-05 BHU 2007 99 PAK 2007 99 PAK 2007-08 99O/IND/136/01* (IVRI) 85

PanAsia-2

99 72 97

99 89

PanAsia-2 Pa nAsia

ME-SA topotype

SAU 2005; KUW 2006 99 ISR 2005-06; TUR 2005 O/IND/53/ 79 (AF292107) O/IND/R2/75* (AF204276) O1/Manis a/TUR/69 (AJ251477) O/ISR/2/88 (DQ164899) O/HKN/6/83 (AJ294919) O1/BFS 1860/UK/67 (J02185)

CATHAY topotype EURO-SA topotype

0.02

Current Threats to Europe •

From the Middle and Near East • New O PanAsia-lineage • A-Iran-05 •

•

Turkey O and A

From the Far-East • Asia-1 from China • O, A, Asia 1 from South and South-East Asia

•

From North Africa • O, A, SAT1, SAT2

•

From Southern Africa • SAT1, SAT2 in Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe

•

From South America • O, A in non-free regions: Venezuela, Ecuador and Colombia • Imports from free-with vaccination zones if not really free

EuFMD 77th Executive Committee

37

Map Showing the Locations of FMDV A-Iran-05 Isolates from 2003-2008

Pink 2003; purple, 2004; green, 2005; blue, 2006; red, 2007; yellow, 2008. The map was produced using Google Maps (©Google, 2008).

A/Sivas/TUR/130/2008* (FMDI-Ankara) A/Sivas/TUR/145/2008* (FMDI-Ankara) A/Nevsehir/TUR/96/2008* (FMDI-Ankara) A/TUR/1009/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) A/Samsun/TUR/100/2008* (FMDI-Ankar a) A/TUR/925/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) A/TUR/981/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) A/TUR/1018/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) A/Samsun/TUR/53/2008* (FMDI-Ankara) A/Istanbul/TUR/36/2008* (FMDI-Ankar a) A/Yozgat/TUR/25/2008* (FMDI-Ankara)

2008 Turkey

Report on FMDV A from Iran in 2008 (only the A-Iran-05 lineage is shown) 99

A/TUR/5/2007 A/TUR/7/2007

99

A/TUR/25/2007 A/TUR/16/2006 A/TUR/6/2006 A/TUR/20/2006 A/TUR/798/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) A/TUR/859/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) A/IRN/38/2005 A/IRN/39/2005 A/TUR/4/2006 A/TUR/11/2005 A/JOR/4/2006 A/JOR/2/2006 A/JOR/3/2006 A/TUR/9/2006 A/TUR/14/2006 A/TUR/18/2006 A/TUR/24/2007 A/TUR/8/2006 A/TUR/10/2006 A/TUR/7/2006 A/TUR/17/2006 A/TUR/8/2007 99 A/TUR/10/2007 A/TUR/6/2005 A/TUR/12/2007 A/TUR/7/2005 A/TUR/10/2005 A/TUR/1/2006 (EU553878) A/TUR/12/2005 A/TUR/2/2006 A/TUR/9/2005 A/TUR/3/2006 A/IRN/31/2005 A/TUR/2/2007 A/TUR/241/2006* (FMDI-Ankara) A/TUR/11/2006 A/TUR/19/2006 A/IRN/42/2005 A/IRN/7/2006 A/TUR/12/2006 A/IRN/26/2005 A/IRN/33/2005 A/IRN/10/2005 A/IRN/13/2005 A/IRN/16/2005 A/IRN/14/2005 A/IRN/18/2005 A/IRN/43/2005 A/IRN/29/2005 A/IRN/55/2005 A/IRN/28/2005 A/IRN/54/2005 A/IRN/51/2005 98 A/IRN/51/2005-FMDI-Ring Trial (FMDI-Ankara) A/IRN/5/2005 A/IRN/25/2005 A/IRN/4/2005 A/IRN/1/2005 (EF208769) 89 A/IRN/2/2005 A/IRN/7/2005 A/IRN/57/2006 A/IRN/44/2005 96 A/TUR/8/2005 99 A/PAK/1/2006 A/PAK/3/2006 A/KRG/2007 99 A/SAU/15/2005 A/SAU/16/2005 A/IRN/54/2006 A/IRN/24/2005 85 A/IRN/34/2005 A/IRN/36/2005 A/IRN/53/2005 A/IRN/22/2005 A/IRN/5/2006 A/IRN/27/2005 A/IRN/30/2005 A/TUR/324/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) A/IRN/40/2005 81 A/IRN/50/2005 99 A/AFG/130/2004* (EF457980) A/AFG/131/2004* (EF457981) 99

A/IRN/41/2003 A/IRN/7/2004 (EU414530) A/PAK/5/2006 96 97

A/AFG/6/2007 A/AFG/44/2007 A/IRN/4/2008 A/IRN/38/2007 A/IRN/39/2007

99 99

2008 Iran

A/IRN/3/2007 A/IRN/15/2007 A/IRN/1/2008

91

A/IRN/5/2008

99

99

A/AFG/7/2007 A/IRN/36/2007 A/IRN/37/2007

0. 005

SAT2/BOT/3/2007 99 SAT2/BOT/7/2008 96 SAT2/BOT/11/2008 SAT2/BOT/6/2007 SAT2/ZIM/10/2002 SAT2/ZIM/11/2002 SAT2/BOT/1/2005 SAT2/BOT/2/2005 SAT2/BOT/P3/98 (buffalo 29) (AF367124) SAT2/BOT/P3/98 (buffalo 31) (AF367125) SAT2/BOT/24/2006 (buffalo) 99 SAT2/BOT/14/2008 SAT2/BOT/15/2008 SAT2/ZAM/1/2007 88 SAT2/ZAM/3/2007 99 SAT2/ZAM/2/2007 93 SAT2/NMB/1/2007 SA T2/NMB/4/2007 SAT2/ZAM/8/2008 SAT2/NMB/2/2008 SAT2/NMB/1/2008 86 SAT2/NMB/3/2008 SAT2/NMB/4/2008 SAT2/RHO/1/48 (AJ251475) 99 SAT2/ZAM/9/93* (AF367116)(buffalo) SAT2/ZAM/10/93* (AF367117)(buffalo) SAT2/ZAM/P2/96 (MUL-7) (AF367120)(buffalo) 99 SAT2/ZAM/P2/96 (MUL-10) (AF367121)(buffalo) SAT2/BUN/1/91 (AF367111) SAT2/KEN/7/2005 80 SAT2/KEN/9/2004 SAT2/KEN/11/2004 99 SAT2/KEN/1/84 (K7/84) (AY344505) SAT2/K65/82 (Kenya) SAT2/K52/84 (B) 80 7 5 SAT2/K52/84 (Kenya) SAT2/K183/74 (Kenya) SAT2/TAN/1/75 (AY343970) SAT2/MAL/3/75 (AF367099) SAT2/TAN/1/86 (AY343971) SAT2/KEN/5/99 (AF367131) 99 SAT2/KEN/9/99 (AF367133) SAT2/KEN/7/99 (AF367132) 89 SAT2/KEN/6/2004 SAT2/KEN/17/2004 SAT2/TAN/18/2004 99 SAT2/KEN/22/2004 SAT2/TAN/21/2004 SA T2/KEN/5/2004 SAT2/KEN/8/2005 SAT2/KEN/13/2004 SAT2/KEN/8/2004 SAT2/TAN/6/2004 SAT2/KEN/10/2004 SAT2/TAN/4/2004 SAT2/TAN/9/2004 99 SAT2/MAL/1/2003 SAT2/MA L/2/2003 79 SAT2/ZIM/1/2003 82 SAT1SAT2/ZIM/2/2003 99 SAT2/ZIM/18/2002 SAT2/ZIM/12/2002 SA T2/ZIM/P18/91 GN5 buffalo SAT2/ZIM/P18/91 GN3 buffalo 99 96 SAT2/ZIM/P18/91 GN9 buffalo SAT2/ZIM/P7/94 MT8 buffalo 99 SAT2/SAR/1/01* (AY442903) SAT2/SAR/2/01* (AY442904) SAT2/PAL/5/83* (AF367102) SAT2/SAR/16/83 (DQ009734) SAT2/SA/106/59 (AY593848) SAT2/MOZ/1/79 (AF367137) 99 SAT2/MOZ/4/83* (AF367101) SAT2/ZIM/2/89 (buffalo) SAT2/ZIM/9/89 (buffalo) SAT2/ZIM/16/89 (buffalo) 89 SAT2/ZIM/14/89 (buffalo) 99 SAT2/ZIM/30/89 (buffalo) SAT2/ZIM/31/89 (buffalo) SAT2/ZIM/7/83 (AF136607) SAT2/ZIM/9/2002 SAT2/ZIM/8/2002 99 80 SAT2/ZIM/17/2002 SAT2/NAM/286/98* (AF367127)(buffalo) 99 SAT2/NAM/292/98* (AF367128)(buffalo) SAT2/BOT/P3/98 (buffalo 1) (AF367122) SAT2/BOT/P3/98 (buffalo 18) (AF367123) SAT2/NAM/304/98* (AF367129)(buffalo) SAT2/BOT/12/2008 99 SAT2/BOT/13/2008 SAT2/ZIM/P27/90 (DSA-14)(DQ009728)(buffalo) SAT2/ZIM/1/00* (AF367136)(buffalo) 88 SAT2/ZIM/P25/91 (UR-17)(DQ009727)(buffalo) 99 SAT2/ZIM/P25/91 UR17 buffalo SAT2/ZIM/P25/91 UR3 buffalo SA T2/ZIM/P25/91 UR34 buffalo SA T2/ZIM/267/98* (AF367130)(buffalo) 75 SAT2/BOT/1/2006 99 SAT2/BOT/5/2006 SAT2/BOT/8/2006 99

FMDV SAT 2 viruses from Botswana in 2008

99

99 99

99

99

98 99

99

76

77

75

99

71

99

95

89

97 99

83

82

99

81 98

99 99

88

EuFMD 77th Executive Committee

38

Vaccine Strains for West EurAsia Type O and Type A • O Manisa to cover new O PanAsia − Moderate r values but uncertain protection (CRL study) − Moderate protection also predicted against other African and Asian type O viruses

• A22 Iraq to cover A Iran 05 − Variable match (also A Tur 06 vaccine) − A Egypt 06 also covered to some extent (FLI study), but possible to add A Eritrea to cover risk of type A from Horn of Africa − Likely to give some protection against new strains from further East if highly potent vaccine used in emergency or have multiply vaccinated animals from prophylaxis

Vaccine Strains for West EurAsia Type Asia1 and Types SAT1/2 • Asia 1 Shamir • Advisable to include due to threat from East • Good antigenic match to most strains within the serotype

• Need for SAT1 and SAT2 − Incursions less common than of type Asia1 but still likely from time to time due to trade patterns − Which vaccine strains to include − Southern and/or East African strains − How to access in case of need − Limited availability in antigen reserves

Vaccine Strains for North Africa • Possible options at present: − O Manisa to cover against West and East Africa type O topotypes − A Eritrea or A Kenya to cover against East African type A topotypes − Or A22 that is not designed for use in Africa − SAT2 Saudi 2000 or Eritrea 1998 to cover against Central and East African SAT2 topotypes. Southern African and Kenyan vaccine strains also available − SAT1 – largely reliant on South African or Kenyan vaccine strains

• Need more systematic study of vaccine suitability for different topotypes • Need to determine how close a match is required for effective cover for different serotypes

EuFMD 77th Executive Committee

39

Vaccine Recommendations (National & European antigen banks) HIGH PRIORITY

MEDIUM PRIORITY

LOW PRIORITY

O Manisa O BFS or Campos A24 Cruzeiro A22 Iraq Asia 1 Shamir SAT 2 Saudi Arabia (or equivalent)*

A Argentina 01 A Iran 96 A Iran 99 A Eritrea A Iran 87 or A Saudi Arabia 23/86 (or equivalent) A Malaysia 97 (or Thai equivalent such as A/NPT/TAI/86) O Taiwan 97 (pig-adapted strain or Philippine equivalent) SAT 1 South Africa SAT 2 Zimbabwe* A15 Bangkok related strain A Kenya A87 Argentina related strain SAT 1 Kenya SAT 2 Kenya SAT 3 Zimbabwe C Noville Within category: not in order of importance

Cross-Protection Studies Serotype A • Many different subtypes of “A” making vaccine selection difficult • Studies by Bernd Haas in Riems − Protection against heterlogous subtypes providing potency of vaccine is high

Serotype O • Biggest threat • Less subtype variation − But more difficult to make very high potency vaccines

• Collaborative study between WRL and Indian Immunologicals suggested poor cross-protection between O Manisa and O Campos despite moderate match • Study at CRL showed European Vaccine Bank O Manisa vaccine gave 3.5 PD50 against new O PanAsia (O Irn 34/2006 challenge) − ‘Homologous test just completed’

Other Activities/Achievements • ISO 9001 Accreditation • ISO 17025 in December • Interlaboratory proficiency tests for virus detection and serology • Training • OIE/FAO FMD Ref Labs Network − Interlaboratory vaccine matching ring trial − Meeting in Lanzhou in September

• Vaccine bank managers teleconference in May 2008 • Global FMD Research Alliance (GFRA) − Wellcome Trust Applications − Meeting in PIADC in May 2008 and Erice in October

• LFD penside test launched with Svanova and IZS-Brescia • Major development work with Smiths detection on rapid field based PCR-BioSeeq

EuFMD 77th Executive Committee

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Global Control Through Regional Knowledge Divides the Globe into 7 pools each with; • Multiple serotypes but topotypes mainly confined to that pool • If vaccination is major tool then each pool may need tailored vaccines – currently, there is an asymmetry of effort to identify vaccines (little information for west and east African pools)

• This approach requires that each pool/roadmap needs support for typing and vaccine matching – WRL could be twinned with east, west Africa and west Eurasia until RRLs within these regions are in place?

Visualization of Regional Virus Pools as an Aid to Global Control 3 pools covering Europe, Middle-East and Asia 3 pools covering Africa 1 pool for the Americas Pool 3 O,A, Asia 1

Pool 2 O,A, Asia 1

Pool 1 O,A, Asia 1

Pool 7 O,A

Pool 5 O,A,SAT1,2

Pool 4 O,A, SAT1,2,3

Pool 6 SAT1,2,3

OIE Reference Laboratories And Collaborating Centres

FAO Additional Reference Centres

Regional/National Reference Centres

Current and Future Issues • Vaccine Potency testing PD50 test at Lelystad (no animal work at Pirbright until mid-2009)

– O Manisa homologous test – Follow on from heterologous test which gave a low PD50

• Botswana SAT 2 : recent isolates belong to 2 distinct lineages – Vaccine matching is poor – Merial undertaking some work at BVI – Should there be a SAT 2 vaccine trial?

• Proficiency testing -ring trial meeting 14th-15th January 2009 – Feedback to participants – SOP for PT prepared

• Training and students – Malaysia, Philippines, Cambridge and Glasgow U.K. – Sequencing and RT-PCR, carrier state, antigenic cartography and serological analysis of potency testing

• • • •

Stronger links with Senasa and Biogenesis- Argentina, Merial-Lyon Preparation of FMD Laboratory manual- http://www.wrlfmd.org/ Bi-lateral agreements- in discussions with Lelystad And at home with VLA Weybridge.

EuFMD 77th Executive Committee

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Current and Future Issues • Increase knowledge of circulating viruses in Africa −Lack of information on effective vaccine strains in Africa −Sequence and vaccine matching studies

• Improve interactions and information sharing with other reference laboratories − Network meetings and 2-way training visits

• Twinning possibilities with labs in Middle East and Africa • Maintain involvement in SEAFMD and other initiatives such as GFRA • Continue to provide the best information possible to the network − Obtain GPS/GIS data for samples

Summary • Material submitted to WRL provides confirmation of FMD virus, antigenic characterisation and epidemiological monitoring of circulating virus strains globally • Such global based knowledge enables visualisation of FMDV reservoirs as distinct pools providing a ‘real time virus map’ for the implementation of better informed control measures for FMD • Vaccine recommendations have changed to take into account the variation in Serotype A activity in the Middle East and western Asia • Networks facilitating the improvement of this information generation should be fully supported by decision makers and funding bodies

EuFMD 77th Executive Committee

42

FAO/OIE Reference Laboratory Contract Report July-September 2008 Foot-and-Mouth Disease

43

Summary There were no outbreaks officially reported in FMD-free countries that did not practice vaccination between July and September 2008.

Asia: the O-PanAsia-2 strain (ME-SA topotype) continues to dominate in the Middle East region (Pakistan,, Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia), while in Southeast Asia (Thailand, Laos) most outbreaks appear to be of the O Mya-98 strain (SEA topotype). In the Middle East (Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey, Jordan, Saudi Arabia), the A-Iran-05 (ASIA topotype) has dominated for the last three years. However, since August 2007, a new sublineage of this strain (named A-Iran-05ARD-07) has been found in Turkey. In Southeast Asia, a local unnamed strain of type A has been circulating for a number of years, without any introductions from outside the region.

No Asia 1 viruses have been submitted to the WRLFMD from recent outbreaks, but the serotype continues to circulate in parts of the P.R. of China. As India is an important reservoir of FMDV, the relationship between O, A and Asia 1 viruses circulating in India (and monitored by the Project Directorate on FMD in Mukteshwar) and those catalogued from neighbouring countries by WRLFMD needs clarification .

East Africa: In Kenya, types O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2 continue to be isolated. In Somalia, type O viruses (EA-3 topotype) have been linked with those occurring in the Yemen Arab Republic, although ultimately viruses belonging to EA-3 probably originate in the horn of Africa.

West Africa: In Nigeria, outbreaks of type O and SAT 2 have been linked with viruses occurring in Sudan.

Samples submitted from the Gabon from a suspected outbreak of FMD were negative by virus isolation and RTPCR. Southern Africa: FMD SAT 2 continues to cause problems in northern Botswana, eastern Namibia (Caprivi Strip) and southern Zambia. It appears that there have been multiple (n = 3) introductions into Botswana during 2007-2008. It is not clear if the origin is wildlife (African buffalo) within Botswana or from cattle/wildlife in neighbouring countries.

In September 2008, a suspected outbreak of FMD was reported on Kaombe Ranch, Nsanje, southern Malawi (the first since 2003), however, the results of laboratory testing are awaited. Tracing the origin of the infected animals indicated that some of the animals were brought in from an area close to Lengwe National Park which harbours buffaloes that were a source of the 2003 outbreak.

South America: In July-August 2008, an outbreak of FMD type A was reported on three farms in Sardinata, Norte de Santander, Colombia (first since Feb 2005).

WRL vaccine recommendations have been changed to reflect the variation in FMDV serotype A activity in the Middle East and western Asia (Annexe 4). A Iran 96 has been reduced from high to medium priority reflecting continued dominance of the A Iran 05 strain. A22 Iraq vaccine remains at high priority to cover against A Iran 05, although it has been noted that recent Turkish isolates of the A Iran 05 strain (named A-Iran-05ARD-07) showed a poor antigenic match to A22 Iraq vaccine. The SAT2 vaccine used in Botswana showed limited cross-reactivity to some recent isolates from Botswana and neighbouring countries.

Results from samples received at WRL (status of samples being tested) are shown in Table 1 and a complete list of clinical sample diagnostics made by the WRL between July and September 2008 is shown in annexe 1 Table A. A record of all samples received to IAH-Pirbright (July-September 2008) and their geographical locations are shown in annexe 1 Table B and Figure 1.

An up-to-date list and reports of FMD viruses characterised by sequencing can be found at the following website: http://www.wrlfmd.org/fmd_genotyping/2008.htm

44

Table 1: Status of sequencing of samples received recently to WRLFMD

Batch

Country

Serotype

Number of samples

Status

WRLFMD/2008/00012*

Iran

A

3

Completed

WRLFMD/2008/00013*

Pakistan

O

6

Completed

WRLFMD/2008/00013*

Pakistan

A

1

Completed

WRLFMD/2008/00014*

Nigeria

O

1

Completed

WRLFMD/2008/00014*

Nigeria

SAT 2

9

Completed

WRLFMD/2008/00015*

Somalia

O

3

Completed

WRLFMD/2008/00016*

Kenya

O

11

Completed

WRLFMD/2008/00016*

Kenya

A

2

Completed

WRLFMD/2008/00016*

Kenya

SAT 1

2

Completed

WRLFMD/2008/00016*

Kenya

SAT 2

15

Completed

WRLFMD/2008/00018*

Namibia

SAT 2

1

Completed

WRLFMD/2008/00020*

Turkey

O

9

Completed

WRLFMD/2008/00020*

Turkey

A

23

Completed

WRLFMD/2008/00021

Saudi Arabia

O

1

Completed

WRLFMD/2008/00022

Thailand

O

10

Completed

WRLFMD/2008/00022

Thailand

A

2

Completed

WRLFMD/2008/00023

Laos

O

5

Completed

WRLFMD/2008/00025

Botswana

SAT 2

4

Completed

WRLFMD/2008/00026

Namibia

SAT 2

3

Completed

WRLFMD/2008/00027

Zambia

SAT 1

5

Completed

Total

116

*, received during the previous reporting period and listed as “in progress”.

Detailed genotyping results from the WRLFMD ASIA Iran (type A) VP1 sequencing was completed on three type A viruses received from Iran during the previous reporting period.

Two were collected in 2007 and one in 2008. They all belonged to the ASIA topotype, Iran-05 strain (Annex 2, Figure 1).

Pakistan (types O & A) VP1 sequencing of 6 type O viruses isolated from samples received from Pakistan during the last reporting period was completed. They represented viruses collected in 2007. All belonged to the ME-SA topotype, PanAsia-2 lineage (Annex 2, Figure 2). Those within the PanAsia-2 lineage fell on multiple sub-lineages, some of which included representatives from other countries, indicating a complex epidemiological situation.

A single type A virus (PAK/73/2007), collected in 2007, was unrelated to A-Iran-05-like viruses previously found in Pakistan and fell on a distinct lineage most closely related to viruses from Iran and Pakistan in 20002003 (Annex 2, Figure 3). PAK/73/2007 also contained a type O virus. This was distinct from other type O’s in this batch, being a member of the Pak-98 lineage (not shown).

45

Saudi Arabia (type O) VP1 sequencing was completed on one type O virus received from Saudi Arabia which belonged to the ME-SA topotype, PanAsia-2 lineage. This virus was closely related to Saudi Arabian viruses received earlier in the year (Annex 2, Figure 2).

Turkey (types O & A) Nine type O and 23 type A viruses, collected in 2008, were received during the previous reporting period.

Complete VP1 sequences of three of the type O and seven of the type A viruses were provided by the FMDIAnkara and the remainder were sequenced in the WRLFMD. All the type O viruses belonged to the ME-SA topotype, PanAsia-2 lineage (Annex 2, Figure 4), while all the type A viruses belonged to a sub-lineage of Iran05 (called Iran-05ARD-07), which is unique to Turkey (Annex 2, Figure 1).

Thailand (types O & A) Ten type O viruses received from Thailand (collected in 2007) all belonged to the SEA topotype, Mya-98 strain, although they fell on a number of different sub-lineages (Annex 2, Figure 5).

Two type A viruses, again collected in 2007, belonged to the ASIA topotype and a lineage found throughout Southeast Asia. However, each virus was distinct and related to viruses from Malaysia, isolated in the same year (Annex 2, Figure 6).

Lao PDR (type O) Five type O viruses from Laos, collected in 2007 and 2008, belonged to the SEA topotype, Mya-98 strain and were closely related to the viruses from Thailand, falling on two of the sub-lineages (Annex 2, Figure 5).

Central Asia (type Asia 1) Six complete VP1 sequences of type Asia 1 viruses were received from ARRIAH; three were from Tajikistan from samples collected in 2003, one was from Uzbekistan (2003) and two from Kyrgyzstan (2004). All were closely related to each other and to other contemporaneous viruses from the region (Annex 2, Figure 7).

AFRICA Kenya (types O, A, SAT 1 & SAT 2) Eleven type O viruses (collected in 2007 and 2008) belonged to the EA-2 topotype, but fell on three distinct lineages each also having examples of Kenyan viruses isolated in 2004 and/or 2005 (Annex 2, Figure 8).

Two type A viruses (collected in 2008) belonged to the AFRICA topotype and were most closely related to earlier Kenyan viruses from 2005-2006 (Annex 2, Figure 9).

Two type SAT 1 viruses (collected in 2006) belonged to the NWZ topotype and were closely related to previously-received Kenyan viruses from 2005-2006 (Annex 2, Figure 10).

Fifteen type SAT 2 viruses (collected in 2007) all closely related to each other and were most closely related to viruses from Tanzania in 2004 (Annex 2, Figure 11).

Somalia (type O) Three type O viruses, collected in 2007, belonged to the EA-3 topotype and were most closely related to viruses from the Yemen Arab Republic collected between 2003 and 2006 (Annex 2, Figure 8).

Nigeria (types O and SAT 2) A single type O virus, collected in 2007, belonged to the EA-3 topotype and was most closely related to viruses from Sudan (2004-2005) (Annex 2, Figure 8).

Nine type SAT 2 viruses (one collected in 2007 and eight in 2008) were most closely related to viruses from Sudan (2007), Niger (2005), Libya (2003) and Cameroon (2005) (Annex 2, Figure 11).

46

Botswana (type SAT 2) Four type SAT 2 viruses, collected from cattle in two different locations in 2008, fell into two distinct lineages.

SAT2/BOT/12/2008 and SAT2/BOT/13/2008, from Mohembo West, Tshethana, were most closely related to a virus (SAT2/NAM/304/98) isolated from an African buffalo in the West Caprivi Game Reserve, Namibia in 1998 (Annex 2, Figure 12). SAT2/BOT/14/2008 and SAT2/BOT/15/2008, collected in Satau Crush, Khundu, were most closely related to viruses isolated from cattle in Namibia (Caprivi Strip) and Zambia (Kazungula) in 2007-2008. Both sets of viruses were distinct from earlier viruses from the Maun area in 2007-2008. This suggests that there were three introductions of different SAT 2 viruses into Botswana in 2007-2008 (Annex 2, Figure 12).

Namibia (type SAT 2) Three type SAT 2 viruses from cattle in the Caprivi Strip were closely related to an isolate received earlier in 2008 and to Namibian viruses from 2007. Other viruses in this group were from Zambia in 2007-2008 and Botswana in 2008 (Annex 2, Figure 12).

Zambia (type SAT 1) Five type SAT 1 viruses were isolated from samples from Zambia (Southern Region). Their VP1 sequences belonged to the North-west Zimbabwe (NWZ) topotype and were most closely related to those of viruses previous found in Zambia earlier in 2008 (Annex 2, Figure 13).

Vaccine matching Three FMDV type A isolates (A TUR 24/2007; A TUR 7 and 11/2008 ) from Turkey collected in 2007 and 2008 and four FMDV type SAT1 isolates (SAT1 BOT 20 and 22/2006; and SAT1 ZAM 9 and 13/2008) from Botswana and Zambia collected in 2006 and 2008 were further characterised by two dimensional virus neutralisation test ( see Annex 1; TABLE C). The results showed that A TUR 24/2007 and A TUR 11/2008 were antigenically matched with A22 Iraq 24/64 and A 5925, respectively while A TUR 7/2008 failed to match with A 5925. SAT1 BOT 20/2006 and 22/2006 were antigenically close to SAT1 RHO 12/78 while the other two isolates SAT1 ZAM 9/2008 and 13/2008 were not .

Thirteen FMD type SAT 2 isolates (Sat2 Nig 2 and 7/07; Sat2 Nmb 1, 2 and 4/08; Sat2 Bot 6, 11 and 12/08; Sat2 Ken 2/08; Sat2 Ken 7, 9 and 16/07 and Sat2 Eth 2/07) from Nigeria, Nambia, Botswana, Kenya and Ethiopia have been characterised by two dimensional VNT and /or LPBE. The results showed that SAT2 Nmb 2 and 4/2008 were antigenically matched with all of SAT2 K52/84, SAT2 K65/82 and SAT2 ZIM 11/89 vaccine strains. SAT2 Nig 2/2007 and SAT2 BOT 11/08 were antigenically close to SAT2 Eritrea and SAT2 K65/82, respectively. SAT2 BOT 12/08 were matched with both SAT2 Eritrea and SAT2 K65/82. The remaining viruses were not close to SAT2 ZIM 7/83 and/or SAT2 Eritrea. (Annex 1; TABLE C).

47

Annex 1.

Table A: Summary of clinical sample diagnostics made by the WRL between July and September 2008

Country

WRL for FMD Sample Identification

Animal

BOTSWANA

BOT 12/2008 BOT 13/2008 BOT 14/2008 BOT 15/2008

Cattle Cattle Cattle Cattle

ETHIOPIA

ETH 1/2008 ETH 2/2008 ETH 3/2008 ETH 4/2008 ETH 5/2008 ETH 6/2008

LAOS

Date of Collection

Results VI/ELISA

RT-PCR

Final report

NK NK NK NK

SAT 2 SAT 2 SAT 2 SAT 2

Positive Positive Positive Positive

SAT 2 SAT 2 SAT 2 SAT 2

Cattle Cattle Cattle Cattle Cattle Cattle

16.07.08 16.07.08 16.07.08 16.07.08 16.07.08 16.07.08

NVD NVD NVD NVD NVD NVD

Negative Positive Negative Negative Negative Negative

NVD FMDV GD NVD NVD NVD NVD

LAO 1/2007 LAO 2/2007 LAO 3/2007 LAO 4/2007 LAO 1/2008

Buffalo Buffalo Cattle Cattle Cattle

24.08.07 19.10.07 19.10.07 13.12.07 03.01.08

O O O O O

Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive

O O O O O

NAMIBIA

NMB 2/2008 NMB 3/2008 NMB 4/2008

Cattle Cattle Cattle

NK NK NK

SAT 2 SAT 2 SAT 2

Positive Positive Positive

SAT 2 SAT 2 SAT 2

THAILAND

TAI 2/2007 TAI 3/2007 TAI 4/2007 TAI 5/2007 TAI 6/2007 TAI 7/2007 TAI 8/2007 TAI 9/2007 TAI 10/2007 TAI 11/2007 TAI 12/2007 TAI 13/2007 TAI 14/2007 TAI 15/2007 TAI 1/2008

Cattle Cattle Cattle Buffalo Cattle Cattle Cattle Cattle Cattle Cattle Cattle Cattle Cattle Cattle Cattle

16.03.07 02.06.07 10.09.07 12.09.07 24.09.07 15.10.07 19.10.07 07.11.07 14.11.07 19.11.07 20.11.07 21.11.07 19.12.07 27.12.07 25.01.08

NVD A O O O O O O O A O O O NVD NVD

Negative Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive

NVD A O O O O O O O A O O O FMDV GD FMDV GD

ZAMBIA

ZAM 9/2008 ZAM 10/2008 ZAM 11/2008 ZAM 12/2008 ZAM 13/2008

Cattle Cattle Cattle Cattle Cattle

NK NK NK NK NK

SAT 1 SAT 1 SAT 1 SAT 1 SAT 1

Positive Positive Positive Negative Positive

SAT 1 SAT 1 SAT 1 SAT 1 SAT 1

TOTAL : 38

48

FMD(V) GD VI/ELISA RT-PCR NVD NK

foot-and-mouth disease (virus) genome detected FMDV serotype identified following virus isolation in cell culture and antigen ELISA reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on epithelial suspension for FMD viral genome no foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease or vesicular stomatitis virus detected not known

TABLE B: Summary of samples collected and received to IAH-Pirbright (July-September 2008)

Country

No. of

Virus isolation in cell culture/ELISA

samples BOTSWANA ETHIOPIA LAOS NAMIBIA THAILAND ZAMBIA TOTAL VI/ELISA FMD SVD NVD RT-PCR

4 6 5 3 15 5 38

FMD virus serotypes O

A

C

SAT 1

5 10 15

2 2

-

5 5

SAT 2

SAT 3

Asia 1

4 3 7

-

-

SVD virus

NVD

-

6 3 9

RT-PCR for FMD (or SVD) virus (where appropriate) Positive

Negative

4 1 5 3 14 4 31

5 1 1 7

FMD (or SVD) virus serotype identified following virus isolation in cell culture and antigen detection ELISA foot-and-mouth disease swine vesicular disease no FMD, SVD or vesicular stomatitis virus detected reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for FMD (or SVD) viral genome

Figure 1. Geographical locations of clinical sample diagnostics made by the WRL between July and September 2008

O A SAT1 SAT2 GD NVD

49

TABLE C: Antigenic characterisation of FMD field isolates by matching with vaccine strains by VNT

– r1 value data from 1st July to 30th September 2008. r1 Values by neutralisation test against vaccine strains below WRL Ref Number

O Manisa

O TUR 4/2008

0.35

O TUR 10/2008

0.50

O TUR 26/2008

0.41

O TUR 30/2008

0.45

r1 Values by neutralisation test against vaccine strains below WRL Ref Number A22 Irq A TUR 1/2008

A 5925

0.18

A TUR 6/2008 A TUR 7/2008

A Tur 4/06

>0.83 0.11

A TUR 8/2008

>0.97

0.28

>1.0

A TUR 11/2008

0.17

A TUR 24/2007

0.67

A TUR 28/2008

0.19

A TUR 32/2008

<0.16

A TUR 33/2008

0.19

0.91

0.34

50

r1 Values by 2dmVNT Sat1 Rho 12/78 0.37 0.43 0.17 0.22

Field Isolate Sat1 Bot 20/2006 Sat1 Bot 22/2006 Sat1 Zam 9/2008 Sat1 Zam 13/2008

Field Isolate Sat2 Nig 2/07 Sat2 Nig 7/07 Sat2 Nmb 1/08 Sat2 Nmb 2/08 Sat2 Nmb 4/08 Sat2 Bot 6/08 Sat2 Bot 11/08 Sat2 Bot 12/08 Sat2 Ken 2/08 Sat2 Ken 7/07 Sat2 Ken 9/07 Sat2 Ken 16/07 Sat2 Eth 2/07

r1 Values by 2dmVNT Sat2 Zim Sat2 7/83 Eritrea 0.24 0.49 0.13 0.04 0.16 0.07 0.10 0.09 0.14 0.15 0.29 0.09 0.20 0.08 0.04

0.16 0.33 0.18 0.18

Sat2 K52/84

0.22 0.38

r1 Values by LPBE Sat2 Sat2 Nig K65/82 6/81

0.43 0.22

0.14 0.11

0.26 0.29

0.17 0.17

Sat2 Zim 11/89

0.61 0.75

0.15

Interpretation of r1 values In the case of VNT: r1 = > 0.3. Suggests that there is a close relationship between field isolate and vaccine strain. A potent vaccine containing the vaccine strain is likely to confer protection. r1 = < 0.3. Suggests that the field isolate is so different from the vaccine strain that the vaccine is unlikely to protect.

In the case of ELISA: r1 = 0.4-1.0. Suggests that there is a close relationship between field isolate and vaccine strain. A potent vaccine containing the vaccine strain is likely to confer protection. r1 = 0.2-0.39, Suggests that the field isolate is antigenically related to the vaccine strain. The vaccine strain might be suitable for use if no closer match can be found provided that a potent vaccine is used and animals are preferably immunised more than once. r1 = <0.2. Suggests that the field isolate is so different from the vaccine strain that the vaccine is unlikely to protect.

51

Annex 2: Phylogenetic analysis of characterised FMDV isolates

Software: MEGA 4.0 No. of Taxa : 172 Data File : n:\evd\meg\db\fmdv\a\TUR2008b.meg Data Title : Turkey 2008 Data Type : Nucleotide (Coding) Analysis : Phylogeny reconstruction Tree Inference : ============================== ->Method : Neighbor-Joining ->Phylogeny Test and options : Bootstrap (1000 replicates; seed=64238) Include Sites : ============================== ->Gaps/Missing Data : Pairwise Deletion ->Codon Positions : 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding Substitution Model : ============================== ->Model : Nucleotide: Kimura 2-parameter ->Substitutions to Include : d: Transitions + Transversions ->Pattern among Lineages : Same (Homogeneous) ->Rates among sites : Uniform rates No. of Sites : 645 No Of Bootstrap Reps = 1000 Only bootstrap values of 70% and above are shown *, not a WRLFMD Ref. No.

N.J. Knowles, K. Ebert & J. Wadsworth, 11 August 2008

94

80

73 95

A/TUR/32/2008 A/Sivas/TUR/130/2008* (FMDI-Ankara) A/Sivas/TUR/145/2008* (FMDI-Ankara) A/TUR/28/2008 A/Nevsehir/TUR/96/2008* (FMDI-Ankara) A/TUR/1009/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) A/TUR/3/2008 A/TUR/29/2008 A/TUR/13/2008 A/TUR/17/2008 A/TUR/2/2008 A/Samsun/TUR/100/2008* (FMDI-Ankara) A/TUR/925/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) A/TUR/981/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) A/TUR/1018/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) A/TUR/1/2008 A/Samsun/TUR/53/2008* (FMDI-Ankara) A/TUR/12/2008 A/TUR/14/2008 100 A/TUR/18/2008 A/TUR/23/2008 A/Istanbul/TUR/36/2008* (FMDI-Ankara) A/TUR/24/2008 A/TUR/22/2008 94 A/Yozgat/TUR/25/2008* (FMDI-Ankara) 76 A/TUR/19/2008 A/TUR/5/2007 A/TUR/7/2007 99 A/TUR/16/2006 A/TUR/25/2007 A/TUR/9/2006 A/TUR/14/2006 A/TUR/8/2006 A/TUR/10/2006 A/TUR/7/2006 A/TUR/17/2006 A/TUR/8/2007 99 A/TUR/10/2007 A/TUR/18/2006 A/TUR/24/2007 99 A/TUR/859/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) A/TUR/33/2008 A/TUR/798/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) A/TUR/20/2006 A/TUR/6/2006 A/IRN/38/2005 A/IRN/39/2005 A/TUR/4/2006 A/TUR/11/2005 A/JOR/4/2006 A/JOR/2/2006 99 A/JOR/3/2006 A/TUR/6/2005 A/TUR/12/2007 A/TUR/7/2005 A/TUR/10/2005 A/TUR/1/2006 (EU553878) A/TUR/12/2005 A/TUR/2/2006 A/TUR/9/2005 A/TUR/3/2006 A/IRN/31/2005 A/TUR/2/2007 A/TUR/241/2006* (FMDI-Ankara) A/TUR/11/2006 A/TUR/19/2006 A/IRN/42/2005 A/IRN/7/2006 A/TUR/12/2006 A/IRN/26/2005 A/IRN/33/2005 A/IRN/10/2005 A/IRN/13/2005 A/IRN/16/2005 A/IRN/14/2005 A/IRN/18/2005 A/IRN/43/2005 A/IRN/29/2005 A/IRN/55/2005 A/IRN/28/2005 A/IRN/54/2005 A/IRN/51/2005 72 98 A/IRN/51/2005-FMDI-Ring Trial (FMDI-Anka A/IRN/5/2005 A/IRN/25/2005 A/IRN/4/2005 A/IRN/1/2005 (EF208769) 88 A/IRN/2/2005 A/IRN/7/2005 A/IRN/57/2006 A/IRN/44/2005 96 A/TUR/8/2005 100 A/PAK/1/2006 A/PAK/3/2006 A/KRG/2007 99 A/SAU/15/2005 A/SAU/16/2005 A/IRN/54/2006 A/IRN/24/2005 87 A/IRN/34/2005 A/IRN/36/2005 A/IRN/53/2005 A/IRN/22/2005 A/IRN/5/2006 A/IRN/27/2005 A/IRN/30/2005 A/TUR/324/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) A/IRN/40/2005 81 A/IRN/50/2005 100 A/AFG/130/2004* (EF457980) A/AFG/131/2004* (EF457981) A/IRN/41/2003 71 A/IRN/7/2004 (EU414530) A/PAK/5/2006 96 A/AFG/6/2007 97 A/AFG/44/2007 A/IRN/4/2008 100 A/IRN/38/2007 99 A/IRN/39/2007 A/IRN/3/2007 100 A/IRN/15/2007 A/IRN/1/2008 91 A/IRN/5/2008 100 A/AFG/7/2007 A/IRN/36/2007 A/IRN/37/2007 98 100 A/IRN/2/2002 (EU414527) A/IRN/7/2003 (EU414528) 100 A/IRN/32/2001 100 A/IRN/34/2001 (EU414526) A/IRN/10/2003 (EU414529) A/PAK/28/2002 (EU414534) 99 A/PAK/9/2003 (EU414535) 100 100 A/IRN/87 A/SAU/41/91 A/IRN/22/99 (EF208772) A/TUR/5/2003 100 A/TAI/118/87* (EF208777) A/TAI/2/97 (EF208778) 100 A/IND/17/77* (AF204108) A22/IRQ/24/64 (AJ251474) 73 A/BHU/41/2002 (EU414525) A/BHU/7/2003 100 A/BHU/27/2003 A/MEU/49/03* (EF120401) 88 A/APR/51/05* (EF120400) A/APS/44/05* (EF120402) A/APS/68/05* (EF120403) 100 A/SAU/23/86 (EU414536) 72 A/TUR/17/2001 A/TUR/4/2003 A/SYR/5/2002 100 A/TUR/14/2002 A/TUR/2/2003 A/IRN/1/96 (EF208771) 96 A/IRN/32/2004 A/IRN/17/2005 100 97 A/IRN/5/2003 A/IRN/9/2003 99 A/IRN/33/2004 A/IRQ/2/2002 A/IRQ/107/2002 A/IRQ/24/2002 A/IRQ/59/2002 A/IRQ/33/2002 A/IRQ/60/2002 A24/Cruzeiro/BRA/55 (AJ251476) A/K5/80a* 97 A/EGY/1/2006 (EF208757) A/K35/80b* A/ERI/3/97 A/ERI/3/98 100

Iran-05

ASIA topotype

Iran-87 Iran-99

A22

Iran-96

EURO-SA topotype AFRICA topotype

0.02

Fig. 1. FMDV type A in Iran in 2008.

52

JOR 2006; IRN 2006-07; TUR 2007-08; SAU, ISR, UAE 2007; KUW 2008

O/IRN/35/2006 O/IRN/32/2006 O/Kirsehir/TUR/1032/2007* (FMDI-A nkara) O/IRN/33/2007 O/IRN/48/2006 O/IRN/49/2006 O/IRN/55/2006 O/IRN/37/2006 O/IRN/15/2006 73 O/TUR/9/2007 O/Kutahya/TUR/19/2008* (FMDI-A nkara) 74 O/TUR/27/2007 93 O/TUR/600/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) O/TUR/6/2007 O/IRN/33/2006 O/TUR/20/2007 O/TUR/1423/2006* (FMDI-Ankara) O/TUR/11/2007 O/TUR/13/2007 O/IRN/52/2006 O/IRN/56/2006 O/IRN/50/2006 O/IRN/53/2006 O/IRN/11/2006 O/IRN/29/2006 O/IRN/43/2006 O/IRN/45/2006 O/PA K/53/2007 O/PA K/3/2007 O/PA K/24/2007 78 O/PA K/44/2007 O/PA K/42/2007 89 O/PA K/46/2007 O/PA K/40/2007 O/PA K/43/2007 O/PA K/45/2007 O/PA K/2/2007 O/PA K/26/2007 99 O/PAK/10/2007 O/PAK/11/2007 O/PA K/61/2006 O/PAK/23/2007 O/PAK/22/2007 O/PAK/2/2008 89 89 O/PAK/3/2008 O/PAK/28/2007 O/PAK/50/2007 O/PA K/49/2007 O/PA K/6/2008 O/PA K/20/2007 80 O/PAK/5/2007 O/PA K/31/2007 70 O/BA R/1/2008 O/SA U/3/2008 O/BAR/2/2008 O/BAR/3/2008 O/SA U/5/2008 O/SA U/1/2008 8870 O/SA U/2/2008 O/SA U/4/2008 O/SA U/11/2008 O/KUW/4/2008 87 O/KUW/5/2008 O/KUW/3/2008 99 O/SA U/7/2008 O/IRN/27/2007 O/SA U/6/2008 O/PA K/71/2007 81 99 O/IRN/31/2007 O/IRN/32/2007 O/KUW/6/2008 O/KUW/8/2008 O/KUW/2/2008 O/KUW/7/2008 O/KUW/1/2008 O/KUW/10/2008 O/PA K/11/2006 87 O/PA K/12/2006 O/PA K/14/2006 O/PA K/15/2006 O/PA K/6/2006 O/PA K/8/2006 O/PA K/9/2006 O/PA K/16/2006 O/PA K/4/2006 72 O/PA K/10/2006 O/IRN/22/2006 O/A FG/29/2007 99 O/A FG/42/2007 O/IRN/25/2006 O/A FG/34/2007 99 O/A FG/36/2007 O/PAK/48/2007

Software: MEGA 4.0 No. of Taxa : 268 Data File : n:\evd\meg\db\fmdv\o\PAK2008b.meg Data Title : O Pakistan 2007-2008 Data Type : Nucleotide (Coding) Analysis : Phylogeny reconstruction Tree Inference : ============================== ->Method : Neighbor-Joining ->Phylogeny Test and options : Bootstrap (1000 replicates; seed=64238) Include Sites : ============================== ->Gaps/Missing Data : Pairwise Deletion ->Codon Positions : 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding Substitution Model : ============================== ->Model : Nucleotide: Kimura 2-parameter ->Substitutions to Include : d: Transitions + Transversions ->Pattern among Lineages : Same (Homogeneous) ->Rates among sites : Uniform rates No. of Sites : 639 No Of Bootstrap Reps = 1000 Only bootstrap values of 70% and above are shown *, not a WRLFMD Ref. No.

N.J. Knowles, K. Ebert & J. Wadsworth, 5 August 2008

94

99

PanAsia-2 PanAsia

ME-SA topotype

MAY 2003-05 IRN 2005

86 O/PA K/9/2005 97 O/PA K/13/2005 O/PA K/38/2005 O/PAK/1/2008 O/PA K/70/2007 99 O/PA K/66/2007 (B) 99 O/PA K/68/2007 90 O/PA K/69/2007 O/PAK/32/2007 99 O/PA K/34/2007 O/PA K/33/2007 O/PA K/66/2007 (A ) O/PAK/7/2007 100 O/PA K/33/2005 O/PA K/71/2006 83 O/PA K/56/2007 O/PA K/73/2006 76 O/PA K/35/2005 O/PA K/21/2007 O/PA K/63/2006 O/PA K/15/2007 O/PA K/60/2006 O/PA K/8/2007 O/PAK/63/2007 O/PA K/61/2007 O/PA K/70/2006 O/PA K/66/2006 89 O/PA K/32/2005 O/PA K/31/2005 O/PA K/34/2005 O/PA K/74/2006 O/PA K/67/2006 O/PA K/72/2006 O/PA K/60/2007 O/BHU/12/2007 O/BHU/11/2007 100 O/BHU/18/2007 76 O/IND/136/01* (IV RI) 100

SAU 2005; KUW 2006

89

O/PAK/45/2003 (DQ164942) 75

PAK 2005-06

78 10099

90

TUR 2005; ISR 2005-06

O/PA K/1/2003 (DQ165065) O/PA K/53/2003 (DQ164943) O/PA K/15/2002 (DQ165062) 100 O/PA K/16/2002 (DQ165063) O/PA K/18/2002 (DQ165064) 97 O/PA K/19/2002 96 O/IND/53/79 (A F292107) 86 O/PAK/16/2003 (DQ165068) O/PAK/73/2003 (DQ165070) O/PA K/17/2003 (DQ165069) 100 OA /PA K/12/2003 (DQ165066) O/PA K/14/2003 (DQ165067) 81 O/IND/R2/75* (A F204276) O1/Manisa/TUR/69 (A J251477) O/ISR/2/88 (DQ164899) O/HKN/6/83 (A J294919) O1/BFS 1860/UK/67 (J02185) 93

Iran-2001

Pak-98

CATHAY topotype EURO-SA topotype

0.02

Fig. 2. FMDV type O in Pakistan (2007) and Saudi Arabia (2008).

53

Software: MEGA 4.0 No. of Taxa : 162 Data File : n:\evd\meg\db\fmdv\a\PAK2007a.meg Data Title : A Pakistan 2007 Data Type : Nucleotide (Coding) Analysis : Phylogeny reconstruction Tree Inference : ============================== ->Method : Neighbor-Joining ->Phylogeny Test and options : Bootstrap (1000 replicates; seed=64238) Include Sites : ============================== ->Gaps/Missing Data : Pairwise Deletion ->Codon Positions : 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding Substitution Model : ============================== ->Model : Nucleotide: Kimura 2-parameter ->Substitutions to Include : d: Transitions + Transversions ->Pattern among Lineages : Same (Homogeneous) ->Rates among sites : Uniform rates No. of Sites : 645 No Of Bootstrap Reps = 1000 Only bootstrap values of 70% and above are shown *, not a WRLFMD Ref. No.

100

Iran-05

97

92

80

A/IRN/2/2002 (EU414527) A/IRN/7/2003 (EU414528) 100 A/IRN/32/2001 A/IRN/34/2001 (EU414526) 100 A/PAK/73/2007 A/IRN/10/2003 (EU414529) 82 A/IRN/4/2000 82 100 A/IRN/12/2000 99 A/Ir-06 (DQ767862) A/PAK/28/2002 (EU414534) 84 A/PAK/5/2002 100 A/PAK/9/2003 (EU414535) 100 A/IRN/87 Iran-87 A/SAU/41/91 A/IRN/22/99 (EF208772) Iran-99 A/TUR/5/2003 100 A/TAI/118/87* (EF208777) A/TAI/2/97 (EF208778) 100 A/IND/2/68 (EF120380) A/IND/17/77* (AF204108) A22 A22/IRQ/24/64 (AJ251474) 71 A/BHU/41/2002 (EU414525) A/BHU/7/2003 100 A/BHU/27/2003 A/MEU/49/03* (EF120401) 87 A/APR/51/05* (EF120400) A/APS/44/05* (EF120402) A/APS/68/05* (EF120403) 100 A/SAU/23/86 (EU414536) A/TUR/17/2001 A/TUR/4/2003 A/SYR/5/2002 100 A/TUR/14/2002 A/TUR/2/2003 A/IRN/1/96 (EF208771) 96 A/IRN/32/2004 A/IRN/17/2005 100 97 A/IRN/5/2003 Iran-96 A/IRN/9/2003 100 A/IRN/33/2004 A/IRQ/2/2002 A/IRQ/107/2002 A/IRQ/24/2002 A/IRQ/59/2002 A/IRQ/33/2002 A/IRQ/60/2002 A24/Cruzeiro/BRA/55 (AJ251476) A/K5/80a* 97 A/EGY/1/2006 (EF208757) A/K35/80b* A/ERI/3/97 A/ERI/3/98 100

ASIA topotype

EURO-SA topotype AFRICA topotype

72 95

0.02

Fig. 3. FMDV type A in Pakistan (2007).

54

O/IRN/60/2006 O/IRN/64/2006 O/UAE/1/2007 98 O/UAE/2/2007 O/IRN/59/2006 O/IRN/47/2006 O/IRN/58/2006 O/IRN/26/2007 O/IRN/44/2006 O/IRN/28/2006 O/IRN/42/2006 O/IRN/24/2006 O/IRN/27/2006 O/IRN/16/2006 O/IRN/30/2006 O/IRN/31/2006 O/IRN/17/2006 O/IRN/21/2006 O/IRN/26/2006 O/IRN/18/2006 O/TUR/731/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) O/IRN/61/2006 O/IRN/28/2007 99 O/IRN/29/2007 O/IRN/8/2006 O/IRN/9/2006 O/IRN/10/2006 O/IRN/34/2007 O/IRN/12/2006 O/IRN/46/2006 O/IRN/14/2006 O/IRN/19/2006 99 O/PAK/10/2007 O/PAK/11/2007 O/IRN/13/2006 O/IRN/23/2006 O/IRN/34/2006 O/IRN/20/2006 O/TUR/30/2007 O/TUR/18/2007 O/TUR/25/2008 O/TUR/30/2008 99 O/Bursa/TUR/126/2008* (FMDI-Ankara) 73 O/IRN/39/2006 O/TUR/14/2007 O/IRN/30/2007 O/KUW/9/2008 O/IRN/51/2006 O/IRN/38/2006 O/TUR/15/2007 O/TUR/23/2007 O/TUR/16/2007 85 SAU 2007 O/JOR/7/2006 O/Balikesir/TUR/1/2008* (FMDI-Ankara) O/JOR/5/2006 79 O/ISR/1/2007 O/ISR/3/2007 97 O/ISR/5/2007 O/ISR/9/2007 O/ISR/7/2007 O/JOR/6/2006 O/TUR/4/2007 O/TUR/1/2007 O/TUR/3/2007 O/TUR/28/2007 O/TUR/29/2007 O/TUR/285/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) 90 74 O/Kirsehir/TUR/1032/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) 95 O/TUR/16/2008 O/TUR/9/2008 85 O/TUR/10/2008 O/IRN/32/2006 O/IRN/35/2006 O/IRN/33/2007 O/IRN/48/2006 O/IRN/49/2006 O/IRN/55/2006 O/IRN/37/2006 O/IRN/15/2006 O/TUR/5/2008 73 O/TUR/9/2007 O/Kutahya/TUR/19/2008* (FMDI-Ankara) 74 O/TUR/27/2007 93 O/TUR/600/2007* (FMDI-Ankara) O/TUR/6/2007 O/IRN/33/2006 O/TUR/20/2007 O/TUR/11/2007 O/TUR/1423/2006* (FMDI-Ankara) O/TUR/13/2007 O/IRN/52/2006 O/IRN/56/2006 O/IRN/50/2006 O/IRN/53/2006 O/IRN/11/2006 O/IRN/29/2006 O/IRN/43/2006 O/IRN/45/2006 O/PAK/3/2007 O/PAK/53/2007 O/PAK/24/2007 79 O/PAK/44/2007 O/PAK/2/2007 90 O/PAK/45/2007 O/PAK/42/2007 O/PAK/43/2007 O/PAK/40/2007 O/PAK/26/2007 O/PAK/46/2007 99 O/AFG/29/2007 O/AFG/42/2007 O/IRN/22/2006 O/PAK/4/2006 O/PAK/8/2006 O/PAK/11/2006 O/IRN/25/2006 O/AFG/34/2007 99 O/AFG/36/2007 O/PAK/20/2007 80 O/PAK/5/2007 O/PAK/31/2007 71 O/BAR/1/2008 O/SAU/3/2008 O/BAR/2/2008 O/BAR/3/2008 O/SAU/1/2008 O/SAU/2/2008 8870 O/SAU/5/2008 70 O/SAU/4/2008 O/SAU/11/2008 O/KUW/3/2008 87 O/KUW/4/2008 O/KUW/5/2008 99 O/SAU/7/2008 O/IRN/27/2007 O/SAU/6/2008 O/PAK/71/2007 81 99 O/IRN/31/2007 O/IRN/32/2007 O/KUW/6/2008 O/KUW/2/2008 O/KUW/10/2008 O/KUW/8/2008 O/KUW/1/2008 O/KUW/7/2008 PAK 2007-08 89 O/PAK/48/2007 95 IRN 2005 MAY 2003-05 BHU 2007 99 PAK 2007 99 PAK 2007-08 99 O/IND/136/01* (IVRI)

Software: MEGA 4.0 No. of Taxa : 219 Data File : n:\evd\meg\db\fmdv\o\TUR2008b.meg Data Title : Turkey 2008 Data Type : Nucleotide (Coding) Analysis : Phylogeny reconstruction Tree Inference : ============================== ->Method : Neighbor-Joining ->Phylogeny Test and options : Bootstrap (1000 replicates; seed=64238) Include Sites : ============================== ->Gaps/Missing Data : Pairwise Deletion ->Codon Positions : 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding Substitution Model : ============================== ->Model : Nucleotide: Kimura 2-parameter ->Substitutions to Include : d: Transitions + Transversions ->Pattern among Lineages : Same (Homogeneous) ->Rates among sites : Uniform rates No. of Sites : 639 No Of Bootstrap Reps = 1000 Only bootstrap values of 70% and above are shown *, not a WRLFMD Ref. No.

N.J. Knowles, K. Ebert & J. Wadsworth, 11 August 2008

99 72 97

99 89

SAU 2005; KUW 2006 99 ISR 2005-06; TUR 2005 O/IND/53/79 (AF292107) O/IND/R2/75* (AF204276) O1/Manisa/TUR/69 (AJ251477) O/ISR/2/88 (DQ164899) O/HKN/6/83 (AJ294919) O1/BFS 1860/UK/67 (J02185)

PanAsia-2 PanAsia

ME-SA topotype

CATHAY topotype EURO-SA topotype

0.02

Fig. 4. FMDV type O in Turkey in 2008.

55

99

SEA topotype

82

99

O/CAM/1/98 (AJ294908) O/CAM/2/98 (AJ294909) O/CAM/6/98 99 88 O/CAM/6/99 (AJ318827) 99 O/CAM/3/98 (AJ294910) O/CAM/11/94 (AJ294906) 72 O/CAM/12/94 (AJ294907) 97 98 O/MAY/1/2002 (DQ164923) O/TAI/44-2/02R2B3* (TRRL) O/TAI/8/99 (DQ164977) 77 O/LAO/2/99 (EU667442) 92 O/LAO/1/98 (EU667440) 99 O/LAO/4/98 (DQ164906) 77 O/MYA/13/89 (DQ164924) O/TAI/189/87* (TRRL) 98 O/VIT/4/2005 98 O/VIT/4/05* (TRRL) O/VIT/10/05* (TRRL) O/VIT/6/05* (TRRL) 99 O/VIT/9/05* (TRRL) 95 O/MYA/1/04* (TRRL) 95 O/MYA/2/04* (TRRL) O/MYA/2/2000 (DQ164927) O/MYA/5/99 (DQ164926) 90 O/MYA/3/04* (TRRL) O/MYA/4/04* (TRRL) O/MYA/1/98 (AJ303521) 76 O/MYA/7/98 (DQ164925) O/MAY/2/2001 O/MAY/3/2001 (DQ164920) 99 O/TAI/8/2004 O/TAI/8/2007 99 O/TAI/9/2005 O/TAI/10/2005 98 O/MAY/5/2006 O/LAO/3/2007 O/LAO/1/2008 83 O/LAO/2/2007 99 O/LAO/4/2007 O/TAI/13/2007 O/TAI/4/2007 O/TAI/5/2007 94 O/VIT/4/2006 89 O/VIT/6/2006 97 O/VIT/5/2006 94 O/VIT/7/2006

Cam-94

Mya-98 O/TAI/15/05* (TRRL)

72

98 90

82

O/TAI/14/05* (TRRL) 99 O/VIT/6/2005 O/TAI/3/2003 (DQ164981) O/MAY/1/2005 O/MAY/2/2005 99 O/TAI/10/2007 85 O/MAY/5/2001 (DQ164921) O/MAY/6/2001 (DQ164922) O/LAO/4/2001 (DQ164907) O/LAO/7/2003 (EU667448) O/LAO/1/2003 (EU667446) O/LAO/35/2003 (EU667450) 96 O/LAO/2/2001 (EU667445) 78 O/MYA/4/2004 99 O/MYA/5/04* (TRRL) O/MYA/7/2002 (DQ164928) 98 O/TAI/1/2005 O/TAI/21/05* (TRRL) O/TAI/9/2007 O/TAI/14/2007 99 O/MAY/9/2007 O/MAY/4/2007 O/MAY/7/2007 O/LAO/1/2007 O/TAI/12/2007 O/TAI/7/2007 O/TAI/6/2007 O/MAY/5/2007 O/MAY/6/2007

0.02

Fig. 5. FMDV type O in Thailand (2007) and Laos (2007-2008).

56

A/VIT/10/2005 A/VIT/43-05* (AAHL) A/VIT/44-05* (AAHL) A/VIT/8/2005 A/VIT/13/2005 98 A/VIT/45-05* (AAHL) 78 A/TAI/45/04* (TRRL) A/TAI/48-2/04R2* (TRRL) 95 A/TAI/66/04R1* (TRRL) A/TAI/3-3/05* (TRRL) A/TAI/1/05R2B2* (TRRL) 74 A/TAI/4/05R1* (TRRL) A/TAI/6/05* (TRRL) A/VIT/10/2004 A/VIT/6/2004 96 97 A/VIT/42-04* (AAHL) A/TAI/3/2005 99 A/MAY/3/2007 A/TAI/11/2007 A/TAI/8/2006 90 A/TAI/11/2006 A/TAI/2/2006 83 A/TAI/3/2006 A/TAI/10/2006 A/TAI/4/2006 A/TAI/7/2006 A/TAI/6/2006 74 A/TAI/9/2006 A/TAI/9/2004 A/VIT/4/2004 71 A/LAO/36/2003 (EU667455) A/LAO/1/2006 (2003)(EU667456) A/MAY/4/2003 A/TAI/8/04R2* (TRRL) A/VIT/12/2004 A/TAI/28-04* (TRRL) A/TAI/11/2003 73 A/TAI/12/2003 A/TAI/6/2004 A/TAI/11/04* (TRRL) A/TAI/2/04R2* (TRRL) A/TAI/10/2003 75 A/MAY/1/2003 A/MAY/3/2003 A/TAI/6-3/04* (TRRL) A/TAI/4/2003 A/TAI/5/2003 A/TAI/7/2003 A/TAI/4/04R2* (TRRL) A/TAI/8/2003 83 A/TAI/9/2003 A/TAI/3507/47R2* (TRRL) A/VIT/11/2004 A/VIT/5/2004 96 A/VIT/9/2004 A/TAI/11/2005 A/TAI/1/2006 99 A/VIT/18/2005 A/VIT/14/2005 99 72 A/VIT/46-05* (AAHL) A/CAM/1/2006 A/CAM/2/2006 96 A/LAO/6/2006 (EU667457) 99 A/LAO/7/2006 (EU667458) 98 A/LAO/8/2006 (EU667459) 70 99 A/MAY/1/2007 A/TAI/3/2007 A/TAI/7/2002 A/MAY/2/2002 (EU414533) 99 A/TAI/3/2002 99 A/TAI/2/2002 96 A/TAI/1/2003 A/TAI/3/2001 A/TAI/1/2001 A/TAI/4/2000 A/MAY/14/97 A/TAI/1/97 A/TAI/2/97 (EF208778) 83 A/TAI/2/98 A/TAI/1/99 A/TAI/6/99 A/TAI/7/99 93 A/TAI/4/2005 A/TAI/7/2005 99 A/MAY/5/2005 A/TAI/2/2005 A/MAY/28/96 A/MAY/13/97 A/TAI/14-1/04* (TRRL) A/TAI/118/87* (EF208777) A/IND/68/2001* (AF390659) A/IND/7/82 (1980) A/IND/17/77* (AF204108) A22/IRQ/24/64 (AJ251474) 99 A/IRN/87 A/SAU/41/91 A/IRN/22/99 (EF208772) A/IRN/1/96 (EF208771) A/SAU/23/86 (EU414536) 84 A/BHU/41/2002 (EU414525) 91 A/BHU/7/2003 99 A/BHU/27/2003 A/BHU/40/2003 A/IND/16/2000* (AF390610) 99 A/IND/78/2000* (AF390664) A/IND/50/2000* (AF390653) A/IND/24/2001* (AF390624) 99 A/IND/38/2000* (AF390643) A/IND/173/2000* (AF390616) A/IND/84/2000* (AF390668) A/IND/126/2000* (AF390599) A/IND/80/2000* (AF390665) A15/Bangkok/TAI/60 (AY593755) A/EGY/1/2006 (EF208757) A/K35/80b* AFRICA A/K5/80a* (recd2002) A5/Allier/FRA/60 (AY593780) A10/HOL/42 (M20715) A24/Cruzeiro/BRA/55 (K03340) EURO-SA A/PHI/1/77 A/PHI/10/75 99 A/PHI/1/76 83 87

Software: MEGA 4.0 No. of Taxa : 122 Data File : n:\evd\meg\db\fmdv\a\TAI2007a.meg Data Title : Thailand 2007 Data Type : Nucleotide (Coding) Analysis : Phylogeny reconstruction Tree Inference : ============================== ->Method : Neighbor-Joining ->Phylogeny Test and options : Bootstrap (1000 replicates; seed=64238) Include Sites : ============================== ->Gaps/Missing Data : Pairwise Deletion ->Codon Positions : 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding Substitution Model : ============================== ->Model : Nucleotide: Kimura 2-parameter ->Substitutions to Include : d: Transitions + Transversions ->Pattern among Lineages : Same (Homogeneous) ->Rates among sites : Uniform rates No. of Sites : 642 No Of Bootstrap Reps = 1000 Only bootstrap values of 70% and above are shown *, not a WRLFMD Ref. No.

N.J. Knowles, K. Ebert & J. Wadsworth, 16 September 2008

99

99

70

77

99

77

83 99

79

ASIA

0.02

Fig. 6. FMDV type A in Thailand in 2007.

57

99 As1/HKN/1/2005 (DQ121114) Software: MEGA 4.0 No. of Taxa : 128 Data File : n:\evd\meg\db\fmdv\asia1\ARRIAHb.meg Data Title : Asia 1 Data Type : Nucleotide (Coding) Analysis : Phylogeny reconstruction Tree Inference : ============================== ->Method : Neighbor-Joining ->Phylogeny Test and options : Bootstrap (1000 replicates; seed=64238) Include Sites : ============================== ->Gaps/Missing Data : Pairwise Deletion ->Codon Positions : 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding Substitution Model : ============================== ->Model : Nucleotide: Kimura 2-parameter ->Substitutions to Include : d: Transitions + Transversions ->Pattern among Lineages : Same (Homogeneous) ->Rates among sites : Uniform rates No. of Sites : 636 No Of Bootstrap Reps = 1000 Only bootstrap values of 70% and above are shown

73

*, not a WRLFMD Ref. No.

N.J. Knowles, K. Ebert & J. Wadsworth, 24/10/2008

89 71

98

99

As1/HKN/2/2005 (DQ121115) As1/TAJ/1/2003* (ARRIAH) As1/KRG/1/2004* (ARRIAH) As1/TAJ/3/2003* (ARRIAH) As1/TAJ/2/2003* (ARRIAH) As1/KRG/1/2004 70 As1/KRG/2/2004* (ARRIAH)

As1/TAJ/4/2004 (ARRIAH) As1/UZB/2003 (ARRIAH) 72 As1/TAJ/2/2004 (DQ121403) As1/TAJ/5/2004 (ARRIAH) As1/TAJ/6/2004 (ARRIAH) As1/TAJ/1/2004 (DQ121402) As1/TAJ/3/2004 (ARRIAH) As1/AFG/44/2003* (EF457992) As1/AFG/40/2003* (EF457991) As1/AFG/24/2003* (EF457988) As1/AFG/22/2003* (EF457987)

As1/AFG/33/2003* (EF457990) As1/AFG/26/2003* (EF457989) As1/AFG/116/2004* (EF457993) As1/AFG/138/2004* (EF457994) As1/PAK/1/2004 (DQ121128) 86 As1/PAK/69/2003 (DQ121127) As1/PAK/2/2004 As1/PAK/30/2002 (DQ121124) As1/PAK/31/2002 (DQ121125) As1/PAK/33/2002 As1/PAK/34/2002

0.005

Fig. 7. FMDV type Asia 1 in Central Asia in 2003-2004.

58

No. of Taxa : 150 Data File : N:\evd\MEG\db\FMDV\O\KEN2008a.meg Data Title : O/Kenya/2007-08 Data Type : Nucleotide (Coding) Analysis : Phylogeny reconstruction Tree Inference : ============================== ->Method : Neighbor-Joining ->Phylogeny Test and options : Bootstrap (1000 replicates; seed=64238) Include Sites : ============================== ->Gaps/Missing Data : Pairwise Deletion ->Codon Positions : 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding Substitution Model : ============================== ->Model : Nucleotide: Kimura 2-parameter ->Substitutions to Include : d: Transitions + Transversions ->Pattern among Lineages : Same (Homogeneous) ->Rates among sites : Uniform rates No. of Sites : 642 No Of Bootstrap Reps = 1000

O/ETH/38/2005 (2003/4) O/ETH/54/2006 O/YEM/57/2004 O/ETH/3/2004 O/YEM/70/2004 O/YEM/35/2004 O/YEM/21/2004 10084 O/YEM/66/2004 98 O/ETH/48/2005 O/ETH/61/2005 O/ETH/49/2005 77 O/ETH/62/2005 O/ETH/51/2005 85 O/ETH/52/2005 O/ETH/53/2005 O/ETH/46/2006 100 O/ETH/62/2006 O/ETH/48/2006 O/ETH/22/01* (AY283395) O/ETH/1/2005 O/ETH/55/2005 O/ETH/56/2005 O/ETH/63/2005 O/ETH/64/2005 100 O/ETH/65/2005 O/ETH/54/2005 O/ETH/57/2005 O/ETH/66/2005 O/ETH/67/2005 O/ETH/1/2007 O/ETH/28/2007 100 O/ETH/26/2007 99 O/ETH/27/2007 91 O/SOM/1/2007 100 O/SOM/2/2007 O/SOM/4/2007 86 O/YEM/3/2006 100 O/YEM/4/2006 O/YEM/29/2006 O/YEM/48/2004 O/YEM/1/2004 100 O/YEM/22/2003 93 77 O/YEM/28/2003 100 O/ETH/11/2005 (1996) O/ETH/1/79 (AY283376) O/K201/83* O/K22/82* 100 O/K101/80* 81 99 O/K8/84* O/ETH/2/2006 O/ETH/43/2006 O/ETH/4/2006 O/ETH/27/2006 100 O/ETH/21/2006 O/ETH/19/2006 88 O/ETH/20/2006 95 O/ETH/30/94 (AY283386) O/SUD/2/86 (DQ165075) 100 O/ERI/1/2004 100 O/ERI/21/2004 O/ERI/3/2004 O/SUD/1/99 (DQ165076) 96 O/SUD/1/2005 92 99 O/SUD/2/2005 89 98 O/SUD/3/2005 O/NIG/1/2007 O/SUD/12/2004 95 O/SUD/30/2004 96 O/SUD/3/2004 O/SUD/1/2004 82 O/SUD/26/2004 O/UGA/3/72

75

82

95

EA-3

EA-1 88 O/RWA/2/2004 100 O/RWA/3/2004

O/TAN/14/2004 93 O/TAN/17/2004

O/TAN/3/96 82 O/KEN/1/2008 88 O/KEN/3/2008 100 100

O/KEN/15/2008 O/KEN/4/2008 O/KEN/9/2008

99 O/KEN/10/2008

O/TAN/2/2004 O/TAN/12/2004 O/KEN/10/2005 O/KEN/14/2005 99 86 O/KEN/27/2005 O/BUN/7/2003 100 O/MAL/1/98 (DQ165074) 79 O/TAN/7/98 (AJ296320) O/ZAM/1/2000 100 O/ZAM/2/2000 O/TAN/1/2004 O/UGA/5/2004 O/UGA/7/2004 91 O/UGA/8/2004 O/UGA/6/2004 79 O/UGA/18/2007 O/UGA/18/2004 99 O/UGA/1/2004 O/UGA/3/2004 91 91 O/UGA/4/2004 O/KEN/3/2002 O/UGA/3/2002 (DQ165077) 100 O/KEN/23/2004 75 O/KEN/24/2004 79 O/KEN/29/2004 87 O/KEN/5/2002 (DQ165073) O/KEN/12/2007 100 O/KEN/14/2008 92 O/KEN/17/2007 99 O/KEN/20/2007 O/KEN/3/2007 O/KEN/7/2002 100 O/KEN/30/2004 O/KEN/4/2005 O/KEN/6/2005 93 O/KEN/26/2005 74 74

88

79

98

97

100 100

EA-2

ME-SA EA-4 WA O1/Kaufbeuren/FRG/66 (X00871) O/HKN/6/83 (AJ294919)

EURO-SA CATHAY

0.02

Fig. 8. FMDV type O in Kenya (2007-2008), Somalia (2007) and Nigeria (2007).

59

A/GAM/44/98 (EF208768) A/GAM/46/98 A/SEN/34/97 99 A/GAM/52/98 A/MAI/2/97 (EF208776) A/MAU/3/97 A/SEN/10/96 75 A/MAU/1/2006 A/MAU/3/2006 A/MAU/5/2006 A/MAU/6/2006 100 A/MAU/7/2006 A/MAU/4/2006 100 A/MAU/8/2006 A/MAI/16/2006 A/BKF/2/94 A/CIV/4/95 100 A/CIV/2/96 99 A/GHA/4/96 70 A/CAR/2/85 A/NIG/4/79 A/CAR/1/86 A/CAR/1/87 A/TCH/2/73 A/GHA/16/73 A/NIG/10/76 100 A/CAR/1/76 A/NGR/2/73 99 A/SUD/2/84 99 A/SUD/1/85 93 A/SUD/1/81 A/SUD/3/77 100 A/SUD/1/2006 A/SUD/3/2006 A/CAR/115/2005 100 A/CAR/116/2005 88 A/CAR/36/2005 91 A/CAR/P22/2000 (fke/066/08) A/ERI/3/97 A/ERI/2/98 100 A/ERI/3/98 100 100 A/MAI/4/2004 A/MAI/12/2006 A/TOG/9/2005 88 A/CAR/P19/2000 (mfa/057/01) 71 A/CAR/13/2000 100 A/CAR/15/2000 (EF208755) A/CAR/12/2000 A/CAR/14/2000 A21/KEN/3/64 A/NIG/5/72 91 A/ETH/13/2005 (1981) 100 A/ETH/14/2005 (1981) 98 A/ETH/2/79 A/YEM/2/85 100 100 A/YEM/7/85 A/EGY/1/72 (EF208756) A/KEN/1/2003 (K177/03) A/KEN/1/93 (K64/93) A/KEN/2/2003 (K181/03) 100 A/K5/80a* (recd2002) 93 A/KEN/1/95 (K4/95) A/K179/71* (KEN/1/76) A/K207/73* 100 A/SOM/1/78 97 A/KEN/42/66 (K18/66) A/K16/74* 100 A/TAN/2/68 (T626/68) A/TAN/3/68 (T809/67) A/TAN/4/80 100 A/KEN/7/2008 A/KEN/8/2008 100 A/KEN/3/2006 A/KEN/12/2005 (K44/2005) 70 A/BUN/2/80 81 A/ZAM/90 A/UGA/1/2002 A/MAL/5/81 76 A/BUN/4/90 A/K49/84* 76 95 A/KEN/22/69 (K140/69) 99 A/UGA/13/66 A/UGA/4/75 95 A/K35/80b* 89 A/UGA/20/76 A/K37/84* 90 A/NYE/8/89 100 A/SUD/1/82 83 A/ETH/9/2005 (2000) 95 A/ETH/10/2005 (2002) 99 A/ETH/6/2000 99 A/ETH/16/2005 (2000/01) (EF208764) A/ETH/3/2005 (year nk) (EF208762) A/ETH/4/2005 (2000) (EF208763) 99 A/ETH/1/94 (EF208766) 96 A/YEM/2/98 85 A/ETH/7/92 (EF208765) A/ETH/23/94 (EF208767) 100 100 A/KEN/15/98 (EF208774) A/KEN/16/98A (EF208775) A/ETH/4/2007 96 A/KEN/29/2005 (EF208773) 92 81 A/EGY/1/2006 (EF208757) A/EGY/2/2006 (EF208758) 88 A/EGY/4/2006 (EF208760) A/EGY/3/2006 (EF208759) 97 A/EGY/5/2006 (EF208761) A/EGY/7/2006 A/EGY/6/2006 71 A/EGY/9/2006 A23/KEN/46/65 (1964) A5/Allier/FRA/60 (AY593780) A10/HOL/42 (M20715) A24/Cruzeiro/BRA/55 (AJ251476) A15/Bangkok/TAI/60 (AY593755) A/SAU/41/91 A22/IRQ/24/64 (AJ251474) A/IND/17/77* (AF204108) 77 A/SAU/23/86 (EU414536) 94

Software: MEGA 4.0 No. of Taxa : 119 Data File : n:\evd\meg\db\fmdv\a\KEN2008a.meg Data Title : Kenya 2008 Data Type : Nucleotide (Coding) Analysis : Phylogeny reconstruction Tree Inference : ============================== ->Method : Neighbor-Joining ->Phylogeny Test and options : Bootstrap (1000 replicates; seed=64238) 81 Include Sites : ============================== ->Gaps/Missing Data : Pairwise Deletion ->Codon Positions : 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding Substitution Model : ============================== ->Model : Nucleotide: Kimura 2-parameter ->Substitutions to Include : d: Transitions + Transversions ->Pattern among Lineages : Same (Homogeneous) ->Rates among sites : Uniform rates No. of Sites : 642 No Of Bootstrap Reps = 1000 Only bootstrap values of 70% and above are shown

100

*, not a WRLFMD Ref. No.

N.J. Knowles, K. Ebert & J. Wadsworth, 28 July 2008

83 82

82

100

99

97

AFRICA

EURO-SA

ASIA

0.02

Fig. 9. FMDV type A in Kenya in 2008.

60

Software: MEGA 4.0 No. of Taxa : 112 Data File : n:\evd\meg\db\fmdv\sat1\KEN2006c.meg Data Title : SAT 1 Kenya 2006 Data Type : Nucleotide (Coding) Analysis : Phylogeny reconstruction Tree Inference : ============================== SAT1/KEN/18/2005 ->Method : Neighbor-Joining SAT1/KEN/19/2005 ->Phylogeny Test and options : Bootstrap (1000 replicates; seed=64238) 81 SAT1/KEN/16/2005 Include Sites : ============================== SAT1/KEN/17/2005 ->Gaps/Missing Data : Pairwise Deletion SAT1/KEN/9/2006 ->Codon Positions : 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding SAT1/KEN/11/2006 Substitution Model : ============================== ->Model : Nucleotide: Kimura 2-parameter SAT1/KEN/24/2005 100 ->Substitutions to Include : d: Transitions + Transversions SAT1/KEN/10/2006 90 99 SAT1/KEN/13/2005 ->Pattern among Lineages : Same (Homogeneous) ->Rates among sites : Uniform rates SAT1/KEN/31/2005 No. of Sites : 663 SAT1/KEN/14/2006 No Of Bootstrap Reps = 1000 SAT1/KEN/32/2005 100 SAT1/KEN/5/2006 Only bootstrap values of 70% and above are shown

70

*, not a WRLFMD Ref. No.

SAT1/KEN/11/2005 SAT1/TAN/60/99 (AY442002) SAT1/TAN/19/96 (AY442013) SAT1/TAN/51/99 (AY442004) 99 SAT1/KEN/1/2005 (K4/05) SAT1/TAN/2/77 (AY442008) 100 SAT1/TAN/13/74 (AY442001) SAT1/TAN/1/96 (AY442003) 76 SAT1/KEN/21/2004 100 SAT1/TAN/5/96 (AY442007) SAT1/T155/71 100 SAT1/KEN/9/91 (AY441995) 100 SAT1/KEN/11/91 (AY441994) SAT1/KEN/4/98 (AY441993) SAT1/TAN/37/99 (AY442005) SAT1/TAN/3/80 (AY442006) 100 99 SAT1/TAN/6/99 SAT1/MAL/4/2000 SAT1/MAL/3/2000 100 SAT1/MAL/2/2000 74 SAT1/ZAM/3/2000 SAT1/MAL/1/2001 89 SAT1/MAL/2/2001 90 SAT1/ZAM/6/2008 100 SAT1/ZAM/7/2008 SAT1/ZAM/5/2008 100 ZAM 2004-05 100 SAT1/ZIM/23/2003 100 SAT1/RV/11/37 (AY593839) SAT1/RHO/5/66 (AY593846) SAT1SAT2/ZIM/2/2003 89 SAT1/ZIM/4/2003 SAT1/ZIM/20/2003 97 SAT1/ZIM/21/2003 SAT1/ZIM/13/2003 100 SAT1SAT2/ZIM/5/2003 SAT1/ZIM/P1/2004 (C10) SAT1/SWA/1/49 SAT1/SR/2/58 SAT1/BEC/1/48 (AY593838) 99 SAT1/BOT/1/68 (Z98203) 95 100 SAT1/SWA/40/61 SAT1/SA/13/61 (AY593842) SAT1/ZAM/4/2000 78 SAT1/BOT/22/2006 (buffalo) 98 SAT1/NMB/1/2000 82 SAT1/BOT/20/2006 (buffalo) SAT1/BOT/17/2006 100 SAT1/BOT/12/2006 94 SAT1/BOT/18/2006 SAT1/UGA/1/97 (AY442012) SAT1/UGA BUFF/21/70 buffalo SAT1/UGA/3/99 (AY442009) 100 SAT1/UGA/7/99 (AY442011) 80 SAT1/NIG/3/80 (AF431729) 98 SAT1/NIG/5/81 (AF431730) 72 SAT1/NIG/10/81 (AF431731) 97 SAT1/NIG/2/79 (AF431728) SAT1/SUD/4/76 (AY441997) SAT1/SUD/13/74 (AY442000) 100 SAT1/SUD/8/74 (AY441998) 98 SAT1/SUD/9/74 (AY441999) 90 SAT1/ISR/4/62 (AY593844) SAT1/SUD/3/76 (AY441996) 100 SAT1/UGA/47/71 SAT1/UGA/13/74 (AY442010) SAT1/ETH/18/2007 90 SAT1/ETH/21/2007 100 SAT1/ETH/19/2007 SAT1/ETH/3/2007 93

N.J. Knowles, K. Ebert & J. Wadsworth, 5 August 2008

97

88

83 100

98 74

94 100

NWZ topotype

SEZ topotype

WZ topotype

UGANDA topotype

NIG 1975-76; NGR 1976

0.05

Fig. 10. FMDV type SAT 1 in Kenya in 2006.

61

SA T2/KEN/5/2007 SA T2/KEN/11/2007 SAT2/KEN/10/2007 SA T2/KEN/19/2007 73 SA T2/KEN/2/2008 SA T2/KEN/14/2007 SA T2/KEN/2/2007 SA T2/KEN/16/2007 SAT2/KEN/7/2007 SA T2/KEN/8/2007 SA T2/KEN/4/2007 97 99 SA T2/KEN/9/2007 SA T2/KEN/23/2007 SA T2/KEN/13/2007 100 SA T2/KEN/22/2007 KEN / TAN 2004 100 KEN 1999 SAT2/TA N/1/75 (A Y 343970) SA T2/K183/74 (Kenya) SAT2/MAL/3/75 (A F367099) 87 SA T2/KEN/9/2004 SA T2/KEN/11/2004 100 SA T2/K65/82 (Kenya) SAT2/K52/84 (B) 73 SAT2/K52/84 (Kenya) 74 SA T2/KEN/7/2005 SA T2/ETH/1/91 (A Y 343937) SAT2/ETH/1/90 (1989)(AY 343935) 100 SA T2/ETH/2/90 (1989)(A Y 343936) SA T2/TA N/1/86 (A Y343971) SA T2/BUN/1/91 (AF367111) 98 SA T2/ZA M/9/93* (A F367116)(buf f alo) 100 SAT2/ZA M/10/93* (A F367117)(buf f alo) SA T2/ZAM/P2/96 (MUL-7) (AF367120)(buff al SAT2/ZA M/P2/96 (MUL-10) (A F367121)(buf f a 100 SA T2/RHO/1/48 (A J251475) 94 SA T2/NMB/1/2007 SA T2/NMB/4/2007 SA T2/ZA M/8/2008 SA T2/ZA M/3/2007 100 SA T2/ZA M/1/2007 88 SA T2/ZAM/2/2007 99 SA T2/NMB/1/2008 SAT2/BOT/24/2006 (buf falo) 100 BOT 2007-08 100 SAT2/ZIM/10/2002 SA T2/ZIM/11/2002 97 SAT2/BOT/P3/98 (buf f alo 29) (A F367124) SA T2/BOT/P3/98 (buff alo 31) (A F367125) BOT 2005 100 100 MAL 2003 100 SAR 2001 99

Software: MEGA 4.0 No. of Taxa : 262 Data File : n:\evd\meg\db\fmdv\sat2\KEN2008a.meg Data Title : SAT 2 Data Type : Nucleotide (Coding) Analysis : Phylogeny reconstruction Tree Inference : ============================== ->Method : Neighbor-Joining ->Phylogeny Test and options : Bootstrap (1000 replicates; seed=31764) Include Sites : ============================== ->Gaps/Missing Data : Pairwise Deletion ->Codon Positions : 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding Substitution Model : ============================== ->Model : Nucleotide: Kimura 2-parameter ->Substitutions to Include : d: Transitions + Transversions ->Pattern among Lineages : Same (Homogeneous) ->Rates among sites : Uniform rates 94 No. of Sites : 651 No Of Bootstrap Reps = 1000 Only bootstrap values of 70% and above are shown

71 98

97

99

98

*, not a WRLFMD Ref. No.

97

N.J. Knowles, K. Ebert & J. Wadsworth, 5 August 2008

99 81

95

SAT2/PA L/5/83* (A F367102) SA T2/ZIM/P7/94 MT8 buf f alo SA T2/SA R/16/83 (DQ009734) SA T2/SA /106/59 (AY 593848) SA T2/MOZ/1/79 (A F367137) SAT2/MOZ/4/83* (A F367101) 84 SAT2/ZIM/P18/91 GN3 buf f alo 100 SA T2/ZIM/P18/91 GN9 buff alo SA T2/ZIM/P18/91 GN5 buf f alo

99 100 73

ZIM 2002-03

100

ZIM 1989 (buffalo) SA T2/ZIM/7/83 (A F136607) SAT2/ZIM/9/2002 SAT2/ZIM/8/2002 100 SAT2/ZIM/17/2002 82 99 SAT2/NA M/286/98* (A F367127)(buf f alo) SA T2/NA M/292/98* (A F367128)(buf f alo) 100 SAT2/BOT/P3/98 (buf f alo 1) (A F367122) SA T2/BOT/P3/98 (buf f alo 18) (AF367123) 98 SA T2/NA M/304/98* (A F367129)(buf f alo) SAT2/ZIM/P27/90 (DSA -14)(DQ009728)(buf f a SA T2/ZIM/1/00* (A F367136)(buf f alo) 80 SA T2/ZIM/P25/91 (UR-17)(DQ009727)(buf f al 100 SA T2/ZIM/P25/91 UR17 buff alo SAT2/ZIM/P25/91 UR3 buf f alo SA T2/ZIM/P25/91 UR34 buff alo SAT2/ZIM/267/98* (AF367130)(buf falo) 100 BOT 2006 100 ZIM 2002 100 81 SA T2/ZIM/1/2001 SA T2/ZIM/2/2001 99 SA T2/BOT/13/2002 SA T2/BOT/29/2002 99 SA T2/BOT/30/2002 98 SA T2/GA M/8/79 (AF479410) 99 SA T2/GA M/9/79 (AF479411) 100 SAT2/SEN/7/79 (A F479412) SA T2/SEN/3/83 (AF479413) SA T2/SEN/7/83 (A F479414) 100 100 SA T2/GHA/2/90 (A F479415) SAT2/GHA/8/91 (AF479416) SAT2/NIG/2/75 (A F367139) SAT2/SEN/5/75 (AF367140) 100 100 SA T2/SEN/5/75 (DQ009738) SA T2/ANG/4/74 (A F479417) 100 SA T2/UGA/19/98 (AY 343969) 100 SA T2/UGA /28/98 (A Y 343968) SA T2/UGA /4/2002 SA T2/ZA I/1/82 (AF367100) SA T2/UGA /2/2002 (DQ009731) SA T2/UGA BUFF/12/70 buff alo SA T2/UGA /3/76 (A Y 343964) SAT2/UGA/51/75 (A Y343963) 100 SAT2/UGA /8/76 (AY 343965) 100 SA T2/KEN/3/57 SA T2/KEN/11/60 (A Y593849) SA T2/K52/84 (A) SAT2/UGA/3/91 (AY 343966) 100 SA T2/UGA/9/95 (A Y 343967) 80 SA T2/ETH/2/91 (AY 343938) SAT2/ETH/2/2007 SAT2/SUD/6/77 (A Y 343939) SA T2/SUD/9/77 (A Y 442014) 100 98 SA T2/RWA /1/2000* (A F367134) 100 SA T2/RWA/2/2001 (DQ009730) SA T2/RWA /1/2004 SAT2/ZA I/1/74 (DQ009737) 100 SAT2/ERI/1/98 (A Y343933) 99 SA T2/ERI/4/98 (A Y 343934) SA T2/ERI/12/98 (A F367126) SAT2/CA R/P12/2000 (V DI 44/1) SA T2/SA U/6/2000 (A F367135) SA T2/NIG/1/2008 SA T2/NIG/3/2008 97 SA T2/NIG/2/2008 SA T2/NIG/8/2008 100 SAT2/NIG/4/2008 SA T2/NIG/2/2007 100 SA T2/NIG/5/2008 99 SA T2/NIG/6/2008 96 89 SA T2/NIG/7/2008 SA T2/SUD/1/2007 SA T2/NGR/15/2005 SAT2/LIB/1/2003 98 89 SAT2/LIB/7/2003 77

76

100 72

100

86 73 70

99

81 97 99

100

CAR 2005

0.05

Fig. 11. FMDV type SAT 2 in Kenya and Nigeria in 2007-2008.

62

SAT2/BOT/6/2008 SAT2/BOT/8/2008 SAT2/BOT/10/2008 SAT2/BOT/9/2008 SAT2/BOT/5/2007 SAT2/BOT/2/2007 SAT2/BOT/3/2007 99 SAT2/BOT/7/2008 96 SAT2/BOT/11/2008 SAT2/BOT/6/2007 SAT2/ZIM/10/2002 SAT2/ZIM/11/2002 99 99 SAT2/BOT/1/2005 SAT2/BOT/2/2005 SAT2/BOT/P3/98 (buffalo 29) (AF367124) SAT2/BOT/P3/98 (buffalo 31) (AF367125) 99 SAT2/BOT/24/2006 (buffalo) 99 SAT2/BOT/14/2008 SAT2/BOT/15/2008 99 SAT2/ZAM/1/2007 88 SAT2/ZAM/3/2007 99 SAT2/ZAM/2/2007 93 SAT2/NMB/1/2007 SAT2/NMB/4/2007 SAT2/ZAM/8/2008 SAT2/NMB/2/2008 SAT2/NMB/1/2008 86 SAT2/NMB/3/2008 SAT2/NMB/4/2008 SAT2/RHO/1/48 (AJ251475) 99 SAT2/ZAM/9/93* (AF367116)(buffalo) SAT2/ZAM/10/93* (AF367117)(buffalo) SAT2/ZAM/P2/96 (MUL-7) (AF367120)(buffalo) 99 SAT2/ZAM/P2/96 (MUL-10) (AF367121)(buffalo) 99 SAT2/BUN/1/91 (AF367111) SAT2/KEN/7/2005 80 SAT2/KEN/9/2004 SAT2/KEN/11/2004 99 SAT2/KEN/1/84 (K7/84) (AY344505) SAT2/K65/82 (Kenya) SAT2/K52/84 (B) 80 75 SAT2/K52/84 (Kenya) SAT2/K183/74 (Kenya) SAT2/TAN/1/75 (AY343970) SAT2/MAL/3/75 (AF367099) SAT2/TAN/1/86 (AY343971) 75 SAT2/KEN/5/99 (AF367131) 99 SAT2/KEN/9/99 (AF367133) SAT2/KEN/7/99 (AF367132) 89 SAT2/KEN/6/2004 SAT2/KEN/17/2004 SAT2/TAN/18/2004 99 SAT2/KEN/22/2004 SAT2/TAN/21/2004 SAT2/KEN/5/2004 SAT2/KEN/8/2005 SAT2/KEN/13/2004 SAT2/KEN/8/2004 SAT2/TAN/6/2004 SAT2/KEN/10/2004 SAT2/TAN/4/2004 SAT2/TAN/9/2004 99 SAT2/MAL/1/2003 SAT2/MAL/2/2003 79 SAT2/ZIM/1/2003 82 SAT1SAT2/ZIM/2/2003 99 SAT2/ZIM/18/2002 SAT2/ZIM/12/2002 SAT2/ZIM/P18/91 GN5 buffalo SAT2/ZIM/P18/91 GN3 buffalo 99 SAT2/ZIM/P18/91 GN9 buffalo 96 SAT2/ZIM/P7/94 MT8 buffalo 99 SAT2/SAR/1/01* (AY442903) SAT2/SAR/2/01* (AY442904) SAT2/PAL/5/83* (AF367102) SAT2/SAR/16/83 (DQ009734) SAT2/SA/106/59 (AY593848) SAT2/MOZ/1/79 (AF367137) 99 SAT2/MOZ/4/83* (AF367101) 99 SAT2/ZIM/2/89 (buffalo) SAT2/ZIM/9/89 (buffalo) SAT2/ZIM/16/89 (buffalo) 89 SAT2/ZIM/14/89 (buffalo) 99 SAT2/ZIM/30/89 (buffalo) SAT2/ZIM/31/89 (buffalo) SAT2/ZIM/7/83 (AF136607) SAT2/ZIM/9/2002 SAT2/ZIM/8/2002 99 80 SAT2/ZIM/17/2002 SAT2/NAM/286/98* (AF367127)(buffalo) SAT2/NAM/292/98* (AF367128)(buffalo) 99 SAT2/BOT/P3/98 (buffalo 1) (AF367122) SAT2/BOT/P3/98 (buffalo 18) (AF367123) SAT2/NAM/304/98* (AF367129)(buffalo) SAT2/BOT/12/2008 99 99 SAT2/BOT/13/2008 SAT2/ZIM/P27/90 (DSA-14)(DQ009728)(buffalo) SAT2/ZIM/1/00* (AF367136)(buffalo) 88 SAT2/ZIM/P25/91 (UR-17)(DQ009727)(buffalo) 99 SAT2/ZIM/P25/91 UR17 buffalo SAT2/ZIM/P25/91 UR3 buffalo SAT2/ZIM/P25/91 UR34 buffalo SAT2/ZIM/267/98* (AF367130)(buffalo) 75 SAT2/BOT/1/2006 99 SAT2/BOT/5/2006 SAT2/BOT/8/2006 SAT2/ZIM/5/2002 99 SAT2/ZIM/7/2002 99 SAT2/ZIM/16/2002 SAT2/ZIM/6/2002 SAT2/ZIM/1/2001 9973 SAT2/ZIM/2/2001 SAT2/BOT/13/2002 SAT2/BOT/29/2002 99 SAT2/BOT/30/2002 99 SAT2/GHA/2/90 (AF479415) SAT2/GHA/8/91 (AF479416) SAT2/ANG/4/74 (AF479417) 89 SAT2/CAR/80/2005 SAT2/SUD/1/2007 SAT2/CAR/P12/2000 (VDI 44/1) 99 SAT2/SAU/6/2000 (AF367135) SAT2/ERI/12/98 (AF367126) SAT2/SUD/6/77 (AY343939) 98 SAT2/RW A/1/2000* (AF367134) 99 SAT2/RW A/2/2001 (DQ009730) SAT2/RW A/1/2004 SAT2/UGA/2/2002 (DQ009731) SAT2/ZAI/1/82 (AF367100) SAT2/UGA/19/98 (AY343969) SAT2/UGA/28/98 (AY343968) 99 99 SAT2/KEN/3/57 SAT2/KEN/11/60 (AY593849) SAT2/KEN/2/84 (AY343941) SAT2/KEN/2/84 (K52/84) 99 77 SAT2/K52/84 (A) 77 78 71

99

99

Software: MEGA 4.0 No. of Taxa : 136 Data File : n:\evd\meg\db\fmdv\sat2\NMB2008b.meg Data Title : SAT2 2008 Data Type : Nucleotide (Coding) Analysis : Phylogeny reconstruction Tree Inference : ============================== ->Method : Neighbor-Joining ->Phylogeny Test and options : Bootstrap (1000 replicates; seed=64238) Include Sites : ============================== ->Gaps/Missing Data : Pairwise Deletion ->Codon Positions : 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding Substitution Model : ============================== ->Model : Nucleotide: Kimura 2-parameter ->Substitutions to Include : d: Transitions + Transversions ->Pattern among Lineages : Same (Homogeneous) ->Rates among sites : Uniform rates No. of Sites : 648 No Of Bootstrap Reps = 1000 Only bootsrap values of 70% and above are shown

98

99

76

77

99

*, not a WRLFMD Ref. No.

N.J. Knowles, K. Ebert & J. Wadsworth, 14 September 2008

71

99

95

89

97

83

82 99

81 98

99

88

79

99

99

0.05

Fig. 12. FMDV type SAT 2 in Botswana and Namibia in 2008.

63

83 70

99 99 98

95 76 70

Software: MEGA 4.0 No. of Taxa : 128 Data File : n:\evd\meg\db\fmdv\sat1\ZAM2008b.meg Data Title : Zambia 2008 Data Type : Nucleotide (Coding) Analysis : Phylogeny reconstruction Tree Inference : ============================== ->Method : Neighbor-Joining ->Phylogeny Test and options : Bootstrap (1000 replicates; seed=56677) Include Sites : ============================== ->Gaps/Missing Data : Pairwise Deletion ->Codon Positions : 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding Substitution Model : ============================== ->Model : Nucleotide: Kimura 2-parameter ->Substitutions to Include : d: Transitions + Transversions ->Pattern among Lineages : Same (Homogeneous) ->Rates among sites : Uniform rates No. of Sites : 663 No Of Bootstrap Reps = 1000

95

99

Only bootsrap values of 70% and above are shown 91

*, not a WRLFMD Ref. No.

N.J. Knowles, K. Ebert & J. Wadsworth, 14 September 2008

99

99

78 99

93

96

87

SAT1/KEN/18/2005 SAT1/KEN/19/2005 SAT1/KEN/16/2005 SAT1/KEN/17/2005 SAT1/KEN/9/2006 SAT1/KEN/32/2005 99 SAT1/KEN/5/2006 SAT1/KEN/13/2005 SAT1/KEN/31/2005 SAT1/KEN/24/2005 SAT1/KEN/10/2006

SAT1/TAN/60/99 (AY442002) SAT1/KEN/11/2005 SAT1/TAN/19/96 (AY442013) SAT1/TAN/51/99 (AY442004) 99 SAT1/KEN/1/2005 (K4/05) SAT1/TAN/2/77 (AY442008) 76 SAT1/KEN/21/2004 99 SAT1/TAN/5/96 (AY442007) SAT1/T155/71 SAT1/KEN/4/98 (AY441993) SAT1/KEN/9/91 (AY441995) 99 SAT1/KEN/11/91 (AY441994) 99 SAT1/TAN/37/99 (AY442005) SAT1/TAN/3/80 (AY442006) 99 SAT1/TAN/6/99 99 SAT1/MAL/4/2000 SAT1/MAL/3/2000 99 SAT1/MAL/2/2000 73 SAT1/ZAM/3/2000 SAT1/MAL/1/2001 89 SAT1/MAL/2/2001 90 99 SAT1/TAN/13/74 (AY442001) SAT1/TAN/1/96 (AY442003) SAT1/ZAM/10/2008 SAT1/ZAM/13/2008 98 SAT1/ZAM/9/2008 SAT1/ZAM/12/2008 99 SAT1/ZAM/11/2008 SAT1/ZAM/5/2008 SAT1/ZAM/6/2008 88 SAT1/ZAM/7/2008 SAT1/ZAM/28/2004 SAT1/ZAM/29/2004 SAT1/ZAM/27/2004 SAT1/ZAM/30/2004 SAT1/ZAM/31/2004 96 SAT1/ZAM/32/2004 SAT1/ZAM/1/2005 74 SAT1/ZAM/2/2005 SAT1/ZAM/5/2004 99 SAT1/ZAM/9/2004 SAT1/ZAM/16/2004 SAT1/ZAM/4/2004 SAT1/ZAM/2/2004 SAT1/ZAM/6/2004 SAT1/ZAM/10/2004 SAT1/ZAM/14/2004 SAT1/ZAM/7/2004 SAT1/ZAM/8/2004 SAT1/ZAM/11/2004 SAT1/ZAM/3/2004 SAT1/ZAM/1/2004 SAT1/ZAM/12/2004 SAT1/ZIM/23/2003 SAT1/RV/11/37 (AY593839) SAT1/RHO/5/66 (AY593846) SAT1/BEC/1/48 (AY593838) SAT1SAT2/ZIM/2/2003 SAT1/ZIM/13/2003 87 SAT1/ZIM/21/2003 75 SAT1/ZIM/4/2003 SAT1/ZIM/20/2003 SAT1SAT2/ZIM/5/2003 SAT1/ZIM/P1/2004 (E45) 99 SAT1/ZIM/P1/2004 (C10) SAT1/ZIM/P1/2004 (D19) SAT1/SW A/1/49 SAT1/SR/2/58 (AY593841) 99 SAT1/BOT/1/68 (Z98203) 94 SAT1/SW A/40/61 SAT1/SA/13/61 (AY593842) SAT1/ZAM/4/2000 71 SAT1/BOT/22/2006 (buffalo) 98 SAT1/NMB/1/2000 78 SAT1/BOT/20/2006 (buffalo) SAT1/BOT/15/2006 99 SAT1/BOT/16/2006 80 SAT1/BOT/14/2006 SAT1/BOT/12/2006 SAT1/BOT/13/2006 SAT1/BOT/17/2006 SAT1/BOT/18/2006 SAT1/UGA/1/97 (AY442012) SAT1/UGA BUFF/21/70 buffalo SAT1/UGA/3/99 (AY442009) SAT1/UGA/7/99 (AY442011) 99 77 SAT1/NIG/3/80 (AF431729) 97 SAT1/NIG/5/81 (AF431730) 70 SAT1/NIG/10/81 (AF431731) 95 SAT1/NIG/2/79 (AF431728) SAT1/SUD/4/76 (AY441997) SAT1/SUD/13/74 (AY442000) 99 SAT1/SUD/8/74 (AY441998) 98 SAT1/SUD/9/74 (AY441999) SAT1/ISR/4/62 (AY593844) SAT1/SUD/3/76 (AY441996) 99 SAT1/UGA/47/71 SAT1/UGA/13/74 (AY442010) SAT1/NIG/8/76 (AF431724) SAT1/NGR/4/76 (AF431719) SAT1/NGR/5/76 (AF431720) 99 SAT1/NIG/20/76 (AF431727) SAT1/NIG/14/76 (AF431725) SAT1/NIG/17/75 (AF431712) SAT1/NGR/2/76 (AF431718) 99 SAT1/NIG/1/76 (AF431721) SAT1/NGR/1/76 (AF431717) SAT1/NIG/11/75 (AF431711) 87 SAT1/NIG/24/75 (AF431714) SAT1/NIG/25/75 (AF431715) SAT1/NIG/5/76 (AF431723) SAT1/NIG/20/75 (AF431713) SAT1/NIG/7/76 (AF431726) SAT1/NIG/6/76 (AF431716) SAT1/NIG/2/76 (AF431722) SAT1/NIG/14/75 (AF431709) SAT1/NIG/15/75 (AF431710)

0.05

Fig. 13. FMDV type SAT 1 in Zambia in 2008.

64

Annex 3. Recent FMD Publications cited by PubMed

1.

Nuanualsuwan S, Thongtha P, Kamolsiripichaiporn S, Subharat S. UV inactivation and model of UV inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease viruses in suspension. Int J Food Microbiol. 2008 Sep 30;127(12):84-90. Epub 2008 Jun 18. PMID: 18625534 [PubMed - in process]

2.

Joyappa DH, Sasi S, Ashok KC, Reddy GR, Suryanarayana VV. The plasmid constructs producing shRNA corresponding to the conserved 3D polymerase of Foot and Mouth Disease virus protects guinea pigs against challenge virus. Vet Res Commun. 2008 Sep 23. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18810649 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

3.

Wang X, Zhang X, Kang Y, Jin H, Du X, Zhao G, Yu Y, Li J, Su B, Huang C, Wang B. Interleukin-15 enhance DNA vaccine elicited mucosal and systemic immunity against foot and mouth disease virus. Vaccine. 2008 Sep 19;26(40):5135-44. Epub 2008 May 6.

PMID: 18462848 [PubMed - in process]

4.

Su B, Wang J, Wang X, Jin H, Zhao G, Ding Z, Kang Y, Wang B. The effects of IL-6 and TNF-alpha as molecular adjuvants on immune responses to FMDV and maturation of dendritic cells by DNA vaccination. Vaccine. 2008 Sep 19;26(40):5111-22. Epub 2008 Apr 21. PMID: 18462845 [PubMed - in process]

5.

Gloster J, Ryan E, Wright C, Doel C, Parida S, Cox S, Barnett P, Schley D, Gubbins S, Paton D. Footand-mouth disease: How much airborne virus do animals exhale?

Vet J. 2008 Sep 16. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18801678 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

6.

Alexandersen S, Wernery U, Nagy P, Frederiksen T, Normann P. Dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) are of Low Susceptibility to Inoculation with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O. J Comp Pathol. 2008 Sep 10. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18789453 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

7.

Martínez-Azorín F, Remacha M, Martínez-Salas E, Ballesta JP. Internal translation initiation on the foot-and-mouth disease virus IRES is affected by ribosomal stalk conformation.

FEBS Lett. 2008 Sep 3;582(20):3029-32. Epub 2008 Aug 7. PMID: 18675807 [PubMed - in process]

8.

O'Donnell V, Larocco M, Baxt B. Heparan sulfate-binding foot-and-mouth disease virus enters cells via caveola-mediated endocytosis. J Virol. 2008 Sep;82(18):9075-85. Epub 2008 Jul 9. PMID: 18614639 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

9.

Valarcher JF, Gloster J, Doel CA, Bankowski B, Gibson D. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (O/UKG/2001) is poorly transmitted between sheep by the airborne route.

Vet J. 2008 Sep;177(3):425-8. Epub 2007 Jul 12. PMID: 17629524 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

10. Mingqiu Z, Qingli S, Jinding C, Lijun C, Yanfang X. Sequence analysis of the protein-coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus O/HK/2001. Vet Microbiol. 2008 Aug 25;130(3-4):238-46. Epub 2008 Feb 7. PMID: 18343054 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 11. Cooke JN, Westover KM. Serotype-specific differences in antigenic regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV): A comprehensive statistical analysis. Infect Genet Evol. 2008 Aug 23. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18790086 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] 12. Martínez-López B, Perez AM, De la Torre A, Rodriguez JM. Quantitative risk assessment of foot-andmouth disease introduction into Spain via importation of live animals.

Prev Vet Med. 2008 Aug 15;86(1-2):43-56. Epub 2008 Apr 21. PMID: 18430478 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 13. Du Y, Dai J, Li Y, Li C, Qi J, Duan S, Jiang P. Immune responses of recombinant adenovirus coexpressing VP1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus and porcine interferon alpha in mice and guinea pigs.

Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2008 Aug 15;124(3-4):274-83. Epub 2008 Apr 22.

PMID: 18511133 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

65

14. Larska M, Wernery U, Kinne J, Schuster R, Alexandersen G, Alexandersen S. Differences in the susceptibility of dromedary and Bactrian camels to foot-and-mouth disease virus. Epidemiol Infect.

2008 Aug 8:1-6. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18687160 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] 15. Busch GK, Tate EW, Gaffney PR, Rosivatz E, Woscholski R, Leatherbarrow RJ. Specific N-terminal protein labelling: use of FMDV 3C pro protease and native chemical ligation.

Chem Commun (Camb). 2008 Aug 7;(29):3369-71. Epub 2008 Jun 25. PMID: 18633492 [PubMed indexed for MEDLINE] 16. Durand S, Murphy C, Zhang Z, Alexandersen S. Epithelial distribution and replication of foot-andmouth disease virus RNA in infected pigs. J Comp Pathol. 2008 Aug-Oct;139(2-3):86-96. Epub 2008 Jul 11. PMID: 18620703 [PubMed - in process] 17. Muthukrishnan M, Singanallur NB, Ralla K, Villuppanoor SA. Evaluation of FTA cards as a laboratory and field sampling device for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus and serotyping by RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR. J Virol Methods. 2008 Aug;151(2):311-6. Epub 2008 Jun 26. PMID: 18584888 [PubMed - in process] 18. Lu Z, Cao Y, Bao H, Qi S, Guo J, Shang Y, Jiang T, Zhang Q, Ma J, Liu Z, Liu X, Yin H, Xie Q. Techniques developed in China for foot-and-mouth disease diagnosis.

Transbound Emerg Dis. 2008 Aug;55(5-6):196-9. PMID: 18666962 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 19. Mohan MS, Gajendragad MR, Gopalakrishna S, Singh N. Comparative study of experimental Footand-Mouth Disease in cattle (Bos indicus) and buffaloes (Bubalis bubalus). Vet Res Commun. 2008 Aug;32(6):481-9. Epub 2008 May 20. PMID: 18491212 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 20. Choudary S, Ravikumar P, Ashok Kumar C, Suryanarayana VV, Reddy GR. Enhanced immune response of DNA vaccine (VP1-pCDNA) adsorbed on cationic PLG for foot and mouth disease in guinea pigs. Virus Genes. 2008 Aug;37(1):81-7. Epub 2008 May 31.

PMID: 18516668 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 21. Rana SK, Bagchi T. Partial sequence analysis of VP1 of Indian isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus type Asia-1.Virus Genes. 2008 Aug;37(1):60-8. Epub 2008 May 30.

PMID: 18512139 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 22. Seki C, Robiolo B, Periolo O, Iglesias M, D'Antuono A, Maradei E, Barros V, La Torre J, Mattion N. Rapid methodology for antigenic profiling of FMDV field strains and for the control of identity, purity and viral integrity in commercial virus vaccines using monoclonal antibodies.

Vet Microbiol. 2008 Jul 26. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18774662 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] 23. Pengyan W, Yan R, Zhiru G, Chuangfu C. Inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus replication in vitro and in vivo by small interfering RNA. Virol J. 2008 Jul 25;5:86.

PMID: 18652701 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 24. Mohan MS, Gajendragad MR, Kishore S, Gopalakrishna S, Singh N. Kinetics of immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus (type Asia 1) in experimental cattle. Vet Res Commun. 2008 Jul 22.

[Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18648998 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] 25. Ojosnegros S, Agudo R, Sierra M, Briones C, Sierra S, González-López C, Domingo E, Cristina J. Topology of evolving, mutagenized viral populations: quasispecies expansion, compression, and operation of negative selection. BMC Evol Biol. 2008 Jul 17;8:207.

PMID: 18637173 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 26. Perez AM, König G, Späth E, Thurmond MC. Variation in the VP1 gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A associated with epidemiological characteristics of outbreaks in the 2001 epizootic in Argentina. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2008 Jul;20(4):433-9. PMID: 18599847 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 27. Morioka K, Fukai K, Ohashi S, Sakamoto K, Tsuda T, Yoshida K. Comparison of the characters of the plaque-purified viruses from foot-and-mouth disease virus O/JPN/2000.

66

J Vet Med Sci. 2008 Jul;70(7):653-8. PMID: 18685235 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 28. Harwood LJ, Gerber H, Sobrino F, Summerfield A, McCullough KC. Dendritic cell internalization of foot-and-mouth disease virus: influence of heparan sulfate binding on virus uptake and induction of the immune response. J Virol. 2008 Jul;82(13):6379-94. Epub 2008 Apr 30. PMID: 18448534 [PubMed indexed for MEDLINE] 29. Cubillos C, de la Torre BG, Jakab A, Clementi G, Borrás E, Bárcena J, Andreu D, Sobrino F, Blanco E. Enhanced mucosal immunoglobulin A response and solid protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus challenge induced by a novel dendrimeric peptide. J Virol. 2008 Jul;82(14):7223-30. Epub 2008 Apr 30. PMID: 18448530 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 30. Muller JD, McEachern JA, Bossart KN, Hansson E, Yu M, Clavijo A, Hammond JM, Wang LF. Serotype-independent detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Virol Methods. 2008 Jul;151(1):146-53. Epub 2008 Apr 25. PMID: 18440078 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

67

Annex 4. RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE WRL ON FMD VIRUS STRAINS TO BE INCLUDED IN FMDV ANTIGEN BANKS – September 2008

High Priority

Medium Priority

O Manisa (covers panasian topotype) O BFS or Campos A24 Cruzeiro Asia 1 Shamir A22 Iraq SAT 2 Saudi Arabia (or equivalent) (not in order of importance)

A Eritrea A Iran ’96 SAT 2 Zimbabwe A Iran 87 or A Saudi Arabia 23/86 (or equivalent) SAT 1 South Africa A Malaysia 97 (or Thai equivalent such as A/NPT/TAI/86) A Argentina 2001 O Taiwan 97 (pig-adapted strain or Philippine equivalent) A Iran ’99 (not in order of importance)

Low Priority A15 Bangkok related strain A87 Argentina related strain C Noville SAT 2 Kenya SAT 1 Kenya SAT 3 Zimbabwe A Kenya (not in order of importance)

68

Appendix 7

Euro-Mediterranean Animal Health Network (EMAHN) •Initiative from France (EU chair), first presented during CVO meeting in Strasbourg in October 2008 •Aimed at strengthening existing bilateral cooperation between all countries around the mediterranean sea •Scope: animal diseases, zoonosis, emerging diseases

Present status of the initiative • Initiative is considered to fit into new EU animal health strategy • Cie is asked to prepare an overview of all relevant programmes and participants • Cie is asked to convene a meeting of a working group of interested member states to work out the goals of EMAHN and the working principles and operating procedures

69

Working group should take into account existing activities, including those of EuFMD Cie is asked to involve interested third countries, as well as FAO and OIE with a view on their regional offices in Beirut and Tunis Cie is asked to report back to the EU CVO meeting before July 2009

70

Appendix 8

European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EUFMD) th 77 Executive Committee

REVISION OF THE EUFMD STRATEGY PAPER FOR PERIOD 2009-2013: changes compared to 2005-2009 The General Session of the Commission falling every 2 years is an important opportunity for setting direction and priority for actions in each forthcoming biennium. In 2005, the General Session approved a 4 year strategic plan, in order to plan for longer term goals and in line with the likely 4 year duration of the contract with the European Commission (DG-SANCO) for activities in support of FMD control.

The Strategy was reviewed at the mid-term (2007) and there 2009 General Session provides an opportunity to review progress over 4 years and to update the Strategy for the period 2009-2013.

The Strategy paper for the 38th Session should outline the lessons learnt in the 2005-9 period, the drivers for a changed strategy, the strategic context and framework for action; it should indicate those areas where the Commission should act, in concert with partners in its areas of expertise, mandate and strength, and how the outputs should link to those of member countries and European institutions.

Summary of proposed Strategy changes: Priorities in 1st and 2nd Plans: First 4 year Plan (2005-2009)

Second 4 year Plan : 2009-2013

FMD risk –Turkey

Risk reduction – EurAsia Roadmap

Turkish neighbourhood/west

FMD risk – via Caucasus

Technical networking – Euro-Med region

Emergency response – European neighbourhood

FMD Training program - European/EuFMD member states 4 year rolling program

Viral surveillance for Vaccine bank prioritisation

Viral surveillance for Vaccine bank prioritization

Lack of recent FMD investigation experience in MS

Global FMD progress monitoring/risk information across 7 virus pools

Vaccination to live – technical issues Table 1

Context The context –what has changed since 2005?

Changes: • FMDV evolution and epidemics in West Eurasia: type A Iran 05 and O PanAsia II epidemics in West Eurasia (affecting Thrace region), requiring vaccine antigen changes; • Turkey: pre-accession support, initiation of long term FMD control program (with EU funding for 3 yr full vaccination program :2008-2010) , parallel support for implementing the acquis comunitaire.

71 77th Executive Committee

Appendix 8

• • • • •

• •

Caucasus: improved capacity ARM, AZB; unstable and undercapacity GEO; but continued viral entry detected; reduced use of non-OIE standard vaccine (ARM, AZB).

West EurAsia: first regional meeting to plan a 2020 Roadmap for long term control Euro-Med developments: political level, plus increased EuFMD interaction with middle-east and north Africa: yearly Roundtable meetings, technical support –Egypt, Syria, Lebanon UK 2007 outbreak: new biosecurity guidelines developed Technical: post-vaccination surveillance: increased level of routine application (surveys in Turkey/Caucasus/Iran/Syria); series of workshops for post-emergency vaccination (Tervuren, Belgium) for European countries Technical: rapid /pen-side tests commercially available (Svanova LFD), close to market (Smiths Detection) growth in EuFMD Open Sessions: now global attendance/network.

General context: • • • • • • • • •

need to scale up livestock production and efficiency to meet 50% agricultural production expansion need by 2030 enormous vaccination programs in China, parallel research effort; new major player in global R&D on FMD economic development in India, but only low % vaccination at present, national FMD plans being elaborated for wider roll-out movement towards Gf-TADS global plan of action against FMD based on regional roadmaps OIE/FAO FMD laboratory network: now - annual meetings, workplan, information system Regional Animal Health centres (RAHCs) of FAO/OIE/ have become major operational modality to organise and network with countries in Africa, South Asia (SAARC) transfrontier peace parks in southern Africa: likely increase in SAT incursions in cattle greater discussion on commodity based trade and incentives for animal health investment in endemic regions new networking tools/opportunities for training, information exchange and feedback –exploiting Web 2.0 tools, MEANING: far more USER driven and USER reviewed content, using the technical network across Europe/the world in a dynamic manner

No change/worse situation: • level of risk from major reservoirs : • information available for FMD risk assessment from endemic countries/major reservoirs • rate of incursions from West Eurasia and sub-Saharan Africa into Mediterranean • training needs for European and neighbourhood veterinarians: much the same need as 2005

New opportunities: 2009-2013 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Training, information exchange and response capacity building, using Web2.0 tools, in-country and laboratory training, building on current partnerships West EurAsia: good opportunity to initiate and influence progressive control of FMD in the 14 countries where Europe meets west Asia/middle-east (2020 Roadmap) Euro-Med FMD control network: Europe, North Africa, and eastern med countries around the table to improve co-operation in surveillance, early response, and planning preventive measures,: EuFMD as Secretariat, working with FAO/OIE regional centres in Beirut and Tunis Produce global 6 or 12 month state of FMD control reports, for improved FMD risk analysis : EuFMD support to member states (6 monthly global risk assessments) Build upon first Phase of the Small grants scheme to promote FMDV collection , typing and information exchange: Africa immediately south of Sahara

72 77th Executive Committee

Appendix 8

Suggested change in priorities for 2009-2013 (Second Plan)

First 4 year Plan (2005-2009)

Second 4 year Plan : 2009-2013

FMD risk –Turkey

Risk reduction – EurAsia Roadmap

Turkish neighbourhood/west

FMD risk – via Caucasus

Technical networking – Euro-Med region

Emergency response – European neighbourhood

FMD Training program - European/EuFMD member states 4 year rolling program

Viral surveillance for Vaccine bank prioritisation

Viral surveillance for Vaccine bank prioritization

Lack of recent FMD investigation experience in MS

Global FMD progress monitoring/risk information across 7 virus pools

Vaccination to live – technical issues

The new priorities build on developments in 2005-9: 1) East EurAsia FMD roadmap – the emphasis is to promote/advocate and technically support countries to development/implement risk reduction programs (builds on current support to neighbours of Turkey) 2) Technical networking – Euro-med region; surveillance, early warning, lab harmonisation, training (natural extension of Research Group meetings to include experts from neighborhood countries) 3) Training program; European/EuFMD member states 4 year rolling program 4) Viral surveillance for Vaccine bank prioritisation: builds on small grants and support for FMDV submission to WRL/CRL in first Plan, to continue to fill gaps in knowledge for risk assessment on circulating FMDV strains 5) Global FMD progress monitoring/risk information across 7 virus pools (builds on WRL reporting to EuFMD/FAO/OIE with more regional FMD control program information and analysis)

Problems addressed in Phase 1: continuation, change or cease activities?

First 4 year Plan (2005-2009)

Second 4 year Plan : 2009-2013

Key Problems to address:

Continuation/change

•

FMD risk to south-eastern Europe from FMD in Turkey.

•

•

Support the implementation of West EurAsia roadmap, EuFMD to focus activities on neighbouring countries to Turkey if Russian Fed becomes a member then also increase activities in central Asia CIS

•

Risk of exotic FMD incursions into Turkey/Russian Federation from West Asia via Caucasus.

•

continue support to Caucasus countries until ? 2012 – when Turkey and western Iran under control

•

Need for immediate technical assistance and provision and supervision of inputs

•

request EC to maintain the balance in the TF as a strategic 73

77th Executive Committee

Appendix 8

•

during FMD control operations when emergencies occur.

The problem of vaccine selection/bank management because of lack of virus collection in endemic areas, and lack of comparable or timely information exchange between laboratories.

reserve •

•

•

•

In free countries, declining number of veterinarians with experience and expertise in FMD control operations and related management areas.

•

•

support lab networking: Europe/iran/Pakistan (West Eurasia) support surveillance/lab networking Mediterranean region support sample collection /typing: sahel Implement Training Programme, train >2 persons from each EuFMD member (and neighbourhood? countries) by 2013 parallel training resource programme (online tools and resources)

•

Diversity in European region in levels of human resources, in proficiency and resources to undertake surveillance and epidemic management.

•

see above , network initiative to make open access to information/training resources

•

Issues constraining selection of “vaccination to live” as a emergency response in countries free without vaccination.

•

continuous item on RG Agenda

74 77th Executive Committee

Appendix 9

Risk of infection: example of subdividing infected countries by frequency of epidemics : Conjectured Status of FMD 2007 (from WRL Pirbright)

Endemic Intermediate, sporadic Free with vaccination Countries with multiples zones: FMD-free, free with vaccination or not free Free. Virus present in game parks Free

Global FMD Control 2008 REPORT The proposed report brings together

•

FAO, OIE, the reference laboratories and major R&D consortia together to produce a state of the FMD report to assist risk assessment and progress monitoring by region

•

Information on circulating viral strains in 2008 from the OIE/FAO network of FMD reference laboratories, in each of the seven major virus pools

•

A summary of progress towards FMD control in regions that have established long term regional roadmaps/plans

•

Official data from the OIE for 2008

•

Epidemiological analyses by virus pool/region

•

A summary of technical progress towards improved tools for FMD control provided by the Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease research alliance (GFRA)

•

A compendium of projects supporting FMD surveillance and control, and resources for training, and reference materials and FMD diagnostic supplies

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Appendix 9

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: The global distribution and circulation of FMDV strains in 2008 (WRL and FAO) For each of the 7 major FMDV pools, this gives the results of strain characterization (WRL, using the OIE/FAO lab annual report for 2008) plus further epidemiological information or analyses (FAO), and long term genotype and antigenic type distribution and changes in each region (WRL).

Chapter 2: Progress in FMD control (FAO) Progressive FMD pathway approach -FAO Global use of FMD vaccination in 2008 (EuFMD) Strengthening VS: could summarize application of PVS in 2008 and before (OIE)?

Chapter 3: Progress in development or implementation of long term regional FMD initiatives Special focus in 2008 on: • South-east Asia (SEAFMD 2020) • West EurAsia (2020 Roadmap) • Southern Africa (Regional progress in SADC countries) Chapter 4: Progress in development of improved tools for FMD in 2008 (GFRA) Chapter provided by GFRA (but not only: may have a summary of EuFMD-Erice) Chapter 5: International projects/support summary Table of FAO /OIE and other projects including inventory of FMD related activities Chapter 6: Resources for capacity building (FAO) Tables: • Training resources/courses • Suppliers of FMD diagnostic tests etc Chapter 7: Changes to the international standards relating to FMD (OIE) Summary of changes at International Ctee (Code, Manual, ad hoc groups) provided by the OIE. Chapter 8: Conclusions Annexes Tables of data on FMD - provided by OIE from WAHIS for the year in question

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Appendix 10

Improving surveillance of FMD in West and Central Africa

Improving surveillance of FMD in West and Central Africa Approach to promote sampling programs for FMD

Coordinating national efforts to achieve regional progress The Watershed Concept: Global FMD pool = is made of mostly separate “regional” pools (~7) Each pool has antigenically distinct virus strains – requiring adapted vaccination programs

Pool 5 Types O, A, SAT1 & 2

Pool 3 Types O, A, Asia-1

Pool 7 Type O,A

Pool 2 Types O, A, Asia-1 Pool 1 Types O, A, Asia-1

Pool 4 Types A, O, SAT 1, 2, 3 Pool 6 Types SAT 1, 2, 3

EuFMD 77th Executive Committee

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Potential sources of introduction of FMD in the North Africa Asia: types O, A, Asia1

?

Middle-East types O, A and Asia1

?

?

? ?

South America type O (type A and C 2004)

East Africa types O, A, C, SAT1 and SAT2

West Africa types O, A, SAT1 and SAT2

FMDV O in Africa 2000 to 2008 TUNISIA MOROCCO

ALGERIA

LIBYA

EGYPT

WESTERN SAHARA

MAURITANIA

MALI

NIGER ERITREA CHAD

DJIBOUTI

BURKINA FASO

GUINEA-BISSAU

ETHIOPIA

TOGO

GUINEA

NIGERIA COTE D'IVOIRE

SIERRA-LEONE

YEMEN

SUDAN

SENEGAL THE GAMBIA

ETHIOPIA CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

BENIN GHANA

LIBERIA

UGANDA KENYA

CAMEROON

SOMALIA UGANDA

EQUATORIAL GUINEA GABON

KENYA RWANDA

CONGO

WA

D.R. CONGO

BURUNDI KENYA

ANGOLA

TANZANIA

EA-1 EA-2

ANGOLA ZAMBIA

EA-3

ZIMBABWE NAMIBIA

ME-SA & WA

BOTSWANA

ME-SA

SWAZILAND

Euro-SA

S AT2/K EN/11/2004 S AT2/K EN/1/ 86 (A Y343943) S AT2/KEN/ 9/2004 S AT2/KEN/ 1/84 (K 7/84) ( AY344505) S AT2/KEN/ 1/87 (A Y343944) S AT2/K EN/ 2/87 ( AY343945) SAT2/K 65/82 ( Kenya) S AT2/K 52/84 ( B) S AT2/K 52/84 ( Kenya) S AT2/M A L/3/75 (A F367099) S AT2/TA N/1/86 ( A Y343971) SAT2/TA N/1/75 (A Y 343970) SAT2/K EN/3/ 95 ( A Y343957) S AT2/K183/74 (K enya) S AT2/KEN/ 2/76 (A Y343940) S AT2/K EN/ 7/2005 S AT2/KEN/ 33/91 ( AY 343950) S AT2/KEN/ 16/98 ( AY 343962) S AT2/K EN/8/ 99 (DQ009729) S AT2/K EN/7/ 99 (AF 367132) SAT2/K EN/5/ 99 ( AF 367131) SAT2/K EN/9/ 99 ( AF 367133) S AT2/K EN/ 6/2004 S AT2/K EN/17/2004 S AT2/TAN/18/2004 SAT2/K EN/22/2004 S AT2/K EN/32/2004 S AT2/KEN/ 8/2004 S AT2/K EN/5/ 2004 S AT2/K EN/ 8/2005 S AT2/TAN/21/2004 S AT2/TA N/6/2004 S AT2/K EN/13/2004 S AT2/KEN/ 10/2004 S AT2/TA N/4/2004 S AT2/TA N/9/2004 S AT2/ETH/1/90 ( AY 343935) S AT2/ET H/2/90 (A Y 343936) SAT2/ET H/1/91 (A Y 343937) S AT2/B UN/1/91 (A F367111) S AT2/ZAM/ 9/93* (AF 367116) S AT2/ZAM /10/93* ( AF367117) S AT2/ZAM/ 7/96* (AF 367120) S AT2/ZAM /10/96* ( AF367121) S AT2/RHO/ 1/48 (AJ 251475) S AT2/RHO/1/48 (A Y593847) S AT2/ZIM /10/2002 S AT2/ZIM /11/2002 S AT2/BOT/29/98* (AF 367124) S AT2/B OT/31/98* ( AF 367125) S AT2/BOT/24/2006 S AT2/BOT/1/2005 S AT2/BOT/3/2005 S AT2/BOT/6/2005 S AT2/BOT/8/2005 S AT2/B OT/2/2005 S AT2/B OT/4/2005 S AT2/B OT/5/2005 S AT2/B OT/7/2005 S AT2/ZIM /19/2003 S AT2/ZIM /22/2003 S AT2/ZIM /18/2003 S AT2/ZIM /16/2003 S AT2/ZIM /9/2003 S AT2/ZIM /5/2003 S AT2/ZIM /1/2003 S AT2/ZIM /6/2003 S AT2/ZIM /2/ 2003 S AT2/ZIM /3/ 2003 S AT2/ZIM /20/ 2003 S AT2/ZIM /17/ 2003 S AT2/ZIM /18/ 2002 S AT2/ZIM /7/ 2003 S AT2/ZIM /8/ 2003 S AT2/ZIM /11/ 2003 S AT2/ZIM /12/ 2003 S AT2/ZIM /14/ 2003 S AT2/ZIM /15/ 2003 S AT2/ZIM/12/ 2002 S AT2/ZIM/14/ 2002 S AT2/ZIM /13/ 2002 S AT2/ZIM /15/ 2002 S AT2/MA L/2/2003 S AT2/ZIM Gn10/91 S AT2/M OZ/1/79 (A F367137) SAT2/M OZ/ 4/83* ( AF367101) S AT2/SA/ 106/ 59 ( A Y593848) S AT2/S AR/16/83 (DQ 009734) S AT2/KNP/ 183/91* (A F367112) S AT2/P A L/5/83* ( A F367102) S AT2/K NP/32/92* ( AF367115) S AT2/S AR/5/ 01* (A Y442907) S AT2/S AR/7/ 01* (A Y442909) SAT2/S AR/4/ 01* (A Y442906) S AT2/S AR/3/ 01* (A Y442905) S AT2/S AR/2/ 01* (A Y442904) S AT2/S AR/1/ 01* (A Y442903) SAT2/S AR/6/ 01* (A Y442908) S AT2/S AR/9/ 01* (A Y442911) S AT2/S AR/8/01* ( AY442910) S AT2/SAR/ 10/01* ( AY 442912) S AT2/S AR/ 11/01* ( AY 442913) S AT2/KNP/ 1/92* ( AF 367114) S AT2/KNP/ 18/95* ( AF 367118) S AT2/KNP/ 31/95* ( AF 367119) S AT2/KNP/ 19/89* ( AF 367110) S AT2/KNP/ 19/89* (DQ009735) S AT2/K NP/ 7/88* (AF 367103) S AT2/K NP/16/88* ( AF 367104) SAT2/K NP/17/88* ( AF 367105) S AT2/KNP/ 2/89* ( AF 367109) S AT2/KNP/ 18/88* ( AF 367138) SAT2/K NP/19/88* ( AF 367106) SAT2/K NP/20/88* ( AF 367107) S AT2/ZIM /8/2002 S AT2/ZIM /17/2002 S AT2/ZIM /9/2002 SAT2/ZIM/1/88* (A F367108) SAT2/ZIM/7/83 ( AF136607) S AT2/ZIM /7/83* ( DQ009726) S AT2/NAM /286/98* ( A F367127) S AT2/N AM /292/98* ( AF367128) S AT2/B OT/1/98* ( A F367122) S AT2/B OT/18/98* ( AF 367123) S AT2/NAM /304/98* (A F367129) S AT2/ZIM/17/ 9*1 (DQ 009727) S AT2/ZIM /267/98* ( AF 367130) S AT2/Zim/14/90* ( DQ 009728) S AT2/ZIM /1/ 00* (A F367136) S AT2/BOT/1/2006 S AT2/BOT/5/2006 S AT2/BOT/8/2006 S AT2/ZIM /7/2002 S AT2/ZIM /16/2002 S AT2/ZIM /6/2002 S AT2/ZIM /5/2002 S AT2/ZIM /1/2001 S AT2/ZIM /2/ 2001 S AT2/B OT/13/2002 S AT2/B OT/29/2002 S AT2/B OT/30/2002 S AT2/GH A/25/73 S AT2/NIG/2/75 ( AF 367139) S AT2/S EN/5/75 (AF 367140) S AT2/SEN/ 5/75 (DQ009738) SAT2/GHA/ 2/90 ( A F479415) S AT2/GH A/8/91 (A F479416) S AT2/GH A/8/91 (DQ 009732) S AT2/GAM /8/79 (AF 479410) S AT2/G AM /9/ 79 (AF 479411) S AT2/S EN/ 7/79 ( AF479412) S AT2/SEN/ 3/83 (AF 479413) S AT2/S EN/7/83 (AF 479414) S AT2/S EN/7/83 (DQ009733) S AT2/KEN/ 8/91 (A Y343949) S AT2/UG A/3/91 (A Y 343966) S AT2/KEN/ 1/94 (A Y343954) S AT2/K EN/ 11/96 ( AY343958) S AT2/KEN/ 6/92 (A Y343952) S AT2/UGA/ 9/95 ( AY 343967) S AT2/K EN/ 7/96 ( AY343959) S AT2/K EN/ 1/96 ( AY343960) S AT2/K EN/ 7/95 ( AY343956) S AT2/K EN/ 2/94 ( AY343955) S AT2/K EN/ 3/92 ( AY343951) S AT2/K EN/ 1/92 ( AY343953) S AT2/K EN/ 28/91 ( AY343948) S AT2/K EN/ 1/89 ( AY343947) S AT2/K EN/ 1/85 ( AY343942) S AT2/K EN/ 2/84 ( AY343941) S AT2/KEN/ 7A/98 ( AY 343961) S AT2/K EN/2/ 84 (K 52/ 84) S AT2/K 52/84 ( A) S AT2/K EN/2/88 (A Y343946) S AT2/K EN/ 3/57 S AT2/KEN/ 11/60 ( AY 593849) S AT2/ANG/4/74 (A F479417) S AT2/UG A/51/ 75 (A Y 343963) S AT2/UG A/3/76 (A Y 343964) SAT2/UGA/ 8/76 ( A Y343965) S AT2/UG A/2/2002 (D Q009731) S AT2/ZAI/1/82 (AF 367100) S AT2/UG A/19/98 (A Y 343969) S AT2/UG A/28/98 (A Y 343968) S AT2/S UD/ 6/77 ( AY 343939) S AT2/SUD/9/77 (A Y 442014) S AT2/ETH/2/91 ( AY 343938) S AT2/R WA/1/ 2000* (A F367134) S AT2/R WA/ 2/2001 ( DQ009730) SAT2/R WA/ 1/2004 SAT2/ZA I/1/ 74 ( DQ009737) S AT2/E RI/1/ 98 (A Y 343933) S AT2/E RI/4/ 98 ( A Y343934) S AT2/E RI/12/98 (AF 367126) S AT2/CRC/12/2000 (P 12/2000- VDI 44/1) SAT2/S AU/6/ 2000 (AF 367135) S AT2/NGR/15/ 2005 SAT2/C AR/ 104/ 2005 S AT2/CAR/105/2005 S AT2/CAR/7/2005 S AT2/CAR/8/2005 S AT2/CAR/9/2005 S AT2/C AR/20/2005 SAT2/C AR/ 24/ 2005 S AT2/C AR/110/2005 S AT2/C AR/12/2005 S AT2/C AR/1/2005 SAT2/C AR/ 4/2005 S AT2/C AR/118/2005 S AT2/C AR/117/ 2005 S AT2/C AR/119/ 2005 S AT2/C AR/5/2005 S AT2/C AR/107/ 2005 S AT2/C AR/108/ 2005 S AT2/C AR/109/ 2005

MALAWI MOZAMBIQUE

EA-4

SOUTH AFRICA

LESOTHO

4

SAT 2 Topotypes 2005 to 2008 G1

SOUTHERN & EAST AFRICA WEST AFRICA 1 SEA

WA-1

G3

G4

0.05

WEST AFRICA 2 WA-2

G2

CENTRAL & EAST AFRICA CEA

EuFMD 77th Executive Committee

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78

Key points • Type O : Mainly WA type (EA2 in DR Congo) • The presence of EA3 in Nigeria in 2007 means: – the only incursion from the East Africa?

– What about neighboring countries?

Some gaps?

• Epidemic in Senegal – 2008: – – – –

>26000 cases / > 800 death Strain (s) not Known (samples not analyzed yet) Prevalence study Vaccination program : more than 6800 cattle vaccinated

Approach to promote sampling programs for FMD 1/4: Why? • Get information on circulating strains; • Identify strains present in the region, – in order to advise on suitable vaccines – to identify antigens for use in emergency vaccine banks • FMDV genotyping is also very useful for tracing spread of epidemics, and identifying if subpopulations of viruses exist in the region in relatively closed populations.

Approach to promote sampling programs for FMD 2/4 : How? • Collection of samples from clinical suspicions or cases of FMD; • Sampling to be scheduled monthly; • Could be completed in case of lack of material by serological samples (but antibody responses are more difficult to interpret - some level of cross-reaction between types); • Analysis in FAO/OIE RL and national laboratories.

EuFMD 77th Executive Committee

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Approach to promote sampling programs for FMD 3/4 : Who? • National laboratories and/or national authorities propose a program • EU-FMD/FAO provides funds for the project for an amount – at present up to 30000 US$ – template/model for project proposal available from ABY/EuFMD Secretariat

• Submissions to be sent for January 2009.

Approach to promote sampling programs for FMD 4/4 : Follow-up • Nigeria: – Has a surveillance program of FMD – Is formally interested to propose a sampling program for analysis

• Senegal: – Is developing a prevalence study and vaccination program – will submit shortly a program for sampling on clinical cases of FMD

• Guinea: – Interested to participate to a sampling program – Cyclic epidemics (1996 -2007) supposed to enter from Mali

Thank You

EuFMD 77th Executive Committee

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Appendix 11

FMD SITUATION IN TURKEY -Country Report-

FMD SITUATION IN TURKEY - Country ReportDr Nihat Pakdil Deputy Secretary of M.A.R.A. of Turkey

A.Naci BULUT Head of Diagnosis Department Sap Institute, Ankara, Turkey

Introduction

Turkey has been endemic with FMD (Type O and A) FMD field strains in Turkey

A Iran 2005

New variant of type O PanAsia

Endemic in Anatolia since October 2006

Asia 1

Endemic in Anatolia since November 2005

No case since 2002

NO DISEASE OCCURRED IN THRACE REGION SINCE 2007

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Current Disease Situation NUMBER OUTBREAKS 2007-NOV 2008 180 160 NO. OF OUTBREAKS

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

JA N 07

FE MA AP MA JU B R R Y NE

119 70

47

35

21

11

25

FE MA AP MA JU B R R Y NE

JU AU SE OC NO LY G PT T V

14

6

6

6

3

4

13

3

0

1

0

18

9

3

4

2

1

3

3

5

5

1

2

7

15

18

15

25

19

19

14

3

1

0

UNTYPED

34

35

33

31

28

28

22

19

14

18

5

4

8

4

7

6

14

2

4

1

1

2

2

171 114 102 97

77

64

46

33

44

37

12

12

21

22

29

34

42

21

24

15

7

9

10

TOTAL

62

JA N 08

TYPE A

TYPE O

66

JU AU SE OC NO DE LY G PT T V C

3

6

8

Disribution of outbreaks

Type A:136 Type O:47 Untyped:51

Current Disease Situation

After the two big endemic, 2006 type A and 2007 type O; the first time no peak recorded this year after the Kurban Festival As a result: number of outbreak has been declined sharply

Outbreaks due to the type A relatively were increased begining the this year; now seems in peace Outbreaks due to the type O were decrease first and after the disappearing during the summer time, it has been shifted with new exotic sub-variant(4% genetic differencess) on August

Mainly distributed in Erzincan and Erzurum Index case is Erzincan Diease was occurred in young unvaccinated or primmovaccinated population At the moment disease has not been extend in range; clustering in east region because of very well vaccination coverage

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Genetic and antigenic diversities

Type O seems still stable antigenicly

O1 Manisa vacc. Strain covers antigenicly Geneticly new O Pan-Asia sub-strain (Group IIA) However, latest O isolates are part in a new group with 4% difference geneticly from former group

Type A05 Iran has been changed in time

Genetic lineage take places two groups -the latest one almost 5% far from previous;05ARD 07 Antigenic poor reaction with A22 Iraq vacc.

r values: <0.2 ∞ a new sub-strain; A Tur 2006

Policy on the combating of the disease For the combating FMD in Turkey; Vaccination, Slaughtering (in Thrace region only); bio-security measures (Quarantine, disinf., anm. movement control so on) Control policy is based mainly vaccination This year a project has been started for three years: EU Project (Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in Turkey Project no: TR 06 03 02)

EuropeAid Project (124939/D/SUP/TR (124939/D/SUP/TR)) for control of FMD in Turkey

GOAL Control of FMD in Turkey by mass vaccination policy in accordance with other EU control measures such as animal identification, movement and market controls.

Total Budget: 65.437.800 €

Activities

Duration: 3 Years

Vaccination

End Date: November 2010

Sero-survey Cleaning and Disinfection

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The Project

First step tender for vaccine supply was completed by CFCU for supplying Spring 2008 vaccine

Contract

signed with the FMD Institute (05.02.08), Merial (12.02.08) and Intervet (30.01.08)

Delivery

of vaccines between 15.02.2008 15.04.2008.

Vaccine dilevered for Spring 2008 Vacc. for SR

FIRMS

Vacc. for LR

Amount of vacc.tendered

Supplied

Amount of vacc.tendered

Supplied

Intervet

2.000.000 Bivalent

1.997.100 Bivalent

4.000.000 Bivalent

3.954.600 Bivalent

Merial

2.000.000 Trivalent

2.000.000 Trivalent

2.150.000 Trivalent

2.147.150 Trivalent

Şap Enstitüsü

6.000.000 Trivalent

6.000.000 Trivalent

3.150.000 Bivalent

3.150.000 Bivalent

As a total, (7.643.600 bivalent;2.538.400 trivalent) 10.182.000 for large rum and (1.050.000 bivalent;7.161.600 trivalent) 8.211.600 for small rum.

2008 Spring vaccination scheme

All bovine animals population has been vaccinated twice a year. (~ 10.3 mil. Dosesx2)

EuFMD 77th Executive Committee

84

VACCINATION COVERAGE FOR SPRING 2008 for cattle TRACE VACC. COVERAGE 96

96

SPRING VACC. COVERAGE FOR CATTLE (BY REGIONS)

91

88

100 PERCENTAGE

PERCENTAGE

100 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

CATTLE SMALL RUM

80 60 40 20 0

ISTANBUL

ÇANAKKALE

EDIRNE

KIRKLARELI TEKIRDAG

MARMAR A

EGEAN

MEDI TERIA N

89

86

90

Seri 3

INNER ANATOLI A

BLACK SEA

EAST ANATOLI A

SOUTH EAST

TOTAL

86

74

79

84

84

REGIONS

PROVINCE

: 85-100 % : 60- 85 % : 50-60 %

VACCINATION COVERAGE FOR CATTLE BY REGION MEDITERIAN REGION

EAGEAN REGION 120 P E RCE NTAGE

60 40 20

PROVINCES

U SAK

M U GLA

M AN ISA

IZ M IR

D EN IZ LI

AYD IN

KU TAH YA

KIRSEHIR

YOZGAT

AKSARAY

KARAMAN

TOKAT

SIVAS

NIGDE

NEVSEHIR

ADIYAMAN

DIYARBAKIR

GAZIANTEP

HAKKARI

MARDIN

SIIRT

AGRI

BITLIS

BINGOL

ERZURUM

ERZINCAN

KARS

ELAZIG

MALATYA

MUS

VAN

TUNCELI

IGDIR

PROVINCES

2008 Spring vaccination scheme Small ruminants population has been vaccinated partially(<1/3), because of shortage of supplied vaccine:1.050 million doses bivalent and 7.161 mil. Doses trivalent (Whole population size: ~30 mil.

TURKEY VACC. COVERAGE FOR SMALL RUM. (BY REGIONS) 100 P ER C E N TA GE

TOTAL

20

S.URFA

60 40

120 100 80 60 40 20 0

SIRNAK

80

KILIS

PERCENTAGE

100

TOTAL

SOUTH EAST REGION

120

ARDAHAN

KONYA

KAYSERI

PROVINCES

PROVINCES

PERCENTAGE

KIRIKKALE

CORUM

CANKIRI

ESKISEHIR

TOTAL

AFYONKARAHĐSAR

AMASYA

BAYBURT

ARTVIN

TRABZON

BOLU

ANKARA

PERCENTAGE

120 100 80 60 40 20 0

EAST ANATOLIA REGION

0

BALIKESIR

K .M A R A S

M E R S ĐN

TO TAL

PROVINCES

INNER ANATOLIA REGION

GIRESUN

GUMUSHANE

RIZE

KASTAMONU

ORDU

SAMSUN

SINOP

BARTIN

ZONGULDAK

KARABÜK

TOTAL

DÜZCE

40 20

PROVINCES

BLACK SEA REGION

PERCENTAGE

60

O S M A N IY E

HAT AY

IS PA R T A

BUR D U R

AD A N A

A N T A LY A

PROVINCES

120 100 80 60 40 20 0

100 80

0 T O T AL

T EKIR D AG

100 80

0

YALOVA

KOC AELI

SAKAR YA

IST AN BU L

KIR KLAR ELI

BU R SA

ED IR N E

BILEC IK

C AN AKKALE

P E RC E N T AG E

120

T OT AL

PE RCE NTAGE

MARMARA REGION 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

80 60 40 20 0 MARMARA

EAGEN

INNER ANATOLIA

EAST ANATOLIA SOUTH EAST ANATOLIA

REGIONS

EuFMD 77th Executive Committee

85

VACCINATION COVERAGE FOR SMALL RUM. BY REGION VACC. COVERAGE IN EAGEN (SR)

AK UŞ

K Ü

TA H Y A

LI

U Ğ LA

VACC. COVERAGE IN EAST ANATOLIA (SR)

VA N

M U Ş

B ĐT LĐS

Đ

B ĐN G Ö L

TU N C EL

M A LA TY A

EL A ZIĞ

ER ZIN C A N

A Ğ RI

IĞ D IR

A R D A H A N

K A R S

PERCENTAGE

ER ZU R U M

AT

PROVINCE

YO

EH IŞ

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

ZG

IR

N

E AL

M A RA

KA

ES K

IR

AS

EH

K

RŞ

RIK

KI

KI

RĐ YS E

S ĐV

E

IR

D

VŞ EH

NE

KA

Y

A

RA

NĐĞ

SA AK

RA KA

NY

PERCENTAGE

VACC. COVERAGE IN INNER ANATOLIA (SR) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

KO

D EN IZ

B A

KI

PROVINCE

PROVINCE

AN

M

O N

A YD IN

IR

A FY

LIK

IZ

ES

M IR

LI

IR

LA RE

Ğ

NE

PERCENTAGE

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

RK

LE

DA KIR

ED

VA

A KK NA

ÇA

TE

K

RS A

LO

BU

EC I BĐL

YA

A

EL I

RY

CA

KA SA

KO

IS TA

NB

U

L

PERCENTAGE

VACC. COVERAGE IN MARMARA (SR) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

PROVINCE

S ĐĐR T

A D IY A M A N

K ĐL ĐS

Ş IR N A K

B A T M A N

H A K K A R Đ

M A R D IN

G .A N TE P

U R F A

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

D IY A R B A K IR

PERCENTAGE

VACC. COVERAGE IN SOUTH EAST (SR)

PROVINCE

Second phase tenders for vaccine supply

Vaccine for Autumn 2008:

Vaccine was supplied by tender: 6.000.000 doses Bivalent 1.312.000 doses Trivalent TOTAL: 7.312M Contract for vacc. will be signed end of the June Those supplied vaccines were delivered between July and October 2008

Vaccine delivery scheme for Autumn 2008 CATTLE POP

10.416.300

BIV THRACE*

VACC. REM FROM SPRING

2.142.427

DEMAND

8.273.873

SUPPLIED DEFICIT

7.312.500 ∞1.000.000

Addition to this suppliment; Sap Institute provided 350.000 doses during the campaign

TRIV

TAR%

X

100%

MARMARA (Thrace not incl.))

X

90%

EAGEAN

X

90%

MEDITERIAN (Hatay not incl.))

X

90%

INNER ANATOLIA

X

90%

BLACK SEA (Artvin not incl.)

X

85%

EAST ANATOLIA (excluding border prov.)

X

90%

SOUTH EAST ANATOLIA (excluding border prov.)

X

90%

BORDER PROVINCE

EuFMD 77th Executive Committee

X

90%

86

VACCINATION COVERAGE FOR AUTUMN 2008 95

91

90

89

90

85

87

86

PER C EN TA G E

TO TAL

SO UT H EAST A N A T O L IA

EAST A N A T O L IA

B L A C K S EA

IN N E R A N A T O L IA

MA RMA RA

EA G E N

M E D IT E R IA N

TRACE VACC. COVERAGE

REGIONS

100

97

95

CANAKKALE

EDIRNE

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

100

97

ISTANBUL

98

TEKIRDAG KIRKLARELI

TOTAL

PROVINCE

VACCINATION COVERAGE FOR CATTLE BY REGION VACC COVERAGE IN MEDITERIAN

VACC. COVERAGE IN EAGEN

80

80

P E RCE NTAGE

100

P E RCE NTAG E

100

60 40

60 40 20

20 0 IZMIR AYDIN

0 Seri 1

ADANA

ANTALYA

BURDUR

HATAY

ISPARTA

MERSĐN

K.MARAS

OSMANIYE

TOTAL

85

89

100

89

90

85

85

86

89

86

Seri 1

BALIKE KUTAH MANIS DENIZLI MUGLA USAK AFYON TOTAL SIR YA A

89

93

98

100

PROVINCE

80

PERCENTAG E

80

PE RCE NTAG E

100

60 40 20

100

Seri 1

92

82

YALOVA

100

70

86

95

87

91

60 40 20

0 BURSA

89

VACC. COVERAGE IN INNER ANATOLIA

100

ISTANBUL KOCAELI SAKARYA BĐLECIK

85

PROVINCE

VACC. COVERAGE IN MARMARA

0

ÇANAKKAL KIRKLARE TEKIRDAĞ EDIRNE E LI 88

91

96

ANKAR CANKI ESKISE KAYSE KIRSE NEVSE YOZGA AKSAR KARAM KIRIKK NIGDE SIVAS KONYA TOTAL A RI HIR RI HIR HIR T AY AN ALE

96

Seri 1

89

97

85

94

86

96

PROVINCE

69

87

100

100

93

87

93

90

PROVINCE

VACCINATION COVERAGE FOR CATTLE BY REGION(2) VACC. COVERAGE IN BLACK SEA

PERCENTAGE

100 80 60 40 20 0

DÜZ CE

AMA SY A

ART VI N

BOL U

89

95

87

85

Seri 1

COR GIRE GUM KAST ORD RI ZE UM SUN USH AMO U 85

86

85

85

85

SAM SINO TOK SUN P AT

57

92

87

88

TR A BZO

ZON GU L

BAY BUR

BAR TIN

51

90

88

100

KAR TOTA ABÜ L 90

85

PROVINCE

VACC. COVERAGE IN SOUTH EAST

VACC. COVERAGE IN EAST ANATOLIA 100

100

80

80

P E RCE NTAG E

P ERCENTAG E

PER C EN TA GE

TURKEY VACC. COVERAGE FOR CATTLE (BY REGIONS) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

60 40 20 0 ARDAH IGDIR AN Seri 1

97

86

VAN 97

TUNCE MUS LI 90

91

KARS ELAZIG 94

85

ERZIN ERZUR BINGO MALAT AGRI BITLIS TOTAL CAN UM L YA 89

89

89

86

85

85

90

60 40 20 0

Seri 1

KILIS

BATMAN

SIRNAK

S.URFA

SIIRT

93

92

76

90

85

PROVINCE

EuFMD 77th Executive Committee

MARDIN HAKKARI 85

87

GAZIANT DIY ARBA ADIY AMA EP KIR N 86

90

87

TOTAL 87

PROVINCE

87

Biosecurity measures

Mass vaccination has been conducted just before the festival

This campaign will be gain high protection rate just before the fes. Vacc. Campaign: September-November/Fes.: 8-11 December A new notification has been published to encourage high range vaccination coverage

Province in which recording less than 85 % coverage will be compansate by banning animal movement outside/in

Task and action force has been established for the Kurban festival in each big cities Animal movement has been regulated by:

Notification specific for movement before and after festival It has been carried out restriction on animal movement: unvaccinated animal not allowed; not vaccinated animal has to vaccinate before the movement at least 14 days

Biosecurity measures

A specific notification has been published for arrangement impermanent animal market in Istanbul and Thrace region

Notification is described:

Design of market in Istanbul; separate market regarding to origin of animals each Thrace and Anatolia Unsold animals;

Unsold Animals from Istanbul market will not be allowed for returning back to Thrace; will be slaughtered in its place In case of moved to another place; 3 weeks quarantine will be conducted in place which final destination of animals

Biosecurity measures

Notification to Governorships of Istanbul/Thrace and Municipalities of Istanbul/Thrace

Regional meeting with participation of state /municipality vet services, governorships, municipalities, police and stakeholders will be held to asses all dispositions for preparedness It will be conducted preventive measures at animal markets and slaughterhouses Regularly disinfection will be carried out at specific places State and Municipalities vet services will work with coordination to inspect all measures; A training for owners and dealers will be conducted In order to enhance awareness of the situation, it has been prepared booklets,notices and posters

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SEROSURVEILLANCE ACTIVITIES

Serosurveillance was designed in Anatolia;

aimed:

Sera were collected during the Autumn campaign;

To estimate NSP prevalance To asses vacc. Effectiveness and ab prevalance

NSP: 33.900 Ab : 3.780

Testing has been delay, because of delay on the tender for ELISA kits Result will be available on January 2009, using Institute’s kits

SEROSURVEILLANCE ACTIVITIES (THRACE)

It was initiated a program with 3 years aimed to substantiate free of FMD with vaccination As a first year activities: Active surveillance has been initiated Well structured control measurres has been implemented Serosurveillance has been conducted

NSP prevalance: 9.728 Vaccine effectiveness: 960

Testing will be carried out after the supplied kits by tender: March-may 2009

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Appendix 12

77TH SESSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (EXC 77) PROGRESS REPORT: Strengthening Foot-and-Mouth Disease prevention and emergency response capacity in the Trans-Caucasian countries (MTF/INT/003/EEC) 1. Direct beneficiary countries: Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan 2. Project start date: June 2007 and scheduled end date: June 2009 3. Funding agency and agreed financial support: EC, 2.74 million USD 4. Reporting period: Jul – Dec 2008 5.

• • • • •

International and national professional staff assigned: Carsten J. Pötzsch, EUFMD International Consultant, Regional Project Technical Officer Tamilla Aliyeva, National consultant (NC) Azerbaijan Satenik Kharatyan, National consultant Armenia Zurab Rukhadze, National consultant Georgia Anne Mayer-Scholl, International consultant for FMD diagnostics

6. Summarize FMD situation in the reporting period, and expected change in risk over next 1-3 months • No outbreaks or suspicious cases have been reported, no rumors of FMD received • No samples have been submitted to labs for FMDV investigation • The risk of FMD introduction and spread in the reporting period has increased in autumn compared to summer with the return of small ruminants from summer pastures. Autumn FMD vaccination has started in August/September in Armenia, in September in Georgia and in December in Azerbaijan, and the immunity of the cattle and small ruminants’ populations is building up in vaccination areas.

• In the next 1-3 month immunity of older cattle is expected to be stable while protection of younger animals will decrease over time in populations where revaccination is not carried out.

The risk of infection and disease will decrease in winter as animal movements are reduced; exceptions are trade of animals for autumn/early winter slaughter and the Kurban Bayram related slaughter in Azerbaijan. The Georgian cattle population outside of the buffer zone is at higher risk of infection and spread of FMD as it has not been vaccinated with a quality vaccine since autumn 2006, and vaccine strain A Ir 05/ Turkey 06 has never been applied. Winter conditions will favour virus survival and spread by vectors.

7. Recall immediate objectives and summarise progress of activities for report period, attaching operation/work plan Immediate objectives: I Institutionalise Effective and Sustainable Capability for FMD Control.

II Establish national early warning system with effective FMD emergency management plans III National reference laboratories operate to a performance level that will enable early confirmation of FMD and capacity to monitor the vaccination programs Progress of activities for report period: 1. Regional database: draft letter of agreement between the FLI Wusterhausen and FAO developed; likely start: Jan. 2009 2. Improvement of vaccination performance: • Increasing revaccination of calves, in Armenia and Azerbaijan

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90

Start of vaccination in the buffer zone of Armenia for calves at 1 month of age High importance given to FMD control and surveillance in Georgia on level of the veterinary services: the Head of the National Service of Food Safety, Veterinary and Plant Protection has called all available staff from central level to carry out FMD autumn vaccination. The decision came after other options failed because of serious shortages of budget and staff on all levels.

The decision was influenced by a number of project and FAO activities: - constant urging for action from the project side - presentation of the results of the national and regional risk assessments and the NSP surveys in Armenia and Azerbaijan, indicating a high regional risk of FMD - additional support from the FAO assistant representative 3. FMD awareness: • National and regional FMD risk assessments are carried out and communicated to the central veterinary levels, risk management options are offered and discussed • FMD awareness videos have been produced with project support in Armenia and Georgia, these videos are broadcasted during the vaccination campaigns. This has reportedly improved vaccination compliance.

• Concepts of risk and virus circulation is increasingly understood in the vet. services and labs 4. National contingency plans (CP): CP are currently reviewed and updated in Armenia and Azerbaijan, in Georgia this is planned after the restructuring of the veterinary services and the implementation of the new disease control plan in early 2009 5. FMD surveillance: • NSP survey carried out in Armenia and Azerbaijan, national NSP prevalences in Azerbaijan and Armenia 23.3 % and 30.7 % respectively, with clusters of high percentage in or near the buffer zone, for follow-up activities and conclusions see 10.

• Lab experts in Armenia and Azerbaijan can independently perform the NSP testing with Ceditest FMDV-NS kits. The baseline sera have been tested in both labs with valid results; back-up support was provided by an international consultant during baseline sero survey. It is necessary that both laboratories are regularly assessed for quality control.

• In-country virus confirmation established (Svanova penside tests) 6. Review of national imports and quarantine procedures to prevent introduction of FMD and other livestock diseases The current veterinary border control provides no effective barriers for disease spread, as the recent ASF outbreaks have demonstrated. Their role is probably more risk reduction and raising of disease awareness for national stakeholders. Current import regulations can limit the risk of disease introduction.

7. Other • National consultants are increasingly part of the national FMD control decision making • Training of NC and national staff in diagnostic methods, epidemiology, computer use and MS Excel

• •

8. Summarise delivery of vaccines or other equipment Delivery of vaccines: 867,000 doses of project FMD vaccine have arrived from FGI-ARRIAH in Azerbaijan on 13./14.09.2008, 282,000 doses in Armenia on 13.09.08 and 280,000 doses in Georgia on 14.09.08; 50,000 doses were distributed from Armenia to the veterinary services of Nagorny Karabakh. The autumn vaccination campaigns are still continuing in all countries; remaining project vaccine will be used for revaccination of young cattle according to the instructions of the vaccine producer in Armenia and Azerbaijan. While in Armenia the whole cattle population will be vaccinated, in Azerbaijan the national campaigns for cattle are carried out in risk areas, mainly along national borders. In Georgia vaccination is carried out only in the buffer zone covering all cattle and most of the sheep population. Vaccination of small ruminants in Armenia and Azerbaijan is carried out in the BZ and in areas of high sheep density and perceived risk.

All vaccines used in autumn 2008 are from FGI-ARRIAH. In Georgia about 60,000 doses of trivalent Kyrgyz Altyn Tamyr Ltd. vaccine is kept for spring 2009.

Other equipment delivered: • 5000 USD for fuel to support sero surveillance in Gerogia • One laptop for NC Gerogia • 20 Svanova Ag detection penside tests/ country

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91

9. Problems encountered and actions taken or requested to solve them • weak governmental support for FMD control in Georgia –FAO/EC assistance to increase awareness on ministerial level • SP serology not functional as no national testing established and external testing only possible with long delays – options: PrioCheck O Ab kits, Pirbright ELISA and regular proficiency testing • support from the national lab in Georgia for FMD diagnosis has never worked – recent meetings with head of lab and DETRA/Bechtel with positive outcomes, test run with sero samples planned • air shipment of samples (incl. UN3373 diagnostic samples) from Armenia and Azerbaijan still extremely difficult, currently options are assessed by NCs • skills in applied epidemiology need to be improved to progress in reporting, data work, planning of disease surveys, risk assessments etc. –hands-on training continues; for more formal training a longer term perspective for NCs in the project is necessary (project end in June 2009) 10. Workplan and expected outputs for next 6 month period See workplan (attachment A1) More specific: • Completion of baseline national surveys: to estimate the distribution of antibodies against SP and NSP in the buffer zone and the rest of the countries, including follow-up surveys in small ruminants and pigs; incl. diagnostic support, follow-up investigations and analysis of results. The remaining sample collection is currently carried out in Georgia, in Armenia and Azerbaijan: follow-up investigations and sample shipment to Brescia will be done in Dec/Jan. A data analysis and concluding workshop will be organised after all results are analysed.

• Development and use of regional FMD regional database, likely start: Jan. 2009 • Collection and testing of 21 d sera for protective immunity in Armenia, Nov/Dec • Support of national VS in amending CP, since May 2008 • Preparation and execution of spring vaccination campaign • Performing spring 2009 post vaccination sero surveillance • Planning and execution of a regional simulation exercise incl. field preparedness and lab proficiency, planned in May 2009 • Up-date: assessment and of risk of FMD introduction and spread, when required • Collation of all project related SOPs into 1) field procedures and 2) lab procedures manual 11. Reports – list or annex a. monthly reports (Jul-Nov 2008 attached) b. Annual project meeting report c. mission reports d. consultants, training or workshop reports (consultants report Anne Mayer-Scholl) 12. What to recommend • Successor project is necessary after project end to keep up progress of FMD surveillance and control in the region • Support should be provided to Armenia and Azerbaijan to make sample shipment (category A and B) possible • Regular proficiency testing for labs in the Trans Caucasus according to their level of performance • Increasing use of national laboratories in Armenia and Azerbaijan for virus confirmation and testing of probang samples; this could include the use of national PCR labs and portable PCR (Bioseeq).

• A meeting should be organised to assess the results of the baseline survey in the Trans Caucasus with participation the countries, EuFMD and ARRIAH. This meeting should take place after the analysis of the serological results from IZSLER Brescia and the results of the follow-up investigations.

• FMD clinical exercises should be carried out for veterinarians from the Trans Caucasus because national clinical experience and knowledge is decreasing; venues could be Turkey or in Iran.

13. Further information on the matter: none

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92

Appendix 13

77TH SESSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (EXC77) PROGRESS REPORT ON FMD control in Iran

1. Direct beneficiary countries: 2. Project start date [Sept2008] and scheduled end date [Dec2009] 3. Funding agency and agreed financial support {EC TF, US$445,000} 4. Reporting period: Year 2008 : Jan 2008- Nov 2008 5. International and national professional staff assigned: Dr Khalaj, nominated NPC, and Vahid Otarod 6. Summarize FMD situation in the reporting period, and expected change in risk over next 1-3 months : Evolution of FMD outbreaks In cattle showed a very sharp decrease till the end of November, but Prevalence and incidence analysis and interpretation already done, showed that although the prevalence is going down remarkably but incidence rate has not had a significant variation which means that Virus is circulating in the population in a hidden manner and estimated to be increased in the next months. In Oct and Nov 2008 the number of cattle FMD outbreaks increased to 26 and 42 respectively (Table and map attached). Location of outbreaks are mainly in central provinces specially Qom province which is the main province regarding Animal Trade and movement which significantly introduce the disease to other provinces. Origin of the animals is mostly from Western Borders (Kurdistan and West Azerbaijan). There is no evidence of spreading infection from the animals imported from eastern borders.

Spread of disease in the next 2-3 month is probable because of the fact that March will arrive soon and the susceptible animals will be increased due to new born.

Moreover, based on the Lab reports, nearly in Oct and Nov, the only isolated type A came from central province of Qom and the other isolates were mainly Type O. Most of the samples are reported to be negative.

Evolution of Cattle FMD since Apr-2003 to Nov-2008 250

200

150

100

50

EUFMD 77th Executive Committee Progress Report

93

Oct-08

Jun-08

Aug-08

Apr-08

Feb-08

Dec-07

Oct-07

Aug-07

Apr-07

Jun-07

Feb-07

Oct-06

Dec-06

Aug-06

Apr-06

Jun-06

Feb-06

Oct-05

Dec-05

Aug-05

Apr-05

Jun-05

Feb-05

Oct-04

Dec-04

Aug-04

Apr-04

Jun-04

Feb-04

Oct-03

Dec-03

Aug-03

Apr-03

Jun-03

0

Evolution of Cattle FMD During yaer 2008 in I.R.Iran 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Oct-08

Sep-08

Aug-08

Jul-08

Jun-08

May-08

Apr-08

Mar-08

Feb-08

Jan-08

0

7. Recall immediate objectives and summarise progress of activities for report period, attaching operation/work plan bullet points preferred, or table 8. Summarise delivery of vaccines or other equipment - Vaccination plan is based upon 3 phase vaccination for cattle and 1 phase for sheep and goat per year.

- There is no change in the FMD serotype and sub serotype of the vaccine - With the exception that the last phase of vaccination is started with a delay about one month (November instead of October).

9. Problems encountered and actions taken or requested to solve them vaccines (if any) • bullet points are OK 10. Workplan and expected outputs for next 6 month period - is not scheduled yet 11. Reports – list or annex a. monthly reports b. supervisory mission reports (BTOR) c. consultants, training or workshop reports 12. What to recommend To be considered for inclusion in the ExC Recommendation.

13. Further information on the matter

This document should be used to elaborate the ppt for the presentation during the meeting

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94

Appendix 14

Progress Report on Syria

Syria – Mission report, 15-19 Nov. 2008 ToR: … finalise the sero-survey design …

Objectives of the sero-survey: • … determine the baseline exposure of ruminants to FMDV, and detect if virus circulation had occurred in past two years First survey design in 2007, with focus on 3 governorates in SW (Jordan, Israel, Lebanon); since then: • Change of risk situation • National NSP testing: 2300 tests (900 samples from SW) – all neg.

• Plan for OIE 'disease-free' recognition procedure • Rinderpest sero surveillance to be carried out

Considerations: • • • •

Covering all 14 governorates Together with RP surveillance max. 10,000 samples (logistic limit) Approach: – Two stage random sampling with separate surveys for cattle and small ruminants – Detection of disease in the primary and secondary sampling units

• Epidemiology unit: village (mobile vet. extension units for sheep ?)

Sheep movements in Syria

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Appendix 14

Additional slaughterhouse survey for small ruminants • • • •

increase the survey sensitivity for sheep Young traded sheep = highest risk group account for mobile herds 1200 sheep samples from 3 major slaughterhouses (2x 200 per each) • Traceability back to the village

Problems in finalising survey design: • Not all data and information provided • RP surveillance design ? … further action: • Developing a sero surveillance design that fulfils the requirements for the FMD and the RP sero survey with the least possible no. of cattle sera • Diagnostic training supporting the testing • Epidemiology training with data analysis

Recommendations • Supporting selection and implementation of a computerized GIS based disease reporting system • Diagnostic support: - Ag detection - support work experience in international labs - some additional lab equipment • FMD clinical exercises

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Appendix 15

DEVELOPMENT OF A ROADMAP FOR THE PROGRESSIVE CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE IN WEST EURASIA Convened by FAO as a Joint Workshop of the regional FMD control projects supported by Italy (GTFS/INT/907/ITA) and EC (MTF/INT/003/EC), and organised in consultation with OIE

Summary of the Report of a Workshop held in Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran 9-13th November 2008 A four-day Workshop was held in Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran, organised by FAO in consultation with OIE, and hosted by the Iran Veterinary Organization. The Workshop was convened as a joint meeting under the FMD projects implemented by the EuFMD Commission (FAO) in Turkey, Trans-Caucasus, Iran and Syria, and the GTFS/INT/907/ITA project for Central Asian countries. Invitations were sent by FAO, on behalf of the two organisations, to the Chief Veterinary Officers (CVOs) and to the FAO national consultants on FMD ( EuFMD or GTFS projects). In total, fifteen countries in West EurAsia were represented, with the Russian Federation represented through the OIE Reference Laboratory (FGI-ARRIAH).

The Objectives of the Workshop were: 1. to develop consensus on the vision and long term goals for FMD control in the region, and on the main element of a long term strategy for Foot-and-Mouth Disease control in the West EurAsian FMD ecosystem1, 2. a secondary objective is to share information on FMD virus circulation within the ecosystem to assist planning of preventive measures in the short –term Outcome and outlook 1. A vision statement and ”West EurAsian FMD Roadmap” were developed, for the progressive control of FMD in the region with the vision of freedom from clinical cases of FMD being achieved by the year 2020.

2. The realisation of the vision requires a co-ordinated set of national efforts under an overall framework of progressive risk reduction, supported by regional services and sharing of information, technical knowledge, and possible donor support, between countries within the region and which are beneficiaries of the action.

3. The workshop recommended that at regional level, programs be established to elevate laboratory services, information systems and planning tools, FMD vaccination campaigns and to resolve trans-boundary animal movement issues; a Secretariat should be established to provide co-ordination of these supportive services, and for monitoring and communication of progress.

4. A framework for monitoring progress was developed, based on indicators of country progress in risk identification and risk management, along a progressive control pathway, with 5 stages (0-4). Despite the great disparity in risk and resources, it was foreseen that all countries should attain at least level 3 (FMD under control and approaching disease freedom) by 2020.

5. the “West EurAsia regional Roadmap” that was developed should, if implemented, benefit countries in Europe by reduced risk from this region. It should also benefit countries in the middle-east which import livestock from the region, especially the Gulf countries, Saudi Arabia and Egypt, which in the recent p[ast have been affected by extension of epidemics from West EurAsia.

6. In addition, the implementation of the Roadmap should encourage and complement the efforts in the China, India, and South-east Asia to address the problem of FMD in the whole of EurAsia on a long term basis.

7. The Workshop recommended that t least annual meetings be convened by FAO/OIE to monitor progress, with the follow up regional meeting to be held in November 2009.

8. A framework for securing long term national participation in the Roadmap is needed, and it was recommended that a Shiraz declaration, or other instrument, is developed for endorsement by the relevant Ministries in each of the participant countries, ahead of the OIE/FAO International Conference on FMD control planned in June 2009.

1

this can be defined as the area within which a continuous presence of genetically distinct types A, O and Asia-1 are found and which is affected directly (outbreaks) or indirectly (change in vaccine strains) by sweeping epidemics which emerge within the region or via one or more countries. It approximates to the borders of the area affected by the type A Iran 05 epidemic (2003-8) and type O PanAsia II epidemic (2006-8).

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Vision for the West Asia Roadmap for FMD Control Regional cooperation among Eurasian countries for the progressive control of FMD through public and private partnerships leading towards freedom of clinical disease by 2020 for regional economic development, food security, and poverty alleviation.

Vision for the West Asia Roadmap for FMD Control Региональная кооперация между Евразийскими странами в целях прогрессивного контроля ящура через общественное и частное партнерство ведет к свободе от клинического проявления болезни к 2020 г. для экономического развития и снижения уровня бедности.

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Recommendations General 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Each country is encouraged to adhere to the principle of initiating actions along the West EurAsia 2020 Roadmap, through a set of sequential activities and stages involving assessment of the risk of FMD, and development and implementation of Each National FMD Risk Reduction (Control) Programme to manage the risk.

Each country should develop a National FMD risk reduction Control Programme in the next twelve months, where they do not exist, and revise legislation where appropriate. The involvement of the private sector is strongly encouraged in developing such National Plans.

A Secretariat should be established in the Region for the progressive control of foot-and-mouth disease (with introduction of transboundary animal disease regional issues as needed); such Secretariat could be placed within or become the OIE/FAO Regional Animal Health Centre for the Region.

FAO/OIE should assist the development of national and regional expertise on FMD control through establishing regional working groups and networks, especially to build capacity in epidemiology and diagnostic laboratory services.

Countries should actively participate in the monitoring or progress and action plans to implement the West EurAsia FMD 2020, involving at least an annual progress meeting for decision makers and their technical advisors from each country; Regional working groups should be established, with appropriate levels of support, to improve the capacity of each veterinary service to develop and implement their national risk reduction plans and to safeguard against new epidemics. These are: a. a laboratory working group for virus characterization and vaccine selection b. a working group to improve planning disease control measures, use of epidemiology and risk analysis c. multi-lateral actions to reduce risk associated legal and informal trade across land borders d. actions to harmonise, optimise and monitor the use of FMD vaccination across the region e. Communication, Awareness and Training Increased effort should be made by the international agencies, and by the national veterinary Services, to communicate the importance of FMD control and bring attention to the Ministries (of Agriculture and others – Finance, Commerce, Foreign Affairs) to the impact of epidemics and cost of preventive programmes to the public and private across the entire region.

Regional Epidemiology Unit

8.

To Establish a Regional Epidemiological Unit at Secretariat level to interface with existing national epidemiological units to collate and analyse data, and serve as a training facility for advanced epidemiology techniques, including GIS, risk analysis, and modelling Diagnostic Laboratory Services

9.

To establish a FMD laboratory network for the West EurAsia region, with the following expectations: a. the harmonisation of laboratory procedures to improve the confidence of veterinary services in the results obtained across the region; b. to improve early detection of emergent viruses, and communicate information to assist the preparedness of each country for epidemic threats c. to build expertise in each country, and improve capacity and performance of laboratories across the region d. to implement in network members a system for ring (proficiency) testing e. that one laboratory will serve as a leading facility for gap analysis, training, and manage proficiency tests (with OIE or FAO reference laboratories), will interface with Regional Epidemiological Unit, and host a regional laboratory network website.

FMD Vaccines and Vaccination

10. That a regional vaccination campaign database is developed to assist member countries with standardised country information on vaccination campaigns, coverage of species, epidemiology units across the region at risk;

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11. That FMD vaccination campaigns should make increasing use of the targeting of high risk animal populations or sectors for virus transmission, particularly where vaccine is a limited resource and complete population coverage is not affordable or feasible; 12. Each country should ensure vaccines are selected that are appropriate to the expected risk, and so doing should refer to the recommendations of the FAO/OIE FMD laboratory network reports; 13. FAO/OIE should establish a mechanism to guide countries and the Region of the relevant vaccine antigens that should be used, through the regional working group on in conjunction with WRL and Regional Reference Laboratory).

14. Promote and develop synchronised vaccination time tables for application across shared borders, especially where these are of regional priority to prevent epidemic spread 15. That protocols for post vaccination monitoring are harmonised across the region, and that each veterinary service undertakes an appropriate level of assessment including coverage, determination of [effective] flock/herd immunity, and duration of immunity.

Transboundary animal movement 16. Greater emphasis is encouraged on developing bilateral and multilateral protocols that will a. legalise animal movements across borders and reduce the associated risk; b. manage informal movements, by the provision of holding facilities across border with no negative repercussion to the transporters. c. manage the risks of transhumant livestock across common borders, reaching agreement on vaccination , animal identification and other measures 17. In support of the above, greater effort should be made to refine understanding of temporal and spatial movements across borders at the local level.

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DEVELOPMENT OF A ROADMAP FOR THE PROGRESSIVE CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE IN WEST EURASIA

REPORT

Organisation of the Workshop The Workshop was structured as follows: •

•

• •

Day 1 focussed on the country situation in 2008; presentations were made by each country represented, and a table summarising recent FMD history, vaccination programs and constraints to improved control was constructed; Day 2 first considered examples of FMD risk management in the region, before the concept of progressive pathway was introduced, thereafter country representatives undertook a self-assessment on their position on the pathway; Day 3 considered the need for regional working groups on cross-cutting issues including laboratory services, and harmonisation of vaccination; the afternoon was devoted to sub regional project meetings; Day 4 received the feedback from the regional working groups, and examined the draft Roadmap, vision statement and report of the workshop. It concluded with statements from each country and organisation present on their future contribution and support for the Roadmap process and principles.

Day 1: FMD situation in the West EurAsian Region – Country Reports Purpose: • to summarise the FMD control situation in each country and give participants a view of the main challenges to be faced in improving FMD control • to summarise information on the use of vaccination in the region Format: The Workshop received reports from 14 countries in the West EurAsia region on the FMD situation and control programme. A template for presentations was provided in advance, and the data in the reports was used to assemble Table 1.

Output: A summary table was produced, and reviewed by participants on days 2-4. All presentations are found in the Appendices.

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Table 1. Summary of information in the Country FMD situation reports for 2008 Country

Country size (km2)

FMD Situation and Trends

Livestock (most recent census)

Control Strategies

Vaccines and vaccination

Diagnostics and laboratories

Epidemiology Unit

Border and Movement Control

Weaknesses

Iran

1m

LR 11m, SR 75m, 72k epi units

State control plan, vacc; 2-3x LR, 1x SR, emergency vacc 3km around OB, movement restrictions, good biosec. & quarantine in intensive farms, quarantine

Razi (30m doses/a): A05, 87, O manisa, Asia1 Shamir; Merial (5m doses/a): A22, A87, O manisa, Asia1 Shamir

3 national labs: Razi (BSL2): ELISA, VNT, SN; CVL: ELISA, PCR; Goldmakan lab (soon functional); no. of samples: 2006&07: 1200/a, 2008: 175

FMD task force central & provincial; advanced GIS based reporting and data analysis

9 neighbours; 10 disinf. points at borders, quarantine stations for imported animals

animal movements; unknown immunity; beef herd vacc.; farmers' cooperation

Pakistan

0.8m

A 05 in W provinces in since 2005 + A 87, mainly central prov, O majority + wide spread, since 2nd half of 08 less than 30/months, majority outbreaks in villages endemic, 153 point OB 200208; 61% 0, Asia1 & A, 98% NSP prev in dairies, mainly Punjab/Sindt

32m cattle, 29m buffalo, 84m SR; LR & goats in Punjab, SR in Balochistanlarge dairy units and household farms

no State control plan, voluntary vacc., "progressive Control of FMD in P." by the new Ministry of Livestock & Dairy devlpm. (since 10/08)

local vacc (1m/a): Lahore (O,A, Asia1) & Vet. Uni in Lahore, private lab; imported (1.5m/a) Merial (2$/dose), Pfizer, Russian; infomally imported: Indian, Iranian/Razi; Vaccine quality control institute

NRL Islamabad (BSL2): 2008: 39/69 Ag pos. for A,O; PCR, ELISA

EU improving, pass. disease surveill., underreporting, OB flash reporting to provinces and central, electronic reports from districts & provinces

quarantine facilities on all entry points, only vacc animals imported, traditional animal movements betw. AfghIran-Pak; informal movements IndiaAfgh-Iran

endemic; A 05 in Anatolia si.

2005, O PanAsia II since 06, Asia1 not since 02, 2008: 134 A, 34 O, 53 untyped; E/SE Turkey underreported

10.5m LR, 30m SR, west: intensive farms/ dairies, central: fattening farms, east extensive farms

State control plan, vacc. free of charge, 2x LR, 1xSR/a, movement control, slaughter in Thrace, extensive sero surveillance, Thrace: "freedom with vacc." In 2010 planned

vacc: O Panasia II, A 05, Asia1 shamir from: SAP-Inst., Merial, Intervet, CEDIVAC; in spring 08: 10.2m LR and 7 m SR

SAP Institute and 8 regional labs (VCRI), Ag (2008 350 samples): ELISA, multiplex PCR; Ab: LPBE, SPCE, VNT, NSP ELISA; routine: 23k and serosurveill: 52k samples; 165 sequencing samples/a

GDPC Epi division, SAP Inst Epi Unit; electronic reporting (TURK Vet), cattle ID system

no imports, illegal cross-border movements in E/SE Turkey, 2m movements during Kurban Bayram

no State control plan; awareness of farmers (subsistence farming and local breeds experience low losses); low quality local vacc.; underreporti ng of FMD; low lab capacities, uncontrolled animal movements socio economics of FMD control: low awareness, poor notification; incusion of new strains; severe winters, high animal

Turkey

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Country

Country size (km2)

FMD Situation and Trends

Livestock (most recent census)

Control Strategies

Vaccines and vaccination

Diagnostics and laboratories

Epidemiology Unit

Border and Movement Control

Weaknesses

movement, immunity gap in young animals

Afghanistan

650k

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Georgia

70k

no pre-war documentation, endemic, all year/all provinces; A, O, Asia1; between 20-3000 outbreaks 199508, mainly O last OB A: 98, O: 01, Asia1:01, type A and O OB in N.Karabakh in 2007

3.7m LR, 8.8m sheep 7.2 goats ; tanshumant and sedentary, Karakul sheep

no State control plan, patchy vacc. (by NGOs) with little coordinaton, quarantine not fully functional

imported from: Jordan, ARRIAH, Razi/Iran and Merial (1m/a); illegal import (1.5m/a); A (A85, Ir 05),O, Asia1; Russian vacc "most effective"

one serological lab, 2 vets, Ag-PCR & ELISA

no FMD surveill., EU established, no consistant reporting

animal movements from E and S-Afgh., common livestock markets Afghan-Tajik border; no animals crossing from Uzbek., Turkmen. & China

poor vacc.; poor FMD awareness; no State control plan

623k LR, 87k pigs, 64k SR

State control plan, vacc. of all cattle

286k/a from FAO; A 05, O, Asia1 from ARRIAH

central lab: FAO project: NSP serology, national surveys: SP serology, regional labs: ELISA

TADInfo ("NADSS"), electronic data storage and basic analysis

illegal border crossing Armen.Turkey

last OB A: 96, O: 78, Asia1:01, type A and O OB in N.Karabakh in 2007

2.8m LR, 8.1m SR

State control plan, vacc 2x/a, autmn '08 plan: all LR and 20% SR

A 05, O, Asia1 from ARRIAH, 867k/a doses FAO, 1.4m/a national vacc.

NRL (BSL2): ELISA, PCR; and 12 regional labs; 3500 sera for NSP in 2008

EU, mobile groups, no electronic disease reporting

73 BIPs (9 air)

no OB reported since 2002

1,2m SR, 900k LR

State control plan, serosurveill 3.5k planned in 2008

vacc. > 2m since 2004, 650k in 07, 240k in spring and 80k in autumn 2008 vacc (A 05, O, Asia1 from ARRIAH); national vacc. From Altyn Tamyr Kyrgyzstan

3 DETRA labs

EU, mobile groups, no electronic disease reporting

Vet. dept. has no control over border inspection/ (=Ministry of Finances)

vacc of SR and pigs needed, animal ID system needed animal ID system needed; no electronic reporting; limited resources of vet. services more vet. staff needed, no effective border control

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Country

FMD Situation and Trends

Livestock (most recent census)

Control Strategies

Vaccines and vaccination

Diagnostics and laboratories

Epidemiology Unit

Border and Movement Control

Weaknesses

Iraq

endemic, A, O, Asia1, 2000/02 A96

1.5m LR: small farms, 19m SR

State control plan, 2006: 34% of L+SR vacc, 2007/08: 18%, TADs centers in '08 established

2.5m from India,(O, A22, A1); 5m monovalent O from Turkey

2 Labs (Baghdad, Erbil): ELISA, PCR, serology 145 samples in 2006, 1280 in '07, no in '08

EU and field teams, TADs centers

no imports, 16 BIPs & quarantine units, SR: seasonal grazing to Syria, Iran, Jordan and KSA

Kazakhstan

O in 2001 in 2 districts central, 2007 in W type O, and A?

6m LR, 19m SR

immediate reporting of events

livestock import from FMD free countries only

4.2m SR, 1.2m LR

vacc Merial and ARRIAH, especially at borders (Tadj., Kygyz, China and central trade routes) improvement of nat. vacc. since 2007, import from India 2m

district, regional and central lab; > 2000 staff

OB in 2001, 2006-08, 2007 1 OB O, 2008 10 OB of O, A

State control plan, vacc. LR 3.5 mill, 10 mill SR/a in 2006-08, also revacc.

State control plan

poor vacc.; international cooperation and training needed; poor lab capacity, lab facilitues & reagents needed if budget problems they are solved

ELISA and real time PCR, FAO and WB support

EU: 6 vets

State control plan (incl. emergency vacc.), vacc. LR 2x, SR1x/a, free of charge, serosuveillance if reagents available no State control plan, mass vacc. 1 mill LR and 2.2 mill SR vacc. = 67% poulation vacc.

import from Merial, Bayer, Intervet; A Ir 96, O India 53/97, Asia1

1 central lab and 14 vet labs, 3 with FMD diagnosis,

EU: 2 vets, active & pass. surv.

4 neighbors, import of animals and products, quarantine stations with China, seasonal grazing movements imports (S.America, Moldova), Al Badia: sheep internal seasonal movements

ARRIAH, .8.1m??? doses, 2- and 3valent

NRL and FMD Inst., both ELISA & CFT, sero-mon.

2800 samples in '05-08; close coop. with ARRIAH

monthly reports, no active surveill for FMD

15 BIPs, quarantine of imported animals

State control plan???, vacc. buffer zone with neighbours,

ARRIAH, A,O,Asia1 in 2005 & Bayer, 300-700k doses/a, 2007 111k LR, 287k SR vacc.

central and regional labs, until 1999 FMD lab, now no FMD diagnosis

??

no imports and exports in past 5a

Kyrgyzstan

Country size (km2)

200k

Syria

2002 O India FMD, SR since 1999

Tajikistan

14k

endemic A,O, As1

1.4m LR 3.7m SR

Turkmen istan

491k

now no Obs, last OB in 99 (O in cattle), before in 94 (A22)

1,2m LR, 18m SR

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insufficient vacc. of population, no post-vacc surveill diagnostic support, reagents, GIS and training (lab & epi) needed not enough vacc.; virus typisation; diagn.

Resources; no TADInfo ??

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Appendix 15

Country

Uzbekistan

Country size (km2)

FMD Situation and Trends

Livestock (most recent census)

Control Strategies

Vaccines and vaccination

Diagnostics and laboratories

Epidemiology Unit

Border and Movement Control

Weaknesses

last OB in 91, no typisation, high FMD risk areas identified: W Uzb (bordering Kygyz, Tadj, Afg)

7.5m LR, 12.6m SR

State control plan (FMD =70% of disease control budget), since 2004 vacc. in buffer zone at national borders, vacc in BZ and patchy in other parts

4-5mm doses/a: A,O, Asia1, 2.2m LR and 1.7m SR vacc./a, from ARRIAH, Bayer and India

3 BSL labs (DETRA), 3 more under construction (here viral diseases diagnosed), 13 regional labs; 3-5000 sero samples/a, 3200 in'07; tested for SP, no NSP resultls

??

quarantine for imported animals

lack of diagnostic kits and training

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Day 2: FMD risk management: Identification of country positions along a progressive pathway to FMD control in West EurAsia Purpose: • • •

to introduce the concept of a progressive pathway to FMD control, which has a sequential set of stages/activities leading towards official (OIE) recognition of disease freedom to develop a summary of the current position of countries along this progressive pathway to estimate the time required for each country to progress to the 3rd or higher stage on the pathway and the overall progress towards FMD control by 2020

Format: After an introductory presentation by Juan Lubroth (FAO; Appendix ...), three presentations were given illustrating different approaches being applied to manage the risk of FMD across the region.

These were: • FMD risk management in the I.R of Iran (Appendix...), where Dr V Otarod (IVO/EuFMD project) illustrated how virological surveillance, including active disease search, is being used to identify hotspots of transmission, and how a different vaccination and control policy is applied to different husbandry sectors and regions, according to risk; • FMD epidemiology and risk of infection in the Landhi Dairy Colony, Pakistan (Appendix..) : Dr M Hussain (GTFS project) reviewed how a study on disease transmission in the colony had proved valuable as a source of virus isolates/information, and may lead to new disease control options to reduce risk from this colony; • the Trans-Caucasus buffer zone to manage the FMD risk to Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan (Appendix...) ; Dr Potzsch (EuFMD) reviewed how serological studies were used to show that virus introductions into the BZ had occurred frequently in the recent past but with very few cases of clinical FMD, and without known spread of infection to neighbouring countries (e.g Russian Federation).

However the level of serological positives does question the success of BZ if animal movements are also not tightly controlled.

Introduction of the Progressive Pathway to FMD control Keith Sumption presented the concept of the pathway (Appendix...). The purpose of the pathway is to provide a system for countries to review their progress in FMD risk management, culminating in a sufficient level of control that they may qualify for official (OIE) status of freedom from FMD. The pathway has a set of stages/activities, with the emphasis on the use of active surveillance activities to identify FMD circulation and to develop national risk management plans to address critical risk points. The initial activities focus on measuring risk, developing plans, and later stages on implementation of the plans and measurement of success through surveys on the incidence of infection.

A worksheet (tool) was then used by country representatives to identify national progress on the pathway, and constraints to progression to higher stages.

Output: The country positions on the pathway were collated and reviewed in the plenary session and on days 3-4 (Table 2 and 3).

An estimate of rate of progression to the subsequent stages was made by the Secretariat, and reviewed and corrected by representatives in the Plenary session on day 4 (Table 4).

Summary Delegates indicated that they found the pathway concept and stages to be useful, providing clarity about major tasks required to progress from the current stage of FMD control.

Despite the large disparity in situation between countries, it appears that all countries in the region could progress to stage 3 ( FMD under control and approaching disease freedom) Several delegations were confident that they could proceed to official freedom from FMD before 2020, at least to achieve freedom with vaccination that is recognised by the OIE.

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These were: • the Thrace region of Turkey (in 2010) • Syria (whole country, 2009) • I.R of Iran (zonal in 2014, whole country 2015).

The delegates agreed that such progress assumed that neighbouring countries also undertook a sufficient level of FMD control, and that early warning systems were in place to ensure the borders could be adequately defended against possible entry of infected materials.

If these were not the case, then countries such as Iran would remain affected by the FMD status in their neighbours.

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Stages in Progressive Control – Working Group draft report Question 2: which stage most accurately describes your position? (***, or * for partly describes) Question 4: when do you think it possible to progress to the next (1-2) stages?

Question 5: priority for international projects/assistance Group

1

2

3

4

0

1

2

Kazakh

***90%

1 yr

Training, Lab capacity Exchange information-regional and global

Kyrgyz

***

1 yr

Exchange experience, Funding of activities on circ of virus Lab and epi staff training Diagn kits and reagents for virus circ, Vaccine storage Financial issues for activities, Training vet staff, Vet legislation Similar to Tajikistan; Lack of clear strategy: policy support Exchange experience

2-3 5 2yrs

Regional collab, Training, Lb improvement Vaccine production/quality Epidemiology capacity, Int'l cooperation

Tajik

***

3 yrs

Turkmen

***

3 yrs

Uzbek

***

2 yrs

AFG IRN PAK TURK

***

2 *** 2 ***

Syria Iraq

***

4 (OIE; maybe zonal?)

Thrace ***

***

Priority

pending

3yrs

Armenia

Azerbaijan Georgia

3

Training, Lb methods: typing, virus confirmation Risk analysis ***

***

2yrs

*** (90%)

Training in epid and lab, Vaccination continued, Provision of kits Animal ID As above Continue vaccine supply, Training in epidem

Time-line

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Group

1

2

3

4

0

1

2

Kazakh

2008 (90%)

2010

Training, Lab capacity Exchange information-regional and global

Kyrgyz

2008

2010

Exchange experience, Funding of activities on circ of virus Lab and epi staff training Diagn kits and reagents for virus circ, Vaccine storage Financial issues for activities, Training vet staff, Vet legislation Similar to Tajikistan; Lack of clear strategy: policy support Exchange experience

Regional collab, Training, Lb improvement Vaccine production/quality Epidemiology capacity, Int'l cooperation

Tajik

2008

2011

Turkmen

2008

2011

Uzbek

2008

2010

AFG IRN

2008

2010 2008

2010

PAK TURK

2008

2010 2008

2013 2010

Syria Iraq

4 (OIE; maybe zonal?)

Thrace (2008) 2008

2008

201011

Priority

Pending

2011

Training, Lb methods: typing, virus confirmation Risk analysis

Armenia

2008

Azerbaijan

2008

Georgia

3

2010

2008(90%)

Training in epid and lab, Vaccination continued, Provision of kits Animal ID As above Continue vaccine supply, Training in epidem

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Roadmap to 2020 Stages towards FMD freedom (stage 4 or above). Red Text/shaded box = participants estimate In black = Secretariat estimate (** means uncertainty in estimate) Z = Zone, N= national

2

3

4

0 2 *80% 0 1 3Z

1

Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia

2 2 1

3 0

1

** 3 N

3 **

**

**

3N

2

3Z? 2

3 1 2 4Z

2 **

2020

2015

2014

2013

2012

1 1

2019

AFG IRN PAK TURK Thrace added zones Syria Iraq

3Z? 3 2 2

2018

2 2

2017

1 1 0 0 0

2011

2010

Kazakh Kyrgyz Tajik Turkmen Uzbek

2016

1

2009

2008

Group

4Z

4

3

**

**

3

**

**

3

**

**

3

**

4 1 3 3 2

2

**

**

** 3

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Day 3: Report of the Thematic Working Groups Purpose: •

to identify the types of regional support services needed to improve national capacity in FMD diagnosis, surveillance and risk assessment, optimisinmg vaccination programs, and addressing transboundary animal movements

Format: After introduction of the main topics and questions to be addressed by each group, participants chose the groups of interest, and worked on issues common to each country in the region: • laboratory services • surveillance, risk assessment, and regional GIS based information systems • harmonisation and monitoring of FMD vaccination • trans-boundary (TB) animal movements The participants in each group are given in Table X add table Outputs Each group selected their own Rapporteur and produced a report which was discussed in the Plenary Session on Day 4. A summary of their presentations and the following discussion in Plenary, is given below.

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Progressive Control of FMD: proposed pathway and criteria for evaluating progress

Progressive Control of FMD: proposed pathway and criteria for evaluating progress

FAO perspective

AGAH and EuFMD Secretariat Keith Sumption, Giancarlo Ferrari Carsten Potzsch, Juan Lubroth

FMD control can only be achieved ......by actions on the battle-field to break transmission cycles. ......when vets and animal owners in the front-line are armed with sufficient information and suitable tools (vaccines) .....when there is sufficient private and public support

However, international organizations have a role in establishing the conditions that promote sustained local, national and regional actions

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Stages in the progressive control of FMD • OIE Code only recognises “”FMD free”” and “”infected”” • Progressive control recognises that – differences in risk of infection occur between (and within) infected countries – countries are at different stages in managing the risk of infection • from continuous circulation of FMDV • to sporadic outbreaks, originating from import of infection to the country, that are quickly brought under control

Risk of infection: example of subdividing infected countries by frequency of epidemics : Conjectured Status of FMD 2007 (from WRL Pirbright)

Endemic Intermediate, sporadic Free with vaccination Countries with multiples zones: FMD-free, free with vaccination or not free Free. Virus present in game parks Free

Official recognition of FMD freedom – – – –

responsibility of the OIE zone or country basis with or without vaccination requires minimum period of 12-24 months without evidence of FMD infection/circulation – There is considerable latitude available to OIE Members to provide a well-reasoned argument to prove • the absence of FMDV infection (in non-vaccinated populations) • or absence of circulation (in vaccinated populations) • at an acceptable level of confidence

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Article 8.5.40 Surveillance for FMD • to prove that the absence of FMDV infection (in non-vaccinated populations) or circulation (in vaccinated populations) • Surveillance for FMD should be in the form of a continuing programme designed to establish that the whole territory or part of it is free from FMDV infection/circulation.

• virus circulation means transmission of FMDV as demonstrated by clinical signs, serological evidence or virus isolation.

•

FAO Progressive control pathway - risk reduction approach (under development) • not a top down prescribed approach: but each MS encouraged to develop national risk reduction strategies that are supportive to the regional effort 4 3 2

Approaching freedom Outbreaks < once/ per year

Under control Discontinuous circulation

1 0

Officially Free with vaccination No circulation/ containment zones only

Critical risk points addressed ↓incidence

Risk not controlled Continuous FMDV circulation

Stages 0-3 = infected countries/zones

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Progressive Control Pathway: Stages Zero to Three • NOT an official status • the common feature of all stages is the measurement of FMD infection/circulation in the population at risk • the difference is the level of control of transmission/risk

Stage 0: risk not controlled • Stage 0: characteristics – when: – level of virus circulation (prevalence in serological studies) has not been studied in past 12 months; – and/or: outbreaks occur every year – and: the impact of control measures (vaccination, quarantines) on virus circulation is not studied or measured

Risk not controlled Continuous FMDV circulation

Stage 1: critical FMD risk points assessed and strategy developed •

Stage 1: characteristics – – – –

when: level of virus circulation (prevalence - NSP positives) has been studied in past 12 months, and indicates virus circulation has occurred the critical risk points associated with the major husbandry/marketing chains are being identified ; and:

• a strategy is under development to address the CRP

Critical risk points assessed and strategy developed

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Stage 2: FMD under control, circulation is progressively reduced •

Stage 2: characteristics – – – – –

when: each new outbreak(s) is investigated and potential sources identified level of virus circulation (prevalence in serological studies) has been studied repeatedly for at least 24 months, and evidence of FMDV exposure found in each survey the risk associated with the major husbandry/marketing chains identified, and strategies implemented for each ; and: the impact of control measures (vaccination, quarantines, measures at borders) on virus circulation is being measured

FMD under control: circulation progressively ↓

Stage 3: Approaching freedom; effective prevention and containment measures • Stage 3: characteristics – – – – –

when: each new outbreak(s) is shown to originate outside of the country or zone, not originate within; level of virus circulation (prevalence in serological studies) has been studied repeatedly for at least 24 months, and evidence of FMDV exposure found but being restricted to limited foci or limited time periods; each cluster of infection or outbreaks have a plausible explanation, through outbreak tracing; each outbreak or evidence of infection is followed up by immediate measures and postoutbreak surveillance, and review of the impact of control measures (vaccination, quarantines, measures at borders)

FMD under control: approaching freedom

Stage 4: Officially Free with vaccination •

Stage 4: characteristics – –

official recognition on zone or country basis by the OIE requirements set out in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code

–

Note: • a single or restricted outbreak of FMD may not lead to loss of Status, if CONTAINED (see Containment Zone) : • Containment Zones: maybe applied if infection is proven by surveillance to be contained by measures to a limited focus.

• each outbreak or evidence of infection is followed up by immediate measures and post-outbreak surveillance, and review of the impact of control measures (vaccination, quarantines, measures at borders)

FMD under control: Discontinuous circulation

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To qualify for inclusion in the list of FMD free countries where vaccination is practised, a Member should: • have a record of regular and prompt animal disease reporting; • send a declaration to the OIE that there has been no outbreak of FMD for the past 2 years and no evidence of FMDV circulation for the past 12 months, with documented evidence that: – surveillance for FMD and FMDV circulation in accordance with Articles 8.5.40. to 8.5.46. is in operation, and that regulatory measures for the prevention and control of FMD have been implemented; – routine vaccination is carried out for the purpose of the prevention of FMD; – the vaccine used complies with the standards described in the Terrestrial Manual.

Stage 4: Zone or Country - Officially Free with vaccination • for ZONES, applying country must describe in detail: – regulatory measures for the prevention and control of both FMD and FMDV circulation, – the boundaries of the proposed FMD free zone where vaccination is practised and, if applicable, the buffer zone or physical or geographical barriers, – the system for preventing the entry of the virus into the proposed FMD free zone (in particular if the procedure described in Article 8.5.9. is implemented), – and supply evidence that these are properly implemented and supervised.

Stage 5: change its status to FMD free country where vaccination is not practised • the status of this country remains unchanged for a period of at least 12 months after vaccination has ceased.

• Evidence should also be provided showing that FMDV infection has not occurred during that period.

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• •

Containment Zones: a new option for minimizing the trade impact of outbreaks in free zones and countries:

•

Article 8.5.7.

In the event of a limited outbreak within an FMD free country or zone with or without vaccination, a single containment zone, which includes all cases, can be established the Veterinary Authority should provide documented evidence that: 1. the outbreak is limited based on the following factors: 2. a stamping-out policy has been applied; 3. the susceptible animal population within the containment zones should be clearly identifiable as belonging to the containment zone; 4. increased passive and targeted surveillance in accordance with Articles 8.5.40. to 8.5.46. in the rest of the country or zone has been carried out and has not detected any evidence of infection; 5. measures to prevent spread of the infection from the containment zone to the rest of the country or zone, including ongoing surveillance in the containment zone, are in place; 6. containment zone should be large enough to contain the disease and comprise both a restricted/protection zone and larger surveillance zone.

•

Conclusions • a start has been made to describe a progressive control pathway (PCP) • described stages/activities - globally applicable ?

• emphasis placed upon measuring FMD incidence/circulation in all stages • not a top down approach: member states must evaluate risk management policy options • PCP can be used in self-assessment and audit of progress –national and regional • guidance (a toolkit?) needs to be further developed

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Appendix 17

Agenda for the International FMD Conference

77th Session of the Executive Committee EUFMD Commission Vienna, Austria 11 & 12 December 2008

Global Conference on FMD control: “The way towards global control” control” Asunció Asunción, Paraguay 2424-26 June 2009

Dr Lea Knopf Scientific and Technical Department OIE

Progress Paraguay conference Steering Committee met 21 November • Organizational aspects were further clarified Support by a local Steering Committee Delay due to pending clarifications financial support

• Refinement of objectives of the conference • Identification of possible candidates for Scientific Committee (currently being contacted, subject to confirmation) • Preparation of web announcement (online ~16 December) • Draft agenda is being prepared for consultation / circulation • Target audience Veterinary Services

Summary conference objectives I 1. Provide an overview on the current world situation on foot and mouth disease 2. Highlight the socio-economic (including market access) and food security considerations on FMD 3. Promote the need for global control of FMD 4. Provide an overview of current ongoing regional approaches for FMD control 5. Provide an overview on current research on FMD related to prevention and control

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Summary conference objectives II 6. Assess the components necessary to move towards global control • • • • • • • • • • • •

Surveillance Disease control strategies in a local, national and regional context Vaccination Diagnostic tests Wildlife/livestock interface Attaining and maintenance of international standards and guidelines Trade concerns related to FMD Capacity of veterinary services Financial resources and needs Public/private partnerships Research needs National, regional and global political commitment

7. Formulate recommendations for the way towards global control

Preliminary Sessions 1) Opening statements 2) Overview of the global and regional situation on FMD Occurrence – an overview of the current 3) Disease control methods to• move towards global situation eradication: Surveillance • Current situation - research and research needs towards global 4) Disease control methods to move • Overview of available vaccines - need for eradication: Vaccination vaccine development and control 5) Disease control methods to• move towards global FMD situation and control strategies in South America / Europe / sub-Saharan eradication: Diagnostics Africa / South East Asia and the Pacific / 6) FMD and international trade Middle East 7) Moving towards global eradication of FMD 8) Recommendations

Preliminary Sessions 1) Opening statements 2) Overview of the global and regional situation on FMD 3) Disease control methods to move towards global eradication: Surveillance 4) Disease control methods to• move towards global Surveillance strategies to prove absence from disease / absence from eradication: Vaccination viral circulation 5) Disease control methods to move towards global • Participatory epidemiology methods eradication: Diagnostics • Role of wildlife in the epidemiology of 6) FMD and international trade FMD 7) Moving towards global eradication of FMD 8) Recommendations

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Preliminary Sessions 1) Opening statements 2) Overview of the global and regional situation on FMD 3) Disease control methods to move towards global eradication: Surveillance 4) Disease control methods to move towards global eradication: Vaccination 5) Disease control methods •toInterpretation move towards global of surveillance test results eradication: Diagnostics focus distinction vaccinated and infected cattle 6) FMD and international trade • Ensuring vaccine potency and purity 7) Moving towards global eradication of FMD • Strategic reserves of vaccines – needs and applications 8) Recommendations

Preliminary Sessions 1) Opening statements 2) Overview of the global and regional situation on FMD 3) Disease control methods to move towards global eradication: Surveillance 4) Disease control methods to move towards global eradication: Vaccination 5) Disease control methods to move towards global eradication: Diagnostics 6) FMD and international trade• Global standards for diagnostics : Challenges for high performance 7) Moving towards global eradication of FMD diagnostics 8) Recommendations • Diagnostic kits for foot and mouth disease: constraints and challenges • …..

Preliminary Sessions 1) Opening statements • The OIE standards for FMD control – 2) Overview of the global and regional situation on FMD trade facilitating issues 3) Disease control methods•to move towards Risk mitigating measuresglobal for FMDV in eradication: Surveillance animal products to facilitate national, regional andtowards internationalglobal trade 4) Disease control methods to move • The impact of FMD on global food eradication: Vaccination security 5) Disease control methods to move towards global eradication: Diagnostics 6) FMD and international trade 7) Moving towards global eradication of FMD 8) Recommendations

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Preliminary Sessions 1) Opening statements 2) Overview of the global and regional situation on FMD • The hemispheric program for the 3) Disease control methods to move towards global eradication of FMD (PHEFA) eradication: Surveillance • A world without FMD– the roles and visions 4) Disease control methods to move towards global eradication: Vaccination • The global control of FMD vs challenges, opportunities and lessons 5) Disease control methods to move towards global learned from the global rinderpest eradication: Diagnostics campaign 6) FMD and international trade 7) Moving towards global eradication of FMD 8) Recommendations

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Appendix 18

Priority list for Research Group after Cairo session in 2007 Highest priority 1. Position paper on the options of decentralized testing (DS 1 December 2007) 2. Sampling instructions for field veterinarians to collect samples with the primary biocontainment at the point of sampling for use in RT-PCR (SZ or BH).

3. Minimum Diagnostic capacity in EUFMD Member States for the laboratory confirmation of FMD Remaining subjects 4. Definition and reporting of epidemiologically significant events: guidance paper, based on criteria developed under the EUFMD/EC/IVO program in Iran [Action point: delivery 12/07] 5. Paper on the risk of spread from wild boar in the Israeli circumstances (SA and HY) 6. Report on the use of thermal imaging camera for use in extensively kept cattle for the purpose of detection of febrile animals (HY, to be reviewed by DP) 7. Complete the review of duration of immunity after type O vaccination (N Bulut and AD), to include the antibody decline by VNT, and the data should be analysed with linear mixed effect model. (by 12/07) 8. Draft contract or form of agreement whereby a network of FMD labs in Europe could agree to provide services to NRLs that are temporarily incapacitated.

9. Revised position paper, as an addition or addendum to the document on live virus facilities, to include the requirements for applying non-live FMD techniques in serology and for RT-PCR (BH 31 December 2008).

10. Finalise paper on standardisation of information collection and information output (Carsten Potszch)

New items from Teiceira meeting in 2008 1. Discuss the protocol for RNA stabilisation study in Pakistan before referring it to the Exec committee 2. In vitro stability study for FMD vaccines 3. Role of sheep in maintaining or spreading FD in a temperate European climate with mixed sheep and cattle farms (UK, 2001) 4. Application of tools for high-resolution FMDV molecular epidemiology in Western EurAsia

New items from closed RG session in Sicily October 2008 1. Agreement with CVO Turkey and SAP institute for vaccine stability studies in Lelystad.

2. Include Turkey in the comparative/standardisation study into the relation between antibody response and protection (AD).

3. Set up an evaluation/workshop of the serosurveillance results with RG members (KS).

4. WRL sets up relevant sera for laboratories in West EurAsian pool (later also for other pools).

5. Set up a subgroup addressing the problems with SAT type vaccines in Africa and study the relevance for the EU vaccine bank.

New items from Vienna meeting in 2008 1. Develop a procedure for decision on advising new antigens for the European vaccine bank 2. Develop a procedure for decision on advising new antigens for endemic regions 3. Evaluate results from the serosurveillance from Caucasus region (extra session of ad-hoc group on surveillance and epidemiology preferable linked to national ref lab meeting in Brussels, also invite Arriah and Turkey)

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Appendix 19

Financial position of the EUFMD Commission: Budget paper for 2010-2011 for submission to the 38th Session Paper for the Executive Committee (77th Session) (Appendix x of the Report of the 77th Session)

1. The funding of activities of the Commission is derived from annual contributions of member countries, to Trust Fund MTF/INT/011/MUL, and from the financial support of the European Commission to the EUFMD, through an 8 m€ agreement (2005-9) which is handled through Trust Fund MTF/INT/003/EEC. A third TF, for additional contributions by member states for specific actions, is maintained but has not received a contribution in > 6 years. This TF could be useful should MS or nonmembers wish to support certain actions, parallel to the situation of activities supported by the EC. 2. The annual contributions of member countries are agreed at the General Session of the Commission, held every 2 years, and the 38th Session in April 2009 must fix the contributions to be provided in 2010 and 2011. It is the responsibility of the Executive Committee to agree on the administrative budget to be proposed to the upcoming Session; this budget is proposed in the current paper.

3. The budget statements for MTF/INT/011/MUL are provided by the Administration and Finance Department of FAO (AFFC Section), for 2007 (Final) and 2008 (to end November, and Provisional).

4. At the 37th Session, April 2007, the members agreed to contribute a budget of US $528,890 for each year of the biennium, 2008-9.

5. Administrative Expenditure in 2007 was US$570,183, against an agreed figure of US$ 548,890, (being US$ 503, 890 at the 36th Session plus an agreement by the 74th Executive Committee of US$45,000 for additional workshops).

6. As a result of the depreciation of the US$ (19% between 1/1/2007 and June 6th 2008), whereas all costs are effectively borne in €, the 76th Executive Committee was faced with a predicted financial situation at end of 2008 of a deficit of US$ >30,000 rising to almost US$90,000 in 2009. The Executive Committee therefore recommended cost-saving measures in administration in the remaining period of 2008 and 2009.

7. The expenditure in 2008 is predicted to be US$ 570,340, based on the 11 month expenditure (reported as US$416,709, Statement 1) plus outstanding contract commitments and other expenditures before end of financial year, representing an estimated overspend of US$41,300 compared to the income (budget agreed at the 37th Session) of US$528,890.

8. The current balance predicted balance at end of 2008 is US$43,000. In 2009, expenditure is expected to be kept to a level that matches expenditure, resulting in in a similar year end balance, although there is a high element of uncertainty in that

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Appendix 19

any strengthening of the € against the $ will decrease the balance (a 10% rise in exchange rate will result in a zero balance at year end).

9. The estimates for the euro-related costs (salaries) are uncertain because of the impact of the exchange rate fluctuations; in 2007-8 the budget of the Commission suffered as a result of the high €, requiring significant cost saving measures. Given that most expenditure is in €, the argument to fix contributions in € is strong, and has been made at previous General Sessions.

10. To protect against further adverse changes in the value of the US$, two solutions are proposed: a.

to denominate the level of member contributions in €, for those member countries that use this currency;

b.

to propose a slightly above-inflation rise in the administrative budget for 2010-2011, with the aim of re-establishing a financial buffer of 20% (circa 100,000 US$) (end of year balance) to protect against devaluation of the US$.

Budget for 2008-2009 11. A budget proposal for 2010 and 2011 is made below, based on the following: 12. in line with FAO budgetary planning procedures, a 4% figure has been applied for the annual growth in salaries and non-staff costs. Based on the staff in post, staff related costs, and associated Secretariat costs (travel, office, assistance at Sessions)

for

2010-11 were estimated (Table 1) 13. In order to reverse the losses incurred because of the 19% devaluation of the US$ for most of the financial period, an additional 2% of the budget is proposed for contingencies.

14. The budget required for contracts (including WRL contract) in 2010-11 was set at 100,000 USD/year. This is effectively no change to that agreed in 2007.

15. The predicted end-of-year balance in 2011 is US$ 62,000, less than the recommended balance of at least US$ 100,000, but an improvement on 2008-2009.

16. The allocation in the contracts budget line allows the Executive to take decisions to support actions for which other funds are not available.

17. The priorities for the funds allocated to the Contracts budget line, for workshops, actions requiring consultancies, diagnostic or scientific service contracts, should be decided by the Executive and/or the General Session, whichever comes first.

18. On the basis of an annual budget of USD 560,623, and on a proportionate rise in contributions by the member nations, the proposed scale of contributions for 201011 is shown in Table 3.

Note regarding Country contributions These are shown in Table 2 and 3.

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Appendix 19

1. The categorisation of countries used for contributions has been that agreed by the 32nd Session, based on ruminant and pig livestock population, and the Member State contribution to FAO. 2. No change to the categorisation of countries has been proposed by Members. The increase to contributions below has therefore been made pro rata.

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Appendix 19

TABLE 1.

EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE (EUFMD)

TRUST FUND 904200 MTF/INT/011/MUL 2010 and 2011 budgets for approval by 77th Executive and by 38th Session

Budget for 2008 is from the (provisional) report of expenditure, for 2009 is predicted expenditure.

2007

2008

2008

2009

2008

2010

2011

Real

Approved

Predicted

Approved

Predicted

For

For

Secret.

216,796

Temp.

37th

37th

approval

approval

Session

Session

77th

77th

Session

Session

211048

236660

219490

236660

246126

255971

12,668

30000

5337

33000

5000

5200

5408

109,737

94100

135000

97900

115000

119600

124384

120,179

96000

135000

96000

97900

100000

100000

Duty Travel

39,057

70000

20000

70000

60000

60000

60000

GOE

70,999

16000

36470

17000

12000

12480

12979

3600

1540

3600

3600

3744

3894

Assist.

Admin assist.

Contracts

Expend

747

equip.

Non-exp.

333

0

Equipment 570,183

520748

570,340

536990

77th Executive Committee

530,160

547,150

562,636

128

Appendix 19

TABLE 2. Proposed revision in relation to historic levels of contribution, expressed in US$ (top) and euro (below), using exchange rate of 1/1/03, 11/1/05 and 1/1/07, and 28/11/08

Contributi

$

Annual

Annual

Annual

Proposed

on

Annual

Contributions

Contribution

Contribution

revision

Category

Contrib

2004-2005

2006-7

2008-9

2010-11

30500

39,650

41,260

43736

utions, 2002 & 2003 1

US$ 26000

2

13000

15300

19,890

20,700

21942

3

7800

9200

11,960

12,450

13197

4

2600

3000

3,900

4060

4304

496,210

528,890

564,927

euro at 1/1/05

Euro at 1/1/07

Euro at

(official

28/11/08 (UN

e.r.1/07)

Op Ex rate)

TOTAL (US$)

EURO

euro

equivale

at 1/1/03

nce 1

TOTAL

euro

29,437

30,290

31,358

33,808

2

14,767

15,195

15,732

16,961

3

8,879

9,137

9,462

10,201

4

2,895

2,979

3,086

3,327

368,401

379,076

401,956

436,689

(euro)

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Appendix 19

TABLE

3.

Proposed

annual

contributions

(in

US$)

of

member

countries

to

the

administrative budget of the EUFMD Commission (MTF INT/011/MTF), for the biennium 2010-11

MEMBER

LEVE

ANNUAL

CONTRIBUTIONS

PROPOSED

COUNTRY

L

CONTRIBUTIONS

2008-9

CONTRIBUTIONS

2006-2007

2010-11 to be filled from table 2

ALBANIA

4

3,900

4060

AUSTRIA

3

11,960

12450

BELGIUM

2

19,890

20700

BULGARIA

3

11,960

12450

CYPRUS

4

3,900

4060

CROATIA

4

3,900

4060

CZECH

3

11,960

REPUBLIC

12450

DENMARK

2

19,890

20700

FINLAND

3

11,960

12450

FRANCE

1

39,650

41260

GERMANY

1

39,650

41260

GREECE

3

11,960

12450

HUNGARY

3

11,960

12450

ICELAND

4

3,900

4060

IRELAND

3

11,960

12450

ISRAEL

4

3,900

4060

ITALY

1

39,650

41260

LATVIA

1

LITHUANIA

4

3,900

4060

LUXEMBOUR

4

3,900

G

4060

FYROM

4

3,900

4060

MALTA

4

3,900

4060

NETHERLAND

2

19,890

S

20700

NORWAY

3

11,960

12450

POLAND

2

19,890

20700

PORTUGAL

3

11,960

12450

ROMANIA

2

19,890

20700

SERBIA AND

3

11,960

12450

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Appendix 19

MONTENEGR O SLOVAK R.

3

11,9601

12450

SLOVENIA

4

3,900

4060

SPAIN

2

19,890

20700

SWEDEN

2

19,890

20700

SWITZERLAN

2

19,890

D

20700

TURKEY

2

19,890

UNITED

1

39,650

KINGDOM TOTAL

1

20700

41260 496,210.00

528,890

564,927

th

New member: approved at the 74 Session

77th Executive Committee

131

Appendix 19

STATEMENT

1

MTF/INT/011/MUL - TF number 904200 EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE Financial Report as at 26 November 2008

US$

Balance as at 1 January 2008

US$

Eur

Eur

111,259

75,100 0

Interest received

790

Contributions from member countries and instititute

459,066

459,856

533

0

309,870

310,403

(As per statement 2)

Expenditure

Commission Secretary Consultant Admin. Support Personnel Contracts Duty Travel Training General Operating Expenses Expendable Equipment Non-Expendable Equipment

225,234

152,033

5,337

3,602

126,158

85,157

4,385

2,960

16,752

11,308

500

338

36,470

24,617

1,540

1,040

333

225 416,709

Total Expenditure

Balance as at 26 November 2008

281,279

154,406

104,224

Balance restated at UN Exchange rate of 26 November 2008

119,356

The Financial Statements of the Commission are maintained in US Dollars in accordance with the accounting policies and administrative systems of FAO. The amounts stated in Euros, including the opening balance, have been converted from US Dollars at the average monthly UN Operational Exchange Rates for 2008. The closing balance is restated at the UN Operational Exchange Rate on the date of the report. The average monthly UN Operational Exchange Rate applicable for the period to 26 November 2008 is USD 1:EUR 0.675. The UN Operational Exchange Rate at 26 November 2008 is USD 1: EUR 0.773

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Appendix 19

Statement 2 TRUST FUND No. 9042.00 - MTF/INT/011/MUL Inter-Regional - European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Status of Contributions as at 31December 2008

(expressed in US$) ORACLE CODE:

TF-AGADD-TFAA970089122

Member Governments

Outstanding

31/12/2007

ALBANIA AUSTRIA BELGIUM BULGARIA CYPRUS CROATIA CZECH REPUBLIC DENMARK FINLAND FRANCE GERMANY GREECE HUNGARY ICELAND IRELAND ISRAEL ITALY LATVIA LITHUANIA LUXEMBOURG FYR of MACEDONIA MALTA NETHERLANDS NORWAY POLAND PORTUGAL ROMANIA SERBIA SLOVAK REPUBLIC SLOVENIA SPAIN SWEDEN SWITZERLAND TURKEY UNITED KINGDOM

TOTALS

Contribution due for 2008

Received up to 31/12/2008

Outstanding 31/12/2008

41.13 37.96 19,935.34 26.12 3,000.00 2,609.00 25.69 46.63 35.50 16.82 -9,339.21 44.85 0.00 7,800.00 41.94 3,915.00 35,386.08 0.00 20.70 31.28 7,839.96 28.65 29.11 11,996.83 -5.44 -9,187.15 13.29 23.00 0.00 17.54 48.87 60.00 24,496.44 13.02 5.00

4,060.00 12,450.00 20,700.00 12,450.00 4,060.00 4,060.00 12,450.00 20,700.00 12,450.00 41,260.00 41,260.00 12,450.00 12,450.00 4,060.00 12,450.00 4,060.00 41,260.00 4,060.00 4,060.00 4,060.00 4,060.00 4,060.00 20,700.00 12,450.00 20,700.00 12,450.00 20,700.00 12,450.00 12,450.00 4,060.00 20,700.00 20,700.00 20,700.00 20,700.00 41,260.00

4,060.00 12,475.69 20,746.63 12,458.50 41,276.82 31,920.79 44.85 12,450.00 0.00 12,491.94 15.00 0.00 4,060.00 4,080.70 4,091.28 11,899.96 28.65 20,729.11 24,446.83 20,694.56 3,095.79 20,713.29 12,473.00 12,450.00 17.54 48.87 20,760.00 40,536.00 13.02 41,265.00

0.00 24.00 -45.34 0.00 7,060.00 2,609.00 0.00 0.00 27.00 0.00 0.00 12,450.00 0.00 11,860.00 0.00 7,960.00 76,646.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4,060.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 167.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 4,060.00 20,700.00 0.00 4,660.44 20,700.00 0.00

99,053.95

532,950.00

459,065.71

172,938.24

77th Executive Committee

4,101.13 12,463.96 40,680.68 12,476.12

0.00

133

Appendix 19

STATEMENT

3

MTF/INT/004/MUL - TF number 909700 FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE - EMERGENCY AID PROGRAMME Financial Report as at 26 November 2008 US$

US$

Balance as at 1 January 2008 Interest received Expenditure Consultancy Duty travel Expendable Procurement Support Costs Total expenditure

Eur

Eur

45,504

30,715

266

180

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

Balance as at 26 November 2008

0

0

45,770

30,895

Balance restated at UN Exchange rate of 26 November 2008

35,380

STATEMENT

4

MTF/INT/003/EEC - TF number 911100 FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE Financial Report as at 26 November 2008 US$

US$

Balance as at 1 January 2008

Eur

Eur

408,642

Interest received Contribution received

3,232 2,089,136

275,833 2,182 1,410,167

2,092,368

1,412,348

Expenditure Salaries Professional Consultancy Contracts Duty Travel Training General Operating Expenses Expendable Equipment Non-Expendable Equipment General Overhead Expenses Support Costs 6% (on all items except expendable equipment)

0

0

147,609

99,636

71,554

48,299

128,231

86,556

35,886

24,223

114,518

77,300

1,042,744

703,852

26,136

17,642

516

348

55,140

37,220

Less: Total Expenditure Balance as at 26 November 2008

1,622,334

1,095,075

878,676

593,106

Balance restated at UN Exchange rate of 26 November 2008

679,217

The Financial Statements of the Commission are maintained in US Dollars in accordance with the accounting policies and administrative systems of FAO. The amounts stated in Euros, including the opening balance, have been converted from US Dollars at the average monthly UN Operational Exchange Rates for 2008. The closing balance is restated at the UN Operational Exchange Rate on the date of the report. The average monthly UN Operational Exchange Rate applicable for the period to 26 November 2008 is USD 1: EUR 0.675. The UN Operational Exchange rate at 26 November 2008 is USD 1: EUR .0.773

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Appendix 19

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Appendix 19

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Appendix 19

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Appendix 20

FAO/OIE/EC Tripartite meeting on control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease and other exotic diseases in the southern Balkans Mytilene, Island of Lesbos, Greece 30th October 2008 Introduction A meeting of the FAO/OIE/EC Tripartite on control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease and other exotic diseases in the southern Balkans was convened on the 30th October 2008 at Mytilene, Lesbos, Greece. The meeting was attended by delegates of south eastern Balkan countries of Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Turkey. The EC (DGSANCO) was represented by Dr Fuessel, and the OIE by Professor Nikola Belev, OIE Regional Representative for Europe, and was chaired by the EUFMD Secretary, Keith Sumption.

The Meeting was opened by Dr Batziliotis, CVO of the Republic of Greece, who reminded the participants of the high impact of exotic animal diseases in the region, and of the recent sheep and goat pox outbreak in Lesbos in 2007. He indicated that Greece highly appreciated the efforts of Turkey to control FMD, and in particularly the high and continuous immunity of the ruminant population in eastern Thrace. He thanked the organizations and countries present for the close and intense co-operation with Turkey in disease control, and especially for the funding of the major FMD control project by the EU from early 2008.

Opening remarks then followed from Professor Belev, OIE, who emphasized the continued importance of the meeting for liaison and confidence building between veterinary services in the region, and Dr Fuessel, European Commission, who indicated the support of the Commission for the inclusion of Albania and Serbia and other additional southern Balkan countries to the meeting.

On FAO, Dr Sumption thanked the Government of Greece and the Prefecture of Lesbos for the offer to host the 2008 meeting and to the participants for their continued commitment to co-operation in animal disease control in the southern Balkans.

The list of participants is given in Appendix 1.

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Recommendations of the 2008 FAO/EC/OIE Tripartite Meeting on Control of FMD and other exotic diseases in the Southern Balkans:

1. The future meetings on control of FMD and other exotic diseases in the Southern Balkans should continue between the national competent authorities of Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey, and the international Tripartite of FAO, OIE and EC, but invitations should be extended to include Albania, FYROM, Kosovo and Serbia in 2009.

Relating mainly to control of FMD: 2. The GDPC is strongly encouraged to enforce the planned control measures relating to the kurban/bayram festival. In particular, the number of unsold animals at markets should be recorded and the subsequent disposal or movement of these animals to quarantine should be documented and reported to future meetings.

3. The GDPC should report epidemiologically significant new FMDV genotypes, defined as > 2% genotypic difference (in sequence coding for VP1) from previous FMDV recorded in the country.

4. There should be a regular sharing of laboratory findings by teleconference of the FMD laboratory senior staff at least every 3 months, involving the FMD NRLs of Turkey, Greece and Bulgaria, and the WRL/CRL Pirbright and the EuFMD Commission Secretary.

5. Turkey should continue to prioritize the vaccination program in Thrace region, aiming at full coverage and continuous immunity of large and small ruminants against FMD in Thrace region, as part of the action required to progress towards the standards required to gain the OIE status of freedom from FMD with vaccination.

6. A training workshop, with participation of regional experts, should be held after the planned evaluation of the rapid portable PCR apparatus (Smith’s Bioseeq) and the Svanova lateral flow device in Turkey.

On surveillance and disease notification in Thrace region 7. The laboratory tests and analysis following the sero-surveillance in Turkish Thrace region and in Anatolia conducted in 2008 should be completed in advance of the 2009 spring vaccination campaigns. A workshop to analyze results and identify any changes required for the 2009 surveys is recommended, and make use in the epidemiological expertise of the EUFMD Standing Technical Committee.

On control of PPR and Sheep and Goat pox The Turkish authorities are recommended to: 8. report ANY occurrence of PPR, SGP and BT, or other disease not normally present in Thrace region, as an emergency report within 24 hours, to the neighbouring countries (Greece and Bulgaria), as well as through ADNS to the EC and to the OIE. 9. Maintain in 2009 the policy of prevention of PPR through MASS VACCINATION, and eradication of PPR infection if detected in Thrace region, and to establish the necessary control on animal movements so to prevent the further entry of infection.

10. Report the level of small ruminant vaccination in 2008 to the Tripartite Group, to enter the final report (by 30th November 2008).

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11. Heighten clinical surveillance for PPR and other animal diseases in Thrace region, particularly in December to January following the bayram/kurban festival, with emphasis on early detection of infection in epidemiological relevant livestock markets.

Mainly relating to surveillance and control of bluetongue 12. MARA is recommended to follow-up the reports of BT sero-conversion in Lesbos, Greece by immediate surveillance in the neighbouring area of Anatolia, involving serological surveys for evidence of BT exposure. The use of sera collected for FMD surveillance may allow a retrospective analysis of BT sero-conversions from the spring and autumn collections, but would be insufficient by itself to rule out recent and ongoing exposure.

13. MARA is requested to report the results of the recent sero-surveillance conducted in March to May 2008 in Turkey, for the final report of the Tripartite (by 30th November).

14. MARA is encouraged to develop a surveillance plan for BT for 2009, making efficient use of the >30,000 sera to be collected for FMD surveillance, and to follow up the implications of the results of the 2008 surveillance mentioned above.

15. FAO is encouraged to develop a project to assist countries in risk assessment and early warning of exotic disease risks including BT, PPR, LSD, EHD and FMD in the eastern Mediterranean region, with active involvement experts from Turkey, Greece and Bulgaria.

Relating to priority topics for the first GfTADS meeting of a Balkan forum on veterinary public health and transboundary disease control 16. Priority topics for the first meeting should include the assistance to countries to develop CSF control policies that are adapted to the production systems and which enable access to markets, for example through high health compartments; regional co-operation and support for brucellosis control; and planning of simulation exercises involving several countries which share land borders.

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Report of the Tripartite Meeting Item 1. Agenda.

The Agenda (Appendix 2) was adapted without change.

Part 1: FMD Item 1: FMD control in Turkey Part I Current situation report Presentations were made by each country on the FMD situation. Dr Bulut, FMD expert at the SAP Institute, Ankara, gave a presentation (Appendix 3) on the FMD situation and FMD control programme in Turkey, the vaccination campaigns in 2008, including the performance of the spring and autumn vaccination campaigns in Thrace region and in Anatolia.

Turkey remains endemic for types A and O, but Asia-1 has not been recorded since 2002. No outbreaks of FMD have been reported from Thrace region in 2008, an improvement over the previous two years (6 outbreaks in 2007), and in line with the target of achieving 24 months without reporting (or circulation) of FMD in order to apply for status of freedom from FMD without vaccination, in 2010.

Two hundred and twenty outbreaks were reported in 2008, of which 168 were conformed (134 type A, 34 type O). Since August 2007, all type A outbreaks were of a new genotype, called A 05: ARD 2007; this was significantly different at genotype (5%) and vaccine matching to the A22 Iraq vaccine in use (r 0.2). A decision had been made to switch to A TUR 06 in the 2009 vaccination campaigns.

The lack of cross-protection therefore results in a higher risk of type A, and may explain the upsurge in type A in 2008 compared to 2007 (Figure 1).

A new type O genotype was also detected from august 2008; termed O PanAsia II: TER-08, with 4% sequence change compared to the previous PanAsia II. The origin of the new variants was not clear, but presumed to be entries from the east (Iran, Syria, Iraq).

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NUMBER OUTBREAKS 2007-OCT 2008 180 160 NO. OF OUTBREAKS

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 JAN FE 07 B

MA AP MA JUN JUL AU SE OC NO DE JAN FE MA AP MA JUN JUL AU SE OC R R Y E Y G PT T V C 08 B R R Y E Y G PT T

TYPE O

119 70

66

62

47

35

21

11

25

14

6

6

6

3

4

13

3

0

1

0

4

5

TYPE A

18

9

3

4

2

1

3

3

5

5

1

2

7

15

18

15

25

19

19

13

3

0

UNTYPED

34

35

33

31

28

28

22

19

14

18

5

4

8

4

7

6

14

2

4

2

1

0

TOTAL

171 114 102 97

77

64

46

33

44

37

12

12

21

22

29

34

42

21

24

15

8

5

Discussion Of concern to participants were: • apparent under-reporting of outbreaks in the southern/eastern border regions; since incursions were expected, various suggestions were made to improve detection and typing of FMDV in these locations.

• lack of risk communication after detection of new variants; the type A ARD 2007 and PanAsia II TER-08 had not been communicated to OIE or neighbors as a new event of epidemiological significance.

• the type of production system affected, particularly in western Anatolia; FMD outbreaks should be analyzed for the association with type of production unit affected, e.g. individual fattening unit, or village system with multiple groups of animals in common contact.

The Chairman drew attention to the improved situation, with no outbreaks detected in Thrace region for one year, and on behalf of the group thanked the GDPC Turkey for their major effort.

Part II: Control measures: Thrace region and Anatolia Dr Bulut reviewed the main control measures, now being supported under EU funded project TR06 03 02, to November 2010. Vaccination (with trivalent A Iraq22/O Manisa/Asia-1 Shamir) or bivalent vaccine (A/O) remained the key measure; minimum potency required is 3 PD50, and vaccine in spring 2008 was supplied by 3 producers.

Over 85% large ruminant (LR) vaccination, and > 70% small ruminant coverage had been achieved in Thrace region in spring 2008; trivalent Merial vaccine had been used. Autumn coverage in LR was expected to be similar, but priorities had to be set because of a 1 million dose deficit; priority had been given to Thrace, with vaccine for 100% LR coverage provided, whereas other areas received a maximum of 90% because of insufficient stocks.

Across Turkey, coverage rates had risen compared to 2007 (to 84% LR). SR coverage, in the once per year campaigns remained at approximately 33%, as a result of shortage of vaccine.

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Discussion The GDPC were thanked for their decision to prioritize vaccination in Thrace in autumn 2008 over other areas.

A repeat tender had been issued as suppliers could not provide sufficient vaccine for the SR campaigns in 2009; tender to be completed by end of December; therefore SR coverage in 2009 remains in doubt.

Bulgaria: coverage in Thrace is acceptable, but sero-surveillance data is requested to support the claimed immunity levels.

Greece: asked to see an analysis of immunity rates by vaccine producer.

In response, Dr Bulut indicated that lab testing was delayed, but smaller studies on immunity indicated over 80-90% immunity 2 months post-vaccination.

Dr Fuessel asked why vaccine for SR was not used instead to raise the available for LR in areas of shortage. Dr Bulut explained that in 2009 there should be no shortage in LR. The Chairman concluded that it was highly unhelpful to disease control to not have the sero-surveillance results until May 2009, which is later than the spring vaccination, the NSP and SP results could have been used to adjust the spring programs.

Dr Fuessel asked for a cost estimate on the provision of kits to allow immediate testing. [Secretariat: about 40,000 € for NSP kits, based on 40,000 samples = 100 kits = 400*100 = 40,000 € approx; SP test kits are an additional cost].

Part III: Management of risk associated with kurban/bayram festival: New biosecurity measures had been introduced, following the Tripartite recommendations of 2007.

Movement of animals would be prohibited from Provinces with < 85% vaccination coverage; and unsold animals after the kurban markets in Istanbul would be would be allowed to return to Thrace but would be slaughtered in place, or if sent to Anatolia given a 3 week quarantine.

Additional effort will be made in 2008 on biosecurity measures at the temporary and permanent markets in Istanbul.

Discussion On behalf of the group, the Chairman congratulated the GDPC on the follow-up to the previous Tripartite recommendations. The festival period would remain high risk, given that outbreaks have bee occurring to Provinces with high vaccination rates, and therefore even a coverage of >85% was not a guarantee that infected animals would not be traded in December.

Item 2 FMD surveillance in Greece, Bulgaria, Albania and Serbia in 2008 – recent and planned These were provided by Dr Hondrokouki (Appendix 4), Dr Georgiev (Appendix 5) and Dr Plavsic, respectively (Appendix 6).

In Greece, sera from some 3570 cattle, 2804 sheep and goats, and 675 swine have been tested (NS serology – Ceditest) with negative results, collected from 11 prefectures of Greece, mainly located close to eastern borders. The sampling strategy was not described. Three tissue samples were tested for FMDV with negative results. The laboratory is considering to use decentralized tests (penside test kits) in borderline areas in future.

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Chairman’s comments: the EuFMD have developed a decision paper on decentralized testing which will be sent to all NRLs in EuFMD countries for their guidance. Action: secretariat

In Bulgaria, some 1171 samples were tested with negative results (3ABC, Bommeli test) from the sentinel herds testing program (30 animals each) located within 10 km of the Turkish border, from the program starting 1st March; in 2008 the scheme will continue until after the Kurban festival (to end of December). BUL participates in the FAO/EC proficiency testing program, receiving material for FMDV confirmation and serology; the high containment area does not permanently operate but is commissioned for live virus handling when required.

In Serbia, official FMD freedom was regained in 2006, after the last case of FMD in 1996. Surveillance for FMD comprises annual clinical inspection of each farm, and an annual national sero-surveillance, utilizing the brucellosis sampling activities, to reconfirm to OIE the absence of FMD, with survey design with 95% confidence of detecting infected epidemiological units if present at 1% or higher prevalence.

Virological tests are outsourced to the WRL Pirbright. A high containment facility is under construction, and the current lab provides services to Montenegro and Bosnia-H.

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Item 3 Training Requirements: The Chairman requested each delegation to indicate its training priorities on FMD for the upcoming year.

Bulgaria: clinical investigation and FMD recognition, for the new generation of veterinarians who have not seen FMD. Serbia: as for Bulgaria, need continuous training Greece: laboratory training on rt RT-PCR application to FMDV confirmation. in PCR Turkey: epidemiology training -continuation of the EuFMD supported program.

The Chairman proposed that the interest shown by Greece and Bulgaria to apply penside decentralized tests, could be a subject of a workshop following the trail of the Bioseeq and Svanodip lateral flow devices in trial in Turkey in winter (November-March).

Part II: Bluetongue, Peste des Petits ruminants, and other exotic diseases Item 1: Country reports The meeting thereafter received and reviewed reports (Bulgaria; Appendix 7; Greece, Appendix 8; Serbia, Appendix 9; Turkey, Appendix 10) on the surveillance in 2008 for Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), Sheep and Goat Pox (SGP) and bluetongue (BT).

In Bulgaria, the BT serum surveillance was performed in 9 sentinel serum-negative animal herds located in Western and 17 sentinels in South Bulgaria. The sentinel animals have been tested every 30 days for the presence of BTV antibodies. Each sentinel herd consisted of 10 cattle with individual ear-tags.

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FYROM mM

In 2008, 4504 sera have been tested, with negative results (kit test producers by VMRD and Ingenaza), as indicated in the Table provided below.

SPECIES

ORIGIN

BOVIDAE

SENTINEL, IMPORT & EXPORT

OVINAE & CAPRIDAE

SENTINELS, IMPORT & EXPORT

OTHERS

TOTAL

Camels, buffaloes others

NUMBER

and

RESULT

3672

NEG.

925

NEG.

7

NEG.

4504

NEG.

In addition, Culicoides presence and abundance are monitored by trapping program. C. imicola midges were not detected and dominating Culicoides species were both, C. obsoletus and C. pulicaris complexes.

In 2009, they plan to extend the surveillance to sentinel villages on the border with Romania.

EHD, PPR, SGP: in 2008 only 40 [ruminant] samples were tested, with negative results.

CSF: one outbreak, 6km from border with Serbia, in a family farm; serology found additional 23 +ve animals within 3km zone. Wild boar vaccination program along 40 km strip along the western and northern borders; serology indicated a 61% immunity level in tested samples. Unfortunately, there has been no previous data collection prior to the wild boar vaccination to compare the results.

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AHS: the laboratory participates in the ring trial under the European RL. Currently there is no active surveillance undertaken.

West Nile: sero-positives have been found but and sent to Teramo for confirmation and typing, no specific surveillance scheme, studies ongoing under BTNET2 project.

Greece – BT: sero-surveillance in 2008; 10 randomly selected herds sampled in high risk locations; 300 samples collected, all samples collected to mid October were negative on groups specific ELISA. All samples collected randomly from sheep were shown to be negative as well.

PPR: all samples tested (how many) were negative; samples from SR. CSF: have tested sera from 2000 breeding age pigs from different parts of Greece, and all results negative.

Serbia – Dr Plavsic reviewed the progress made against CSF in the past 2 years. In 2006 401 casses of CSF were recorded. Obligatory vaccination is still carried out. The last outbreak was 4th of October 2007. Presentation cannot be opened Turkey: Bluetongue The last case recorded as in August 2000. Control measures include vaccination against serotype BTV4 ; 20,386 small ruminants were vaccinated between February and May 2008 in Aydin and Mugla Provinces, on the Aegean coast.

Sero-surveillance was conducted on the southern coast, under a collaborative project between March and May 2008, in Adana, Mersin (also called Icel) , Antalya, Osmaniye and Hatay Provinces ; 1062 samples were collected, of which 361 (34%) were positive. Six antigen positive samples were found , of 137 tested. The serotype was not reported. (Note: these results are of significance given the later finding of BTV16 on Lesbos, immediately following the TPT meeting; they raise the possibility of BTV16 or other types circulating between March to May 2008 along the southern coast) Sheep and goat pox Remains endemic, with thirty three outbreaks in 2008, of which 20 occurred in the first two months; this may suggest an epidemic after the festival period in late 2007. Five of these were in Thrace region: in January (Cannakale and Edirne), February (Istanbul), March (Cannakale) and August (Cannakale).

The total SR vaccinated in 2008 was 1,657,904; and in the 5 Provinces of Thrace region , 106,083 (or 9% based on 2008 populations for the 5 Provinces).

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Peste des Petits Ruminants Thirty one outbreaks (31) until late October, all located in western Anatolia, including two in Thrace (Kirklareli Province). Control measures include ring vaccination in susceptible animals localized within and around outbreak areas, in which the disease has been confirmed in the past two years.

In Thrace region, since 2005 the entire small ruminant population of Thrace is vaccinated against PPR. In total, 843,270 SR were vaccinated in 2008, to the end of October; 478,323 in the 5 provinces of Thrace (40% coverage, based on 2008 population data).

A full program of small ruminant vaccination is foreseen under the EU Project “Identification and Registration of Small Ruminants and Control of PPR” , under the Pre-accession Financial Assistance Programme, with budget of ~ 45 million Euros.

This includes establisment of a database for ID and registration, 4 vaccination campaigns, with the 1st being vaccination of entire small ruminant population, and the following period being vaccination of the new-born population.

Figure: PPR cases in 2008 in Turkey (to 20th October) Part III: Other Issues Veterinary Public Health Forum (VPH) and Transboundary diseases (TADs) in the Balkan Region This was introduced by the Chairman. The creation of a forum for discussion and co-ordination of animal health projects had been discussed at two previous EuFMD Executive Committee meetings, and received strong support from country representatives from the Balkan region. The CVO of Austria had proposed a first 77th Executive Committee

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planning meeting on 12th December in Vienna, to involve FAO, OIE, EC, and members of the EuFMD Executive with specific interest, plus the CVO of Croatia, the host of the first meeting planned for February 2009.

Since CSF, brucellosis and rabies had been priorities identified by the CVOs of the region, he had asked Dr Jemersic, FAO, to provide an illustration of the type of issues that need to be addressed and how technical and policy support could assist to solve these at national and regional level.

Dr Jemersic provided two presentations, on CSF and control of TAD’s and neglected zoonoses (Appendices 11 and 12, attached).

The meeting agreed that policy guidance is a priority for CSF affected countries where wild boar and backyard systems are predominant. The guidance should cover the issue of different policy for production settings, including how to achieve access to international markets from high biosecurity systems, as well as management of vaccination and other control measures in backyard systems.

Acknowledgements The participants of the meeting recorded a vote of thanks to Dr Batziliotis, Dr Aronis (Lesbos Prefecture) and Dr Doudonakis for the generous and warm hospitality and excellent organization of the meeting.

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List of Appendices: Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix

1.

2.

3 4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

List of participants Meeting Agenda Presentation of Turkey on FMD Presentation of Greece on FMD surveillance Presentation of Bulgaria on FMD surveillance Presentation of Serbia on FMD surveillance Presentation of Bulgaria on BT, PPR and CSF Presentation of Greece on BT surveillance Presentation of Serbia on CSF control Presentation of Turkey on BT, PPR and SGP control Presentation of FAO on regional co-operation on CSF control.

Presentation of FAO on regional aspects of brucellosis control.

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Appendix 1 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS FAO-EUFMD/EC/OIE Tripartite Group Meeting on control of FMD and other exotic diseases in the southern Balkans/Aegean region Lesbos - Greece 29-31 October 2008

Bulgaria Georgi Kirilov Georgiev Head of Exotic and Emerging Diseases National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute 1606 Sofia Tel/Fax: +359-2-8341004 e-mail: georgivet@yahoo.com Jeko Baychev Director General and CVO National Veterinary Services 15 P Slaveikov Blvd Sofia Tel: +359 2 952 1345 Fax: +359 2 954 95 93 e-mail: J.Baichev@nvms.government.bg Greece / Grèce Spiros Doudounakis Head of Unit of Animal Diseases Ministry of Rural Development and Food 2, Acharnon Str. 10176 Athens Tel: +30 210-8836420 Fax: +30 210 2125719 e-mail: vetserv@ath.forthnet.gr Helen Hondrokouki Director of F.M.D.I. Neapolfos 25, Ag. Paroskevi Athens 15310 Tel: +30 210 6010903 Fax: +30 210 6082085 e-mail: fmdi@otenet.gr Vasilios Batziliotis Chief of Veterinary services of Hellas Veterinary Services Ministry of Agriculture 2, odos Acharnon 10176 Athens Tel: +30 210 212 57 54 Fax: +30 210 822 91 88 e-mail: ka6u040@minagric.gr

Katerina Marinou Ministry of Rural Development and Food 2, Acharnon Str. 10176 Athens e-mail : kmarinou@gmail.com Serbia, Republic of Budimir Plavsic Head of Animal Health and Welfare Department Veterinary Directorate Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management Omladinskih brigada 1 11070 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia Tel: +381 11 311 7315 Mob: +381 64 8680 111 Fax: +381 11 311 7724 e-mail: b.plavsic@minpolj.sr.gov.yu Turkey Naci Bulut FMD Expert Head of the Diagnosis Department FMD Institute Ankara Tel: +90 312 2873600 / Fax: +90 312 2873606 Mobile: +90 533 3571484 e-mail : nacib@sap.gov.tr Visal Kayacik Section Director Veterinary Epidemiology and Information Section Animal Health Department GDPC-MARA Tel: +90 312 417 41 76/4111 +90 312 418 63 17 Fax: +90 312 417 82 09 e-mail: visalk@kkgm.gov.tr

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EC - European Commission Alf-Eckbert Füssel Head of Sector DG SANCO/O1 Animal Health, Trade and Zootechnics rue Froissart, 101, 3/67 B-1040 Brussels Belgium Tel: +32 2 2950870 / Fax: +32 2 2953144 e-mail: Alf-Eckbert.Fuessel@ec.europa.eu OIE – World Organization for Animal Health Professor Dr Nikola T. Belev President of the OIE Regional Commission for Europe and Regional Coordinator for East European Countries Bld Wasil Lweski 110 1527 Sofia Bulgaria Tel: +359-2-9441514 / Fax: +359-2-8462910 e-mail: rr.easteurope@oie.int

FAO Lorena Jemersic International Consultant/Project Coordinator Emergency Operations and Rehabilitation Division Tel: + 39 06570 52079 e-mail: lorena.jemersic@fao.org EUFMD SECRETARIAT Dr Keith SUMPTION Secretary, EUFMD Animal Health Service Animal Production and Health Division FAO – Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy Tel/Fax: +39-065705-5528 / +39-065705-5749 e-mail: keith.sumption@fao.org

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Appendix 2

Agenda of the 2008 Tripartite Meeting: Technical Items Italics indicate the Country/Institution hereby requested to make a presentation Item 1 Adoption of the Agenda Part 1: FMD (0930-1300 hrs) Item 1 FMD situation and FMD control programme in Turkey, with emphasis on prevention of incursions into Thrace Part I. Current situation report • Progress in FMD control in Turkey in 2008 • report on FMD outbreaks and their control in Thrace/western Anatolian regions of Turkey in 2008 Turkey Part II. Vaccination campaigns in 2008 Turkey Performance of the spring and autumn vaccination campaigns in Thrace region: • sufficient immunity for the upcoming risk period?

• does the current programme provide adequate coverage, and duration of immunity, to the current type A and the O PanAsiaII virus strain?

Part III. Biosecurity measures ahead of the bayram kurban festival: report of Turkey on new measures to be taken in 2008.

Turkey Item 2 FMD surveillance in Greece, Bulgaria, Albania and Serbia in 2008 – recent and planned Statements or presentation: Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, Serbia Item 3 FMD training needs: 2007-8 discussion.

Brief

PART II: Bluetongue, Peste des Petits ruminants, Classical Swine fever, and other exotic diseases (14.30-17.00) Item 1 Information on the current epidemiological situation, surveillance and control of PPR, BT, SGP and CSF. Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Turkey Country presentations : up to 15 minutes each

Part III: Other Issues Veterinary Public Health Forum (VPH) in the Balkan Region Final discussions and summary of recommendations.

Close of Session

FAO

FAO HQ, ROME, 27-28 APRIL 2011

Report

39TH GENERAL SESSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE (EuFMD)