Chapter 4: Ancient Rome

The term "ancient Rome" in modern historiography refers to Roman culture from the time the Italian city of Rome was founded in the eighth century BC until the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century AD. Up until the fall of the western empire, it includes the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic, and Roman Empire.

Rank and status determined whether the toga could be worn and coloured.

Only the emperor could wear purple

Priests, senators and equestrians could wear a stripe of purple on their robes

A women basic garment was the stola

Foreign captives abf slaves wore a tunica

Leather sandals or boots protect the feet

Madder,saffron and indigo dyes were available

Fibulae

The beautiful nymph Io, the lover of Argos, is shown dressed in a stola (diaphanous silk robe)

She was turned into a heifer so her headdress has small horns.

Ceremonial Toga

Emperor's robe Stola

Stola is fastened with brooches or clasps

Held in under the bust and around the waist like a belt

Togas were white, called pura

Notable figure

5th emperor of Rome, named Nero Never wore the same garment twice He wore a purple tunic and a chlamys decorated with gold stars on his triumphal concert tour of Greece Appearing in public in a dinner dress made by linen with flower ornamentation, unbelted, without sandals and having a handkerchief (sudarium) around his neck.

Roman Toga

Soldier

Draped around the body and over the arm

It was woven on an upright loom, beginning with the long straight edge

Palla

Wearing a hoursehair plume

Helmet with chin-guards Cloak

Apron skirt of studded leather strips

Shin guards

Caliga (leather sandals)

Ancient Rome influence on modern fashion

The first costume is the Andreas Kronthaler for Vivienne Westwood Fall 2016 RTW. The red colour of the garment is reminiscent of Ancient roman soldiers armour that they wear with a red cape. The silhouette of the garment appears similar to the Roman Toga. The simple tunic underneath is similar to the Roman way of wearing a tunica under their toga. The garment looks so to be draped from the shoulder, similar to how ancient Romans would drape their clothing.

The second costume is Andreas Kronthaler for Vivienne Westwood 2016 RTW. The red colour of the garment is reminiscent of clothing makes it appear as thought ancient Roman soldiers armour that they wear a tunic has been with a red cape. The silhouette of the garment appears similar to the Roman toga. The simple tunic underneath is similar to the original colour, which appears to be Roman way of wearing a tunica under their toga. The garment looks to be draned from the shoulder similar to how ancient Romans would drape their clothing.

Women wore a palla, which might cover a head Worn over the stola

Hairstles

Hair fashions changed frequently

Men kept their hair short and neat

Clean shaven

Wealthy women had slaves to help them curl and dress their hair using ointments and calamistrum

The raised curls , hair pieces or wigs were used to create styles

Calamistrum

Footwears

Pero - used by the mob, however the left leg was free and the ankle was not covered by the heel shoes.

Calceus - was the set of formal closed shoes used outside the home with the Roman toga.

Patricius - was a closed shoe that rose up much of the Calf and knotted with crossed straps

Caligae - used by the army caligæ attach well to the foot sole; is reinforced with iron or copper nails

Soleae - simply attached on the upper sole with two straps ; are used mostly in home

Ancient curling iron

Used to curl hair by Roman women mperors apparel is with elaborate dery on it. lt, sword and akes it seem like a for the military

AncientByzantium,laterknownasthe ByzantiumEmpire,wastheeasternportion oftheRomanEmpirethatlastedforovera millennium,fromthe4thtothe15th centuryAD.FoundedasaGreekcolonyin the7thcenturyBC,Byzantiumbecamethe capitaloftheRomanEmpireunder EmperorConstantinetheGreat,who renameditConstantinople.TheByzantine Empireplayedasignificantroleinthe developmentandspreadofChristianity, experiencedterritorialexpansionunder EmperorJustinianI,facedconflictswith Arabarmies,witnessedperiodsof iconoclasmandrevival,andultimatelyfell totheOttomanTurksin1453.Itslegacy includescontributionstoart,architecture, law,andreligion.

T-shaped, unwealthy people will wear this made from wool. Men will wear from knee-length with leggin and a long cloak usually wear about 4 different garments at once. underdress with tight sleeves. wear the stola over the underdress and then another stola with the angustus clavus. the palla draped on top with the panel attached. wear a jeweled collar with pear drop pearls. The jeweled collar was a distinctive feature of Byzantine dress. ways purple st made of plain material nt down to the ankles ten embroidered in heavy d and encrusted with wels, and pearls until it was most completely covered other women was allowed wear this time went one the material came more rich

The dalmatica became merged into the tunic The difference was in the sleeves.

The sleeves were close in the tunic and wide in the dalmatica.

The dalmatica in brought back into use in the 6th century when the emperor would use them as Imperial robes.

Women wore the dalmatica with the stola.

Men hairstyle hair short cut straight across the forehead

Caesar cut named after Julius Caesar inherited the phrygian cap and the petasos from the Greeks hair dressed was cut to form a fringe over the forehead significantly long at the back to allow it to puff at the nape of the neck

Beards weren ’t typically worn

Women hairstyle hair pretty long and either braided it or piled it on top the head in a variety of different ways ornamented with bands and edged with pearls cap covers the ears only leaving the lobes visible.

AAccessories ccessories

Byzantine rulers loved adorning themselves with jewels, covering their bodies in jewelry from head to toe.

a variety of accessories, including headpieces, earrings, necklaces, and body jewelry.

Stacking bracelets and layering necklaces were popular fashion trends during this time.

Earrings were often large hoops with crescent shapes or stone pendants at the bottom.

Women favored large gem-set necklaces as part of their jewelry ensemble.

Men preferred gold bracelets and pectoral ornaments like brooches, often used as military decorations.

Justinian I

Justinian I, also known as Justinian the Great, was a Byzantine Emperor who ruled from 527 AD to 565 AD. He was born in 482 AD in the region of Illyria, in present-day Macedonia or Serbia.

Justinian I is remembered for his ambitious efforts to revive the glory of the Roman Empire, his legal reforms, and his significant architectural contributions, including the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.

Ariadne was a Byzantine empress, born in 450 AD, and a member of the Theodosian dynasty. She married multiple emperors, including Zeno and Justinian I, which played a significant role in Byzantine politics and alliances.

Ariadne's reign was marked by periods of peace and prosperity in the Byzantine Empire, and she was admired for her beauty and intelligence.

Influence on modern fashion Influence on modern fashion

Designers are inspired by their personal backgrounds and experiences, and their aesthetic choices frequently include historical and/or religious themes. Dolce and Gabbana's shared Italian Catholic upbringing most likely influenced their creative decision to replicate the mosaics that adorn this Byzantine church and others like it not to mention that historical and religious images like these are free of copyright, making them easy to use and replicate.

The Byzantine era ' s decadent and intricate religious art, rich in iconography, reflects the dedicated practices of its artists and their deep religious beliefs, a theme revisited in various art movements over time, including its recent resurgence in the fashion world, where fashion draws influences from diverse art styles throughout history.