INNOVATION DMGT 702 | History and Interpretation of Innovation Fall 2016 Erin Legan Professor: Tom Hardy
TABLE OF CONTENTS
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.4
What is Innovation? Portuguese Expansion Steel Axes Joy Paul Rand + Richard Sapper Lifestyle Innovation Failed Innovation Visual Rhetoric Art Innovation Innovation Project
0.1
WHAT IS INNOVATION?
Creativity, defined as the ability to form new and useful ideas, is the seed of innovation but unless the creativity is applied it remains merely an idea. Thus, innovation is the implementation of that formed idea. Invention can be defined as the creation of a product or process for the first time. Innovation, on the other hand, occurs if someone improves or makes a significant change to an existing product, process or service. The relationship between innovation and invention is direct: innovation often gives a backing or purpose to the initial invention. Design management deals with the processes and strategies that support innovation and create effectively-designed products and services that enhance our quality of life and lead to success. Therefore it is imperative that design managers understand all facets of innovation.
0.2
Portuguese Expansion 1291 - Ugolino and Vadino Vivaldi left Genoa for India in two galleys (warships) and vanished after passing through the Pillars of Hercules. wn’ in do o g s She’
Why did it sink?
What made it a good warship - slim, low and carried a large crew - impeded it from the carriage of cargo and venturing far from land.
SOLUTIONS TO SAIL ON
Added sails and made the ship more lightweight, less crew Portuguese Caravel, 1497
Magnetic compass became more available to Europe, no need for sailors to hug the coast
Indian Spice Trade dominance
Sailing technique - wind, current, and cape - around the route as well as astronomical observations Astrolabe, Quadrant, 1480s
ELEMENTS Wood
Men
Sails
Supplies
Erin Legan, DMGT 702
PORTUGUESE EXPANSION Assignment: To read John Law’s article on the The Case of Portuguese Expansion, identify the main concepts as well as the human and non-human actors depicted in the story and create a visual representation of the story.
Concept: The story depicts how the Portuguese Expansion led to the Indian Spice Trade dominance. The poster is designed to be a simple depiction of the elements that effected the outcome of this story. The poster begins with the initial event that catalyzed this process, continues to the hindrances, and concludes on the solutions - innovative ship design, the magnetic compass, and a new sailing techniques - that each contributed to the dominance of the Indian Spice Trade by the Portuguese.
0.3 STEEL AXES Assignment: To read Lauriston Sharp’s article titled Steel Axes for Stone Age Australians, identify the main concepts as well as the human and non-human actors depicted in the story and create a visual representation of the story.
Concept: The story depicts how the innovation and implementation of an artifact can affect an individual society both positively and negatively. The poster is designed to be a clear depiction of the adoption of the steel axe from the initial stone axe that was first use by the Australian society. The poster starts with the stone axe and its affects on society and leads to the steel axe, how it was introduced by Westerners and how the artifact impacted the Yir Yoront culture after its adoption.
STEEL AXES FOR STONE AGE AUSTRALIANS
Stone Axe
Totemic Religion
Long Journey/ Trading
Eff
ec
ts
Male Domination (societal status)
Westerners introduced the steel axe to society
Male/Female Equalization
Christian Religion, Totemic Corrupted
Steel Axe
Shorter journey, less trading
0.4
DRIVING FORCES IN JOY SOCIAL -Joy started out with dreams of what life would be -Half sister Peggy -Creativity (woman’s talent wasn’t accepted) -Dreams -Fear -Family Relationships -Joy is the center of the family dynamics -MIMI -Laziness -TV Obsession -Lack of trust -Lack of understanding -Being scared of asking
TECHNOLOGICAL -The mop -Cleaning/plumbing service -TV -Telephone calls on TV/selling products -Car shop -The woman’s innovation at the end -Airplane to Texas -Boat -Hong Kong Map -Factory workers
ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMIC
-Cicada -Hands, their hands become people’s hands -Trends -Death -The idea of copying/competition in the surrounding environment -The lie “I’m not good enough”
-Jobs/roles -4 questions of financial worthiness -The idea of commerce/disappointment/ success -Tony as business partner -prototyping -Trudy -Sell quality product, QVC’s vision -Everything must be bought in consumption -Bought through word of mouth -Bankruptcy
POLITICAL
OTHER
-Jail -Mom holds power over Joy, everyone does -Trudy/patent lawyers -Dynamics of family -Soap opera dynamics
-time -17 years - reoccuring number -”Ordinary meets extraordinary everyday” -TV was the means of fake reality, afraid to confront the real work -She changes her hair - cuts it to signify life change
JOY Assignment: To watch the film, Joy, and identify the driving forces that contributed to the invention and diffused innovation of Joy’s mop.
Concept: The story depicts numerous driving forces that effected the diffusion of Joy’s invention. This poster effectively shows each driving force - social, technological, environmental, economic, political, and other - within the film. The poster also displays the relation to one another as a whole force and how each contributed to Joy’s overall innovation.
0.5 Paul Rand + Richard Sapper Assignment: To design and present a verbal and digital presentation on the factors that contributed to creation of innovative design solutions by preeminent designers Paul Rand and Richard Sapper.
Concept: The project began with secondary research about the individual designers to find out what influenced them as well as to learn about specific pieces of work unique to each. The presentation shows their influences, works, key factors and comparisons.
vs.
Influences
Work
Father/Family Schools attended Early jobs Religion Name = first brand Magazine Cover
Influences
Work
Early jobs Architects Car Dealership Simplistic Beauty Photography Building work
0.6
0.7 Lifestyle Innovation Assignment: To watch the documentary Connections by James Burke and select an innovation that we engage with in our daily lives. From there, we were to conduct secondary research to identify the initial invention, subsequent inventions derived from the original invention and separate inventions that contributed to the original innovation. We then had to identify key factors and a timeline displaying all of the found information.
Concept: I chose the invention of the coffeemaker for my analysis of a diffused innovation. The slides below show the secondary research behind the coffeemaker that led to the timeline on the right, which shows the diffusion of the coffeemaker to what we have today. Compiling all the information in this way allows one to see the multiple layers of thought that occur in the process of innovation diffusion.
HISTORY OF THE COFFEEMAKER MAJOR INVENTIONS IN COFFEE:
Coffee Percolator Espresso Machine Instant Coffee Coffee Drip Maker Automatic Espresso Pump Espresso
16th
century
1652
Access to coffee limited S Science development/material access
T Ec
15th century coffee discovered after goats ate + became energized in Ethiopia, spread in 16th century Adding heat
T
First coffee house in London - became a place to debate current events, London Stock began with similar atmosphere
1773
Boston Tea Party - changed the American drinking preference from tea to coffee
1861
The Civil War elevated the popularity of coffee became a wartime soldier ration
1865
James Mason invented the coffee percolator
1901 1906 1908
Patents were invented for various parts of the coffee maker Coffeehouses began to form as a place to congregate S Ec Religious beliefs - “of satan� - slowed adoption process S En Shipping became more wide spread S Taxes P Luigi Bezzera patents first espresso machine The first instant coffee was invented by George Constant Washington Melitta Bentz invents first drip coffee maker Popularity of coffee increases exponentially
INFLUENCING FACTORS:
S Social T Technological
Ec Economic En Environmental P Political
Ec S
1933
Earnest Lily develops first automatic espresso machine
1961
FAEMA makes first pump operated espresso machine
1979
Drip coffee maker had improvements added
T
0.8
0.9
THE MINIDISC 1979 WALKMAN Sony launched the cassette Walkman
MD outsold the DCC and gained momentum in sales
In order to seize momentum, Sony re-launched the MD, 1994
Increased availability of pre-recorded MD albums; MD was favored over Philips DCC, 1993
format introduced as a replacement for vinyl long play albums, 1982
Sold only portable models, $425 each, when the MD hit the market, 1992
DCC prices stayed high due to MDĘźs success and low prices
Perceived as poor compared to CDs
Popular press edging towards DCC over MD due to superior quality and backwards compatibility
Few, if any, prerecorded albums being sold due to MP3
Targeting MD to younger PC generation
MINIDISC
Marketed as a competitor to CD, not a replacement for cassette tapes
DRIVING FORCES
Social
Not much advancement, MDs stopped production in 2011
Improved battery life, recording capacity and sound quality; smaller/thinner models
MP3 was introduced
Sony preferred to market the Discman over the MD, 1992
Picked various aspects of preexisting technology to become unique, 1992
MD sales did not skyrocket as expected
Sleeker, lighter, cheaper; cost reduction
Initial sales low
COMPACT DISC
DCC discontinued, 1996
MP3 popularity increased, decreasing need for MD; MD allowed for evolution of discs but fizzled
Xitel, a producer of high performance sound cards for PCs, began to bundle all MD players with Xitel connectors
NetMD produced, 2001
High-MD produced
Technological
Economic
Environmental
Sold steadily Political
Failed Innovation Assignment: To present a verbal and digital presentation of an innovation that failed in the marketplace. We were to describe the purpose of the innovation and why it failed in the context of one or more driving forces.
Concept: I chose the failed innovation of the Minidisc for my analysis. The slides below show the secondary research behind the Minidisc, which led to the timeline on the left. The timeline on the left shows the diffusion failure of the Minidisc and the factors that played an important role in the failure including the main three factors: technological, social and economic. Presenting all the information in this way allows one to see the importance of certain factors and ideas in the process of innovation diffusion and innovation failure.
1.0
1.1 Visual Rhetoric Assignment: To design a poster using Visual Rhetoric to represent the innovative essence or what you believe the brand meaning stands for today in context of consumer perception of the company’s innovative image.
Concept: I chose the company ThinSlim Foods for my analysis. The design is based on the idea that common processed foods are not good for an individual’s health. The design conveys ThinSlim’s brand vision of eating well in order to feel healthy and lose weight as well as appealing to their individual target market in order to sell more of the food.
FAt
1.2
Art Innovation Assignment: To design a poster using Visual Rhetoric to represent the innovative essence or what you believe the brand meaning stands for today in context of consumer perception of the company’s innovative image.
Concept: I chose the company ThinSlim Foods for my analysis. The design is based on the idea that common processed foods are not good for an individual’s health. The design conveys ThinSlim’s brand vision of eating well in order to feel healthy and lose weight as well as appealing to their individual target market in order to sell more of the food.
1.3
1.4 Innovation Project Assignment: To design a poster using Visual Rhetoric to represent the innovative essence or what you believe the brand meaning stands for today in context of consumer perception of the company’s innovative image.
Concept: I chose the company ThinSlim Foods for my analysis. The design is based on the idea that common processed foods are not good for an individual’s health. The design conveys ThinSlim’s brand vision of eating well in order to feel healthy and lose weight as well as appealing to their individual target market in order to sell more of the food.
1.5
1.6
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Scocco, D. (2006) Innovation Zen, http://innovationzen.com/blog/2006/07/26/invention-vs-innovation/, 26/07/2006 Marks, A.P. (1990) The Sinclair C5 – Why Did It Fail? Management Decision, 28, 4 Potter, S. (1989) High-Speed Rail Technology in the UK, France and Japan Managing Innovation – The Neglected Factor, Technol ogy Analysis & Strategic Management, 1, 1, pp. 99-122 Cusumano, M.A. Mylonadis, Y. Rosenbloom, R.S. (1992) Strategic Maneuvering and Mass-Market Dynamics: The Triumph of VHS over Beta, The Business History Review, 66, 1, pp. 51-94 Maffin, D. Thwaites, A. Alderman, N. Braiden, P. and Hills, W. (1997) Managing the Product Development Process: Combining Best Practice With Company and Project Contexts, Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 9, p.53 Teece, D.J. (1986) Profiting from technological innovation: Implications for Integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy. In Teece, J.D. (2003) Essays in Technology Management and Policy: Selected Papers of David J. Teece (pp. 11-46), 1st Ed. World Scientific Murmann. P.J. and Frenken, K. (2006) Toward a systematic framework for research on dominant designs, technological innovations, and industrial change, Research Policy, 35, 925-932. https://www.cnet.com/news/sony-to-stop-producing-minidisc-walkman-devices/ http://www.coffee-machine.org/coffee-machine-and-espresso-machine-history/ http://coffeemakerpicks.com/history-of-coffee-makers-and-coffee/ http://www.appliancecity.co.uk/coffee/ http://www.ncausa.org/About-Coffee/History-of-Coffee http://www.web-books.com/Classics/ON/B0/B701/39MB701.html http://www.thecoffeebrewers.com/hiofcobreq.html http://custom-essay-cheap.com/sony-minidisc-failed-innovation/