Issuu

Barriential Erfan Abu-Moch

if the olive trees knew the hands that planted them, their oil will turn into tears we will keep being the green in the olives and around the land a shield! "Mahmoud Darwish"

‫غارسه‬ ‫لو يذكر الزيتون‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫لصار الزيت دمعا!‬ ‫سنظل في الزيتون خضرته‬ ‫وحول االرض درعا!‬ ‫"محمرد درويش"‬

‫‪2‬‬

Barrientials is a project that recognizes a real yet an utopian potential that is hidden under a set of barriers,and aims to bring to life this potential. (barriers â€“ potential).

The site is Baqa Al-Gharbiyye, an Arab city in Israel, where the boundaries of this city function nowadays as walls or physical barriers that block the city's development. At the southern boundary of the city lies a river and a 1000 donum valley, that separates The city of Baqa from a small village - Jat. This agricultural valley area is the only space in the city that is not occupied with a dense fabrication and it's mainly set for agricultural use, yet it is a neglected area that turned into being the city's rear space. This valley area is the barriential, for it is the smallest of the city's boundaries , yet it holds within a great potential of being the first public space that serves as the urban promenade for Baqa ,Jat and nearby cities. Barrientials is a project that sees both the empty and the full halves of the glass and aspires to create a whole new different container.

Table of content Bariential

7-9

Chapter 1 -The walled city

1.1 -The Seam Zone 1.2 -Baqa-Jat/Case study 1.3 -The Walls 1.4 -The public Stream 1.5 -The Potential

Chapter 2 -The Valley

2.1 -Mapping 2.2 -The Concept 2.3 -The examples

11-17 18-25 26-31 32-62 63-66 67-68

69-76

77-88 89 90-96

Chapter 3 -The Promenade

3.1 -The strategy 3.2 -The program 3.3 -Plans and sections

Bibliography

97-98

99-113 114 115-136

137-138

Barriential 8

Tproject he term barriential,which is the Headline of my is the mash-up between the two words barriers

and potential. This mash-up is the concept that my project derived from, having a situation where a great potential could be, yet with no intervention to the current status it will never get achieved and will continue to function as a barrier.

*the image below describes how i see the boundaries as barriers that restrict

the city. those barriers could consist as a result of a political agenda and economic elemnts , and it gets worse when the community accepts those barriers and it turns to be one itself.

32°25'13.18"N 35°02'31.85"E

1.The Walled City 12

Baqa

al-Gharbiyye is a predominantly Arab city in the Hiafa District of Israel, located near the Green Line. In 1996, Baqa al-Gharbiyye was declared a city. In 2003 it was combined with the nearby town Jat to become the city of BaqaJat, a unification that was dissolved a few years later. The city had a population of 27,521 in 2014. Baqa al-Gharbiyye is considered a commercial and industrial center for nearby towns , villages and kibbuyzim. There are over 400 workshops in Baqa. Industrial zones make up 8.5% of city's area.

Highway 6

Baqa al-Gharbiyye|

Separation Wall

Abu Nar Stream

what makes Baqa special os it's boundaries.

The southern boundary is " Wady Abu Nar" , a parts of Hadera Stream. Hadera Stream is a seasonal watercourse that flows from the highlands on the northern West Bank and empties into the Mediterranean Sea at the israeli city of Hadera. Abu Nar stream was considered to be a polluted stream that lies on the southern boundary of the city and separates between baqa and the villages of Jat. The eastern boundary of the city is a 1 Km concrete wall , a part of the Israeli West Bank Barrier, that separates Baqa al-Gharbiyye from Baqa al-Sharkiyye. The western boundary is highway 6 , also know as the Trans- Israel Highway or Cross-Israel Highway. The nourthern boundary is the two settlements of Metzer and Harrish. Those boundaries set on strategic locations, however currently they are not utilized , Therefore as a first personal reading these boundaries represent "walls" that surround the city.

Walled City

Baqa

being a walled city goes back to being located in the Seam Zone. The Seam zone is a term used to refer to a land area in the West Bank located east of the Green Line and west of Israel's separation barrier, populated largely by Israeli settlements. The Same Zone

Arab Continuity

1.1The Seam Zone| Across the TimeLine

Before 1949 the Seam Zone was a Palestinian

territory that had 21 Arab Settlements that had shared social and economical collaborations. In 1949 after the Armistice Agreements between Israel and nearby Arab countries, the Green Line was set, and settlements were divided between Israel and Jordan. The Geeen Line pr (pre-) 1967 bordersor 1949 Armistice borders refers to the demarcation lines set out in the 1949 Armistice Agreements between the armies of Israel and those of it's neighbors ( Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria) after the 1948 Arab-Israel War. The name comes from the green ink used to draw the lines on the map while the Armistice talks were going on. The Green Line was intended as a demarcation line rather than a permanent border.

After the six days war in 1967, the boundaries

were blurred again, and the Arab settlements across the Seam Line , gained back the collaborations; settlements that belonged to the Israeli part had a positive impact on the Jordanian side settlements. Whilst borders were blurred, a new jewish axis was being planned. The Seven Stars axis which aimed to increase the jewish population concentration along the hills and break the Arab continuity there, thereby to change the demographic balance between Jews and Arabs in the region. In 2003 a barrier was built during the Second Intifada and was defended by the Israeli government as necessary to stop the wave of violence inside Israel that the uprising had brought with. While the barrier was initially presented as a temporary security measure in a time of hightened tensions, it has since been rapidly associated with a future political border between Israel and Palestine, and that let to a permanent separation wall between settlements in the Seam Zone.

Moving

along , In 2008 Highway 6 was constructed, and it is the first Israeli built -Operate Transfer road, carried mainly by the private sector in return for a license to collect tolls on the highway for a given number of years. Taking a glance at the Seam Zone's Timeline led to identifying the separation barrier and Highway 6 as two Walls blocking the arab settlements along the Seam Zone, for if we look at the Blue Line ( The area of jurisdiction) of each Arab settlement , we will see that the blue line havn't changed since the British Mandate , even though the population of the same settlements has tripled over the decades. Therefore having Highway 6 and the separation barrier as their boundaries is the reason i defined them as walled cities, for they have two " permanent" boundaries and due to their urban fabrication ,they have no adequate left space to expand to.

1922-1949

1949-1967

1967-2003

2003-2015

Two Walls|

Walled Cities|

As mentioned, the city of Baqa al-Gharbiyye -Jat is

the case study of this project. Therefore mapping and examining the boundaries and barriers that surround the city to a profound extent is a critical key phase in the formation and the posing of the project.

1.2 Baqa-Jat |Case study

Being

a part of the Seam Zone settlements , Baqa-Jat was affected by all the political, spatial , economic changes that ocurred throughout the years in the Seam Zone.

Baqa-Jat|TimeLine

574

St.

Baqa al-Gharbiyye

Baqa al-Sharkiyye

Abu Nar Stream

Jat

Before 1949

1.2 Baqa-Jat|TimeLine

St. 574 Baqa al-Gharbiyye

Baqa al-Sharkiyye Abu Nar Stream

Jat

1975

1.2 Baqa-Jat|TimeLine

St. 574

Highway 6

Baqa al-Gharbiyye

Separation Wall

Abu Nar Stream

Jat

After 2008

Defined as a walled city requires understanding

the term and it's implications. Each one of the walls that surround Baqa-Jat has it's own characteristics and definition, thus defining and understanding each wall , is a key process in finding the essence of the whole project.

1.3 The Walls 32

3. Segregation Wall

The Israeli West Bank barrier or wall is a contested

separation and security barrier that was unilaterally built by the Israeli government in the West Bank or along the 1949 Armistice Line known as the "Green Line". At a total length of 708 kilometres upon completion, the border traced by the barrier is more than double the length of the Green Line: only 15% of the barrier sits on the Green Line or in Israel, with the remaining 85% cutting at times 18 kilometres deep into the West Bank, isolating about 9.4% of the West Bank and 25,000 Palestinians from the bulk of that territory. The barrier was built during the Second Intifada that began in September 2000, and was defended by the Israeli government as necessary to stop the wave of violence inside Israel that the uprising had brought with it. While the barrier was initially presented as a temporary security measure in a time of heightened tensions, it has since been rapidly associated with a future political border between Israel and Palestine.

Baqa al-Gharbiyye is separated from its West

Bank sister city, Baqa al-Sharqiyya (or Baqa East), by the Israeli West Bank barrier which in this section coincides with the Green Line. As a result, a concrete wall topped with barbed wire runs through one neighbourhood. This 1 Km concrete wall sits on the eastern boundary of the city and crosses in the Seam point between Baqa al- Gharbiyye and Baqa alSharkiyye , where once used to be a market that served both cities and was considered to be an economic stimulus for them both. The concrete wall is located in the heart of the dwelling fabrication of both cities, and it even cuts one single home, and since this wall was built due to civilian security reasons , there cant be any kind of relation between the two cities and the two sides of the wall, even a small chat between two women from both sides is not allowed. Getting to any of the Baqas from it's sister city requires crossing the borders and takes up to three hours, while once it was minutes away.

3. Segregation Wall

*The house that is cut by the Wall , and a part of it is set for army use.

*A drawing by Kawthar Anabusi restoring the memory of the maket used to function between the two Baqas.

*The view from the same anfle of the drawing , and instead of the market we have the wall.

1. Bypassing Wall

Highway 6 (Kvish Shesh), also known as the Trans-

Israel Highway or Cross-Israel Highway is a major electronic toll highway in Israel.Highway 6 is the first Israeli Build-Operate-Transfer road constructed, carried out mainly by the private sector in return for a license to collect tolls on the highway for a given number of years. It is also one of the largest infrastructure projects undertaken in Israel. The aim of the Highway is to provide an efficient north-south transportation corridor in the country while allowing drivers to bypass the trafficcongested Tel Aviv region, located in the center of the country. Thus it is the Eastern-most major highway in Israel, in some places located almost right on the Green Line. Currently the highway is 157 km long, all of which is a freeway. This figure will grow in the next few years as additional segments are extended both northward and southward from the existing section of the road.

Bypassing Wall

Highway 6 sits on the western boundary of the

city and in my eyes this road could turn Baqa into a junction city for before constructing Highway 6, in order to get to cities in south Israel, people needed to pass through Baqa. In addition to bypassing, the process of constructing highway 6 caused damage to the cities that are located on itâ€™s axis , mainly because of the land expropriation that happened in order to construct such main Highway. Highway 6 may seem like a great oppurtuniy for the city's economic status , yet nowadays the infrastructure of the city cannot take great advantage of highway 6 , for neither the infrastructure nor the local municipality are ready for such big investment from different aspects.

Another reading for highway 6 : it could be the

next wall or the new boundary for the Arab cities acroos the Seam Line , for according to a plan suggested by the current Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu, that includes joining certain arab cities to the West Bank . These suggested cities are set between the Separation wall and highway 6 , which immediately raises the question of, will Highway 6 be the next wall ?

*A scheme showing the possibility of the separation wall moving to Highway 6

2. Star Axis Wall

" even Stars Plan" is a program that was conducted in 1991 by the design team headed by Nahum Dunski regional planner and commissioned by the Ministry of Construction and Housing. The plan proposed to establish 12 new settlements and expand existing settlements. The program aimed to increase the Jewish population concentration along the hills and thereby to change the demographic balance between Jews and Arabs in the region. The goals of the plan were to Create a framework for a massive settlement along the "green line" that will act as a regional comprehensive residential sites that would combine together, employment, services, transportation, and recreational spaces and infrastructure, that will function as an urban river from the north to the south.

Star Axis Wall

Harish

is one of the seven stars settlements, together with a small towm - Metzer ,they lie on the nourthern boundary of Baqa . Harish was founded by Nahal in 1982 and converted into a kibbutz in 1985. In 1993 it was merged with neighouring Katzir to form a new town, Katzir-Harish. However, the three settlements were split in 2012, with Harish remaining a town, and Katzir reverting to the jurisdiction of Menashe Regional Council. The master plan of Harish was prepared by the architecture firm Mansfeld-Kehat Architects and calls for the expansion of Harish to Highway 65 in the north, and Baqa al-Gharbiyye in the south.

4. PassiActive Wall

Hadera Stream, also known as the Nahr Mufjir, is a

seasonal watercourse that flows from the highlands in the northern West Bank and empties into the Mediterranean Sea at the Israeli city of Hadera. The stream has been polluted by the Orot Rabin Power Plant. The Hadera Water Park, located between Givat Olga and the power plant, is a 750-dunam park that holds a 40-metre-wide creek banked by a 1.3-km-long promenade.A dam is being constructed where the water park meets the Coastal Highway and is supposed to prevent the rehabilitated section of the stream from being polluted by water from the watercourse itself.

4. PassiActive Wall

Wady Abu-Nar is a part of the Hadera Stream and it

lies on the southern boundary of Baqa al-Gharbiyye ,being the northern boundary for the village of Jat.I referred to this boundary as passive active , for a social phenomenon occurs along the axis of this seasonal stream. along the Stream there is a main street , that was mainly set for a fast crossing of the city without going through the city's traffic jam. This street turns into the public open space for the people of the city, mostly for women and kids; they come down from the dense city to this street to do different kinds of outdoor activities. Women mostly ,and families do sports like walking and jogging and kids play together, these activities happen mostly during spring and summer for there is no rainy weather, however the valley streams only in winter when there is rain, thatâ€™s why it is a passive active axis, for when there are people there is no water and vice versa.

Abu -Nar stream was considered to be polluted

and in 2007, the mayors of Baqa al-Gharbiyya and Baqa ash-Sharqiyya signed an agreement to clean up Wadi Abu Nar, runs through both villages. The mayors also committed to protecting the mountain aquifer, the most important underground water source for Israelis and Palestinians, by establishing an authorized sewage grid-system. Baqa al-Gharbiyya agreed to connect the town's sewage treatment plant with a waste disposal network in Baqa al Sharkiya.

mentioned, what happens along the Valley Street is a social phenomenon, for its not an obvious nor a simple thing in arab muslim community , where each individual , specially women need their own kind of privacy , go down to a stree; which is considered to be an active and loaded space as the getaway and the space for doing activities. this stream area turns to be the public stream , where people come becuase of the need of an open urban space for their normal outdoor activities.

1.4 The Public Stream 64

This social phenomenon is a positive act , but it

is not necessarily occuring in a positive space. If we take a look at the street and the walking area people have , it is actually a 1 meter sidewalk where people walk , and kids play , and mostly they move it to the street which is dangerous due to the traffic in this main street. This leads me to another reading of the current status which i called the biggest loser , referring to both the people and the Stream area. People in Baqa invest a lot in their own private houses , that if we look at the most recent built private houses , we'll get the feeling that it is the new hills , the new villa district, which comparing to the public space the same people accept to use the way it is , with all the neglection and the bad circumstances , i got the conclusion that everybody is losing. As a result of all the readings i have done over the boundaries of Baqa , reaching to the southern boundary and the public stream that i recognized, i see that the public mater is the issue of my project. I see the stream axis and what happens along it as a positive action that should be rewritten .

The Abu-Nar stream is the southern boundary of baqa , where beyond this stream there is a 1000 donum valley , that is combined of agricultural portions and owned by the citizens of both Baqa and Jat. This valley area lies in the middle , between Baqa and Jat and nowadays it is considered to be the rear space for both cities. It is occupied with olive presses and greenhouses and people usually don't go to this area , for from Baqa's side it's not easily accessible, because of the stream that people cant cross , and even from the points that people can cross , it is not common for people from both cities to go there . I see this valley area as the Barriential in according to my definition, because its the smallest area of the other boundaries, it is a shared area in the middle of two settlements, and if we look at the other boundaries, they have a bigger space for the city to expand to , but because of the current situation it cant. So this valley area is the barriential , it is the barrier that has the most potential in my eyes for turning into the first urban public area and promenade for baqa al-Gharbiyye, Jat and maybe someday Baqa al-Sharkiyye.

1.5 The Potential 68

2. The Valley 70

The valley area as mentioned is an agricultural area

that separates Baqa from Jat and it's in owneship of both cities. Jat sits on a small hill and this valley area is the lowest point in both of the cities.Its is more accessible to get to the valley from Jat's side , from many narrwo dirt roads, From Baqa's side we can get to the valley from three single points which are small bridge roads that cross over the stream.

*A section showing the valley area and the two cities.

*The Valley from one side | agricultural stimulus.

*The valley from the other side | neglected and being a rear space.

The valley area mainly is for agricultural use , but it

also contains a lot of functions and elements that need to be mapped in order to understand it's proportions and the real potential it has as a public open space.

2.1 Mapping 78

*We can see the linear parceling of the valley.

*The greaanhouses in all of the valley.

*In addition to agricultural spaces, there are few small factories. and four private houses that were built recently.

*The three roads that cross over the stream and directly connect Baqa with Jat, the middle road is the main of the three and it is a street while the two are more of broad dirt roads.

*The valley area mainly consists of olive plantations.

*The

disconnection between Baqa and the valley is due to the stream that is 3 meter deep and physically people can't walk through it.

*In the valley area there is a new highway that has been approved

to be constructed in the coming years- Road 61. Road 61 aims to connect Israel to the West bank and Jordan in the near future. This new highwy will not disconnect Baqa from the valley for it's already done by the stream, but it will amplify the current disconection and together with Highyway 6 it will turn Baqa into a junction city.

As One.

The

main problem that street 61 presents is the fact that in order to construct it a lot of land expropriation is going to happen and a lot of the olive presses will be deforested . Thinking how can i narrow the damage that this highway will cause , without turning to drastic solutions such as raising it or turning it into an underground tunnel for such solutions cost a lot . The strategy that i took with dealing with this highway , is thinking of it as similar to the stream, both of them are physical barrier that disconnect Baqa from the valley , therefore i changed the highway plan by moving it as closer as possible to the valley and by lowering it two meters like the stream , this way less land will be expropriated and the linear built strips could go over the street without having to reach an exaggerated hight.

2.2 The Concept.

The intervention concept of this project is : using the

valley space as an urban promenade while adding linear built strips that answer the lack of communal and commercial functions and go with the three roads that connect Baqa-Jat together . The idea of the linear built strips is compatible with the existing parceling that the valley has and also it makes sense for i want these built strips to be bridges that connect Baqa to the other side of the valley , and continuing this connection to Jat. My vision for the valley area is to turn it into the first public promenade and open plaza in Baqa-Jat. In order to do so , looking at examples and projects from different places in the world was a helpful step , thus the next chapter will be about projects that even if they were not necessarily similar , but they were a source of inspiration during the planning process.

2.3 Examples 90

1. Parc de La Villette|OMA The program by the city of Paris was too large for the site, leaving no space for a park. The proposed project is not for a definitive park, but for a method that - combining programmatic instability with architectural specificity - will eventually generate a park. The idea comprises 5 steps: 1. The major programmatic components are distributed in horizontal bands across the site, creating a continuous atmosphere in its length and perpendicular, rapid change in experience. 2. Some facilities - kiosks, playgrounds, barbecue spots are distributed mathematically according to different point grids. 3. The addition of a "round forestâ€? as architectural elements. 4. Connections 5. Superimpositions In the second phase, the nature element was elaborated in the form of a series of "wingsâ€?, that created - as in a theater - the illusion of a park without consuming the territory that was needed for the overabundance of activities.

2. MADLA-REVHEIM|MVRDV Madla-Revheim is the main development area outside Stavanger, for which MVRDV with SPACE Group were asked to place 4000 housing units on a 780 acre site, in addition to many public programs and sports facilities. The aim of the comission is to develop models for sustainable growth in the area, considering development principles, transportation systems and built structures as parts of a unified whole to create a successful community. Identifying two clearly defined zones as green zone and an urban zone allows concentrating development along the perimeter of the site in order to realize the collective quality of a large scale common space, a recognizable quality at the heart of the development: Madlas Green.

3. Sprawling bridges|Salon Turkish architecture firm Salon designed a sprawling masterplan proposal for the BeylikdĂźzĂź municipality in Istanbul entitled "Keeping the Life Valley Alive." A recently announced contest called for the design of a plan to join two sides of the valley without harming the ecosystem, allowing people a way to experience the valley. Salon responded with a design that combines pedestrian bridges, bicycle routes, observation terraces, morphing lighting and lots of greenery. The proposal consists of three parts: Access the Valley, Feel the Valley, and Watch the Valley. Each part focuses on a different functional and atmospheric aspect of the project. With the intention to create a green space that is livable, accessible, sustainable and feasible, the architects divided the valley into zones, each further subdivided by theme and function.

3. The Promenade 98

3.1 Strategy The main strategies i had while designing the promenade were : 1. The valley area will turn into a recreational space ; using the existing elemnets of the space in a new way . 2. The promenade will be an olive promenade , set between all the olive trees , thus emerging from the place and keeping the traditional atmosphere of the place. 3. the promenade line will follow the existing narrow dirt routes in the valley area , this way won't lead to land expropriation , for the routes are already there and used by cars. 4. Along the promenade there will be different points in which different activities are set . 5. The built strips ; are three bridge buildings set on portions that belong to the municipality. Together they will serve as buildings for residency , commerce , leisure and offices.

100

The Plan

The Promenade

*The promenade starts from Baqa's side with a bridge , going over the stream and highway 61 , reaching to scrap yard.

102

The Scrap

103

The Scrap

In the valley area there is a big scrap yard , and

since im turning the valley to recreational space , i have decided to use this scrap yard . Inspired by the nature and the olives i have decided to turn the scrap yard into a big plan nursery in which people are going to paint the cars and plant them with flowers , and certain cars will be used as trailers for selling flowers and plants. This way a new , different experience will be created for the people in the promenade and at the same time something positive was created from a current useless scrap yard.

104

105

The Bostan - ‫البستان‬

Moving along , after the flower scrap yard , we

will reach to a point in the middle of all the olive trees, where designed to be an outdoor olive press museume , showing all the ancient tools , that were used years ago in olive presses in addition to a modern working olive press. This place will expose people with the traditional olive atmosphere as well as well as the modern one , also adding to the experience of walking through the promenade.

106

107

The Backyard

Passing

over the Bostan space , we reach to the Backyard , in which all of the sports fields are concentrated in; basketball , football , trampoline park and a skating field. The concentration of all the fields together strengthen the sport experience and it focuses these function in place , rather than being scattered along the whole valley , thus making it easier for people to be close to different sports fields at the same time and easier to get there.

108

109

Like and Island.

As mentioned before, the three built strips , are

bridge buildings that go start from a point in Baqa's side and go over the Stream and highway 61. These three strips are aligned with three existing roads that connect Baqa with Jat . Mainly , public and commerce functions are set to be in these strips along with dwelling and offices. These built strips resemble islands that sit in the valley which resembles their sea. The built strip that i did a zoom in at is the strip in the middle , aligned with the main street that connects Baqa with Jat and passes through the valley area..

110

leisure commerce offices dwelling

111

The Building

The built strip that im zooming in on , lies on a axis

that starts with a mosque in Baqa and ends with a school In jat. Therefore this specific bridge building is set as a commercial/communal building with an addition of offices. Being a linear built strip , The concept of designing the building was also inspired by the place and the greenhouse grid that was similar in it's length to the strip.

350 M strip. 112

The Grid

I've divided the linear strip into an 8*8 grid , for constructively it was convenient and it creates an adequate space that could include another subspaces. After choosing the grid , i turned it into an arch grid instead of regular columns , for this way it makes this long building more related to a human scale and dimensions and also , it frames the view that we get when where inside it towards the outside.

Arch Grid

8X8 Grid

113

3.2 Program

114

3.3 Plans-Sections

+3.00

+6.00

115

Plans|Zoom In

*The Street that connects Baqa Jat turns into a bridge street that also connects to the building with a parking floor.

116

*Section D-D

117

Plans|Zoom In

*A ramp connecting with the mosque's houses area and sitting .

118

yard , goes up to the coffe

119

Plans|Zoom In

*Passing the food area , we reach to the commerce zone , with different shops and stores.

120

Plans|Zoom In

*In

addition to regular shops , there is special stores that have folding doors, which can be turned in certain days to a flea market area , when all the stores open up to become one large space.

121

Plans|Zoom In

*At the end of the commerce part of the building and on the way

to getting to the courses space , there is a kind of stop by library and a broad staircase which can be used for sitting and reading while enjoying the view.

124

Plans|Zoom In

*Reaching

the second part of the building , we have a gallery area that is set to exhibit the work done in the workshops and classes in the first floor.

126

*Section A-A

127

Plans|Zoom In

*Going down to

the first floor of the second part of the building , we have an area of different classes with patios and gardens, and a special show space.

128

*Section B-B 129

‫|‪Bibliography‬‬

‫‪The book of :‬‬ ‫ארנון‪,‬סופר‪.‬פנינה‪,‬גזית ‪.‬מרחב התפר בין השרון לשומרון‪ .‬חיפה ‪,‬אוגוסט ‪.2005‬‬

‫‪The work of :‬‬ ‫מדיניות יישוב ה ְספר בישראל – "תכנית הכוכבים״ כמקרה מבחן‬ ‫עבודת גמר לתואר מוסמך במדיניות ציבורית בהנחיית פרופסור שלמה חסון‬

‫‪*Student graduation project : Kawthar Anabossi.‬‬ ‫‪Department of Engineering, Baqa's Local‬‬ ‫‪Municipality.‬‬

‫‪137‬‬

Bibliography|

websites: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baqa_al-Gharbiyye. http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Baqa_ al_Sharqiya_832/ar/. https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_6_(Israel) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadera_Stream http://oma.eu/projects/parc-de-la-villette http://inhabitat.com/studio-salons-sprawling-bridges-willhelp-preserve-istanbuls-beylikduzu-valley-ecosystem/ https://www.mvrdv.nl/en/projects/stavangar

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