Make Your Point Level 2 Workbook

m Ca

MAKE YO R POINT ge

id

br

2 LEVEL

sm

s se

As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p U Co

WORKBOOK with Digital Pack

t

en Andrew Reid Emma Wilkinson Liz Kilbey

CONTENTS p4

Let’s start

m Ca

Unit 4 The arts

br

Unit 1 Who we are p8

GRAMMAR

p26

VOCABULARY

p10

VOCABULARY

p28

p12

READING

p30

p13

WRITING

p31

GRAMMAR

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

WRITING

ge

id

READING

Unit 2 In good company VOCABULARY READING WRITING

Co

GRAMMAR

Unit 5 On our plate

p14

GRAMMAR

p32

p16

VOCABULARY

p34

p18

READING

p36

p19

WRITING

p37

Unit 3 Making ends meet GRAMMAR VOCABULARY READING WRITING

Unit 6 The things we use

p20

GRAMMAR

p38

p22

VOCABULARY

p40

p24

READING

p42

p25

WRITING

p43

p44

Exam practice: Writing

p54

t

en

m

Exam practice: Reading

3

LET’S START GRAMMAR

m Ca

GRAMMAR: Present simple and Adverbs of frequency

1

3 order.

1 often / doesn’t / in / it / rain / June / .

br

Write questions with the Present simple.

1 Rosa / still live in New Zealand / ?

2 on / Sundays / Ben / works / never / .

id

ge

2 your grandparents / travel a lot / ?

3 you / go / early / bed / to / do / usually / ?

3 the twins / always wear the same clothes / ?

4 sleeps / cat / outside / sometimes / their / .

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

4 this shop / sell computer games / ?

2

Co

Write answers to the questions in Ex. 1 with the Present simple.

1 no / she / live in Australia now / .

2 no / they / stay at home these days / .

3 no / they / usually wear different clothes / .

4 no / it / sell computer magazines / .

Write 1–4 with the words in the correct

GRAMMAR: Present continuous

4

Complete 1–5 with the Present continuous form of the verbs in the box. come • ​cry • ​put • ​use • ​write

1 Pat friend.

an email to an old

2 We without us!

with you! Don’t leave

3 I think you the wrong place.

4 ‘Why

that picture in

she ?’ ‘Because the film is

so sad.’

5 I couldn’t find my pen so I yours, OK?

t

en

m

4

S

VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR 5

Complete 1–5 with the Present simple or Present continuous form of the verbs in brackets. (run) in the (run)

2 Kate usually bus, but she

(go) home by (cycle) today.

m Ca

1 I sometimes park, but today I along the river.

VOCABULARY: Music genres

7

1 Classical / Pop music is thought to be important and serious, and often lasts a long time.

2 Electronic / Folk music uses samples of recorded sound.

3 Ned (play) chess with Tina at the moment, but he usually (play) with her sister.

3 Jazz / Pop music is easy to listen to and remember.

br

4 Classical / Jazz music is often improvised by the musicians as they are playing.

(work) at home today. (work) in the

ge

id

4 Al He never office on Fridays.

5 Electronic / Folk music is traditional music played by a group of people from a particular area.

Co

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

5 We often (cook) Mexican food at the weekend. Tonight we (cook) tacos.

Choose the correct options to complete 1–5.

GRAMMAR: Will

8

Complete 1–5 with predictions with will, the verbs in brackets and definitely, probably or maybe.

1 Who knows?

he (become) a famous singer.

2 He’s an apprentice now, so he (have) a job. It’s guaranteed.

6

3 I want to go to the gig tonight, too. (go), but I’m not certain.

I

Complete the conversation with the Present simple or Present continuous form of the verbs in brackets.

Ms Jay 1 someone?

(you / look) for

(I / need) to see

Karl 2 Ms Jones.

Write predictions with will for 1–4.

1 sports

2 technology

3 weather

t

(I / not / know), just Ms Jay (he / not / a minute. No, 9 10 (he / work) here today. teach) at a different school on Wednesdays.

Sorry, Karl.

8

9

en

Karl It’s about my homework. What about (he / teach) now?

Mr Fox? 7

5 You (need) four A levels for medical school. I’m sure about that.

m

(she / talk) to Ms Jay 3 the director of studies right now, 4 (I / think).

5 (they / discuss) the (you / want) timetable. Why 6 to see her?

Karl Oh, 11

4 He (write) to me. He promised to keep in touch.

4 entertainment

(it / not / matter).

5

VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR GRAMMAR: First conditional

VOCABULARY: Jobs

1

4

Match 1–5 and A–E. If we hurry now,

2

If she hasn’t got a ticket,

3

If she takes more exercise,

4

If you drink too much coffee,

5

If our team wins the match,

1 An accountant helps you with your finances.

2 A builder is someone who designs houses.

A she’ll feel better and fitter.

br

3 A pilot works in a hospital.

id

C you won’t sleep at night.

ge

4 Carpenters are people who repair cars.

E we won’t miss our train.

U

.

Co

.

2 If we don’t have a band, people

3 If Man Utd loses tomorrow, Bill

4 If we go to summer school, we

.

5

. . . .

3

2

’s your favourite vegetable?

3

is her bag, the blue or the red one?

4

will happen next?

5

rang you earlier?

Complete questions 1–4 for the answers.

.

?’

‘My dad does the shopping in my family.’

4 ‘What

?’

‘Something has happened, but I don’t know what.’

t

‘The nearest supermarket is Big Market.’

en

4 He won’t finish the job if he doesn’t have enough paint.

?’

m

?’

‘I don’t know what happened this morning because I was at home.’

3 ‘Who

3 The car won’t start if we don’t find a mechanic.

6

6

’s going to get the milk today?

1 She won’t be successful if she doesn’t work harder.

F

1

2 ‘Which

2 We probably won’t eat outside if the weather doesn’t improve.

T

Complete 1–5 with Which, What or Who.

Rewrite 1–4 with unless so the meaning is the same.

F

1 ‘What

We’ll improve our English

T

GRAMMAR: Subject and object questions

Bill will be really upset

F

People won’t want to come to our party

T

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

5 An architect is someone who designs roads.

My boss will give me some time off

F

Complete the pairs of sentences 1–4 so that they mean the same.

T

D I’ll give her mine.

1 If I ask my boss, she

F

B we’ll take home the trophy.

2

T

m Ca

1

Decide if 1–5 are true (T) or false (F).

Rewrite the false ones so they are true.

S

VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR 7

10

Complete the mini-dialogues 1–5.

1 ‘He wanted to speak to someone.’

‘Who

Rewrite the questions in the indirect form to make them more polite.

Simon Hi, Jasmin. Are you busy?

speak to?’

2 ‘Something hit your car.’

‘Oh no, what

my car?’

Jasmin This isn’t urgent. What do you want?

m Ca

3 ‘Nora was dancing all night.’

‘Really? Who ‘Cool. Which

Simon I’m going to the cinema tonight.

Where’s the Rivoli?

br

from?’

5 ‘Dave was helping a friend yesterday.’

id

?’

ge

Jasmin It’s next to the police station. What film is on?

GRAMMAR: Direct and indirect questions

U

Co

VOCABULARY: Shops

2 The greengrocer sold Christmas trees last winter. Does he sell them now?

3 The poster said the gig starts at six. Has it started yet?

4 You’ve been here for ages. Are you waiting for someone?

9

Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first. Use the WORDS. 1 Where’s the station?

Have you

2 What time is it?

3 How many people are there?

CAN

it is?

KNOW

5 What’s her name?

EXPLAIN is blue?

MIND

Would

3 Hello, Angi. Do you want to come shopping with me tomorrow? I want to buy some towels. I’m thinking of going to t store. Let me know if the big d you want to come.

are?

2 Hello, Roberto. Sorry about this, but I might not have time to go to the supermarket r today after all. I can go to the c shop near our apartment, if you want. What do you think? Lisa x

t

4 Why is the sky blue?

1 Hello again, Lisa! Thanks for going to the supermarket for me. While you’re there, can n counter? They you go to the d have some really good cheese.

is?

Do

Complete the word in each message.

The first and last letters are given.

en

IDEA

11

m

Simon It’s the latest film with Timothée Chalamet. I can’t wait to see it!

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

1 They moved here in 2015. Are they still living here?

?

4

Write indirect questions for 1–4 with if or whether.

?

3

‘Who

?

2

with?’

4 ‘I bought this top last week.’

8

?

1

is?

4 Hi, Marco. Yeah, I can come with you. I was in the city centre yesterday, actually. And guess what? Another café has opened.

But it’s just the same as all the other cafés. n stores I’m so tired of these c everywhere.

7

1 WHO WE ARE GRAMMAR

m Ca

3

Narrative tenses

1

Choose the correct options to complete 1–4.

Write sentences with narrative tenses. Use the prompts.

br

1 We / see / Lara / when / we / walk / to town / .

1 We left / were leaving home at 8:00 and had gone / went to the train station.

id

2 While / Toby / tidy / his room / he / find / some old photos / .

ge

2 Jack bought / was buying a new camera with the money he won / had won in the photography competition.

3 Before / I / visit / Rome / I / travel / to / different / parts of Italy / .

4 We arrived / were arriving late for our flight because we didn’t finish / hadn’t finished packing our bags in time.

4 Freya / be / happy / because / she / pass / her / driving test / .

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

3 While we walked / were walking to the museum, we saw / have seen a man fall off his bike.

Co

2 EXAM Complete the following sentences.

Use the appropriate form of the word in brackets.

Past perfect continuous

4

Write 1–4 with the words in the correct order. Then match 1–4 with endings A–D. 1

been / years / my / studying / had / sister / six / for / medicine / .

2

Maria / about / had / I / thinking / been / visiting / .

3

day / been / Thomas / practising / hadn’t / every / .

hadn’t / podcast / the / listening / I / been / for / long / to / .

t

en

4

m

(be) an Last summer there 1 exhibition at the library about how our town has changed over the last 100 years. (do) a lot A local history group 2 of research before the exhibition and they 3 (give) a presentation one evening (show) lots of old where they 4 5 (not / know) that there photos. I 6 (be) a railway station here. It 7 (close) in the 1960s, but before (use) it to travel to that, people 8 bigger cities for work or holidays.

A so he was quite nervous at the concert.

B when I lost the signal on my phone.

C when she sent me a message on Instagram.

D when she decided that she didn’t want to be a doctor.

8

1

GRAMMAR 5

to go to the gym, but now he 3 Max prefers running.

Complete the paragraph with the Past perfect continuous form of the verbs in brackets.

m Ca

My grandad surprised everyone last week because he’s written a book about our family! (work) on it for years He 1 2 (keep) it a secret. but he Even Grandma didn’t know. We were all at their (eat) house one Sunday. We 3 dinner and had just gone outside to sit in the sun. Then he came outside with a big box.

He took some books out of the box and gave one to each of us. We were so surprised! He 4 (write) stories about all our special family memories.

A often used C used often

4 I go to that café after school to meet my friends.

A often would C used often

8

ge

id

br

Co

chat • ​not listen • ​not look • ​wait • ​work

for a long time before you heard that the train wasn’t coming?

B Yes, we had. We to the announcements because we !

2 A How long abroad before you came back home?

B It was about three years. It was fun and I tried lots of different things.

I for a job back here, but someone emailed me about this opportunity and it sounded interesting!

Past routines

7

to be able to access the 2 Students library 24 hours a day, but now they can.

1 watch

2 eat

t

A would B use C used

Write affirmative and negative sentences about your past habits with used to or would and the verbs.

en

to be difficult to work remotely, 1 It but now lots of people are doing it.

9

m

Choose the correct options (A, B or C) to complete 1–4.

A didn’t used B wouldn’t C didn’t use

Complete the paragraph with used to or would and the verbs in brackets. Sometimes both options are possible.

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

Complete the mini-dialogues with the Past perfect continuous form of the verbs in the box.

1 A

B would often

Before air travel became cheaper, people 1 (not visit) other countries as much as they do now. Instead, people 2 (stay) in their own country and perhaps take a train to the beach or the (not be) mountains. There 3 as many cars on the roads, so motorways were quieter, too. Because it took longer to travel (often / to a place, people 4 have) longer holidays, too.

U

6

B often use

3 read

4 enjoy

9

VOCABULARY a lot of 5 My parents had to difficulties when they came to this country, but they worked really hard to make a new home for us all.

Our origins

1

Match the words in the box with the definitions 1–8.

A bring about B overcome C take after

m Ca

ancestor • ​belief • ​family tree • ​freedom overcome • ​take after • ​trace • ​will

1

a legal document that says what happens to a person’s money or property after they die

id

3

to look for something or someone that was lost

4

a person who lived a long time ago who is related to you

5

to face a problem and deal with it

6

a feeling of being certain about something or certain that something exists

7

being able to think or say what you want without being controlled

8

to be similar to an older person in your family in looks or behaviour

ge

Co

Choose the correct options (A, B or C) to complete 1–5. to be 1 Lots of people these days able to access information about their family tree online, but it isn’t always easy.

A overcome B expect C trace

2 Better access to healthcare and education real progress in society. has

A Have you ever tried to research the people ? in your 1 B I haven’t, but I’ve got an aunt who’s really interested in it. She’s found out all sorts of information about our 2 – some of it is from a really long time ago.

history is 4 One thing I notice when I how much more freedom women have now.

them?

B She wrote to people, but she also 4 all the new websites and services available online.

It made things quicker and it helped her contact a lot more people.

A Did she enjoy doing it?

B Yes, she did. She said it was good to 5 how things used to be in our family. She also discovered that people some of us 6 in our family, even if we never knew them.

For instance, we had a great-great grandad who was a concert pianist.

A Oh, your sister is amazing at the piano, too, isn’t she?

B That’s right! Isn’t it strange?

t

A take advantage of B take after C look back on

A How did she 3

en

3 We can new online resources to help us learn more about our ancestors.

10

Complete the conversation with the correct form of the vocabulary in Ex. 1 and Ex. 2.

m

A brought about B looked back on C taken advantage of

A bring about B take after C look back on

3

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

2

br

2

a diagram that shows how people in a family are related, often over a long period of time

VOCABULARY 1 A fed up C put up with 2 A sensitive C sensible 3 A right C disability 4 A dared to C put up 5 A welcome C fed up 6 A carried away C sympathetic

Equality

4

Choose the correct options to complete 1–7.

1 My little sister is very sensitive / sympathetic – she gets upset easily.

m Ca

2 I used to dare to / mix up my left and right when I was younger, but I don’t anymore!

br

3 It’s important to know that lots of people have disabilities / threats that are hidden.

id

4 I don’t know how you dare to / put up with the noise from next door.

ge

5 I get really mixed up / fed up with the amount of litter that people leave in the street.

6

Co

Choose the correct options (A, B, C or D) to complete the newsletter.

Home • News • Login

NE W

LE COL GE

N C

LATEST NEWS

Complete the conversation with the words in the box and any other words you need. carried • ​dare • ​fed up • ​put up • ​right sensible • ​sensitive • ​sympathetic • ​threat

7 My brother is really sensitive / sensible – he always knows what to do when I’ve got a problem.

5

B fed up with D put up B disability D threat B threat D sensitive B mixed up D welcomed B threat D dare to B mixed up D fed up

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

6 Everyone has the right / threat to an education.

1

A group of students at New College has recently started a website for people at the college who problems in their community and are 1 who want to do something to help. It aims to be advice as well as practical a forum for 2 support.

Alfie Oh, why not?

Hannah Well, to be honest I’m getting a bit the way she’s trying to run the whole thing. We’re all part of the group to make and we’ve all got 2 suggestions, but she never listens. I think she’s the idea of being getting 3 the director. She isn’t very 4 if anyone has a problem and some of her ideas are a bit impractical.

1

Alfie I admit she doesn’t always say the most 5 things, but she wants it to be a really great performance.

Hannah I know, but I don’t think I can being told what to do all the time. And she always makes the 7 that she’ll cancel the play if we don’t do what we’re told!

6

Alfie What are you going to do about it?

t

en

‘We hoped that by forming the group online, we could reach people who otherwise might not 5 speak out about issues,’ said Annabelle Brown, the group leader. ‘The aim is to find ways that students can give something back to their with community. Lots of students get 6 only thinking about their studies, but it’s good for everyone if they can learn to be part of the wider community.’

Hannah Hi, Alfie – no, I’m not actually.

m

For instance, one student commented that it would be nice to make a sensory garden in the town who playground, so that children with a 3 can’t use all the play equipment can have something this to enjoy there. Parents in the town 4 idea and the students worked with them to build something really special.

Alfie Hi, Hannah, are you going to the drama practice at Lily’s house tonight?

Hannah Well, I don’t think I would 8 say anything! I guess I’m 9 – if she shouted at just too me, I’d be really upset!

11

READING 1

1.01 Read and listen to the article. What can scientists now identify?

What the

Human Genome Project

m Ca

says about us

One huge benefit of these projects is how the international scientific community has worked together to share research, theories and results. The projects have a global reach in identifying the types of illnesses that affect people and where they occur. When scientists from all over the world share ideas in this way, it brings benefits for everyone.

It was a very significant moment when the Human Genome Project was completed, as scientists had achieved a detailed understanding of DNA – the building blocks of life.

However, there were still areas of the human genome which scientists didn’t understand. In 2003, approximately 8% of the human genome was still beyond our understanding.

Finally, in 2021, scientists succeeded in analysing the remaining 8%, so the latest scientific research has made it possible to understand all the DNA in the human body.

In looking at our DNA, scientists can see what makes us unique and what makes us the same. 99.5% of the DNA sequence of people is identical. The variations in that 0.5% is what makes us different and also what can cause diseases or individual conditions such as allergies.

ge

id

br

In 2003, the Human Genome Project was finished – this was a huge scientific project with an ambitious aim. Since DNA was discovered in 1953, scientists had been trying to understand how it creates life. The Human Genome Project began in 1990 and its goal was to map the approximately three billion sets of DNA that make up the entire human genome. It was an international project involving scientists from 20 different research centres.

Co

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

There are huge advantages in being able to understand the human genome. Scientists can identify why and how certain diseases start. This is important for medical research, as it enables scientists to identify diseases caused by genetic problems. They can then provide treatments which target the faulty gene. This has led to big advances in the treatment of diseases such as cancer.

Scientists can also understand the ageing process better.

2 Read the article again. Match 1–4 and A–D. 1953

2

1990

3

2003

4

2021

A the year the Human Genome Project started

B the year that the human genome was fully understood

Cultural Awareness Respecting differences Although 99.5% of human DNA is identical, each person is unique. Why is it important to respect and celebrate differences?

12

3 EXAM Are the following statements

true (T) or false (F)? Justify your answers.

Write in your notebook.

1 Since 1953, scientists have been working to map the human genome.

2 Between 2003 and 2021, scientists studied less than 10% of DNA and now have a complete understanding.

3 Scientists now know what causes diseases and why people get old.

t

D the year the Human Genome Project was finished

The Science Journal

en

C the year DNA was discovered

3 July

m

1

It isn’t just humans who have benefitted from this research, though. Incredibly, it has been found that our genetic sequences are similar to those of other animals – in fact, cats have an incredibly similar genetic make-up to humans! Advances have been made in treating animal diseases because of the greater understanding of how DNA works.

4 The advances made in DNA research has also helped our pets.

An article 1 Read the article. Explain the meaning of ‘genealogy’ in your own words.

Who do

m Ca

YOU think you are?!

br

Have you ever wondered what life was like for your ancestors hundreds of years ago? If so, you aren’t alone, as genealogy is a hobby that is growing in popularity.

ge

id

People engage in tracing their family tree for many reasons. It might be they’re inspired by the British TV series Who Do You Think You Are?, featuring celebrities such as Daniel Radcliffe and Kate Winslet. Others want to understand past events in their family history. For example, around 12 million people moved to the USA between 1851 and 1900, to escape from poor living conditions in their home countries in pursuit of better economic opportunities. Many US citizens are descendants of these immigrants.

1

WRITING

3 Read the article again. Are the following statements true (T), false (F) or the article doesn’t say (DS)? Justify your answers.

1 Two actors featured on a programme where they found out about their past.

2 A lot of people from Europe migrated to the US in the nineteenth century.

3 The writer has used a home DNA kit.

4 The writer recommends asking older relatives for documents.

5 The writer thinks you might be surprised when you investigate your ancestors.

4 Complete the phrases the writer uses in the article.

Co

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

• Introducing the topic: Have you 1 …? ; 2 days …

These days, researching our past is even easier.

The multitude of websites containing historical documents and records reflects people’s enthusiasm for genealogy. There are also home DNA kits, which allow people to collect a sample of their DNA and send it to a laboratory for analysis. An easier way to begin, though, is to ask older relatives about their family history.

Why not research your own family tree? Perhaps you’ll discover that you’re descended from wealth and success! But, before you get carried away, remember that you’re just as likely to be descended from thieves as you are royalty!

• Giving examples: Sometimes … ; be …

It 3

• Explaining the cause or effect: …4 … ; … represents …

• Getting the reader involved: 5 not …? ; We could all …

WRITING STRATEGY

When writing an article, try to write an interesting title. This could be a play on words, or have words starting with the same letter.

5 EXAM Write an article about the factors that contribute to our sense of identity (about 150 words). Use the Writing Plan below to help you.

Paragraph 1: Introduce the topic.

en

m

Writing Plan

Paragraph 2: Explore one aspect of

2 Read the article again and number the information in the correct order.

Advice on how to research your family A history B C

The popularity of a leisure activity Why some people are interested in

t

the topic.

Paragraph 3: Explore another aspect

of the topic.

Paragraph 4: Conclude and leave the

reader with something to think about.

genealogy 13

2 IN GOOD COMPANY GRAMMAR

m Ca

3

Ability

1

Match 1–4 with A–D.

2

I’d forgotten my passcode, so I wasn’t

connect • ​get • ​join • ​visit

he recipe was difficult to follow and T we didn’t

Tom Hi, Lara. 1 the festival yesterday?

id

br

1

I don’t think I’ll

4

Thomas couldn’t

U

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

B be able to help with your project.

C manage to make the cake look good!

Choose the correct options (A, B or C) to complete 1–4. Sometimes more than one option is possible.

A could C was able to

speak two languages when B can

A couldn’t C ’m not able to 3 Luckily, I home.

A can C was able to

4

fix my bike, so I cycled B ’ll be able to

B managed to

tidy

2 That mustn’t / must be an expensive house – it’s got five bedrooms and a big garden!

3 I’ve got some homework to do, but I’m not sure what it is. It might / must be Spanish or Maths.

4 It may not / can’t be possible to get any more information than we already have, but we can try.

m

5 This could / must be Lyra’s hat – I know she’s got a blue one like this, but I don’t know if she wore it to the party.

t

en

A could C are able to

Choose the correct options to complete 1–5.

1 That can’t / must be Rachel – that girl’s hair is much longer than hers.

B can’t

4 The house was a mess, but we it before mum and dad got home.

the Lara That’s right, but I 4 queue without putting in all my details and I ran out of time!

Deduction and speculation

2 I swim at the moment because I’ve hurt my shoulder.

14

Tom I hate it when that happens! There was a queue for tickets, too, wasn’t there?

Co

D swim when he was four, but he can now.

1 Jessica she was five.

tickets for

Lara Hi, Tom – no, I didn’t. I’m so annoyed!

I was in the library and the WiFi is sometimes a bit slow there, isn’t it? I 2 to the network for ages. When I did, I 3 the right website for ages because of a security issue!

ge

3

A able to unlock my old phone.

2

Complete the conversation with the correct form of the verbs in the box.

2

GRAMMAR 5

Complete 1–4 with the words in the box.

Sometimes more than one answer is possible.

8 EXAM Rephrase the sentences using the word given. Keep the meaning as close to the original as possible.

can’t • ​could • ​may • ​may not might • ​might not • ​must

m Ca

1 My phone’s ringing – it possibly my dad.

1 It’s a good idea to bring a water bottle. be Evie or

You

.

br

3 It’s really important that you don’t eat in the library.

id

NOT

You

4 I found these glasses in the library. They belong to Harry – he lost his earlier there and they’re exactly like his.

.

4 I think it would be good if we did more exercise.

ge

DO

We

U

.

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

words.

HAVE

You

be the right place – it’s empty 3 This and Joe said it would be really busy.

Complete the article with suitable

.

2 It isn’t necessary to wear a coat today.

2 It’s vegetable soup, but it be vegetarian because the chef sometimes uses meat to add flavour.

6

BETTER

9

Read the instructions and write four sentences.

Co

Archaeologists have found a new city in Luxor, Egypt, and the discovery 1 be as important as the tomb of Tutankhamun.

Lots of items relating to everyday life were found in the city. These 2 help archaeologists to understand what life was like for people in the past. They know that the city 3 be about 3,400 years old, because some objects have the date written on them. We 4 ever understand everything about the city, but it is a fantastic source of information.

Your friend is going on a camping trip to a tropical island. It will be hot and your friend will be sleeping in a tent. Write sentences with modals of advice, obligation and prohibition.

You can use the ideas in the box or your own.

Advice, obligation and prohibition

7

Write 1–4 with the words in the correct order.

3 listen / on / podcast / you / to / this / should / advice / the / .

4 have / bring / calculators / we / to / our / tomorrow / .

1

t

2 to / your / take / shoes / don’t / you / off / have / .

food • ​sleeping bag • ​smart clothes​ suncream • ​warm clothes • ​water

en

m

1 must / passwords / you / safe / keep / your / .

2

3

4

15

VOCABULARY 3

Be myself

1

Choose the correct options to complete 1–8.

give up • ​go ahead • ​let down ​make fun of • ​put off • ​slow down

2 You can improve your self-conscious / self-esteem by being proud of yourself when you do something well.

1 You should always try not . your friends

m Ca

1 Some people avoid / slow down seeing other people if they are feeling anxious.

br

3 It really isn’t kind to make fun of / praise people, either online or face to face.

id

4 Don’t let down / put off making lifestyle changes that will make you healthier and happier.

ge

5 The first step to a more positive way of thinking is to accept / support that something needs to change.

2 It’s a horrible feeling to think that people are you.

3 I’ve starting my homework for as long as I can – now I have to do it!

4 I can’t believe Max wants to football – he’s been playing since he was six.

5 I’m going to and join the art club. It’s time I had a new hobby.

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

6 Sometimes it’s nice to put off / slow down and take some time away from a busy lifestyle.

7 Your friends and family can give you lots of support / compromise when you’ve got a problem.

Co

8 Sometimes it might be difficult to start a new exercise routine, but try not to go ahead / give up too quickly.

2

Complete 1–6 with the correct form of the verbs in the box.

6 My grandparents’ lifestyle has since they really stopped working.

Complete the article with the words in the box. compromises • ​give up • ​ignore • ​praise self-conscious • ​self-esteem • ​support

t

en

16

m

Lots of people start a new year by making one or more New Year’s resolutions – something they are going to start doing, like more , such as exercise, or something they’re going to 1 smoking. Is this a good idea? Of course, it’s always a positive thing to try to be healthier. It’s good for your body and it’s also good for if you can stick to something that’s difficult. your 2 However, lots of people start with good intentions, then start to 3 these after a few weeks or even days! There’s a lot of pressure to do a ‘new year, new you’ challenge. It can be more useful to make a resolution at a time that feels right for you. You’ll about what other people think of you. be less 4 Another way to give yourself more chance of success is to team up with another person who also wants to make a positive change – it doesn’t even have to be the same resolution. You can give each each other when ,6 other 5 things go well and cheer each other up when they don’t! Finally, it’s important not to be too hard on yourself. Life has lots of . Trying challenges and we often have to make 7 a new resolution might take time and patience, but it is possible to make progress, even if you can’t stick to it every day!

2

VOCABULARY In relationships

4

Match 1–8 with definitions A–H. 1

hit it off

2

get over

3

date

4

turn down

5

cheat on

6

break up

7

br

Luca I hate to say this, but I heard that she has a boyfriend who works in the city.

Aidan No, they 4 5

m Ca

! He was her with a woman he

works with.

Luca That’s really bad – I hope she 6 it OK!

get engaged quarrel

id

8

Aidan We went to the new Italian restaurant.

It was great!

ge

A feel better about something that used to make you sad

Aidan Yes, I think she did. We had a really nice time, anyway. We’re going out again next week!

U

B when people meet and like each other straight away

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

C refuse an offer or proposal

E disagree angrily

Co

D have another partner when you are already in a relationship F when two people make a promise to marry each other G when two people go out so they can get to know each other better H end a relationship

5

Complete the conversation with the words in the box. broke up • ​cheating on • ​date ​got along • ​got over • ​hit it off

Luca Hi, Aidan, how are things going?

Aidan Hey, Luca. It’s all really good, thanks.

Did I tell you about Helen?

Luca Helen? Is that the girl from Dan’s party?

Luca Where did you go?

2 My brother and his girlfriend are – it’s really sad. They’ve been together for two years.

3 Ed asked Bethan out, but she – he was really upset!

him

4 Richard and I well as friends. When we first met, we straight away!

5 Meg said that she would never her relationship with Mike, but she’s already met someone new!

t

Aidan Yes, I was, but we 2 with each other so well that I thought I had to try! So last night, we went on a 3 !

1 I heard that Matt and Amy aren’t each other anymore – is it true?

en

Luca Wow, well done! Were you nervous?

Complete 1–7 with the correct form of the vocabulary in Ex. 4 and Ex. 5.

m

Aidan That’s right. Well, you know we 1 straight away – we were talking all night about loads of different things.

We swapped phone numbers at the end of the night and the next day, I called her!

6

6 I broke up with Martin when I found out he’d been texting another girl – I can’t trust me. someone who has 7 My parents last night about something silly – but they were fine again this morning!

17

READING 1

2.01 Read and listen to the blog post.

Why do Sweden and Iraq have a lot of connections?

About Latest posts

m Ca

How Facebook revealed our international friendships

ge

id

br

I recently read an interesting article about a project by Facebook, which wanted to find out more about how people from different countries link up on Facebook – where our international friendships are. Of course, Facebook and other social media tools make it easier for people to make and maintain overseas friendships, but they wanted to know if there were any trends – and their findings made interesting reading! The data was gathered by combining the figure of how many Facebook friendships there are between countries and the total number of Facebook friendships that exist in a country. Knowing this information helps us to understand all sorts of things about how interconnected we are – how people move and how they stay in touch with other countries.

There are more surprising details in the reports too, though. For example, Brazil and Japan are two countries which have lots of links. They are culturally and geographically quite different, but there is a high number of Brazilian immigrants in Japan, which expands the network of friendships between the two countries.

Co

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

Mongolia and Sweden also share a surprising amount of friendships, even though they are two apparently very different countries and are a long way apart on a map. In the 1960s, Sweden was one of the first Western countries to work with Mongolia in business, so the two places have ties that go back a long way.

One fairly clear link was between the USA and other English-speaking countries – clearly, having no language barrier helps communication. But there are also strong links between residents of the USA and residents of Mexico, south of the border. As so many people in Mexico have links with the USA, it shows how people in these two countries are connected.

2 EXAM Read the blog post again. Are the

following statements true (T) or false (F)?

Justify your answers. Write in your notebook.

the text.

1 The study helps us understand why people move countries / how people remain friends.

2 The writer is positive / cautious about the benefits of international friendships.

3 Lots of Brazilian people have emigrated to Japan.

Social Competence

4 Mongolia was one of the first countries to do business with Sweden.

Maintaining friendships How do you stay in touch with friends when you’re not together?

t

18

3 Choose the correct options based on ideas in

en

2 The USA has strong links with people who speak the same language.

We live in a world where people can have connections all over the globe, for work, friendships and education. This is a valuable opportunity to share cultural experiences and learn about our world.

We are more connected than we realise.

m

1 The study was done by counting the number of people who use Facebook in each country.

Sweden has lots of connections to another distant country, too – Iraq. This is thanks to the fact that Sweden is one of the most welcoming countries for refugees and has taken in more Iraqi refugees than the much larger USA. One town in Sweden has taken in over 6,000 refugees since 2003 and there is a strong community of Iraqis living there.

An opinion essay 1 Read the opinion essay. Which two types of

2

WRITING

3 Read the opinion essay again and number the

dating does the writer compare?

information in the correct order.

A

I give another argument and give some examples to support it.

B

I say what the topic is and give my initial opinion.

C

I think of one argument and develop my ideas, giving further examples.

D

I repeat my opinion from the introduction in a different way.

m Ca

Online dating

has killed romance

br

ge

id

It’s believed that nearly half of all people aged 18–29 have used dating apps, and nearly a third of British people who get married met their spouse online. However, I’m not in favour of online dating.

opinion essay.

• Expressing opinions: I strongly 1 … ; It’s 2 that …

• Showing cause and effect: 3 to … ; Because of this …

Co

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

Firstly, according to some therapists, online dating can cause issues with self-esteem. Many users experience ‘ghosting’, when someone may seem keen to meet, but then suddenly ignores all messages. This can’t be good for anyone’s confidence. Also, as with other apps, users might become addicted to dating apps due to constantly scrolling through profiles or waiting for messages.

4 Complete the phrases the writer uses in the

In addition, I strongly believe that people should try to connect with people they see in real life first.

It could be that people avoid looking for a partner in real life as they feel self-conscious about being turned down. However, online daters may miss out on hitting it off with someone at the office, the gym or while pursuing a hobby.

It’s clear to me that both online and real-life dating have their pros and cons, but on the whole, old-fashioned romance is definitely preferable.

2 Read the opinion essay again and choose the correct options to complete 1–4.

4 The writer would rather meet someone to date face to face / online.

…;

WRITING STRATEGY

When writing an opinion essay, try to include some opinions from experts, for example, ‘According to researchers / scientists / politicians …’

5 EXAM ‘Love at first sight is a myth.’

Write an opinion essay (about 150 words).

Use the Writing Plan below to help you.

Writing Plan

Paragraph 1: Introduce the topic and

state your opinion.

Paragraph 2: Develop one argument to support your opinion.

Paragraph 3: Develop a second

argument.

t

3 An example given of where partners meet in real life are while working / at a party.

• Introducing ideas: 5 …

In 6

en

2 ‘Ghosting’ is when people message constantly / disappear.

to … ;

m

1 Around one in three adults under 30 meet their husband or wife / have never been on a dating app.

• Expressing facts: … 4 It’s believed that …

Paragraph 4: Confirm your opinion.

19

3 MAKING ENDS MEET GRAMMAR

m Ca

Zero and First conditional

Wishes and regrets

1

4

1

A I dyed my hair and I don’t like the colour it is now.

B I always dye my hair this colour and I don’t want to.

If I win the tickets, I’ll take you with me.

3

If you turn the kettle on, the water boils.

4

I ’ll go swimming after school, unless it rains.

ge

2 I wish I could cook!

U

A I used to be able to cook, but now I’m not very good at it.

B I’m not good at cooking – I want to be better.

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

2

Plants die if you don’t water them.

id

2

Choose the correct options (A or B).

1 I wish I hadn’t dyed my hair this colour.

br

Write Z (Zero conditional) or F (First conditional) for 1–4.

Choose the correct options to complete 1–6.

Co

3 I wish you wouldn’t look at your phone when we’re eating.

1 I’ll get the train at 6 am, unless / if I miss my alarm.

A You always look at your phone when we eat and it’s annoying.

B You didn’t look at your phone when we had dinner and that was good.

2 People get fit if they exercise / will exercise regularly.

3 If you look / will look online, you’ll find lots of exciting new recipes.

4 I wish it didn’t rain so often here.

4 Matt won’t pass / doesn’t pass his exams next month if he doesn’t start revising.

A It rains here all the time and I don’t like it.

B It rained yesterday and I had to change my plans.

5 We cycle to school every day, unless it snows / will snow!

6 If I don’t see Maya at the party, I send / ’ll send her a message.

3 EXAM Complete the following sentences.

Use the appropriate form of the word in brackets.

Choose the correct options (A or B).

1 I wish I

B studied

2 I wish I a part-time job. I need to save some money for my holiday.

A ’d had 3 I wish we A didn’t have 4 I wish he A would let

20

more. The test was hard.

B had Maths on Fridays!

B hadn’t had me borrow his bike.

B wouldn’t let

t

A had studied

en

5

m

1 A What are you doing this evening? (finish) all B I don’t know yet. If I (go) to the gym. my homework, I 2 A What colour are you painting your bedroom in your new house?

B I have to find out if it faces north or south first.

A Why? (face) north, B Well, if a room (not get) a lot of sun. it Then I’ll need a light colour. If a room (have) a window to the south, (be) bright and sunny. Then it I can use any colour – maybe blue!

3

GRAMMAR 6

Read the comments and write the wishes or regrets.

8

Choose the correct options to complete 1–4.

1 I wouldn’t be happy if we had to / have to cancel our holiday.

m Ca

2 We wouldn’t have gone / wouldn’t go out tonight if we’d known the restaurant was shut.

3 If Ella had read the email, she would have seen / saw the photos from the school trip.

ge

id

br

4 If I had / ’d had a bike, I wouldn’t walk to school.

9

(get up) earlier, you 1 If you wouldn’t have been late for work.

U

I saw some nice new trainers today, but I didn’t buy them.

2 If I worked in an office, (wear) smart clothes I every day.

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

1

Co

You always forget to reply to text messages and I don’t like it.

3 I wouldn’t see my friends very often if we (move) to the countryside.

I can’t buy lunch today because I forgot my purse.

5 She’d have got better test results if she (work) harder last year.

2

3

I’ve got straight hair, but I want to have curly hair.

4 If Sarah (tell) me she was busy, I wouldn’t have called in to see her.

6 If I hadn’t read the book, I (not understand) the film.

10

Complete 1–4 with your own ideas.

1 If I could live in any country,

4

Second and Third conditional

7

Complete 1–6 with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

Match 1–6 with A–F to make sentences.

I would have phoned Amelia

3

If I met the person who wrote this book,

4

If we lived in a city,

5

If Alfie hadn’t missed the lesson,

6

We’d go for walks every day

A I’d ask them to sign it for me.

.

3 If I had got up an hour earlier today,

4 If I had won £1,000,000 a year ago,

.

t

2

2 If I could meet any famous person,

en

If we hadn’t missed the bus,

.

m

1

.

B if we had a dog.

C we wouldn’t have been late for the cinema.

D there would be lots of things to do.

E if I’d known she was ill.

F he’d have known about the test.

21

VOCABULARY 3

The economy

1

Match the words in the box with the definitions 1–8.

m Ca

income • ​payment • ​poverty standard of living • ​struggle trade • ​unemployment • ​wealth a measure of the money people have and what they can buy and do

2

an amount of money that you give to a person or business to buy something the activity of buying and selling goods or services

5

the number of people who do not have a job

6

money that you earn from work or receive from a business

7

a large amount of money or valuable possessions that a person has

8

the state of living without enough money to buy important things

Co

Choose the correct options to complete the article.

Many students find it difficult to manage money when they leave home. Some of them decide to get a part-time job, to make life less of a 1struggle / trade. However, not everyone thinks this is a good idea.

Chris Hi, Esme, are you going to the careers fair tomorrow?

Esme Oh hi, Chris. Yes, I am. I need some inspiration. I really don’t know what I want to do after university!

Chris I don’t either. I just know that I want a job where I make lots of money.

Esme Really? I haven’t really thought about trying to get rich. I just want a job that I enjoy.

Chris What, even if you end up being 1 ?

isn’t as Esme For me, 4 important as being happy. I don’t mind if I have big things like holidays. to 5

Chris I’m really scared of not having enough money. The idea of 6 worries me.

Esme So I guess you’re going to the careers fair, too!

t

So, while students are unlikely to be 6wealth / wealthy while they’re at university, many do choose to work alongside their course, to help make their lives easier.

Chris Hmm, I don’t really see it like that.

I want a big house and a comfortable 3 when I’m older.

en

Maria, however, disagrees. She’s in her second year and has had a part-time job for six months. ‘My 4income / payment before was so low that I had to choose between buying food or getting transport. Now if I need new clothes or books, I can 5struggle / save up for them.’

Esme Not exactly, but as long as I have enough , I’m more interested in to 2 doing a job that I find really satisfying.

m

‘It’s more important for students to do their course than to have a part-time job,’ says Mr Russell, whose son started university last year. ‘As long as they aren’t living in a state of real 2poor / poverty, I think they should use their time to study, not work. Most people don’t expect to have a high 3standard of living / unemployment when they’re a student, and there are ways to live cheaply.’

22

live on • ​poor • ​save up for standard of living • ​unemployment wealth

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

2

something that is difficult to do

ge

4

id

3

br

1

Complete the conversation with the words in the box.

3

VOCABULARY 3 A Hello, have you got this jumper in a size medium?

B Let me see … yes, it’s available to today.

A Great, where do I pay for it? .

B Over there, at the A Thank you!

Expenses

4

Complete 1–8 with the words in the box. bargain • ​budget • ​charge • ​get by ​in stock • ​purchase • ​tax • ​till

m Ca

1 This company sells cheap clothes, but the for delivery is quite high, so it always costs more than you expect.

br

2 The latest smartphone is now at that store and people are queuing outside!

ge

id

3 There are lots of people waiting to buy open, things and there’s only one so it’s taking a long time.

U

4 That’s a real – those trainers usually cost a lot more than that.

Co

6 People who earn a lot of money have to pay . more

7 When I left home, I made a so I’d know how much money I had and how much I could spend.

8 I don’t earn a lot of money because I work and it means part time, but I can I have more time for hobbies.

5

Rewrite the underlined parts of the sentences using the best option in brackets.

1 I spend a lot of money on coffee. It isn’t expensive when you buy one, but it is when you buy one every day! (get by / add up)

2 I wanted to buy this jumper in blue, but it wasn’t available in the shop. I’ll try online. (out of stock / till)

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

5 It’s nice to go shopping, but some people the same things online prefer to for less money.

6

Complete the mini-dialogues with the words in the box and any other words you need. add • ​afford • ​bargain • ​charge lose • ​purchase • ​stock • ​till

3 I’m so pleased that I bought this bag!

It usually costs more, but the price was reduced for one day only. (tax / bargain)

4 I’d love to go out for dinner more often, but it costs a lot of money and I haven’t got enough. (can’t afford / charge)

5 The holiday seemed cheap, but there was an extra charge for booking and reserving seats, so it cost more. (fee / tax)

6 I’m not sure how much money I spent last month. I need to check my bank statements to see where all my money has gone! (lose track of / can’t afford)

t

en

m

1 A Hi, do you want to come to the music festival this year? a ticket, and B No, thanks, I anyway, I think it’s too expensive. I can’t so much for believe people can camping in a field!

2 A How much did our last holiday cost? of what we spent B I’m not sure – I to quite on eating out. I think it a lot of money! Why are you asking?

A There are some holidays here that look , because they usually like a cost a lot more. But we always spend more than we mean to!

23

READING 1

3.01 Read and listen to the article.

Why is it important to have the right person in charge of a company?

m Ca

The PAY GAP

ge

id

br

It’s well known that the chief executives (CEOs) of large companies – the people who are responsible for running them – often have very high salaries. They earn a great deal more than people who work further down the company, who often do less skilled jobs. This is even true in years where businesses have performed badly and there have been global financial pressures.

The chief executives of the largest companies still take home huge amounts of money in wages, bonuses and pension contributions.

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

the job needs to be experienced, good at dealing with problems and a strong leader. These skills aren’t easy to find, so to attract the right person, a high salary is important. The right CEO can add a lot of value to a company, increasing the amount of money and profit it makes every year. On the other hand, there isn’t as much competition for the less skilled jobs. For instance, as technology and IT systems have developed, there are many jobs which are essential to a company, but which can be learned quickly and don’t require a high level of skill or experience.

Co

How can this be justified? Surely it is unethical to use the labour of unskilled people to make a company profitable, and for the biggest rewards to be distributed so unfairly. A recent study in the US suggests that a top CEO makes 278 times what the average worker earns. Since 1978, pay for CEOs has increased by an incredible 1,000%. Salaries for average workers have increased by just 12% in that time.

One problem is the wider job market. All companies need to offer a competitive salary in order to get the best staff. The person at the top of a company has the most responsibility and this requires special skills. The person most suited to

2 EXAM Read the article again. In your own

3 Number the ideas in the correct order.

A

1 What happens to the salaries of CEOs in difficult years?

high salary is important to attract A someone with the right skills.

B

I t is demotivating when you earn significantly less than managers.

C

alaries for CEOs have increased more S than for average workers.

3 What skills does a person at the top of a company need?

4 Why isn’t there as much competition for some less skilled jobs?

Citizenship Competence Addressing inequality Why do you think there is a gap between the pay for men and women in Spain? What can be done to reduce this?

t

en

2 How much has the salary for an average worker increased since 1978?

m

words, and based on the ideas in the text, answer these questions.

24

The problem is that it can be very bad for morale – for how people within a company feel when they know that the person above them is earning so much more. Companies can help by setting a good standard of wages and providing training and opportunities for promotion. This benefits the company too, because employees will stay in their jobs for longer. It’s expensive and time-consuming to replace people who leave a job, so it helps the company as a whole if the people who work there don’t resent the higher levels of management.

A for-and-against essay 1 Read the for-and-against essay. Does the

3 Read the for-and-against essay again and answer the questions.

A

give reasons for the statement with examples

‘You should never borrow money from, or lend money to, friends or family.’ Do you agree?

B

give further reasons for the statement with examples

1 Shakespeare famously wrote, ‘Neither a borrower nor a lender be.’ Some people think we should help our friends and relatives financially, but can this destroy relationships?

C

give their own opinion

D

ive a summary of both sides of the g argument

m Ca

writer agree or disagree with the statement, and how strongly?

id

br

ge

2 On the one hand, money is often the cause of conflict. If you lend money to someone you trust and they don’t pay it back, you probably won’t be able to trust them again. Furthermore, imagine you lent your friend a large sum for something they couldn’t afford and they agreed to return it in monthly payments.

How would you feel if you then saw them purchasing unnecessary items?

Co

4 On balance, I believe that if the borrower agrees to live within a budget until the money is repaid, and the lender trusts the borrower, it’s a good solution to help them have a reasonable standard of living.

2 Read the for-and-against essay again and

4 Complete the phrases the writer uses.

• Adding more information: 1 , … ; In addition (to) …

• Expressing contrast: On the 2 , … ; On the 3 ,…

3 Look at the question in the second paragraph. Answer it so it is true for you.

4 In paragraph 4, what two conditions for lending does the writer give?

• Introducing conclusions: In conclusion, … ; On 6 ,…

WRITING STRATEGY

When writing a for-and-against essay, remember to create a balanced argument and present your ideas clearly and effectively.

5 EXAM ‘All internships* should offer a salary.

Nobody should have to work for free.’ *An internship is work experience with a company, designed to provide individuals with practical skills and knowledge.

Write a for-and-against essay on the statement (about 150 words). Use the Writing Plan below to help you.

Writing Plan

Paragraph 1: Introduce the topic.

t

2 In the author’s opinion, what can money lead to?

• Introducing examples: For example, … ; For 5 ,…

en

• Expressing opinions: Personally, … ; Some 4 … ; I agree / disagree …

m

1 Which English playwright does the writer quote?

In which paragraph does the writer … ?

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

3 On the other hand, life is easier if we can rely on others when we’re struggling. For instance, nobody can predict when they’ll be affected by unemployment. Unless you can’t afford to, why not help relatives until their income increases?

answer the questions.

3

WRITING

Paragraph 2: Present the arguments for the statement.

Paragraph 3: Present the arguments

against the statement.

Paragraph 4: Write a conclusion and

give your own opinion on the topic.

25

4 THE ARTS GRAMMAR

m Ca

3

Reported statements

1

br

Choose the correct options (A, B or C) to complete 1–4.

Hi, Maddie, what did you do yesterday?

1 Beth: ‘I went to the library yesterday.’

id

Beth said that she the day before.

to the library

Oh, not much. 1I visited my grandparents.

2 I haven’t seen them much recently.

ge

B went

1 Maddie said that she

U

A had gone C have gone

2 Jack: ‘I don’t want to go.’

2 She said that she

to go.

B doesn’t want

Co

A hadn’t wanted C didn’t want

A has painted C painted

I can’t turn my phone on. 4I’m waiting a few minutes to see if that helps!

3

her bedroom blue.

B had painted

3

4 Dad: ‘I’ll pick you up at 8:00.’

2

Dad said he

us up at 8:00.

4

A would pick C is picking

B will pick

Complete the reported speech.

1 Lucy: ‘We’re having chicken for dinner tonight.’

Lucy said that dinner that night.

chicken for

2 Josh: ‘I’ll do my homework after school.’

Josh said that homework after school.

his

to school.

Complete the reported questions with the phrases in the box. had left • ​left • ​​was leaving ​ were going to leave

1 Wendy: ‘What time do you leave for work?’

Wendy asked what time I for work.

2 Adam: ‘Have you left your phone at Sam’s house?’

Adam asked if I at Sam’s house.

3 Ciara: ‘What time are you leaving?’

Ciara asked what time I

.

4 Theo: ‘Are you going to leave school next year?’

Theo asked if we next year.

26

my phone

school

t

Liam said that

4

en

4 Liam: ‘I usually cycle to school.’

to the

Reported questions, commands and requests

m

3 Meg: ‘I went to the hospital this morning.’

Meg said that hospital that morning.

.

Hi, Matt, what are you doing?

3 Lyra: ‘I’ve painted my bedroom blue!’

Lyra said that she

.

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

Jack said that he

Read the mini-dialogues and complete the reported statements for the numbered sentences.

4

GRAMMAR 5

Write reported questions, commands and requests with the words in the correct order.

Reporting verbs

7

1 Dad: ‘OK, I think we might be lost.’

1 asked / Mia / make / cup of tea / me / to / a / .

Dad admitted / claimed that we might be lost.

2 Max: ‘This room is too cold; I don’t like it!’

m Ca

2 return / teacher / us / books / our / told / the / to / .

Max explained / complained that the room was too cold.

3 Lauren: ‘What time is the bus?’

3 Becky / where / we / going / were / asked / me / .

Joe: ‘It’s at 4:30.’

br

Joe replied / reminded that the bus was at 4:30.

id

4 Mrs Hall: ‘You’ll be able to find the information on the school website.’

ge

4 had / if / the news / Mum / asked / I / me / seen / .

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

6

Co

Read the interview and complete the reported questions for the numbered questions.

Fred Hi, Steph, thanks for talking to me tonight. 1Are you excited about the concert?

Steph Hi, Fred! Yes, I am! I can’t wait!

Fred Can I ask you some questions before you go on stage?

Steph Yes, of course!

Mrs Hall explained / warned that they would be able to find the information on the school website.

U

Choose the correct options to complete 1–4.

Fred Thanks! 2When did you decide to be a pop star?

Steph I think I always wanted to be a pop star.

Fred 3Have you always known the other people in your band?

8

Complete 1–4 with the correct form of the verbs in the box. claim • insist • ​remind • ​warn

1 Mum: ‘I’ve already told you that you have to be home for tea – no excuses.’

Mum

2 Dad: ‘Don’t touch that paint – it’s wet.’

Dad it was wet.

Jack

Thomas in the class.

Reuben

4

2 ‘Don’t forget to charge your phone, Grace!’

Dad 3 ‘You have to take the medicine, Millie.’

The nurse

.

t

3

.

en

1 ‘The canteen is always too busy on a Friday!’

m

2

that he was the fastest runner

9 EXAM Rephrase each sentence using a suitable

Fred 4Can you imagine doing any other job?

me that we had photography club.

4 Thomas: ‘I’m the fastest runner in the class!’

reporting verb.

1

us not to touch the paint, because

3 Jack: ‘Don’t forget, we’ve got photography club.’

Steph Yes, we’ve been friends for ages!

Steph No, I can’t!

that I had to be home for tea.

.

4 ‘You can find the answers by clicking the link.’

The teacher

.

5 ‘Don’t touch the oven, Sam – it’s hot.’

Mum

.

27

VOCABULARY 3

Cinema

1

Choose the correct options to complete 1–8.

1 I loved the subtitles / soundtrack – there were some really good songs!

m Ca

2 This director / script has got lots of exciting ideas, but she can be difficult to work with.

3 I don’t know why that film won so many plots / awards – I thought it was really boring!

5 Did you know that film is actually based on / found out a book? I read it a couple of years ago.

The Stars is an exciting new film by a called Molly talented young 1 2 of a remote Harvey. The island is beautiful, but it’s the exciting 3 which really pulls you in and what makes you want to 4 happens next.

ge

id

br

The Stars

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

7 It has taken a long time to make the film, but it’s coming out / finding out in spring.

Co

8 A scene can be quite short in a film, but it can take a long time to plot / shoot.

Complete 1–8 with the words in the box.

Then match 1–8 with A–H. act • ​based on • ​find out • ​lines p ​ lot • ​setting • ​soundtrack • ​subtitles 1

I love going to drama class and I’d love to

2

It’s important for a film to have a good with believable events

3

I often watch foreign films with

4

We’re practising for the school play, but I’ve – only got two

5

I really wanted to happened

6

The film was made in the mountains so it had , a beautiful

last week and it has It 5 already been a big success at the events that took cinemas. It 6 place over 100 years ago, but it is very relevant for a modern audience.

My only complaint was that some of which the actors say the 7 are very complicated. A person who might find watched it with 8 them difficult to understand. But the 9 is a triumph, with some beautiful songs. I’d highly recommend this film, and I predict it will win many 10 .

what

8

The film is

a true story,

C but I think they made some parts up.

D in a film one day.

E at the end of the film, but I fell asleep!

F I wish I had more to say!

G was played by an orchestra?

H so that people are interested in what happens next and why.

t

B but the plot was a bit boring.

en

Did you know that all the music in the

m

7

A because it’s a really good way to practise a language.

28

Film reviews

4 My favourite shoot / scene is the one where they’re all dancing on the beach at the end.

6 My brother is working very hard – he’s writing a line / script for a school play.

2

Complete the review with the correct form of the vocabulary in Ex. 1 and Ex. 2.

4

VOCABULARY 5

Complete the mini-dialogues with the words in the box. equipment • ​rehearsals • ​sold out • ​turn up

m Ca

for the 1 A Hi, Harry, how are the concert going?

B Hi, Sara. Not great, actually. Leo didn’t last night. I don’t think he’s interested anymore. And none of our works properly.

A Oh no! Don’t worry, I’m sure it will all be , haven’t OK. The tickets have they?

B Yes, they have! That’s why I’m so nervous.

ge

id

br

call off • ​lyrics • ​recording • ​venue

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

4

U

Music

Choose the correct options (A, B or C) to complete 1–8.

2 A OK, so we’ve booked the and we’ve asked my cousin to make of the concert. What else do a we have to do? .

B I have to learn the A What do you mean? Don’t you know them all yet?

B Well, most of them.

A Oh no! If you can’t learn them all by the weekend, we might have to the concert!

Co

for this song are beautiful.

1 The I read them on a website and I’m trying to learn them!

A rhythm

B lyrics

C equipment

2 The singer lots of famous historical people in the concert, so it was quite political.

A quoted

B called off

C turned up

3 I didn’t realise how much a band needs when they go on tour. There were three buses!

A venue

B rehearsal

C equipment

4 Unfortunately, the band had to tonight’s concert, as the singer is ill.

A call off

B attend

B sound

C show off

C rehearsal

B recording

and

C track

B turned up

C sold out

8 They’re going to make a of the concert tonight, so they want everything to be perfect.

A rehearsal

B recording

2 I don’t know how many people are coming to the concert tonight.

ATTEND

3 We need to practise more often. REHEARSALS

4 There aren’t any tickets left for the concert.

t

7 We wanted to go to the concert, but the tickets have .

A shown off

OFF

en

A venue

1 We might have to cancel the show.

m

6 The concert was at a small, old there was a great atmosphere.

Rewrite 1–4 with the words given.

5 The didn’t go very well earlier today, so the band members weren’t happy.

A lyrics

6

SOLD

C track

29

READING 1

4.01 Read and listen to the article. What is empathy, and why is it useful for children to develop empathy?

Health and well-being

m Ca

How reading changes us

id

br

Some people love reading, but others are less enthusiastic. However, studies have shown that there are real benefits to picking up a book and that it can change how our brain develops.

ge

When we read, we activate parts of our brain that deal with language and emotions. The brain makes more connections and this makes our brain work more effectively. The action of reading has been shown to create more ‘white matter’ in our brains – this is what helps the different parts of the brain to communicate with each other.

We all know that reading to young children is an incredibly useful way to develop their language skills, but it also develops their emotional skills.

They learn to develop empathy – imagining what it feels like to be another person – and this helps them become more sensitive and emotionally intelligent adults.

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

Then, as we get older, our brains can stop working as well. People who read regularly, whether it is fiction or nonfiction, have brains that stay active for longer. Their brains show fewer physical signs of ageing. In fact, some studies have shown that people who regularly read books live for longer than people who don’t read.

Co

If you’re stressed or anxious, scientists say that reading can be as effective as yoga in terms of reducing blood pressure and making your heart beat more slowly. Just 30 minutes of reading a day can help to make people less stressed.

More than this, though, reading can help to stop symptoms of depression. It can be very helpful to escape into a world of fiction sometimes.

People with depression might feel lonely, but reading helps to create a world that the reader is connected to. In the UK, some doctors suggest that patients read certain books as a way of helping with some mental illnesses.

2 EXAM Read the article again. Are

3 Match 1–4 with definitions A–D. incredibly

2

narrative

1 Reading activates the part of our brains that makes us enthusiastic.

3

nonfiction

4

escape

4 It is difficult to find ways to read more often, but it is useful.

B extremely

C writing that is about real events and facts

D a description of a series of events

Literacy Competence Forming your own opinions How do you choose music, films, games and books?

Are reviews always helpful? Why (not)?

t

3 It can be good for people with depression to imagine a different world.

A to get away from a situation, place or person

en

1

m

the following statements true (T) or false (F)? Justify your answers. Write in your notebook.

2 When we read, our brain has physical changes.

30

Even if you think you don’t have enough time, there are easy ways to incorporate more reading into your daily routine. For instance, reading a book for 20 minutes before bed is more relaxing than looking at your phone. If you have to travel to school or work, you can read on your journey.

In the modern world of social media and flicking quickly through websites, it’s a great idea to give your brain a workout by focusing on a story and following a narrative from beginning to end. It improves memory and is far better for us than watching too much TV.

A critical review 1 Read the critical review. What context does

3 Read the critical review again and number

the writer suggest this music is good for?

the sections of the review in the correct order.

What the writer liked and didn’t like

Why are we all going wild for the

B

Wicked soundtrack?

Background information about the soundtrack

C

A recommendation

D

An interesting title

m Ca

A

id

br

I didn’t know what to expect when I heard that the soundtrack to Wicked had been released.

I haven’t seen the film yet, but I’m a huge fan of Ariana Grande, who features in seven of the tracks.

ge

The musical is based on the novel, and also the The Wizard of Oz film from 1939. It tells the story of the two main characters, witches Elphaba (played

by Cynthia Erivo) and Glinda (Ariana Grande).

U

4 Which phrases in the review does the writer use to: • set the scene?: I didn’t know 1 … ; If you’ve seen (other films) by … , you’ll be expecting …

• give facts about a film?: The musical is based on the novel … ; … the two 2 …

Co

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

In one online review, in which the film gets 8/10, the reviewer insists that the soundtrack ‘is nothing short of amazing’, and I agree. A special mention must go to the song Defying Gravity. I love how Erivo and Grande’s voices bring the lyrics to life. If I have one criticism, it’s that the song A Sentimental Man isn’t as good as the other tracks. I think it’s too short and not memorable.

4

WRITING

Overall, I thoroughly recommend this soundtrack to anyone who likes musicals. It’s great for long journeys as the songs are fun to sing along to!

PLAY NOW

• give praise?: The outstanding thing about this (film) is … ; A special 3 …

• criticise?: If I have 4

…

• recommend?: I thoroughly 5 …

WRITING STRATEGY

When writing a critical review, you can report what other reviewers have said by putting their comments in quotations.

5 EXAM Write a critical review about

a cultural event, such as a concert or play (about 150 words). Use the Writing Plan below to help you.

Writing Plan

2 Read the critical review again and answer the

2 What is the link between the musical and the year 1939?

3 Which song does the writer particularly admire?

t

1 What is the writer’s opinion of Ariana Grande?

Paragraph 1: Give background information about what you are reviewing.

en

questions.

reader’s interest.

m

Title: think of a short title to grab your

Paragraph 2: Describe some features of what you are reviewing.

Paragraph 3: Say what you liked or

didn’t like.

Paragraph 4: Give your opinion and make recommendations.

31

5 ON OUR PLATE GRAMMAR

m Ca

4

Relative clauses

1

id

.

hat house, which has got a red door, T is for sale.

3 The food which I enjoy the most

3

That hotel, where we stayed last year, has got fantastic views of the sea.

4 My best friend is the person who

4

This is the book I told you about.

ge

2

U

3 This film, really sad.

her own

on holiday last

last year, is

her own podcasts,

WHOSE

This is the café. I go to it every day.

Use the appropriate form of the word in brackets.

A Hi, Henry, are you going on the school trip?

B No, I’m not. I’ve decided 1 (stay) here.

A Really? I thought you really wanted 2 (visit) the museum.

B I did, but I can go any time. I don’t mind 3 (miss out) on the trip this time to finish my work.

A That’s very sensible of you! I keep 4 (say) I’m going to finish my project, but I haven’t done it yet.

WHERE

B We haven’t got long! Did you remember 5 (ask) Mr Hall if we can use the computers after school?

WHICH

A Umm – no, I didn’t. Sorry!

4

3 I didn’t expect seeing / to see so many people here!

t

WHO

We visited a castle. We saw some old paintings there.

2 Lauren has decided to take / taking a gap year.

en

Maria has got a new bike.

She is my neighbour.

1 You can’t avoid seeing / to see your ex-girlfriend forever!

m

Oliver is my cousin.

His mum is a vet.

Choose the correct options to complete 1–4.

6 EXAM Complete the following sentences.

3

.

4 Do you remember meeting / to meet Maria for the first time?

Combine the sentences in 1–4 with the words given. Write D (defining) or ND (non-defining).

2

5

4 Have you seen the shoes yesterday?

5 Lily, is in my class.

.

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

Co

2 The place month was beautiful.

1

Verb patterns

Complete 1–5 with the phrases in the box. Use one of the phrases twice.

1 Elsa is the girl jewellery.

32

.

2 The place where I feel happiest

hat’s the boy whose mum is a famous T photographer.

where we went • ​which I bought which I saw • ​who makes

3

br

2

1 August is when

Write D (defining) or ND (non-defining) for the relative clauses in 1–4.

1

Complete 1–4 with your own ideas.

5

GRAMMAR 7

Complete the article with the correct form of the words in the box.

9

Choose the correct options (A or B).

1 How are people supposed to be able to wear something different to school every day?

be • ​cook • follow • ​get ​learn • ​look • ​watch

m Ca

A People don’t have to wear something different every day.

B It’s difficult for people to wear something different every day.

Cooking shows on TV are popular, but not everyone enjoys 1 famous chefs use expensive ingredients to make dishes that can be complicated. How often a recipe on TV, only do you start 2 to realise that you haven’t got the ingredients they’re using, or to learn that they might 3 difficult to find in your local shops?

That’s why online cooking shows made by ‘real’ more popular. people are starting 4 5 about simple Lots of people want ways to cook fresh food, and there are channels on social media which show this. The chefs are normal people and they make simpler meals. a fresh, healthy meal If you want 6 online every day, you could try 7 for inspiration.

2 You aren’t expected to remember everyone’s name straight away!

ge

id

br

A There are lots of new names to learn and no one thinks that you have to do it on the first day.

B People want you to learn everyone’s name as soon as you start.

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

3 Everyone is asked to respect a minute’s silence at 11:00.

Co

A You can be quiet for one minute if you want to.

B It’s important that you’re quiet for one minute if possible.

4 We’re allowed to use our phones for research during lessons if we have to.

A If we need to use our phones, it’s possible to do so.

B We have to use our phones every lesson.

10

Be allowed/asked/expected/ supposed to

Complete the mini-dialogues with asked to, expected to or supposed to and the correct form of the verbs. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.

8

1 find / have

Write 1–5 with the words in the correct order.

1 eat / library / to / in / aren’t / we / allowed / the / .

4 9:00 / supposed / here / you / be / to / were / at / .

5 to / children / can’t / understand / expected / rules / those / be / all / .

A How is your sister getting on at university?

B She loves it! She says it’s quite hard on because you’re your own a lot more than you do at college. She has been a presentation to the new students, though, so she must be doing something right!

t

2 give / study

en

3 asked / cycle / to / people / school / to / are / .

m

2 dress / expected / students / to / are / smartly / .

A The art gallery is enormous! How are we our way around it?

B I think we can download a map on our phones.

A Really? There must be a paper map, too.

Surely not everyone is a smartphone?

33

VOCABULARY 3

Cooking

1

Choose the correct options to complete 1–8.

m Ca

1 Don’t put meat on that chopping board / saucepan – I’m using it to prepare the vegetables.

2 Put oil in the frying pan / oven before you cook the eggs.

id

br

3 Don’t forget to taste / measure the sauce while you’re cooking it – it might need more salt.

ge

4 There’s too much water in that saucepan / frying pan – it’s going to come out when it boils.

U

5 Can you put the loaf / oven on to heat up?

Co

7 We need a taste / loaf of bread – could you go to the shops?

8 When you follow a recipe, it’s important to take the time to measure / exist on the right amount of ingredients.

2

Complete 1–5. Then match 1–5 with A–E. 1

We’ve run out

2

I ’ve made a fruit pie using things that are

3

Could you heat

4

If I could exist

5

trawberries are expensive because S they’re

A season at the moment, like apples and blackberries.

B cheese, I’d eat it all the time!

C garlic and I need some to make dinner.

Complete the mini-dialogues with vocabulary in Exercises 1–3.

these 1 A Could you help me vegetables for the soup, please? There are so many to do!

B There are a lot here – did you them properly?

A Yes, I think so. You can check the recipe, but I’m sure it’s right.

B That’s fine – at least we won’t soup for a long time!

2 A I’m going to the shops because we need of bread. another B Another one? I bought one yesterday.

A I know, but Sam has had his friends over sandwiches! and they seem to B OK. Can you get some wholemeal bread, of the though? I don’t like the white one.

– I’ve been 3 A Don’t touch that boiling fruit and it’s hot.

B OK, what are you making?

A I’m making jam, because there are lots at the of different kinds of fruit moment.

B Lovely! I haven’t made jam before. How do you make it? the fruit in A You have to a saucepan and add some sugar – I’m using my mum’s recipe.

t

en

34

4

m

D of season here, so they come from another country.

E some water so I can cook the pasta?

When students go to university, they might on which to cut need to pack a 1 to boil foods such as vegetables, a 2 3 to make quick meals water and a like omelettes. It’s also important for them to understand why it’s better to buy local food , rather than food which has that is 4 been grown in another country – it is often cheaper and more nutritious. If students don’t learn to cook before they leave home, they expensive ready meals might have to 5 and takeaways!

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

6 You’ll need a sharper knife than that one to chop / measure the onions.

Complete the article with vocabulary in Ex. 1 and Ex. 2.

5

VOCABULARY 2 A I think it’s terrible that so many people are hungry in the world today.

We can produce enough crops to everybody on the planet, so nobody should have to food.

B I completely agree. It’s so wrong that people in one place could from not having enough food, while other people have more than they can eat.

A It’s awful when you see images on the news of people having to for food at refugee centres.

B I know. Charities try to help, but governments should work together to do more about it, too.

The hungry world

5

Match the words in the box with the definitions 1–8.

m Ca

crop • ​dairy • ​drought • ​harvest hunger • ​produce • ​queue • ​waste food that is grown, then cut and collected at a certain time of year

2

food that contains milk, such as cheese, yogurts and ice cream things which are bought but not

used

id

3

br

1

food, drink or materials which are grown on a farm

5

the total amount of a plant which is grown in large amounts

6

a line of people who are waiting for something

7

the feeling of not having enough

ge

4

6

Co

8

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

to eat

a long period of time when there isn’t enough rain

Complete the mini-dialogues with the correct form of the words in the box. feed • ​go off • ​go without • ​preserve queue • ​starve • ​throw away • ​waste

Complete the article with the correct form of the vocabulary in Ex. 5 and Ex. 6.

In recent years, there has been an increase in natural disasters as well as extreme weather . This is caused events such as 1 by climate change and the effects of these events can be very serious. They make it hard and to get a for farmers to grow 2 3 . This can lead to large successful . numbers of people suffering from 4 It’s vital that governments around the world work together to find a way to 5 people in these situations. A further problem is that people in richer countries sometimes 6 food that they haven’t used and . It’s wrong that cause a lot of food 7 8 basic essentials while some people others have too much.

t

en

m

1 A Hi, James, what are you doing?

B Oh hi, Hannah. I’m making a casserole to finish the rest of the chicken and vegetables. I don’t want to the food by not using it.

A That’s a good idea. I some bread yesterday because it had before I could use it, but I felt really bad!

B Did you know you can bread by putting it in the freezer?

A Yes, but I always forget!

7

35

READING 1

5.01 Read and listen to the article. What kind of people ate out socially in Pompeii?

Eating out

m Ca

is nothing new!

ge

id

br

When archaeologists began to excavate the ruins of Pompeii in the eighteenth century, they found a city which had been frozen in time. Public baths, beautiful villas and theatres have all been discovered under the volcanic ash that covered the city on the day of the eruption in 79 AD. But for visitors to the site now, one of the most interesting things to notice is the restaurants and tavernas. They seem incredibly modern – the kinds of things you would find in any town these days. There was a variety of types of venue, from hotels and restaurants to smaller bars which sold food and drink. What’s more, studies of the skeletons found at Pompeii show that rich and poor people who lived in Pompeii shared the same diet. This suggests that the restaurants and tavernas were places where people from all parts of society mixed and people ate the same food.

In Britain, coffee houses were seen as a place where people would meet to discuss politics and perhaps even revolutionary ideas. Even before the French Revolution, Charles II of England tried to shut down coffee houses as they were places where he feared people would plan protests and discuss ideas which threatened the monarchy. The idea of the café or taverna as a place where social rules are relaxed, where people can relax and talk freely to other people, has a long background.

Co

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

after lots of rich families were attacked in the French Revolution, many chefs and servants had nobody to work for. They began to set up restaurants, using the skills they had learned when they worked for the upper classes. These restaurants became part of French culture and eating out now seems like a central part of the French way of life.

The Roman Empire was known for its sense of hospitality to visitors, as journeys could be long and people could find themselves far from home. After the fall of the Roman Empire, historians haven’t discovered evidence of a similar culture of eating out socially until around the eighteenth century, when small restaurants started to appear, first in Paris and then London. One theory put forward for this is that

2 Read the article again. Choose the correct

3 EXAM Read the article again. Find

options to complete 1 and 2.

a synonym in the text that means:

1 In France, lots of chefs / servants / rich families were attacked in the French Revolution.

1 to remove earth that is covering objects buried in the ground

What do you consider a ‘balanced diet’?

What are some practical ways we can achieve a balanced diet?

4 the food and drink eaten or drunk by a person or group 5 social groups consisting of rich people who have the highest social rank 6 a strong feeling that you want something

t

A balanced diet

3 the frame of bones supporting a human or animal body

en

Personal Competence

2 soft grey powder left after something like wood has burned

m

2 Charles II tried to close coffee houses in Britain because people talked / ate / drank too much in them.

36

We have a similar mixture now, of everything from independent cafés to expensive restaurants, but they all give people the opportunity to socialise while they eat and drink together. The desire to do this seems to be part of human nature and an experience many people enjoy.

A descriptive essay 1 Read the descriptive essay and choose the

3 Read the descriptive essay again and number

best title (A, B or C).

the information in the correct order.

A How to cook a traditional Spanish dish

A

I describe what I could hear, see and smell.

B

I describe what I did first.

C

I introduce the topic.

D

I summarise my experience.

B The work of a great chef C Using food to help others

5

WRITING

m Ca

4 Which phrases in the essay does the writer

br

use to:

ge

id

• anticipate an experience?: On the day of … ; !

My hunger 1

U

• talk about expectations?: I’d / I hadn’t expected to … and / but … ; .

I3

Co

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

When the floods hit Valencia, my mum suggested we could volunteer with World Central Kitchen, an organisation set up by Chef José Andrés that takes meals directly to people who need them.

• describe reactions?: I’d 2 … like that before. ; The first thing I noticed was / were …

When we arrived, the coordinator asked us to organise the food donations. I was impressed that many businesses had donated produce they didn’t want to waste. We had vegetables, rice and chicken, so the chefs cooked paella.

Minutes later, the chefs started chopping up the ingredients. Then they got their frying pans, and soon the kitchen was filled with delicious smells.

My hunger started to build! I’d never experienced an atmosphere like that before. Everybody loved the paella and nothing was thrown away. It reminded me of my grandmother’s secret recipe and I wasn’t disappointed.

I’ll never forget working with the volunteers.

I gained a lot from the experience and will certainly volunteer again.

in each gap. Use words from the essay.

WRITING STRATEGY

When writing a descriptive essay, try to combine two or three adjectives to make your writing more descriptive.

5 EXAM Write a descriptive essay about

cooking a meal or watching someone cooking a meal (about 150 words). Use the Writing Plan below to help you.

Writing Plan

Paragraph 1: Introduce the topic of

your descriptive essay.

Paragraph 2: Describe your first impressions.

m

2 Complete the writer’s notes with three words

• summarise the experience?: The experience of … was … ; I’ll 4 …

see, hear, smell, feel or taste.

• The first thing the writer was expected to do was to put 2 into categories.

experience.

Paragraph 4: Summarise your

t

• The person who is in charge of the organisation is 1 .

en

Paragraph 3: Describe what you could

• The people all enjoyed the paella and no food 3 .

• The writer feels that they 4 from volunteering at World Central Kitchen.

37

6 THE THINGS WE USE GRAMMAR

m Ca

3

Negative questions

1

Match the questions 1–6 with the replies A–F.

Isn’t it a lovely day?

2 You’re disappointed that your friend might not come out tonight.

id

2

1 You’re surprised at how cold it is today.

br

1

Wasn’t that a good film?

Haven’t you got a coat you can wear?

4

Didn’t you visit London last year?

5

Aren’t you tired after your late night?

6

Don’t you live next door to Matilda?

ge

3

U

3 You think a new mural is beautiful and you’re sure your friend will agree.

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

4 You think your friend is working too hard and wonder if he or she is worried, too.

A No, I left it at my friend’s house yesterday.

Co

B No, I never go to bed early.

C Yes, the weather forecast said it would be cold, but it was wrong.

D We used to, but we moved last year.

Past modals

E Yes, I haven’t laughed so much in ages!

4

F Yes, but I was only there for the weekend.

2

Read the situations and write a suitable negative question.

Choose the correct options (A, B or C) to complete 1–4.

1

annoying when the bus is late?

A It isn’t C Is it

2

B Isn’t it

know Hugo was coming for dinner?

A Weren’t you C Didn’t you

3

on TV last night?

A Wasn’t she C Hasn’t she

B Isn’t she

told anyone he was ill?

B Wasn’t he

2 It can’t have been / mustn’t have been easy to settle in to a new country when you moved here on your own.

3 You really should have gone / would have gone to bed earlier last night.

4 We could have walked / must have walked to the party, but we decided to drive.

5 We came here on holiday when I was little, but we might not have stayed / can’t have stayed in the same hotel, I can’t remember.

t

en

A Didn’t he C Hadn’t he

1 You can’t have been / must have been pleased when you won the holiday tickets.

m

4

B Haven’t you

Choose the correct options to complete 1–5.

38

6

GRAMMAR 5

Complete 1–5 with the phrases in the box. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.

Passives

7

can’t have • ​may have • ​​may not have should have • ​would have

Write 1–3 with the words in the correct order.

1 Italy / made / shoes / these / in / were / .

m Ca

known that Lucas 1 Jess would be at the party, too – otherwise she wouldn’t have gone.

2 in / film / different / the / being / 12 / languages / is / shown / .

been the 2 That house one they used in that horror film – do you remember it?

3 if / plastic / be / can’t / it’s / recycled / dirty / .

id

br

ge

recycled all that 3 You glass! Why did you put it in the bin?

8

Complete 1–4 with the passive forms of the verbs in brackets. this bread 1 When It feels a bit hard!

(make)?

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

4 Peter known what time the meeting started, so I don’t know why he’s late.

Co

5 Dad has gone to the shop, but he known that we need milk.

Can you phone him to check?

2 This film has been a great success. It (see) by people all over the world.

3 Do you know if eggs in this dish? I’m allergic to them.

(use)

4 My brother’s photos (shown) in an exhibition next month; he’s really excited.

9 EXAM Write 1–4 in the passive form. Omit the information in brackets.

1 (The interviewer) asked the film star some questions about her new film.

6

Complete the mini-dialogues with suitable words.

3 (The TV programme) showed some clips from the new film.

4 (The studio) is releasing the film next week.

1

t

2

en

m

1 A Did you see Jake at football?

B No, he wasn’t there. He been injured, because I think he fell off his bike yesterday.

A Oh dear, was he badly hurt?

B No, it wasn’t too bad – he’s really sensible been wearing a so he helmet, but I think he hurt his ankle.

2 A It was such a bad idea to organise a party. invited so many people!

We known that B I know! We there would be a lot of planning to do.

Have we got enough food? bought A I’m not sure. I enough crisps, but we’re OK for pizza.

2 (The film star explained) that the film uses true events.

3

4

39

VOCABULARY 3

Raw materials

1

Complete the pairs of sentences with two words in the boxes.

1 It is likely that in the future, fuels will run out and we will depend on alternative sources of energy.

copper • ​fuel • ​resources 1 Coal is a fossil non-renewable.

m Ca

and it’s

coal, 2 If we we can’t replace it because it is non-renewable.

2 If we recycle electrical goods, we can reuse the inside them.

br

3 There is a lot of water on Earth, but people can only drink .

amount • ​loss of • ​sustainable

id

natural habitats on Earth is

4 Lots of people are concerned with finding new methods of development that helps people now and doesn’t make life difficult for future generations.

ge

3 The bad for wildlife.

Complete 1–5 with vocabulary in Ex. 1 and Ex. 2.

U

4 Wind, solar and wave power are all examples of energy.

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

fresh water • ​steel • ​value

Co

5 One of the biggest problems facing this planet is that not everybody has access to

.

6 We need to learn the of our environment and take steps to protect it.

to 5 People use make buildings and bridges because it is very strong, but producing it causes a lot of air pollution.

coal • ​shortage • ​use up

7 The UK government says it wants to find different sources of energy rather than using .

8 There is a of viable alternatives to fossil fuels at the moment.

2

Choose the correct options to complete the article.

t

en

40

m

The Eden Project is a place in Cornwall which wants to teach people about the 1value / shortage of our planet’s amazing 2fuels / resources. Visitors are taught about how the 3loss of / use up habitats has a damaging effect on the animals and people who depend on them. Important environments are sometimes destroyed to extract metals such as 4copper / coal, or to get the 5iron / steel to make 6coal / steel. This puts money and the idea of progress before the planet. It is not a 7 shortage / sustainable process, as the resources will run out. Places like the Eden Project are important because they educate everyone about the planet and the 8amount / shortage of damage we can do if we don’t look after it.

6

VOCABULARY A Oh, I see. How do we do that?

Manufacturing

4

Match 1–8 with definitions A–H. demand

5

factor

2

labour

6

supply

3

target

7

infrastructure

4

gap

8

load

m Ca

1

br

A a place where something is missing; an opportunity to make something that doesn’t already exist

B We have to find information about different big companies and work out how much energy to operate each year. Then they 2 we compare that to the goods or services and think about what we’d do they 3 without those things.

A Have you 4

B No, I haven’t. Shall we work together?

A That’s a good idea. One of us could look at 5 like railways and energy supply. The for other can look at the government 6 reducing our use of fossil fuels and see if we are close to reaching them.

id

B an amount of weight carried, usually on a vehicle

ge

C a reality that changes the result of something

U

D a need for something to be sold or supplied

B OK, that will be good.

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

E practical work that often uses hard physical effort

any research yet?

Co

F an aim or objective that you plan to achieve G the basic systems such as transport and energy supplies that help a country to operate properly H to provide things that people need

6

Complete 1–8 with the correct form of vocabulary in Ex. 4 and Ex. 5.

1 The United Nations has set a end world hunger by 2030.

to

2 A developed country usually has a good , such as good transport links and communication systems.

3 There is a between the number of people who want to use renewable energy and the amount that we can make at the moment.

4 It’s important to invest in new technologies for sustainable energy so we don’t have to coal and other fossil fuels in the future.

5 A lot of toys are made overseas and are onto large boats to arrive then in the UK.

Complete the conversation with the words in the box.

A Hi, Jack. What do we have to do for the geography project?

8 There is a growing to single-use plastics.

t

carried out • ​infrastructure • ​produce​ rely on • ​require • ​targets

7 When scientists research to find out how long plastic is in the environment for, they found that it lasted for over 400 years!

en

5

m

6 The time it takes to make a product is in deciding how much it a should cost.

for alternatives

B We have to find out about how much we 1 fossil fuels in this country, then evaluate what would happen if they ran out.

41

READING 1

6.01 Read and listen to the blog post. Why do ‘cemeteries for things’ exist?

m Ca

Cemeteries br

For thinGs

ge

id

In our daily lives, we have to make choices about what we reuse, recycle or throw away. These can be clothes, household items or perhaps electronic devices that we’ve had for a long time and no longer use. But what would we do if we had really big items to get rid of? All around the world there are areas of land, or sea, set aside for storing large objects such as ships or aeroplanes which are no longer in use.

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

rainfall and non-acidic soil, makes it a good place to store these aeroplanes when they aren’t being used anymore.

They can be used for spare parts to repair aeroplanes which are still flying. It’s a strange sight, though, to see so many aeroplanes on the ground, like huge cars in a car park. It has even been the setting for films, as it has a strange and interesting atmosphere.

Co

In north-west Africa, the country of Mauritania has one of the largest ship graveyards in the world. It used to be an important shipping port. Unfortunately, there is a lot of poverty in the country now and it has become a place where people are allowed to leave old, broken ships. Although the area looks unpleasant, the ships have brought some benefits to some of the local people and wildlife. People can take iron objects from the ships to sell.

Moreover, the ships have made an artificial reef for some sea animals. In the long term, though, the iron causes damage to the wider environment, so there are plans to remove them safely.

In Tucson, Arizona, you can see over 4,000 old aircraft which have been used by the US Air Force, Navy and other government agencies. The climate of Tucson, with its low

2 EXAM Read the blog post again. Are the

following statements true (T) or false (F)?

Justify your answers. Write in your notebook.

4 Cinecittà Studios in Rome is no longer used for making films.

3 Answer the questions.

1 Which two objects are given as examples of large objects we need to throw away?

2 Why has Tucson been used in films?

3 What do the Neon Museum signs show?

Personal Competence What you need Make a list of all the things you use every day.

Which do you really need?

42

t

3 Tucson is a good place to store the planes because of the weather there.

These ‘cemeteries for things’ are valuable because they are a record of what we have done – and they also show that even our biggest creations don’t last forever.

en

2 Old ships are left in Mauritania because it is good for the environment.

One of the most vibrant and interesting collections of historical items is the Neon Museum in Las Vegas. Since 1996, this museum has collected and displayed neon signs that represent the culture and history of this unique place.

You can see a huge variety of signs, showing how much styles and fashions have changed over time.

m

1 The issue of what to do with large objects affects many different countries.

A location that has a stronger connection to films is the Cinecittà Studios in Rome. It was first used in 1937 and many classic films were made there in the 1950s and 60s.

Today, films are still made there, but it also has a large area of ten hectares which houses many of the old sets of historical films, and these can be hired for special events.

A summary of an article 1 Read the article. Which environmental issues are mentioned?

6

WRITING

3 Read the summary of the article below. Then answer questions 1 and 2.

The writer explains the history of concrete and says it has advantages and disadvantages.

m Ca

A STRONG BUILD WITH

HEAVY IMPACT

ge

id

br

Although modern concrete wasn’t ‘invented’ until 1892, ancient monuments like the Colosseum in Rome were built with a similar mixture of materials. Nowadays, when used alongside steel, concrete is exceptionally strong and is in high demand in areas affected by natural disasters, such as Japan and China.

U

The writer’s main point is the environmental disadvantages; these are CO2 production, cement’s role in flooding and its negative appearance.

To sum up, the writer explains how researchers are trying to reduce the environmental impact.

1 Did your summary include the same points?

2 Number the information in the order it appears in the summary.

Co

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

Concrete is popular because it’s cheap and simple to produce. It has just three components – cement, fresh water and aggregates – and solidifies quickly. So much is used globally that if all the concrete in the world was spread on the ground, the Earth’s surface would be entirely covered.

He explains how it’s produced, how its strength makes it ideal to use in areas with natural disasters, and that it’s cheap.

However, there is a downside: concrete is responsible for 8% of the world’s CO2 emissions, as the production process is extremely energy-intensive. Additionally, when the ground is covered in concrete, it can’t absorb rainwater, which can lead to flooding. And, of course, many people think it’s unsightly.

Researchers are investigating ways to reduce the energy required for concrete production by lowering the temperatures involved. They also want to capture the CO2 emitted during the process and trap it within the concrete. Whatever the outcome, it’s clear that concrete isn’t going anywhere anytime soon.

A B C D

g ives additional examples/viewpoints explains writer’s topic or viewpoint explains some examples conclusions

4 Which phrases in the summary does the writer use to:

• talk about others’ points of view?: The (that) … ; The writer 1 … writer’s 2 • summarise?: To 3 In summary …

,…;

WRITING STRATEGY

Read the summary again when you’ve finished your first draft. Delete unnecessary words.

5 EXAM Choose a reading text from this

Workbook. Write a summary (about 150 words). Use the Writing Plan to help you.

Paragraph 1: Summarise the main topic

t

en

m

Writing Plan

of the text or the writer’s viewpoint.

Paragraph 2: Explain one or two of the

2 Read the article again. What key points would you include in a summary of this article?

Write in your notebook.

examples in the text.

Paragraph 3: Explain how the writer

develops their ideas.

Paragraph 4: Explain the conclusions.

43

EXAM PRACTICE: READING

E L B A S S I M S N T U R E O V FI P

m Ca

EX

S E M TRE

br

ge

id

1 Cavern and cave diving

Started in 1979 in England, bungee jumping as its basic version involves jumping head-first from a great height while connected to a large elastic cord attached to the feet. Bungee platforms are usually static structures like bridges. But for people who like an extra challenge, there’s also the chance to jump from a helicopter!

Co

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

Cavern diving is a safer version of cave diving. It takes place in an open area that receives direct sunlight and is no deeper than 20 metres. The risk of getting lost is small as the exit can be seen. Cave diving, on the other hand, involves diving much deeper underground, often in narrow spaces without natural light. Cave divers need to complete a training course. Then they need to take special equipment with them when they go underground.

It’s especially important to bring a light that works underwater.

3 Bungee jumping

2 Volcano boarding

Snowboarding has become widely known, but risk-lovers have taken up volcano boarding, a relatively new sport started in Nicaragua in 2005. People who take part go to the top of a volcano and before getting on their boards, receive safety instructions. Then they slide down the side of the volcano, reaching speeds of up to 120 kilometres an hour. While most people sit down on their boards, there’s special equipment available for those who enjoy even more adventure and want to stand on their boards.

4 Big-wave surfing

With this sport, surfers try to ride waves that are at least 6.2 metres high, experiencing speeds of up to 160 kilometres an hour. Hitting the water at this kind of speed often results in the surfer jumping across the water.

There are many risks involved, one of which is that the water pressure at depths of more than 12 metres can easily damage the eardrums.

5 Ice climbing

t

en

m

If you’re into winter sports, why not try ice climbing? You’ll need to be strong and able to move quickly, however. It takes place on high mountains, so there are the risks of avalanches, falling ice and much more. Be sure to check the weather forecast before planning a climb. You can climb alone, but if you’re a beginner, you really should go in pairs to reduce the risk of falling.

Complete the sentences (1–4) based on the ideas from the text.

44

1 People who try cave diving have to first

.

2 While going down the volcano, more adventurous people can

.

3 If someone goes too deep in the water while big-wave surfing, they might

.

4 For less-experienced ice climbers, it’s important to

.

EXAM PRACTICE: READING

THE

best hostels

m Ca

WORLDWIDE COLIBRI HOSTEL (Málaga, Spain)

br

A

ge

id

Have a memorable time in Málaga at an affordable price. The hostel is part of a two-building complex which features a gym, rooftop bars, communal kitchens and even a school where you can take Spanish lessons. Included in the price are great happy hours, amazing parties, salsa classes, street-art tours, plus free bike rental.

U

PARADEISOS BY KOSTA (Ios, Greece)

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

B

Co

The main attraction of this family-run hostel is its central location.

You can reach the main beach in a 15-minute walk, but there are six other beaches within comfortable walking distance. The staff are very friendly and guests can get together to enjoy the air-conditioned terrace bar. It’s the perfect location to see the sun going down. Some of the free services guests can enjoy include internet access and bus transfers to and from the port.

C GLOBETROTTERS (Queenstown, New Zealand)

Located in the heart of a popular tourist destination, this hostel has a variety of rooms, from small and large dorms to private en-suite rooms which each include a widescreen TV and fridge. The hostel has a large kitchen, a cinema, a sauna and an amazing lounge with a fireplace and a pool table. Activities include a fun quiz night on Sundays.

D CITY HOSTEL (London, UK)

t

en

m

You can now find the City Hostel brand in many major capital cities, but a stay in the new London location is a must. Located in a magnificent Victorian building in the East End of the city, it offers affordable accommodation for backpackers from around the world. Its location is very convenient if you want to explore historic attractions like Tower Bridge. They also arrange walking tours with accredited guides.

Choose the correct texts (A–D) to answer the questions (1–4). Where would you stay if you wanted to …

1

sleep on your own and not with other people?

2

get the opportunity to learn the local language on site?

3

enjoy the city’s landmarks thanks to qualified experts?

4

get transport on arrival and departure included in the fee?

45

EXAM PRACTICE: READING

BACTERIA – friends or foes?

m Ca

br

Bacteria are single-celled organisms living on and inside our bodies: for every human cell, we have ten times as many bacteria! There are both good and bad bacteria that can work for or against us.

ge

id

Pathogenic or ‘bad’ bacteria are like tiny invaders that can creep into our bodies without being noticed. Unlike viruses, bacteria can reproduce both outside and within our bodies, even in extreme conditions. However, most harmful bacteria grow fastest in warm environments and when they can feed on our nutrients and energy. Unfortunately, they can create toxins, which are proteins that act as poisons. Toxins can cause unpleasant effects, such as vomiting, but can also lead to serious diseases. Bad bacteria simply want to multiply, using our bodies to do so. But we only realise we are under attack when we show symptoms, which is already too late!

This is when we take antibiotics, our most common weapon against bacterial infections.

Co

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

the efficiency of our immune system depends largely on the health of our intestine. Also, it is believed that probiotic bacteria can even positively affect people’s moods. This is why keeping a balance between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ bacteria in this part of the body is especially important. Sometimes, taking too many antibiotics can weaken this balance. Since antibiotics don’t discriminate between varieties of bacteria, they can kill both our enemies and our allies. Some help can come from foods containing probiotics, like yogurt. By increasing the intake of probiotics and cutting down on sugar, we can help neutralise harmful bacteria.

Fortunately, most existing bacteria live in perfect harmony with humans. Our bodies host a huge number of ‘good’ bacteria, most of which reside in the intestine, but which are also present on the skin, and in the mouth. These bacteria usually coexist with ‘bad’ bacteria which, if present in small numbers, cause us no harm.

The skin is the first line of defence between external pathogens and the rest of the body. Most bacteria commonly found on the skin are harmless and actually fight unfriendly organisms by secreting chemicals or stimulating the skin’s immune response against any invaders.

The beneficial bacteria living in our digestive system, called probiotics, are essential to our survival as they help our bodies digest food and absorb nutrients. It is thought that

Our very first contact with bacteria happens before we are even born. We form what is known as our microbiome (all the organisms that exist in our bodies) by picking up bacteria from our mothers. Our microbiome continues to develop during our first three years of life. Then it becomes more stable and forms the adult body ecosystem, which is shaped by many factors including diet, medication use and overall hygiene. Later, our microbiome transforms again as we age because our immune system gets weaker and we might change our dietary habits.

A balanced body ecosystem plays a critical role in keeping us healthy. Bad bacteria can be avoided through simple procedures like hand washing, but that doesn’t mean we should sterilise everything we contact. Research shows that children who expose themselves to a wide range of bacteria develop a stronger immune system over time.

All in all, bacteria are as helpful as they are harmful. They can survive without us, but one thing is certain: we could not live without them. What is key to our well-being is making sure that our ‘good’ bacteria are strong enough to fight off ‘bad’ ones. And this is a lifelong battle!

1 Bad bacteria …

B survive at very high or low temperatures.

D release some proteins that benefit humans.

2 We know unfriendly bacteria are attacking us when …

46

B not equally distributed in our bodies.

C mostly present in our mouths.

D only present in our bodies in small amounts.

4 A healthy digestive system …

A they enter through openings in our body.

A results from regular use of medications.

B medicine turns out not to work.

B is completely free from any bad bacteria.

C we start to see signs of illness.

C can influence our general level of happiness.

D they multiply in the environment.

D can benefit from a diet rich in sugar.

t

C die when they are outside the human body.

A found in small numbers in our digestive system.

en

A are carried by viruses inside humans.

3 Friendly bacteria are …

m

Choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D) for the questions (1–4).

EXAM PRACTICE: READING

THE ELEMENTS

ALL AROUND US m Ca

Following the publication of a 15-year scientific study

by Hazen and Morrison, the number of mineral types has escalated from the roughly 6,000 recognised by the International Mineralogical Association, to more than 10,500. This 75% increase is the result of a different method of classification based on mineral development. It turns out, however, that the Earth’s crust is made up of fewer than 100 minerals and about 2,500 are only found in five places on our planet.

ge

id

br

Living organisms have also played an important role, as a third of Earth’s minerals could not have formed without A further 72 minerals derive directly or them. 3 indirectly from the solid waste and urine of birds and bats.

It seems that 40% of Earth’s mineral species have formed in more than one way to produce the same crystal structure and chemical composition. Diamonds have originated in at least nine different ways thanks to the transformation of carbon at extremely high temperatures.

One such process even includes a collision between an asteroid and the Earth’s surface.

Co

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

So why study minerals? The answer is that it’s the rarer minerals that help us understand our world, for the Also, they help reconstruct the following reasons. 1 origin and history of life on this planet. They guide the search for new minerals and help us to predict the possible characteristics of future life. In this way, they can help us in our search for other habitable planets.

More than 80% of Earth’s minerals were formed thanks to water, which is fundamental to mineral diversity on our planet. Its stable presence in the form of seas, oceans and lakes explains why there are many types of mineral on Earth. About 4.45 billion years ago, when water first appeared, the earliest water–rock interactions may have produced as many as 350 minerals.

Minerals are combinations of chemical elements arranged into crystalline structures, but some will only form under extremely high temperatures. This is why Hazen compares the formation of minerals to using a pressure cooker. Some minerals are rare because, even though they are formed from very common ingredients, they must be ‘cooked’ in highly controlled situations. One example is hatrurite, which consists of three of Earth’s most abundant elements but is only formed at temperatures above 1,250°C.

Precious gems and other minerals which are highly valued by humankind are not as rare as you might expect. 4 Perhaps the world’s rarest mineral, however, is painite.

Fewer than 25 known specimens have been found, and only in parts of Asia.

So-called ephemeral minerals melt or disappear when exposed to different conditions, ranging from room Other minerals are rare pressure to rain events. 2 because they are only formed in very specific places.

These include fingerite, which can be found only inside the active Izalco Volcano in El Salvador – an incredibly dangerous place.

Photoshop

t

A For example, around 2,000 minerals have formed thanks to plants, which have helped create an oxygen-rich atmosphere on this planet.

en

m

Parts of the text have been removed. Choose the correct part (A–D) for each gap (1–4).

B Diamonds, rubies and emeralds are commonly found at several locations, and are sold in relatively large quantities.

C For instance, edoylerite is a vampire-like mineral that decomposes when exposed to light.

D They tell us so much about how our planet differs from the moon or planets like Mars or Mercury, where the same minerals exist.

47

EXAM PRACTICE: READING

m Ca ge

id

br U

Co

1

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

Eco-responsible fashion It’s not always cheap or easy to do so, but we ought to choose clothes which are made from environmentally friendly materials or in an environmentally friendly way. Farming organic cotton, for example, uses a lot less water than conventional cotton, and doesn’t use so many harmful pesticides.

2

Minimum wages, long hours, unacceptable health and safety conditions and no worker unions are the reality for most people in the fast-fashion industry. Look for ethical brands which are transparent about their labour policies.

Feeling great about our clothes includes feeling positive about knowing how they were made.

3

Animal-derived products, like leather and wool, raise a few environmental and ethical concerns. However, alternatives produced without directly exploiting animals are not always environmentally friendly. Some clothes are advertised as being ‘100% animal-free’.

And although that might be true, they actually contain synthetic materials which can harm our planet by polluting the environment.

5

Synthetics like nylon are still required in sports clothes and underwear to get that all-important stretch. However, when we wash synthetic clothes, thousands of tiny fibres are released into our rivers and oceans, with marine life ingesting them. Luckily, there is a simple and cheap way to tackle this problem: put your synthetic garments into special filters when you wash them, or get some laundry balls that help to collect the fibres.

B Reduce microplastic pollution in our waterways and seas.

C Be aware of the dangers of some clothes labelled as being ‘vegan’.

D Be the change you want to see and only buy what you need.

E Know your materials and save natural resources.

48

t

A Buy clothes manufactured under fair working conditions.

en

Choose the correct heading from the list (A–E) for each paragraph (1–5).

m

Over 100 billion items of clothing are produced globally on a daily basis, but it’s time to recognise the impact of our decisions. Before purchasing any new clothes, ask yourself these allimportant questions: Is it really necessary? Will I wear it at least 30 times? Remember that having as little as possible equals less consumption.

4

EXAM PRACTICE: READING

E-scooters:

the best vehicles for a city ride

1

m Ca

Electric scooters are a very cost-efficient way of travelling. If you’re a regular user, buying one is more profitable than renting and there are many models to choose from, depending on your budget. Then there’s the low cost of charging one: you don’t need to spend much to cover hundreds of kilometres. So you’ll certainly save a lot of money on petrol, not to mention parking fees.

ge

id

br

2

5

Cities are doing their best to encourage people to use the bus or the underground. But the distance between the station and your home or office still needs to be covered. Electric scooters allow people to get around without adding to the problem of traffic jams.

Co

3

If everyone used eco-friendly vehicles to go to work or school, it would certainly be one way to address the climate crisis. Electric scooters are an environmentally friendly form of getting around, emitting no exhaust fumes and, as a bonus, are exceptionally quiet.

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

Improved capacity means that the most advanced batteries can last for about 15–25 kilometres. That’s more than enough for getting around town or reaching the train station.

With newer models, you only need 2–3 hours to fully charge the battery and since many come with removable batteries, you can always bring a spare with you.

4

You can fold one up in under five seconds and take it with you when you go shopping, put it under your desk at work, fit it in the lift or even put it in a cabinet. This space-saving vehicle can be kept with ease in the smallest of apartments.

t

en

m Choose the correct heading from the list (A–E) for each paragraph (1–5).

A Use electric scooters in combination with public transport.

B No more worries about not having enough charge.

C Practicality means no more storage problems.

D Reduce your carbon footprint.

E Travel cheaply by riding an electric scooter.

49

EXAM PRACTICE: READING

m Ca ge

id

br Co

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

Is there a right age to leave home?

A: Emma

C: Noah

There is no ‘right’ age. It all depends on the person and what’s going on in their life. I’m still living at home as I want to complete my master’s degree.

I make good money with my part-time job and save quite a large percentage of it. So instead of giving money away to a landlord, I’m saving up to buy my own home.

I encourage you to move out once you graduate! But it’s always comforting to know you can move back in if you’re in trouble. I know plenty of uni students who left home and, once they graduated, moved back in for a few months to save money. If you are an adult and live with your parents, then you should have a good reason for doing so, like saving up for a wedding or a house. It shouldn’t be because you’re too lazy or too scared to live on your own.

t

en

m

I’m not sure of an age limit. When differences of opinions and attitudes become more obvious and you fight with your parents (who are, of course, a different age to you) all the time, then it may be time to move out. Also, if you have your own place, you can come and go as often as you please without upsetting your parents’ routine. Being able to have friends round to your place without needing to ask anyone for permission is definitely a plus!

B: Simon

Choose the correct person (A–C) to answer the questions (1–4). Which person …

50

1

feels that arguments are a sign that it’s time to go?

2

realises the value of being able to rely on parents?

3

wants to be free to invite people to their home?

4

would like to buy a place to live rather than rent something?

EXAM PRACTICE: READING

The right tree in the right place

m Ca

There is no doubt that the presence of trees is vital for our planet. However, we are cutting down 13 million hectares of forest each year. The overexploitation of natural resources and the building of ever-larger cities are the main human activities which cause deforestation. This, in turn, leads to irregular rainfall and drought, soil erosion and the increased risk of forest fires. Without forests, average temperatures around the world would continue to rise, and so would sea levels because of the melting of glaciers and polar ice caps.

id

br

ge

Deforestation and its effects also contribute to the transmission of infectious diseases such as Ebola.

When wild animal populations lose their habitats, they come into increased contact with humans. Forests help preserve biodiversity and create a habitat for wild species that normally allows them to remain separate from domesticated ones, limiting the spread of diseases between animal populations.

An example of this happened in South Africa, where large areas of non-native trees had to be cut down after it was discovered that they needed to consume large amounts of water in an area where it was scarce.

Co

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

To successfully plant new trees, it is therefore best to choose types that are already native to the area. These usually require fewer fertilisers in order to grow and are less vulnerable to diseases. Introducing completely new species to an area could cause native trees to die out. For example, between 1904 and 1940, a large number of native American chestnut trees were destroyed by a disease accidentally brought into the country by an infected variety from another country.

While the non-native variety had developed resistance to the disease, most of the American chestnuts were killed.

Reforestation has become one of the most effective strategies for reversing this trend. There are basically two types of reforestation: urban reforestation consists of planting trees on a large scale in big towns and cities and has proven to be a useful way of beating the heat and decreasing air pollution levels; rural reforestation means planting huge numbers of trees in areas once covered with vegetation. Forests can also be planted in areas where they have never existed.

To reforest an area of land, it’s important to have the right plan. If reforestation is carried out without following scientific principles, it can be harmful to biodiversity as well as agricultural crops. The wrong choice of tree or plantation method can have the opposite effect to that desired, drying out the soil.

One key aspect that tends to be left out of reforestation programmes is collaboration with local people. They know where the most appropriate areas are for planting trees, and project managers should seek their opinion on the choice of trees. In certain areas, local people tend only to be prepared to look after trees which can provide them with a steady income. Planting the wrong kinds of trees has caused discontent in some cases, with locals pulling out or even burning the new plants.

Involvement can also come from local and national institutions. The magnificent forests in the Republic of Korea are the result of governmental policies and huge public investment over a period of decades, all designed to create a greener nation. Thanks to very effective campaigns, the Korean government has managed to make the people of the country see tree planting as an act of patriotism. In conclusion, before embarking on a massive tree-planting effort, we should understand all the complex factors that would make it a success.

Choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D) for the questions (1–4).

1 The presence of forests provides …

m

A a way to stop diseases passing between humans and animals.

3 The story of the American chestnut tree is an example of …

A harmful exposure to non-native infections.

B perfect coexistence of different plant species.

C a place where humans and animals can live together safely.

C controlled use of chemical substances.

D a successful reforestation project.

t

en

B the right habitat for domestic animals.

D protection against diseases which can spread 4 Reforestation in Korea is … between humans.

A a relatively recent political objective.

2 The success of reforestation depends on …

B encouraged by the national government.

A the availability of large amounts of fertilisers.

C something local people don’t feel a part of.

B the removal of excess water from the fields.

D carried out thanks to private funds.

C the presence of non-native trees and plants.

D the development of a careful plan.

51

EXAM PRACTICE: READING

S AV I N G the coral reefs m Ca

Coral reefs are often compared to underwater rainforests, yet corals are not plants – they’re animals.

Reefs are built by creatures known as coral polyps, which secrete layers of calcium carbonate beneath their bodies.

This substance provides a foundation for ‘baby’ corals to settle upon.

br

ge

id

Other types of animals and plants also contribute to the structure of coral reefs. 1 On the other hand, ‘soft corals’ are salt-water invertebrates which are found around reefs without actually producing them.

The first coral bleaching events were noticed in the 1980s. The problem intensified in 2016, when an El Niño weather pattern, which causes warmer waters in the Pacific Ocean, killed off a third of all corals on the Great Barrier Reef off the Australian coast. This has prompted scientists to look for ways to protect them. 3 However, there are cases when this is not enough.

The Chagos Archipelago, one of the most remote places on Earth, sits in one of the largest protected marine areas on the planet, and is sheltered from fishing fleets and other activities that can harm the sea. Despite this, it can’t be protected from climate change. In 2015, a heatwave struck. As water temperatures rose, the corals in the area began to bleach. The Chagos reefs could potentially recover – if they are spared from more heatwaves. 4 But a coral reef needs a very long time to fully return to its original state.

Co

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

Coral reefs are some of the planet’s most valuable ecosystems, providing important cultural, economic and social benefits to hundreds of millions of people.

In addition, they protect shorelines against damage from storms. The tiny animals that form the reefs may even help us to develop new drugs in the fight against cancer and other diseases. However, despite their importance, they are under threat because of a large number of issues. Coral reefs are extremely sensitive to the damage caused by human activities. Increasingly high ocean temperatures, pollution, overfishing and unsustainable coastal development are seriously harming, or killing, coral reefs around the world.

term ‘coral bleaching’ originates from. With their algae gone, corals are left weakened and more vulnerable to disease. They are still alive when they bleach (or go white), but their level of health is much lower and many eventually die, turning dark brown.

But how do coral reefs die? Inside the corals live tiny algae. It is these plants that give the corals their magnificent colour. When corals feel stressed, they send out these microscopic algae. 2 This is where the

The good news is that in particular areas, some reefs are able to survive heatwaves better than others. These include places with cooler, stronger currents, or where cloud coverage and storms are more frequent. But it is only by keeping harmful human activities such as overfishing under control that coral reefs will be able to withstand the effects of climate change.

A They include many types of algae, seaweed, sponges, and even molluscs such as giant clams and oysters.

B They are a primary food source for corals, which become even more sensitive to what was originally stressing them, and the corals turn white.

C Even a 10% recovery would make the reefs stronger for when the next bleaching occurs.

D One option is to create protected areas, essentially national parks in the ocean, where fishing is off limits.

52

t

en

m Parts of the text have been removed. Choose the correct part (A–D) for each gap (1–4).

EXAM PRACTICE: READING

THE BATTLE Electronic books and printed books have their own pros and cons.

Let’s compare them!

of THE BOOKS

m Ca

Learning

An e-book is less expensive than a printed book, but not significantly so. It might be priced much lower than the printed hardcover edition, but its price is only a little less than the paperback. When it comes to new books from major publishers, classics by long-dead authors are always cheaper in e-book format. This is because the publishers don’t usually have to pay the writer any copyright fees, and nor do they have to pay for the cost of printing anything.

Nevertheless, you have to consider the initial cost of buying an e-reader in the first place.

Many studies confirm that reading comprehension is better when things are read on physical books, as students tend to retain information longer when they read it in a printed format. Although young people may read more quickly on an e-reader, they find it harder to recall the information they’ve seen on it. This is likely to be due to the potential distractions of links, scrolling and advertisements.

ge

id

br

Cost

Co

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

Sharing

There is nothing better than sharing your favourite books with friends. This is easy to do with physical books, which you can also give to charity after reading them. When you buy an e-book, you can only access it on one account.

Sharing it would also require you to share your login details with someone else.

Portability

If you’re an avid reader and you’re going on a trip, an e-reader allows you to store as many books as you want on a device that can fit inside a small bag. E-books are also much more portable than large textbooks, making them easier for students to carry to and from classes. However, although students might value the lightweight nature of e-books, many still prefer looking at traditional printed books whenever they have to do some serious study.

Ease of use

E-books can be used in most places, so long as you keep the reading devices charged. Most e-readers can even be used in the dark. In addition, some readers with sight difficulties may find e-books helpful since the font can be magnified. However, some screens are not easily readable in sunlight and can strain the eyes. So, if you are one of the millions who spend their entire workday in front of a computer screen, printed books are definitely more of a welcome break.

Features

E-book readers have a large number of interactive features, from bookmarking, highlighting and notemaking to dictionaries. Most e-books will keep your page for you, so whenever you close and then open your device, it automatically goes back to where you stopped reading.

However, the quality of illustrations is often far superior in print versions.

Availability

E-readers take a considerable amount of energy to produce. In addition, they have to be recycled properly, be recharged regularly and contain some toxic metals which require proper disposal. A printed book is a much more environmentally friendly option, especially ones made from recycled paper.

E-books hardly ever go out of stock and there is also the satisfaction of having an entire library at your fingertips, with even more books just a click away, ready to be downloaded. With printed books, it can take a while to order and have them delivered, or even to find a shop which sells the item you want.

t

en

m

Environmental impact

Decide whether the statements (1–4) are true (T) or false (F) and justify your answers.

Write in your notebook.

1 The latest paperback edition costs slightly more than in the e-format.

2 Unwanted e-books must be taken to dedicated waste facilities.

3 People with reduced eyesight appreciate some e-reader functions.

4 There are an unlimited number of e-book copies for sale.

53

EXAM PRACTICE: WRITING ESSAY 1 Read the task. What question should you answer? What ideas should you include?

TASK

m Ca

In your English class you have been talking about the environment. Now, your English teacher has asked you to write an essay.

br

Write your essay using all the notes and giving reasons for your point of view.

Notes­ Write about:

ge

id

‘Will environmental problems be worse in 20 years?’

1. pollution

2. climate change

3.

(your own idea)

U

Model answer

Co

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

2 Study the model answer. What extra idea does it include?

Use phrases to express your own opinion.

Start with a general introduction to the topic.

Use words and phrases to organise your essay and make it clear when you are introducing a new topic.

Give information which is relevant to the topic.

Give reasons to support your arguments and opinions.

End with a clear conclusion.

Firstly, there is already a huge amount of pollution in the world, for example from cars, lorries and planes. There is also a big problem with the amount of rubbish that we produce, which often ends up in the sea.

Secondly, our modern way of life produces harmful gases which are causing the planet to become warmer. This is a very serious problem for animals such as polar bears, which may die out if the ice that they live on melts.

Finally, the world’s population is growing rapidly and this will put even more pressure on the Earth’s resources. More people means more food production, more pollution and more waste.

In conclusion, the world faces some very serious environmental problems which will definitely be worse in 20 years if nothing is done to solve them. However, I am optimistic that scientists and politicians will find ways to improve the situation.

en

m

Use linking words to add similar or contrasting ideas.

In my opinion, it is possible that environmental problems will be worse in 20 years. We already face a large number of serious environmental problems, and if steps are not taken to tackle them, they will become even more serious.

3 Read the essay question. Then decide which ideas (A–H) would be relevant to include in the essay.

A It costs a huge amount of money to send rockets into space.

B Rockets have extremely powerful engines.

C There are more important problems in the world that we should spend money on.

D We can learn a lot about our own planet and solar system.

54

E People first landed on the moon in 1969.

F A lot of people in the world don’t have food or shelter.

G I would love to go into space.

H Important scientific experiments can be carried out in space.

t

We shouldn’t spend so much money on exploring space. Do you agree?

EXAM PRACTICE: WRITING 4 Look at the plan for a student’s essay on the question in Ex. 3. Decide which paragraph the correct sentences from Ex. 3 could go in.

Introduction Is it worth the money?

1

m Ca

Arguments against exploring space , 2

br

Arguments for exploring space , 3

ge

id

Conclusion We can learn things from exploring space, but it’s probably a luxury the world can’t afford.

U

5 Read the essay question. Then choose the

Co

Do you think it is better to watch films in the cinema or at home?

1 Introduction

A There are loads of amazing films nowadays. I love science fiction films and often watch them with my friends.

B Watching a film on the big screen at the cinema is certainly very impressive. But, in my opinion, there are also advantages to watching films at home with friends.

C Going to the cinema is quite expensive, and some people can’t afford it. Also, some small towns don’t have a cinema.

2 Conclusion

language box.

Key language for essays Ordering ideas

Firstly, ​Secondly, ​Finally,

Expressing your opinion

in my opinion, ​in my view, ​ I would say that …​ Personally, I think …

Giving reasons

because ​as ​since

Giving consequently, ​as a result, ​ results or therefore, ​for this reason, consequences Giving examples

for example, ​for instance, ​ such as ​one example of this is

Linking similar ideas

in addition to this, ​ furthermore, ​moreover,

Linking contrasting ideas

however, ​on the one hand / on the other hand, ​in contrast, ​ although ​whereas

Giving a conclusion

in conclusion, to sum up, ​on balance,

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

best introduction and conclusion (A, B or C).

Why is it the best one?

6 Study the words and expressions in the Key

A To sum up, I hardly ever go to the cinema because there isn’t one very close to where I live. But I often watch films with my friends at the weekend.

In your English class you have been talking about city life. Now, your English teacher has asked you to write an essay.

Write your essay using all the notes and giving reasons for your point of view.

‘Some people believe that cycling is the best way to travel around cities.’

Do you agree?

Notes­ Write about:

t

en

C In conclusion, I would say that for most films, it is more enjoyable to watch them at home, with a few friends. However, for films with a lot of special effects, it is worth the trip to a cinema to see these on the big screen.

TASK

m

B On balance, some people prefer going to the cinema to watch films, and some people prefer to watch films at home.

There are lots of different reasons for this, for example some people can’t afford to go to the cinema.

7 Read the task and plan your essay.

1. health 2. safety 3.

(your own idea)

8 EXAM Write your essay (about 150 words).

55

EXAM PRACTICE: WRITING EMAIL / LETTER 1 Read the task. Who should you write an email to? What should you write about in your email?

What questions should you answer?

m Ca

TASK

You have received this email from your English-speaking friend, Jo.

id

br

I guess you’ve been in your new home for about a month now. All your old friends are really keen to know how you’re getting on. What’s your new home like? And are there lots of exciting things to do in the city? Also, have you made plenty of new friends?

Jo

ge

Write and tell me all about it!

U

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

Write your email in about 150 words.

2 Study the model answer. Does it answer all the questions in Jo’s email?

Model answer

Co

Is the tone formal or informal?

Use a suitable greeting.

Give a reason for writing.

Answer the first question.

Hi Jo,

It was great to hear from you! I miss all my old friends, but I’m getting used to living here in Manchester now.

My new flat is amazing! It’s modern and quite big, and it’s got a lovely balcony which looks out over a park. There’s also a large living room with comfortable sofas and our new huge TV! My room’s quite small, but I don’t mind that because I’m out during the day, so I only use it for sleeping.

Manchester’s a really lively city. Did you know it’s the biggest university city in Britain, so there are loads of young people here?

There’s always something new and exciting to do. I’ve discovered some amazing music venues where there are live bands.

Answer the third question.

I’ve been lucky with friends and I’ve met some really nice people here. I’m seeing some of them this evening, to go to the cinema, and I know you’ll get on with them when you meet them. When are you going to come and visit me? Let me know when you’re free and we can fix a date.

See you soon, Ali

56

t

Use a suitable ending phrase.

en

As it is an informal email/ letter, use informal words and phrases.

m

Answer the second question.

EXAM PRACTICE: WRITING 3 Choose the correct options to complete the

Key language for emails and letters

formal email.

Informal Opening an email/letter

Hi, ​Hi there, ​ Dear (Mr/Mrs/Ms Hi (Jack), ​ Edwards), ​ Dear (Jo), Dear Sir/Madam,

Giving reasons for writing

Thanks for your letter/ email. It was great to hear from you.

Referring to something mentioned in the email/letter

You said in Your letter/notice/ your email/ advert mentioned letter that … ​ that … ​ You Your letter/notice/ mentioned advert asked for that … ​ …

You asked whether …

(1) Dear Ms Copeland, / Hi Anne,

m Ca

id

br

I am writing (2) because of / in response to your advertisement for staff to work in your hotel this summer. I am (3) currently / at the moment studying hotel management at college and (4) would love to work / would be interested in working in your hotel.

ge

I have (5) learned all about / studied different aspects of hotel work as part of my course, and I also have some experience of hotel work as I (6) was employed / had a job in a large international hotel in Spain for six weeks last summer. I worked mainly as a waiter, but also (7) gained some experience as / had a go as a receptionist when the regular receptionist was ill.

Formal

I am writing in response to … ​ I saw your notice/ advert in …

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

Why don’t It would be a you …? ​You good idea to … ​ could always It might be … ​I think sensible to … ​ you should … ​ You might like to It might be an consider … idea to …

Offering to do something

I can … if you like. ​I could always …

Making requests

Can you …? ​ Would it be Could you …? possible for you to …?

Asking for information

Let me know … ​ Can you tell me …?

Could you give me some information on …? ​Could you let me have more details about …?

You see this advertisement.

Apologising

I’m sorry about …

I would like to apologise for …

Staff wanted for summer work

Closing an email/letter

See you soon. ​ Yours sincerely, Write soon. ​ (after Dear Mr Hope to hear Edwards) ​ from you Yours faithfully, soon. (after Dear Sir/ Madam) ​I look forward to hearing from you, ​ Kind regards,

Co

Making suggestions / giving advice

I am friendly and hardworking, and work well as part of a team. I also understand that in a hotel, (8) keeping the customer happy / customer satisfaction is vital.

(9) I would be grateful if you would / Please will you consider me for a position in your hotel.

(10) I look forward to hearing from you. / Write soon!

Joseph Brown

4 Read the task. Then study the Key language box and plan your letter.

TASK

t

Write to Maria Simpson at Top Beach Hotel saying which job interests you and why, and explain why you would be suitable for the job.

en

We are looking for people for the following roles: – Waiter – Receptionist

m

We require staff to work with our Englishspeaking guests in our hotel this summer.

I would be able/ willing to … if necessary.

5 EXAM Write your letter (about 150 words).

57

EXAM PRACTICE: WRITING ARTICLE 1 Read the task. What should you write an article about? What points should you include?

Where will people read your article?

m Ca

TASK

You see this notice in an English-language magazine.

br

My hobby

Write an article about your hobby. Say what it is, how you started doing it, and why you enjoy it.

id

The best articles will appear in our magazine next week.

ge

Write your article.

U

Model answer

Co

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

2 Study the model answer. Does the article cover all the points in the task?

Use an interesting title.

Use a first sentence which interests the reader and encourages them to read more.

Organise your article into clear paragraphs, each with a topic sentence.

Give your opinions.

Use creative language with strong meanings.

Give examples to support your ideas.

Use structures to add emphasis.

I’ll never forget the first day I stepped onto a real theatre stage. I knew immediately that this was my hobby for life!

I’m now a member of my local drama club. We put on two shows every year and have a lot of fun while doing so!

I first started acting by chance. A friend of mine was interested in joining a drama club, and I agreed to go along with her, to give her a bit of support. And I loved it from the first day!

First, drama is incredibly challenging. Not only do you have to learn what you’re going to say, but you also have to understand the character you’re playing and their role in the play, and then communicate that to the audience.

Another thing I love about drama is how sociable it is. I’ve made so many good friends at the drama club, and spending time with them, working towards a shared goal, is extremely rewarding. In addition to all of this, what could beat the thrill of appearing under the lights, in front of a cheering crowd?

A Nelson Mandela I really admire Nelson Mandela because of everything he achieved.

B A peaceful transformation Can you imagine one person bringing peaceful change to a whole country?

C An important figure in South Africa Nelson Mandela is a very important figure in the history of South Africa.

58

t

Why is it the best?

en

3 Choose the best title and first sentence for an article about Nelson Mandela.

m

Try to end with a question or a lively final sentence.

The thrill of the stage

EXAM PRACTICE: WRITING 4 The first sentence in each paragraph (the topic sentence) gives the topic of the paragraph. Match the topic sentences (A–E) to the paragraphs (1–3) from an article about a favourite place to visit. There are two topic sentences you don’t need.

m Ca

A The people here are incredibly warm and welcoming.

B This is a lovely, relaxing place.

br

C I first discovered this place five years ago.

id

D One thing I really love is the scenery.

E If you love food, this is a great place to visit.

ge

1

3

You can find delicious local cheeses, and plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables. And of course there’s fresh fish, which the fishing boats bring in each day, which is perfectly cooked in the restaurants by the beach.

Co

2

language box.

Key language for articles Catching the Have you ever …? reader’s attention ​I want to tell you about … ​ It’s the best …

Ordering ideas

First(ly), ​ Second(ly), ​ Finally,

Linking similar ideas

moreover, ​ in addition to this,

Linking contrasting ideas

while ​whereas

Linking results

therefore, ​which means

Emphasising ideas

What I love/admire the most is … ​ The thing I like best is …

Giving your opinion

In my opinion, ​For me, ​ As far as I’m concerned,

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

When you look in one direction, you can see the beautiful beach and the clear blue sea. In the opposite direction, there are lovely views of the mountains, which have snow on their peaks all year round.

6 Study the words and expressions in the Key

They always have time to stop and chat and they seem genuinely keen for you to enjoy your stay. There is always someone to help if you have any problems, too.

5 In an article, it is important to use creative words with strong meanings to make your writing more interesting. Replace the bold words and expressions with the creative words with similar meanings in the box. absolutely essential • ​fascinated by ​freezing • ​huge • ​packed • ​terrifying

1 Like a lot of people, I was interested in the castle’s history.

each space.

1

me, sailing is definitely the best sport in the world!

2 Hiking isn’t expensive, anyone can do it.

3

means that

I love most is watching live shows in a theatre.

4 I want to you about something amazing that happened to me last year.

8 Read the task and plan your article.

TASK

You see this notice on an English-language fitness website.

m

2 The city centre is always crowded with tourists.

7 Complete the sentences with one word in

Staying healthy

4 I always enjoy watching my local football team play, even when the weather’s cold.

How important is your health to you? What do you think are some of the best ways to stay fit and healthy?

6 A good fitness programme is really necessary if you’re serious about losing weight.

t

5 The drive up the narrow mountain road was quite scary at times.

en

3 His first film was a big success.

The best articles will appear on our website next month.

9 EXAM Write your article (about 150 words).

59

EXAM PRACTICE: WRITING STORY 1 Read the task and answer the questions.

1 What should the first sentence of your story be?

2 What two ideas do you need to include?

3 Where will people read your story?

m Ca TASK

You see this notice on an English-language website for young people.

br

We are looking for stories for our English-language website for young people.

id

Your story must begin with this sentence:

ge

Feeling slightly nervous, Emma walked up the steps and onto the plane.

Your story must include bad weather and a surprise.

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U Write your story.

Co

2 Study the model answer and answer the questions.

1 Does the story start with the first sentence in the task?

2 Does it include the two ideas from the task?

4 What past tenses does it use?

5 Does it include descriptions as well as actions?

3 Does it have a clear start, middle and end?

Model answer Start with the first sentence from the task.

Include some background to the events.

Organise the story in paragraphs.

After what felt like hours, the plane landed. As she walked out into the terminal building, Emma saw a big colourful sign: ‘Welcome Emma!’ What an amazing surprise! Her host family was there, smiling and waving, and Emma knew immediately that everything would be fine!

Include the first idea specified in the task.

Include the second idea specified in the task.

t

60

An hour later, Emma was looking out at the clear blue sky as they flew over the ocean. Then, all of a sudden, the sky darkened. There was a roar of thunder and the pilot told passengers to put on their seat belts. Two minutes later, the plane was in the middle of a fierce storm. Lightning flashed, and the plane bumped and shook violently.

Terrified, Emma closed her eyes.

Use descriptive adjectives and adverbs to make the story interesting.

en

Include a clear ending.

As she was waiting for the plane to take off, questions went through her mind. Would she get on with the other students? Would they accept her? Would it be difficult?

Emma sighed. It was too late to change her mind now!

Use Past simple, Past continuous and Past perfect verb forms.

m

Use a range of time expressions to say when the actions happened and what order they happened in.

Feeling slightly nervous, Emma walked up the steps and onto the plane. She’d never been to America before, but now she was on her way for a one-month exchange visit to an American school.

EXAM PRACTICE: WRITING 3 Read two beginnings of students’ stories.

Which one is better (A or B)? Give three reasons why.

m Ca

A When Laura sat down on the train, she noticed a bag on the seat opposite her. She waved goodbye to her mum, and the train started moving. Laura started reading her book, then the phone in the bag rang.

ge

id

br

B When Laura sat down on the train, she noticed a bag on the seat opposite her.

There was no one else in her part of the train, so she guessed someone had probably left it there by mistake. It was a very fashionable bag, and looked expensive.

Laura opened her book to start reading, when she heard a phone ringing. It wasn’t hers – it was coming from inside the bag.

6 Study the words and expressions in the Key language box.

Key language for stories Past simple verbs for the main events

decided ​ found ​ helped ​saw ​went

Past continuous verbs was feeling ​was for longer actions or raining ​ was waiting ​ descriptions were sitting had forgotten ​ hadn’t noticed ​

Time expressions

after ​as soon as before ​ at first, ​ by the time ​during ​ finally, ​in the end,

Descriptive adjectives determined ​ enthusiastic ​nervous ​ for feelings optimistic ​ puzzled ​ relieved

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

U

Past perfect verbs for earlier actions

Co

4 Choose the better ending for the story in Ex. 3 (A or B). Why is it better?

A Laura stepped down from the train, holding the bag. A woman immediately ran towards her. ‘I’m Kirsty,’ she said, ‘the owner of the bag. Thank you so much for all you did for me today!’ Laura handed her the bag. ‘No problem,’ she said, smiling. ‘It certainly made my journey a lot more interesting!’

B When Laura reached her station, she picked up the bag. She wasn’t sure what to do with it, so she decided she would take it to the lost property office. Then, all of a sudden, a woman came running onto the train. ‘That’s my bag!’ she said.

5 We often use words and expressions in

Descriptive adjectives damp ​ mild ​ misty ​ for the weather stormy crowded ​ Descriptive adjectives busy ​ peaceful ​stunning for places Descriptive adverbs

angrily ​ fiercely ​ gently ​quietly

Adverbs to comment on what happened

fortunately, ​ luckily, ​ sadly, ​unfortunately

Direct speech

‘Hi,’ she said.

‘Where are you going?’ he asked. ​ ‘Go away!’ she shouted.

7 Read the task and plan your story.

TASK

Your teacher has asked you to write a story.

1 Sam was watching TV when eventually / suddenly the door burst open.

We are looking for stories in English for our new school magazine for teenagers.

2 By the time / Until they got home, it was completely dark.

Your story must begin with this sentence:

5 At first / In the end, everything turned out to be OK.

t

4 No one spoke during / meanwhile the journey.

en

3 While / As soon as the letter arrived, Max picked it up and opened it.

m

stories to make it clear when the different actions happened. Choose the correct options to complete 1–5.

When he saw the postman coming up to his door, Matt ran to open it.

Your story must include a mobile phone and a new friend.

8 EXAM Write your story (about 150 words).

61

EXAM PRACTICE: WRITING REVIEW

TASK

1 Read the task. What should you write

You see this notice in a magazine.

a review of? What points should you include?

Where will people read your review?

Film reviews wanted

2 Study the model answer and answer the

m Ca

Write a review of a film you have seen, explaining what it was about and whether or not you enjoyed it. Tell us if you think other people would enjoy it.

questions.

br

1 Does the review cover all the points in the task?

2 Did the writer enjoy the film?

The best reviews will be published in next month’s magazine.

ge

id

3 Who does the writer think will enjoy the film?

Write your review.

Model answer

Clearly state your opinion in the conclusion.

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

Organise the review into clear paragraphs, which focus on positive and negative aspects.

Black Panther

I watched the film Black Panther for the first time last week. It’s a superhero film, in the same genre as Superman and Spider-Man, and has been extremely popular around the world.

Co

Briefly describe the film in the introduction.

U

Include the name of the film as the title.

Although I am not usually a big fan of superhero films, I was really impressed with this one. The story is fairly traditional, with the hero T’Challa (Black Panther) defeating the evil Killmonger. But the action is gripping and the special effects are spectacular. Chadwick Boseman, who plays T’Challa, acts superbly, and really brings the comic-book character to life.

On the negative side, I felt that there was sometimes a bit too much violence, which makes it unsuitable for young children, and of course you have to accept that the plot is slightly predictable because the good guy will always win.

In spite of this, I loved the film and anyone who enjoys fantasy movies will definitely like it.

3 Read the review task. Then look at the two

Include a recommendation, saying who would enjoy the film.

A

Introduction name of website (TechWorld), and basic information (what they sell) what I bought (a new tablet)

My experience the website – why I like it (easy to use – good prices) the product – why I was pleased with it (good quality) A few problems slow delivery, missing case, but dealt with this quickly Recommendation great website for anyone looking for a low-priced device

62

t

What shopping websites have you used recently?

Write a review of a shopping website that you have used. Say what you bought, how pleased you were with the product, and talk about any problems you experienced. Say whether you would recommend the site to others.

Include some negative features, to give a balanced view.

en

Reviews wanted!

Say why the film is good.

m

student plans (A and B). Which plan is better?

Why?

Use a range of phrases to express a personal opinion.

EXAM PRACTICE: WRITING 6 Study the words and expressions in the Key

B Introduction why I chose to use this website (looking for a cheap tablet, easier to buy online)

m Ca

The website how I found out about it, how I chose my tablet, problem of slow delivery

language box.

Key language for reviews Praising something

It is one of the best … I have ever …

The … was absolutely perfect The … was even better than I expected.

I was pleased/delighted to find that …

Criticising

The … was rather disappointing.

The advertisement said …, but in fact …

I was a little disappointed to find …

id

br

Games why I like it (I needed a new tablet for playing games)

ge

Conclusion I’m very pleased with my new tablet and it was very cheap

U

4 Using descriptive adjectives and adverbs in

ss se As d an s le es sa Pr r y fo it t rs no ve y ni p

Co

a review makes it interesting to read. Choose the best adverbs to go with the descriptive adjectives.

1 The action scenes in the film were a little / incredibly gripping.

2 The food in the restaurant is lovely, but it is absolutely / ridiculously expensive.

3 The basic plot of the book is rather / mildly predictable.

4 This is a completely / brilliantly entertaining show.

5 We often use adjectives or phrases to give

our opinion about something in an indirect way. Match the first parts of sentences 1–4 with the second parts A–D. 1

I was disappointed to

2

We were delighted that

3

I’m absolutely thrilled with

4

The tent isn’t as big

C a s it looked on the website.

7 Read the task and plan your review.

TASK

You see this advertisement.

Reviews wanted!

What holiday resorts have you been to recently?

Write a review describing the resort, explaining why you did or didn’t enjoy your stay there, and saying if you would recommend it.

t

D w e had a room with a view of the sea.

I would suggest finding a better … than this.

I would strongly advise against buying this …

My advice is to avoid this …

en

B f ind that the screen was cracked.

Advising someone against something

m

A my new camera.

Recommending Anyone who likes … will really enjoy …

Don’t miss the chance/ opportunity to …

If you get the chance to see/buy/try …, you should definitely do it.

I would advise anyone to …

The best reviews will go on our website.

8 EXAM Write your review (about 150 words).

63