Voronezh

EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOL 2014

MEDICAL ENGLISH VORONEZH STATE MEDICAL ACADEMY

04 - 15 August 2014

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 MEDICAL ENGLISH COURSE DESCRIPTION  HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN RUSSIA  HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES  HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES  REPORTS; CAN WE CURE CANCER?  REPORT; IS PUBLIC BREASTFEEDING APPROPRIATE?  REPORTS; SHOULD EUTHANASIA BE LEGAL?  REPORTS; IS ABORTION ETHICAL?  MEDICAL GLOSSARY  MEDICAL COLLOCATION

STUDY GUIDE FOR MEDICAL ENGLISH STUDENTS COURSE LEVEL:

B1 - B2

COURSE TITLE:

Medical English for Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy

COURSE

ESP (English for Specific Purposes)

TYPE:

COURSE DESCRIPTION 



This course aims to help you improve your reading, listening, speaking, writing skills and learning strategies through inside and outside class activities in the field of medicine and pharmacy.

This course is a 45-hour course and lasts 2 weeks. Every day, you have 4 lessons in class and 1 lesson as a Self-Study.

LEARNING OUTCOMES Spoken Interaction • Have short conversations with friends and ask and answer simple questions about specific field issues • Make suggestions and arrangements • Give simple opinions • Ask and answer questions about specific field topics Oral Presentation • Describe and compare medical issues and states in different countries • Describe medical virus and treatments • Give a short, rehearsed presentation, briefly give reasons and explanations (minimum 1.5 minutes) Writing • Write a report on a related topic of medicine •Write a report on the Health System of Developed and Underdeveloped Countries (minimum 250 words)

METHOD OF ASSESSMENT PORTFOLIO WORK VOCABULARY TESTS FINAL EXAM

REQUIREMENTS FOR SUCCESS 



You need to: o be punctual to class. o actively participate in class activities. o be punctual about the portfolio work tasks. o take the exams.

Attendance is compulsory. You have to attend 80% of class hours in two week

STUDY GUIDE FOR MEDICAL ENGLISH STUDENTS CAN DO STATEMENTS Listening / Speaking

 malaria

 epilepsy

I can understand and form

 polio

 autism

dialogues about the following

 Parkinson

 down syndrome

 arthritis

 asthma

 Alzheimer

 sleeping sickness

contexts:

 tuberculosis

Reading / Writing

 cramps

 burns and scalds

I can read and write an

 sleeping disorder

 bulimia

 diabetes

 surgeries

 poisoning

 alternative medicine

argumentative report on the following contexts:

HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN RUSSIA Basic medical care, including emergency services, is provided free to every person in the country. The quality of public healthcare is lower than in most advanced countries and English-speaking doctors are not often available, but in the largest cities such as Moscow and St Petersburg, there are plenty of private options.

Foreign nationals visiting Russia or staying temporarily in the country may only have access to public healthcare if there is a reciprocal agreement between the country of origin and Russia. This is mainly only the case for UK citizens, who are entitled to free, limited medical treatment in state hospitals as part of a reciprocal agreement between the two countries. In other cases, private travel insurance needs to be arranged before travelling.

Expats living in Russia with a residency permit are eligible for the same public healthcare as a Russian citizen. However, it is a legal requirement of residency in the country for foreign nationals to have a health insurance policy, and it is advisable to take out a comprehensive policy with a reputable company. It is common practice for expats to visit private clinics and hospitals for check-ups, routine healthcare and dental care, and only use public services in case of an emergency.

The following sections include information about both public and private health care, health insurance and locating a doctor or pharmacy.

State Healthcare in Russia Free basic medical care is provided to everyone in the country, without discrimination, partly funded by the state and partly by a mandatory health insurance system paid into by employers on behalf of employees. The state pays for pensioners (both age and sickness related), school-age children, students and the unemployed. Self-employed professionals must make their own health insurance payments. It should be possible to get help or advice about how and where to make payments for spouses or children for this health insurance from an employer.

Public medical care is provided in federal and municipal care facilities. These include: 

Health posts : These are the smallest facilities, located in rural areas and providing basic health care



Health centres: Here some minor surgeries can be performed. They are usually staffed by a team of nurses in conjunction with a paediatrician, a general practitioner and a midwife/gynaecologist

STUDY GUIDE FOR MEDICAL ENGLISH STUDENTS 

Urban polyclinics: These provide general medical care with specialists in areas such as cardiology, oncology and obstetrics



Specialised medical hospitals: These provide a full range of services, usually found in the larger cities and open 24 hours a day

Private Healthcare in Russia There are relatively few private practices and international clinics in Russia where English and other languages are spoken. These can mainly be found in Russia’s larger cities and towns. The greatest numbers are in Moscow and St Petersburg, and others are located in Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Samara and Kazan.

In the larger Western-style facilities there are usually some doctors who speak English, and sometimes expat doctors and Western-educated staff. The level of facilities varies, and for a similar service to Europe or the US expect to pay Western prices. Emergency rooms are established at all hospitals and are open 24 hours a day.

STUDY GUIDE FOR MEDICAL ENGLISH STUDENTS HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Health care in the United States is provided by many distinct organizations. Health care facilities are largely owned and operated by private sector businesses. 62% of the hospitals are non-profit, 20% are government owned, 18% are for-profit.

60–65%

of

healthcare

provision

and

spending

comes

from

programs

such

as Medicare, Medicaid, TRICARE, the Children's Health Insurance Program, and the Veterans Health Administration. Most of the population under 67 is insured by their or a family member's employer, some buy health insurance on their own, and the remainder are uninsured. Health insurance for public sector employees is primarily provided by the government.

The United States life expectancy of 78.4 years at birth, up from 75.2 years in 1990, ranks it 50th among 221 nations, and 27th out of the 34 industrialized OECD countries, down from 20th in 1990. Of 17 high-income countries studied by the National Institutes of Health in 2013, the United States had the highest or near-highest prevalence of infant mortality, heart and lung disease, sexually transmitted infections, adolescent pregnancies, injuries, homicides, and disability. Together, such issues place the U.S. at the bottom of the list for life expectancy. On average, a U.S. male can be expected to live almost four fewer years than those in the top-ranked country.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the United States spent more on health care per capita ($8,608), and more on health care as percentage of its GDP (17.2%), than any other nation in 2011. The Commonwealth Fund ranked the United States last in the quality of health care among similar countries, and notes U.S. care costs the most. In a 2013 Bloomberg ranking of nations with the most efficient health care systems, the United States ranks 46th among the 48 countries included in the study.

The U.S. Census Bureau reported that 49.9 million residents, 16.3% of the population, were uninsured in 2010 (up from 49.0 million residents, 16.1% of the population, in 2009). A 2004 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report said: "The United States is among the few industrialized nations in the world that does not guarantee access to health care for its population." A 2004 OECD report said: "With the exception of Mexico, Turkey, and the United States, all OECD countries had achieved universal or nearuniversal (at least 98.4% insured) coverage of their populations by 1990." Recent evidence demonstrates that lack of health insurance causes some 45,000 to 48,000

STUDY GUIDE FOR MEDICAL ENGLISH STUDENTS unnecessary deaths every year in the United States. In 2007, 62.1% of filers for bankruptcies claimed high medical expenses. A 2013 study found that about 25% of all senior citizens declare bankruptcy due to medical expenses, and 43% are forced to mortgage or sell their primary residence.

On March 23, 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) became law, providing for major changes in health insurance. The medical system will be forced to change normal procedures. They will be required to prepare for upcoming programs to meet federal regulations.

UNITED KINGDOM Healthcare in the UK is a devolved matter meaning England,Northern Ireland,Scotland and Wales each have their own system of pubicly funded healthcare.National health service provides low-cost and sometimes free medical care to a all it's residents.Services that require a free include dental treatments,medical prescriptions,eye tests and others. Healthcare in the UK is free to all citizens,registered long-term residents and members of the armed services who are serving abroad. The UK has a relatively strong private healthcare sector which is funded largely by private in durance contributions but it's used only by a limited percentage of people.Private hospitals are owned by private companies. Pharmacists are available to supply you with you prescription medicines.They can also provide you with pen earl advice on certain medical conditions that don't require prescriptions.

AUSTRALIA Health care in Australia is provided by both private and government institutions. The federal minister of health administrates national health policy health elements of which are operated by state governments. Medicare core exists with private health systems.

As well as medi-care, there is a separate pharmaceutical benefits scheme. You will have to pay for your own prescription. Any necessary medicines are subsidized by the pharmaceutical benefit scheme. Public hospitals care is provided free to the population.

People may choose to pay for private care, however in public or private hospitals. If you are in accident and need emergency treatment, you will get picked up by an ambulance and they will try to find out if you have private health insurance that covers hospital care or not. If you do, they will probably take you to the nearest private hospital.

HOLLAND Holland medical care including the basic package services by GP’s, hospitals, medical specialists, hospital stay, dental care, prenatal care, patient transport (for example ın ambulance) and paramedıcal care. Very important thing, that children under the age of

STUDY GUIDE FOR MEDICAL ENGLISH STUDENTS 18years don’t have pay any health insurance and are insured for free for the basic package of healthcare.

What about pharmacy. Pharmacy in Holland divided in two parts: drugstore and pharmacy. In drugstore you can get medications only for prescription. There are various kinds of pharmacy: 1. The public pharmacy – normal city or village.

2. The hospital pharmacy – for hospıtal patıents.

3. Transmural pharmacy – it’sa hospital pharmacy that also delivers to nonhospitalized patients.

4. Pharmacy in drugstore – new.

GERMANY The Ministry of Health in Germany maintains healthcare, interests of patients, medicines and medical devices, health insurance, laws and medical documentation. It also takes care of the Against infection act, vaccines and Bio-medicine.

Pharmacies are under control of the MOH, and all the drugs in the drug stores in the country have a fixed price. There are contracts between health insurance companies and the manufacturers, and all the insured people having a prescription can get a discount or get the medicine for free (it depends on the insurance tariff). There are also the so called OTC, Over-the-counter medicines, that a patient can buy without a prescription. These ones are payed by the patient, the number and the price here is not fixed.

Germany has a multi-payer system that includes law-enforced health insurance (71%) and private (23%). They are sponsored by the sickness funds and tax-funded government. The tax is compulsory and makes 14% of the wage.

The hospitals are state and private. State hospitals provide medical help for all insured patients, but in a case of an emergency they can help people without insurance and foreigners, they refuse very rare. The private clinics provide help for money, for insured and sometimes for people with no insurance. They can refuse to help you if you are from another country and you have not got insurance.

STUDY GUIDE FOR MEDICAL ENGLISH STUDENTS HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TURKEY Health care in Turkey used to be dominated by a centralized state system run by the Ministry of Health. Ministry of medicine in Turkey includes state-run hospitals and private hospitals. And Turkey is very poor country because there is one doctor for 587 people and 2 beds for 1000 people.

Also the rural population is poorly served by the health care system, which is much more developed in the western half of the country.

Some of medicine available on prescription abroad is prescription-free in Turkey and the medicine prices are cheap. If you need a medical service at nighttime, you should look for a night-time Pharmacy.

BRAZIL Health care in Brazil is provided in three levels; national, states and municipality. Every level has a united center of management/department. There are many pharmacists in Brazil and most sell wide range of products and prescriptions. Drugs such as antibiotics cannot be given without prescription but certain pain killers may be sold without prescription. The people’s pharmacy is a health initiative that provides free or low cost prescription medication to low income residents. Person who is living in Brazil has rights for medical services. He can use all of the procedures, qualification medical health and get free drugs. In Brazil, doctor is a free profession. Doctors don’t take money from the patients because they can be condemned by council of the doctors and insurance companies.

INDIA Indian Ministry of Health and family Welfare takes care of dental hospitals, pharmacies, family planning, nursing and rehabilitation. It also includes an independent department of Ayurverda, Joda, Naturapathy, unani, siddha and homeopathy. The MOH takes care of the medical education.

Indian Ministry of Health and family Welfare takes care of the dental hospitals, pharmacies, nursing, rehabilitation, medical education and family planning. It also maintains the independent department of Ayurverda, Joga, Naturopathy, Unany, siddha and homeopathy.

In the pharmacies the drugs can be sold under a prescription of a doctor, and sometimes the pharmacist can write a prescription himself, what is very important for poor people.

STUDY GUIDE FOR MEDICAL ENGLISH STUDENTS India has a few good hospitals, state and private, provided with the best devices and medicals, but they take care only of the local elite, that makes 10% of the hole nationality. The rest of the hospitals are very poor, may have no electricity, water and good doctors.

In India medical tourism is well-developed. The private clinics provide qualified medical help that is several times cheaper than in Europe. In these hospitals modern achievements in medicine are combined with traditional medicine like Ayurverda. That's why many people from developed countries choose to go to India when they have problems with their health.

EGYPT All types of medical care are available in Egypt and healthcare in Egypt generally enjoys a good reputation. Modern hospitals and clinics are commonplace throughout the country, particularly in Cairo, and these can either be state run or privately owned hospitals.

Many doctors in Egypt are Western-trained and speak English. They generally have a high standard of medical knowledge. In fact students from many Arab countries and Africa come to study medicine at universities in Egypt. Medical facilities in Cairo, Alexandria, and Sharm El Sheikh are considered to be perfectly adequate for routine problems, but emergency services can sometimes be limited.

The Health Sector Reform program and the national initiative Healthy Egyptian 2010 both aim to assure universal access to primary and family health care and to provide the entire population with a basic package of priority services based on needs. Over 90% of Egypt’s population has access to the Ministry of Health (MOH) primary health care (PHC) units. In addition, there are seven other health sectors providing services: private sector, non-governmental organizations (NGO), Health Insurance, Curative Organization, universities, Armed Forces and others. In rural areas, aside from the MOH health units or district hospitals, there are private clinics and NGO polyclinics.

Urban areas in all governorates have Health Insurance, as well as some university hospitals. Only urban governorates have all health sectors. Public sector facilities are either free of charge or charge minimum fees. Families choose which health facility they want to visit. Over 50% of the population is covered by health insurance.

Pharmacies in this country quite a lot, too, there is no shortage of drugs (at least the most common). Pharmacists can often sell the necessary medication without a prescription. In Egyptian pharmacy can consult the doctor, pharmacist, measure pressure and even weigh. Name drugs are mostly familiar European match.

System of health insurance in Egypt exists, but it is so poorly developed. Even the natives may not have access to free medical services, they have to go to private clinics and offices, which are very popular in Egypt. The cost of private health care in this

STUDY GUIDE FOR MEDICAL ENGLISH STUDENTS country is incredibly high, and pay accounts, as free health care can only get working citizens (or rather, some of them).

UKRAINE Ukraine’s healthcare system consists of state-run medical establishment providing free or low-cost healthcare and numerous private clinics providing generally better service at higher cost.

Ukraine has plenty of private clinics where one can get adequate healthcare with fast service,very little waiting and no documents.The state provides free healthcare for its citizens and long term residents who become ill,however this is a serious problem for many parts of the country. Doctor’s wages are extremely low and often ask for a free.

This makes healthcare difficult, as many citizens are not a low income.

What about pharmacy,prescriptions are generally not needed to buy medicines,which are normally controled by Western countrıes.There are many pharmacies throughout Ukraine and the cost of medicine from a pharmacy can be expensıve. Many pharmacies in big citizens are open 24 hours, so there is always access to pharmacy medicines.

The doctors and nurses who work in the health centres are not always fully trained ın the health system.

NIGERIA Nigeria alone is a very poor country. Healthcare has a number of problems such us: the low availability of medical services. The low level of life doesen’t apply to private hospitals and states hospitals in major cities.

Most people don’t have enough clean water because it is located in hard-to-reach places.

In connection with this very high risk of contracting infectious diseases especially hepatitis, meningitis and malaria.

Nigeria is characterized by mixed form of healthcare that include states and private hospitals. The basic range of skilled medical services in private health facilities. Normal levels of medical care is provided in public hospitals. Department found only in large institutions located in resort areas or large cities.

Medical staff are trained in the medical faculties of the University of Nigeria. There are even schools for the training of nurce. Faculty of pharmacy,pharmacy school, two University faculty on laboratory technology, dental school.

However, this doesn’t provide the true need for qualified medical person in the contry because most perspective doctors are leaving out of Nigeria.

STUDY GUIDE FOR MEDICAL ENGLISH STUDENTS THAILAND Thailand has had a long and successful history of development according to the World Health Organization. Health and medical care is overseen by the Ministry of Public Health. The majority of health care services in Thailand is delivered by the public sector which includes 1 002 hospitals and 9 765 health station. Most hospitals in Thailand are operated by the Ministry of Public Health. Private hospitals are regulated by the Medical Registration Division. An estimated so organized crime groups are involved in moving drugs, particularly methamphetamines, into Thailand from neighboring Myanmar. Most physicians do not have one specific place of work. Thai surgeons and therapeutics have different working schedule at different hospitals.

STUDY GUIDE FOR MEDICAL ENGLISH STUDENTS  CAN WE CURE CANCER? 

Century of doctors and scientists have been working on cure for cancer. There are two ways of curing cancer; chemotherapy and surgery. The main idea of curing is it prevents disease. Different findings have information about vaccine which is tested on animals. It is said that probations of vaccine are successful.

Can the scientists hide the cure? Why are they hiding it? Vocation of doctors asserts that human life is the most valuable priority of their profession. The cure for cancer can save millions of people. It could be contended that scientists can hide the cure.

One of the arguments in support of premise is that pharmaceutical companies and scientists could receive big money for their exploring. It could give a start for new phase of developing medicine.

It is the association of premise that experiments on the people were approach less for scientists. They have the same problem now because it is ethically complicated.

However, pharmaceutical campaniles will have rivalry for the right of possession of cure. Some firm buy license and sell medicaments without prescription.

Instead of drugs they are selling nutritional additive.

In addition, cure for cancer is the biggest detection in medicine. It could save millions of lives.



Cancer is one of the greatest problems in the world. Every year millions of people die painfully from this disease. Nobody is protected from cancer and it can appear even if you were healthy. When this sickness is diagnosed, it can be cured very rarely. That is why an issue of cure for cancer is one of the most argued.

Some people say that the cure has already been found, but the scientists hide it.

So, do you believe they are hiding it or not?

Firstly let us find out, why they would hide such a priceless thing from the whole society. It can be because they want to sell it illegally to private people to receive a big amount of money. May be that the scientists understand that the overcrowding of the planet is much more important than people dying from malignant tumors, and that is why they do not want the population of Earth to enlarge. Who knows, maybe the cure has already been found, but the side

STUDY GUIDE FOR MEDICAL ENGLISH STUDENTS effects are so catastrophic that the scientists hide the cure to prevent appearance of worse problems. It could be possible that people who invented the cure also have their well-doing expensive oncological clinic, and they do not want cancer to be cured easily because they would prefer that their patients paid for all those expensive and useless therapies.

But what about helping people? Do not they really want people to be healthy? Do not they think about millions of families that lose their nearest and dearest? I am sure, that the scientists are not that heartless. They would never lose a chance to save lives.

The scientists can also be evil, thus they would open their invention to the world just because of the material side. All the people, whose relative is dying, would give them all the money they want to have an opportunity to save their loved ones. For sure the inventor of the cure will get the Nobel prize, which means lots of money as well.

The person, who opened the cure for cancer, will be world famous for sure. His name will have a special place in history, like Ropert Koh’s and Albert Alzgeimer’s names are. He will be so famous that he would find information about himself everywhere: in books, in films, in libraries, in dictionaries, in science conferences and so on. It cannot be argued that every person wants to be world famous.

In conclusion, I think that money, fame and philanthropy will win, and if the cure for cancer is found, it will not be hidden.

STUDY GUIDE FOR MEDICAL ENGLISH STUDENTS  IS PUBLIC BREASTFEEDING APPROPRIATE? Breastfeeding in public is one of the most controversial issues in society today. It is a dilemma which is completely misunderstood by many. People generally think of it as being a disrespectful act of incident exposure, when it is a natural duty of every mother. Women should have an opportunity to breastfeed in public places without feeling embarrassed or ashamed of them.

Scientists proved that breastfeeding strengthens a bond among mothers and their babies. It is rather stressful for an infant to combine breastfeeding at home and receiving milk in a bottle in public. This results in problems with breaking a habit of sucking a dummy when the child in growing.

In addition to being a precious bond shared among mother and infant, breastfeeding offers numerous important well being benefits. Babies who are breastfed have lower rates of meningitis, childhood leukemia, respiratory illnesses, allergies and obesity. For these reasons pediatrics all over the world recommend breastfeeding to continue for at least 12 month. These months out of women’s life she should be able to feed her child whenever her infant dictates.

Breastfeeding affects wellness rewards to nursing mothers. A great number of oncologists prove that breastfeeding reduces risks of breast cancer as well as other varieties of cancer. Some research papers show that it prevents osteoporosis.

There are many people who strongly believe that breastfeeding in the open is unacceptable. Many perceive breasts as strictly sexual objects. Therefore, viewing breastfeeding in public is considered vulgar. Adults with this point of view have concerns regarding how it can mentally affect their children. However, most mothers breastfeed in a discrete manner in public. This is provided by special breastfeeding bras and by using blankets and shawls.

In my judgment, in present day society can and should encourage breastfeeding by leaving the decision to nurse in public or not to the mother. If one wishes not to witness this natural occurrence, one should excuse himself and understand how inconvenient it may be for a breastfeeding mother to do so. A woman should not be ashamed of her decision to do what has been medically proved to be the most healthful option for her and the baby.

STUDY GUIDE FOR MEDICAL ENGLISH STUDENTS  SHOULD EUTHANASIA BE LEGAL? 

Today we have vital issue which is euthanasia. Scientists around the world seek different explanation for this matter and how out can euthanasia be applied. As for me, I think that people are suffering and help him relieve his pain.

Majority of the doctors argue that at this stage the disease usually is tell of an issue. Not eating, not drinking often and not talking. And sometimes even life is only supported through medical intervention.

Really, the patient undergoing terrible suffering and living in suffering cannot be considered a normal life. It is full only the negative feelings and thoughts. As well the maintenance of the life of the patient is very expansive. Their last money give away, sell homes just to support human life, which cannot live a normal life.

But on the other hand every patient has the right to live and it must be prefers.

Every can be away recuperate.

In conclusion, I want to say that euthanasia is a good innings for donor organs to other patient, doing surgery for explanation and help other needing, don’t doomed people, who have more chance for normal life.



Throughout the world there has always been a dilemma about euthanasia. Do people have a right to kill themselves or their family members in order to relieve the pain? There will never be a single answer to this question. Euthanasia has an impact not only on the patient and his family but also on hospitals, government and the whole community. Euthanasia can be considered a helping measure to those who are incurable and a solution to problems of organ transplantation and hospital overcrowding.

There is a category of patients that have no chance to be medically cured in the 21st century. The majority of people having the last stage of cancer or AIDS have no other option except to die in a hospital ward experiencing insufferable pains. Even the strongest analgesics give no pain relief. Euthanasia in this situation is probably the best way to let a dying patient pass away in tranquility.

Nowadays millions of adults and children are on transplant lists desperately waiting for new organs. Terminal patients with brain death or spinal injuries can donate organ drafts which are possible for transplantation to several other people and give them hope to pull through.

Hospitals all over the world are loaded with seriously ill bed-ridden patients who require expensive treatment and permanent nurse and doctor assistance.

Around 30% bed places are occupied with incurable patients with most of them

STUDY GUIDE FOR MEDICAL ENGLISH STUDENTS using life sustenance kits as well as pump oxygenators and artificial ventilation.

These expensive procedures do not allow other patients receive proper medical help.

On the other hand, it is claimed that euthanasia is unethical because life can only be taken by God and no one else. The majority of religious people are assured that euthanasia is not an act of pain relief but a crime against all human rights.

However, in my judgment, no one should die in sorrow and agony. A person must not be thinking of pain in the last moment of his life but be saying goodbye to his nearest and dearest.

Keeping in mind all drawbacks of euthanasia in some cases it is an obligatory measure to wane the suffering, give someone an organ for transplantation and cure a patient that has a chance to recover. 

Euthanasia is one of the most argued issued in the world. There are plenty of articles in newspapers and magazines regarding euthanasia, different kind of films are made and a big amount of books are devoted to this theme. When having illness, people have great pains which they cannot stand. That means they suffer a lot. So, euthanasia can solve this problem. From one point of view this is good and kind to liberate the patient from agony.

What about other’s people feelings? It is very hard to be with a person, who is dying, to see him every day, to be good friends with him and at the same time to know you will lose him. The relatives suffer a lot and the hospital crew as well.

To solve the problem the relationships should be stopped at once and therefore euthanasia should be applied.

Not all countries are rich and not all of them have a good healthcare system. In some cases the hospitals have no space for their patients. Every bed is always needed; each nurse’s help is needed at the same time in different places. That is why for the hospitals it is not useful to have a hopeless person in its walls. It might seem cruel, but nevertheless it is true.

Euthanasia is economically proved. The amount of money given to incurable people for drugs and medical help can be invested in other places. For an individual person this argument is inethic, but it is valuable for the whole society and for the government. For example, extra money can be used to build new hospitals, to finance new researches in oncology, to buy new medical devices or policlinics.

However, there is also hope that a person will get better or even be cured. What if the doctors made a mistake? What if the diagnosis is not correct? In this

STUDY GUIDE FOR MEDICAL ENGLISH STUDENTS case what is called euthanasia is just another type of a murder. The position goes on to further claim that religiously taking a person’s life is always a sin. God is the only one who decides, what will happen with a human being. Some people like to discuss euthanasia from the point of ethic. It is also asserted that it is inethic to take someone’s life. On the other hand, it is also inethic to let the person suffer. That means there is no correct answer.

To sum up, euthanasia may have some bad and disgusting facts, it is actually just killing a person. However, the positive things of euthanasia are obvious. The society pay more attention to this problem.

STUDY GUIDE FOR MEDICAL ENGLISH STUDENTS  IS ABORTION ETHICAL? 

Every pregnant woman thinks about abortion because of responsibility and complicacy of growing up their child. In different situations the best decision is to take risk and make abortion because welfare of your child depends on you.

Young people especially teenagers don't have a sense of blame and they can't find help and money from their parents. That is why they don't need to bring that responsibility. Child has to be expected because families need to plan their financial situation and to be ready for complicacy.

It is hard to forget some events like rape and heavier to keep child after that.

Not everyone could love this child and grow up him like yours.

Medical problems with pregnancy are the most frequent cases. Often mother's life hang with child's and risk of losing child is lower than losing both lives. About ion is necessary when mother's life is in risk.

However, abortion has repercussions. It asserts that abortion can damage mother's health. It has been asserted that this procedure can injure woman's health but now with new technology doctors can do different manipulations without damages.

In addition, abortion is a matter critical but we can't manage without this procedure because of different situations with health and life.



Today we have a vital issue which is abortion. Woman around the world clash with his matter, and now we can`t have single decision, is abortion a decently or not?

In different countries we have various relations for this problem. And in some case the main topic is religion. As for me, I think that abortion is cheap. Because the small defenseless human beings are killed. Scientists have proven that the child during abortion feels and that’s terrible, because first- he is innocent, and he couldn’t to do protect yourself.

We must envisage realities. If woman do abortion, she kills a life. It`s awful. God found a life, and people cannot to decide who can live and who cannot.

Also in more cases abortion is a difficult surgery that requires responsibility and often need a long time of rehabilitation. Indeed, in damages mother`s health.

STUDY GUIDE FOR MEDICAL ENGLISH STUDENTS Abortion isn’t ethical. It`s a serious damage for psychology. Every woman after this procedure has depression and some of them face insanity that requires long observations in special clinics.

But on the other hand, we have special case when abortion is requisite. For example, when woman can`t bear children and in this case she needs this operation. And may be accession, when child is unhealthy and the disease affects their lives. However, no matter how bad this operation, there are times when an abortion is the only solution and it can be positively.

In conclusion, I want to say that woman must plan their pregnancy and be consistent in their decisions.



Abortion is one of the most argued issues. This is being done every day everywhere for different reasons. But is it right to do it? Can the reason be so important to decide to take an innocent life? Abortion is not a right thing to do both ethically and in terms of social values.

When teenagers get pregnant they are supposed to make an abortion as they are no good parents yet. But is that important? Teenagers’ parents can help their daughter to bring up the child. The position goes on further to assert that teenagers’ developing organism is not ready yet to have a baby. However, there are different kinds of people and sometimes a 14-year-old girl is stronger than a woman, so the age is not an argument for an abortion.

It is further maintained that in a case of a rape the mother has the right to get rid of the child she does not want. But there are plenty of families who cannot have children and are eager to adopt a baby. In this case the mother is supposed to bring her child to life and if she does not want it , she can let it be adopted: she will save a life and help somebody to be parents.

One of the contentions supporting abortion is the financial situation of the family. If the family has no money to feed the child, it is better not to give a life that is so sorrowful. However, everybody has a right to live; it is supported by ethic and religion.

Nevertheless abortion is a murder. There is a life, and you stop it. It does not differ much from killing a person in the street; from some point of view it is even worse. The mother knew she can get pregnant, she knew that a new life will appear. And even though she knew it, she decided to take her baby’s life.

In conclusion, such reasons like age, rape and finance are definitely valid, but they are not important enough to justify a murder of an innocent creature.

STUDY GUIDE FOR MEDICAL ENGLISH STUDENTS MEDICAL COLLOCATIONS The educational aspects of communication

Elder people

Responding skills

Severe learning disability

Relational skills/ supervision

Shorter stays in clinics

Receiving feedback/ counseling

Practical competence

Giving feedback/ counseling

Treatment of illnesses

From dependence to independence

Both reassuring and doubting

Effective feedback/ counseling

No room for complacency

Clinical counseling/ aspects of

Sense of fulfillment

communication Behavioral aspects of communication Accessible aspects of communication/ information/ language/ counseling Frustration process A repertoire of skills Communication diary Evidence-based inquiry Interpersonal process Nursing register Significant interactions Subjective nature of To undervalue the significance of Unique individuals An intensive care unit An unconscious patient

The inner world of The nurse’s whole personality The treatment of a patient The users of WHS Their closest relatives Their earliest relationships Therapeutic effectiveness Defense against Dissatisfaction rate with Anxiety and stress Factual information Patient’s dissatisfaction The amount of information To spend less time with The amount of pain To be more critical of

STUDY GUIDE FOR MEDICAL ENGLISH STUDENTS To maintain emotional distance from a

Community-based service

patient

Demographic changes Multicultural diversity

MEDICAL GLOSSARY virus

treatment

malaria

vaccine

symptoms

parkinson

drugs

remain

euthanasia

medicine paralyze trauma tremble tremor seems to be getting worth rush of stomach acid into

complication transmit transmission therapy stimulation prevention remission

mouth

medication

seems to be

eradication

associated with

root

after meals

disease

shortly after

epileptic seizure

chronic condition

partial seizure

fortnight

grand mal seizure

heartburn

fluid in the body

upset stomach

brain disorder

chronic condition

permanent damage

overeating

abortion chicken pocks moms rubella measles lupus medical emergency sign of the disorder stroke disability weight gain weight loss kidney stones gull stones recovery vagus nerve polio

STUDY GUIDE FOR MEDICAL ENGLISH STUDENTS