Spring 2013 SIRE Symposium

Emory College of Arts and Sciences Annual SIRE Research Partners Program Undergraduate Research Symposium Sponsored By

Tuesday, April 23, 2013 3:00-6:00 p.m.

Coca-Cola Commons Dobbs University Center

SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ HUMANITIES/CREATIVE AND PERFORMING ARTS Cho, Yun Freud's Relation to Literature and Literary Theory Mentor: Elissa Marder, Ph.D., Department of French and Italian Studies

Abstract not available.

Goidina, Anastassi "The Study of Shakespeare Criticism," by T.S. Eliot: A Destroyed Lecture Reconstructed Mentor: Ronald Schuchard, Ph.D., Department of English

Abstract Between 1932 and 1933, T.S. Eliot served as Harvard University Norton Lecturer and wrote a series of lectures while touring U.S. universities. Among his topics were “The Study of Shakespeare Criticism,” “Edward Lear and Modern Poetry,” Milton, and the development of taste. In 1933 Herbert Myron Jr., president of the Modern Languages Conference at Harvard, wrote a letter to T.S. Eliot enquiring why the lecture on Lear was absent in his “Collected Essays.” Eliot replied, stating, “I am flattered that you should retain any interest in the lecture I gave on Edward Lear, and am therefore sorry to say that I destroyed the script of this and of a number of occasional lectures which I delivered in the United States in 1932-33.”

My objective is to reconstruct his lecture based on reporting in various publications found by tracing Mr. Eliot’s travel itinerary. Using contextual indicators and hints, I compiled fragments from each source into a coherent essay in which Eliot discusses the varying stances critics have taken on Shakespeare. I then made additional annotations to clarify obscure figures and provide details about a specific venue or event.

As a precursor, this project is one of many destroyed and missing lectures that are reported in news sources between the years of 1932-44.

Grayman. Samantha Responses to Natural Disasters in the Ottoman Empire Mentor: Yaron Ayalon, Ph.D., Department of History

Abstract A typical study of the Ottoman Empire often focuses on the economic, cultural, and political history of the empire. What has often been omitted from intensive research and analysis is the environmental history during the Ottoman Empire’s centuries of influence in world politics. This research thus ventures to unveil a part of Ottoman history that other studies have frequently disregarded. To do this, I aided Professor Ayalon by analyzing primary sources in French and English dealing with the response to natural disasters in the Ottoman Empire. The research included many manuscript records on communal and state responses to epidemics, fires, and earthquakes. After analyzing the key pieces of information I found, Professor Ayalon discovered widespread failure in both state-organized and communal responses, [2]

SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ requiring states to seek foreign aid and the ultimate intervention of external powers. The conclusion to his research argues that the lack of effective responses to the myriad disasters that occurred throughout the history of the Ottoman Empire led to the overall collapse of the empirical structure, which manifest itself in the seek for international involvement. This brings to the table an untouched discourse of the role of natural disasters in the many demises of the Ottoman Empire throughout the 17th century.

Gross, Kendyll Representations of the San Pedro Cactus and Flower in the Iconography of the Bennett Monolith Faculty Mentor: Rebecca Stone, Ph.D., Department of Art History

Abstract not available.

Kirby, Ian Causal Inferences in the Social Science: The Legacy of Hume's Problem of Induction Mentor: Mark Risjord, Ph.D., Department of Philosophy

Abstract

This project examines how the social sciences have confronted Hume’s problem of induction, which is the paradox that it cannot be logically proven that causal inferences are sound. Because the social sciences rely heavily on causal reasoning based on empirical observation, they have faced unique and interesting methodological challenges. Unfortunately, the problem of induction has been all but ignored by a great many social scientists. Regardless, there are implicit arguments about causation in how their work is carried out, particularly how they confront the existence of social scientific laws. To explain this interesting situation, the project explain Hume’s problem of induction and show how it is relevant to the social sciences. The project will look at Karl Popper’s ways of saving scientific inquiry through shifting the focus from causal inferences to falsifiability, which is much like the covering-law approach of Carl Hempel. Finally, the project will explain that, because of its methodological challenges, social sciences have shifted from Grand Theories like Marxism or Positivism towards models that try to explain causation in a specific time and place.

Liu, Mingshu Roman Law in Plautine Comedy Mentor: Niall Slater, Ph.D., Department of Classics

Abstract Following the successes of the First and Second Punic Wars, the Roman republic began to take shape as an empire. The domination of a newly militarized Rome over large pieces of previously foreign territory meant that the world of the average Roman citizen was expanding. The conquests not only brought in land under the state’s jurisdiction, but entire groups of foreigners. What to make of the host of new peoples? Were they capable of becoming Roman citizens or were they still-hostile forces? What did it mean to be a citizen anymore, and what was justice in a world like this? Plautus’s plays provide [3]

SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ valuable insights into the everyday lives of Romans living in the middle republic. Written mostly in the late third and early second century B.C.E., several of the plays explore the ideas of freedom and citizenship. A subcategory of these two broad themes includes the development of sale and contract law—institutionalizing slavery as an acceptable means of commerce. An analysis of plays such as the Rudens and Poenulus reveal that these questions loomed large over third century ancients. The focalization of my analysis is around this question: are people free by nature, or is freedom only granted by law? I will not only explore the ways in which the plays open our minds to the larger philosophical questions that plagued the citizens of Plautus’ time, but also how the Romans attempted to respond to the changes through law and the court system.

Meriweather, Yameka Construction Roman Senators and Civic Identity in the 19th Century Faculty Mentor: Barbara Lawatsch-Melton, Ph.D., Department of Classics

Abstract During the past few decades, scholarly attention given to appropriations of classical figures, ideas, and events has intensified, resulting in numerous publications on classical receptions. Historians like Carl Richard demonstrated that the founding fathers drew parallels between their own situation and that of the Roman Republic. Similarly, Margaret Malamud’s work contributed to the field by examining a great variety of receptions relating to ancient Rome and ranging from the 19th century to present day events; furthermore, Caroline Winterer explored connections between classical appropriations and historical trends throughout the 19th century. The current study focuses on the connection between appropriations of specific Roman senators and the development of American republican values and ideas concerning leadership, civic engagement, and freedom (Lawatsch-Melton 2013). A significant component of this project is the evolution of the portrayal of Roman senators, specifically Cicero, Cato and Caesar, over the course of American history. Through critically examining newspaper articles from the 19th century, we are able to contribute to existing scholarship in classical receptions by illustrating how appropriations of these Roman senators evolved during the nation’s history.

Moore, Emily Climate Of Crisis: America In The Age Of Environmentalism Faculty Mentor: Patrick Allitt, Ph.D, Department of History

Abstract not available.

Niebes, Matthew

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SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Shakespeare and the Players Faculty Mentor: Harry Rusche, Ph.D, Department of English

Abstract Throughout history, Shakespeare productions have appeared all over the world in a variety of languages with a variety of interpretations in order to make specific comments and entertain particular audiences through the vehicle of Shakespearean themes. Through this expansive world of Shakespearean scholarship, we can trace historical changes and traditions in theatre by looking at the people who produced and acted in Shakespeare’s plays. Our project focuses on the nineteenth and early twentieth century prior to the First World War because this period was a time of change in American and English theaters. Known as the era of the actor-manager, most people involved with a theater played more than a stage role working as directors, managers, or producers in the productions in which they acted. Moreover, Shakespearean theatre specifically changed during this period. Breaking with long-held traditions, directors changed how the plays were acted, set, costumed, and written trying to recreate productions similar to those of Shakespeare’s time. Using sources from modern scholars as well as reviews, postcard advertisements and documents from the period, we have created a biographical database of actors. In researching the lives of actors, managers, directors, producers and others involved with the theatre, this project seeks to understand what theatre meant to these people, how they sought to express that meaning, and why Shakespeare was chosen as a vehicle for such expression.

Smagh, Hannah Restoring the Winged Victory of Samothrace Faculty Mentor: Bonna Wescoat, Ph.D, Department of Art History

Abstract "Since its discovery in 1883 by the first French expedition to the Sanctuary of the Great Gods on Samothrace, the Winged Victory of Samothrace has been one of the iconic statues of Hellenistic Greek art. The statue depicts Nike, the goddess of victory, striding on the prow of a warship with her arm and wings raised. She was dedicated to the sanctuary in thanks for a naval victory since one of the main offerings of the Sanctuary of the Great Gods was salvation at sea. From her location, the Winged Victory looked out over a theater where the worshippers gathered for dramatic and perhaps ritual performances.

Additional fragments of the statue and the ship base have been found since the statue’s initial discovery and reconstruction at the Louvre Museum in 1884. In addition to the restored statue, parts of Nike’s hands and drapery are on display in the Louvre. During excavations in the second half of the 20th century, sponsored by the Institute of Fine Arts of New York University, additional fragments of the statue and the base have been found. Using our museum inventories, excavation diaries, and photographs, we have compiled a catalogue containing pictures, descriptions, and find locations for each fragment now on Samothrace. We have also proposed the location of where the fragments fit onto the base. This catalogue has been to the Louvre Museum for their use during the conservation and restoration of the Winged Victory, which will take place over the next two years."

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SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________

SOCIAL SCIENCES Appareddy, Shyama Neglected Parasitic Infections in Atlanta, GA Faculty Mentor: Juan Leon, M.D., Ph.D., Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Global Health Co-Author: Erin Keyes, Rollins School of Public Health

Abstract "The Neglected Infections of Poverty (NPI) project evaluates medical provider awareness regarding three diseases prevalent amongst Latin American immigrants living in Georgia, which are Chagas Disease, Cysticercosis, and Leishmaniasis. Goals include educating healthcare providers in Georgia regarding screening, diagnosis and effective treatment of the three aforementioned diseases while building cultural competency in order to bridge disparities in healthcare. Medical providers and students including Physicians, Physicians Assistants, Nurses and Physical Therapists were surveyed regarding personal knowledge of each disease in terms of risk factors, causes, diagnosis and treatment. A Continuing Education (CE) module was developed to address the lack of provider awareness. The module included brief summaries, case studies and quizzes in order to impart knowledge of the most crucial aspects of each disease. A Health Resource Guide (HRG) was developed to provide patients with lists of clinics and providers, organized by specialty, which could effectively meet their needs, indicating the availability of translators and other support services.

Medical providers in Georgia displayed a low awareness level on average. A majority of providers noted the CE module was an effective teaching tool. Survey results indicate that many patients harboring dangerous, life-threatening infections lack access to effective, quality care in Georgia. Interventions such as the HRG and the CE module reportedly reduce disparities in healthcare by improving competency in treating the three diseases studied and connecting patients to the appropriate facilities. Future projects will likely continue to improve health communications while bridging disparities in healthcare."

Atsegbua, Joy-Annette The Effects of the Capital Issues Committee on the American Economy Faculty Mentor: Caroline Fohlin, Ph.D., Department of Economics

Abstract In times of war, the economies of warring nations are adversely affected by the high costs of financing a conflict. To offset the costs of war, nations will reduce discretionary spending or inflict austerity measures and spend more money on the war and war related industries. The sensibility of these measures cannot be disputed, but the effects of economic cutbacks on the economy are not as easily explained.

During World War I, the Capital Issues Committee was created in the United States to support the government in conserving money for matters more closely related to the war effort. Through this research, I seek to address what effects the activities of the Capital Issues Committee had on varying areas of the U.S. economy. To understand these effects, the volume of capital issues; the markets for steel and wheat; and the market for Liberty Bonds before and after the creation of the Capital Issues Committee will be analyzed to identify the effect, if any, the Committee had on the American economy.

Banda, Krista [6]

SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Evaluation of structure-function relationships in gerbil visual system Faculty Mentor: Hillary Rodman, Ph.D., Department of Psychology Co-Author: Maggy Krysiak, Ph.D., Emory University

Abstract Visual cortex neuroanatomical similarities are observed across animals, suggesting the existence of a common neuroanatomical plan. Rodents share many brain structures with primates, making them ideal for comparative studies. For example, squirrels, like primates, show a complex extrastriate cortex including structures dictating motion processing and depth perception. Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) are of interest because their natural jumping abilities call for motion and depth processing, making them ideal for studying the related visual motion systems. Of particular interest are areas TP and Tm and the degree to which they correspond to motion and depth processing. Myelin stained flat-mounts of the neocortex of 14 gerbils were obtained upon conclusion of visually guided jumping behavioral tasks to ascertain whether the aspects of the TP/Tm complex reflect performance. The heavily myelinated TP of gerbils is similar in location to that found in squirrels, whereas the existence of Tm in gerbils is yet to be observed. Scans of myelin flat-mounts were pseudocolored in Adobe Photoshop to objectively delineate borders of these regions. Comparisons made between the relative areas of the TP/Tm complex and jumping latency or accuracy may provide evidence for the amount of involvement of the complex in motion and depth processing. Furthermore, analysis to date indicates about half the brains in the sample exhibit a distinct Tm, suggesting these areas to be evolutionarily conserved in rodents.

Berge, Rebecca National Political Influence on State Elections Faculty Mentors: Alan Abramowitz, Ph.D., Department of Political Sciences

Abstract The object of this project was to measure the extent to which successful candidates, as time progressed from the first 1992 through the most recent election in 2012 are more strongly associated with national parties. In other words, is that national party strength is becoming a stronger predictor of outcomes in state elections? The relationship between major party candidate proportions of the vote in Senate elections and candidate proportions of the vote in the corresponding state in the most recent Presidential election, controlling for incumbency, was modeled using multivariate regression. The results did not show a uniform trend – many fluctuations in both R2 values and the relative importance of incumbency and the proportion of the Democratic vote in the model were do to unaccounted-for peculiarities of the different election years documented in the time span. While there is not reliable evidence that the importance of incumbency for Senate elections decreases over time, there may be evidence that the effect of Presidential elections on vote proportions for Senate candidates is increasing.

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SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Bidleman, Dalton World War I and the New York Stock Exchange Faculty Mentor: Caroline Fohlin, Ph.D, Department of Economics

Abstract The joint effort between research groups at Emory and Johns Hopkins University have led to the near completion of the first ever database of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) for the years 1900-1925.

Using Pro Quest’s historical paper database, we pulled copies of the original stock quotes and applied a series of statistical testing that ranged from determining the standard deviation to the volatility of the stocks. From there, our research team noted that our initial work had taken us through World War I. Based on that realization, we decided to examine how the international crisis affected the stability and trade volume of the Exchange. World War I marked a turning point in the development of the Stock Exchange. It provided a look at both the highs and lows the stock exchange experienced during this individual crisis. The lowest point for the NYSE was the 6-month period from August to December 1914, in which the stock market closed to prevent a market crash as foreign investors were rapidly withdrawing stocks for liquidity. The improvements came in the stock volume, as it drastically increased between 1915 and 1917. The volume of stocks traded per week went from an average of about 700,000 per week to 1.3 million per week. Also, the total dollar volume increased from 700 million to 100 million during the war.

These results highlight the influence of the domestic investor and suggest that an increase in their number might counteract the economic crisis of the future.

Cho, Ha Eun (Christina) Reproductive Decisions and Behaviors of Young Adults with Sickle Cell Disease or Sickle Cell Trait Faculty Mentor: Mary E. Frederickson, Ph.D., J W Johnson Institue, Department of African American Studies Co-Author: Clinton Joiner, M.D., Ph.D., Emory University School of Medicine

Abstract Despite the prevalence of the genetic condition of sickle cell disease (SCD)/ sickle cell trait (SCT) in the African American population, few studies have analyzed the reproductive decisions and behaviors by those affected. Even less explored are the unique challenges faced by young adults with SCD or SCT. The purpose of this study is to broaden our understanding of the attitudes, behaviors, and decisions surrounding the issue of reproductive decisions and behaviors for individuals with SCD or SCT. Focusing specifically on young adults with SCD, this analysis centers on the transition from child/adolescent to adult care. The method of analysis for this study includes a survey that will be distributed amongst a random sampling of young adult students from various metropolitan Atlanta/DeKalb colleges/universities. The survey is divided into two sections— one section for individuals with the disease or trait and one for individuals without. The first data set will provide information about reproductive decision making by those affected by SCD or SCT; the latter will help us better understand the general public’s perception of how reproductive issues should be handled by individuals with either the disease or trait. The surveys will then be followed up with a selected number of interviews in which common themes will be pulled out to better assess the quantitative results. The information collected through this study will be used to help healthcare providers better understand their patients and may have important implications for improving the quality of child to adult transition programs for SCD patients.

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SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Cyr, Kathryn The Islamist Sector in Alexandria, Egypt Faculty Mentor: Carrie Wickham, Ph.D., Department of Political Science

Abstract "In my work with Professor Carrie Wickham, I examined the recent rise of Islamist parties in Alexandria, Egypt. Islamists movements were pivotal in re-shaping Alexandria from a liberal metropolis into a conservative stronghold. Changes in the cultural makeup of Alexandria since the 1950’s led to an increased importance of religion in the city. Newspapers, human rights reports, and government publications offered information and insight into this trend, though definitive information is scarce due to the immediate nature of the subject. Until the 1960’s, Alexandria attracted expatriates and tourists alike, and its rich history of multiculturalism was widely celebrated. Today, much of Alexandria’s population is conservatively Muslim, and Islamists often reject the city’s history. Museums, art, the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, minorities’ rights, and reminders of European conquest are attacked. However, not all Islamists are alike or violent: in Alexandria alone three distinct Islamist groups exist, the most conservative being the Salafis and their political arm, al-Nour; the Islamist independent political party, alNahda, is the most liberal; and the Muslim Brotherhood’s Freedom and Justice Party falls somewhere in the middle of the spectrum. The power struggle between groups created a culture clash that sometimes erupts in violence and ultimately seeks to redefine the city."

Dufresne, Solanda White Matter Fiber Tracts and Paternal Behavior Faculty Mentor: James Rilling, Ph.D., Department of Anthropology Co-Authors: Xu Chen & Jennifer Mascaro

Abstract Few studies have attempted to look at the structural connectivity of white matter fiber tracts in the paternal brain . In this study, fifty two healthy,, heterosexual, fathers of children age 1-2 were recruited from the Emory community and given behavioral questionnaires aimed at measuring paternal nurturance, and received a diffusion tensor imaging scan. The fathers also received an fMRI scan while viewing their child, which strongly activated the ventral tegmental are (VTA). In order to better understand white matter connectivity that supports paternal nurturance, we tested for correlations between fractional anisotropy (FA), radial diffusivity (RD), and behavioral markers such as how much responsibility fathers take in their child’s life, how much responsibility they desire, how warm and playful they are with their child, how restrictive they are with their child, and activation of the VTA pathways. We found a positive correlation between FA and VTA activity at the genu of the corpus callosum. There is positive correlation between RD and restrictiveness in the uncinate, right anterior insula, and superior longitudinal fasciculus.

There is negative correlation between FA and restrictiveness in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus.

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SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Gorman, Ryan Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: An assessment of the economic benefits Faculty Mentor: Eric Reinhardt, Ph.D., Department of Political Science

Abstract The following paper examines foreign direct investment in the United States, weighing the costs of the incentives needed to attract such investment against the economic benefits accrued to the locality and state. Over the past two decades, foreign investment in the United States has skyrocketed, with individual state governments competing vigorously to attract foreign companies, hoping that such investment will boost employment and stimulate local economies. State governments have offered companies increasingly large packages of tax credits, subsidies, and grants to attract such investment. These incentive packages have been criticized as wasteful and ineffective, especially during the current recession, as spending cuts and balanced budgets have become increasingly popular. This paper examines the economic benefits of foreign direct investment, specifically analyzing average wage and median household income trends, looking to see if localities with foreign investment have substantially benefited relative to localities that failed to attract such investment. While some locations experienced noticeable economic growth during the period of investment, most localities did not. These findings make us question whether the benefits of foreign direct investment are sizeable enough to warrant the pricey incentive packages needed to attract such investment. More research is needed to assess why some projects have larger economic impacts than others.

Hope, Jasmine Spatial-magnitude congruity in Gorillas and Orangutans (Gorilla gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus, Pongo abelli ) Faculty Mentor: Tara Stoinski, Ph.D., Department of Environmental Studies & Zoo Atlanta Co-Author: Regina Gazes

Abstract not available.

Ifeadike, Nneamaka Effect of Nutrition, Immunity, and Vaccines on Pediatric Enteric Infections In Bolivia Faculty Mentor: Juan Leon, M.D., Ph.D., Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Global Health; Paulina Rebolledo, M.D., School of Medicine, Department of Graduate Medicine Education

Abstract not available.

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SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Kang, Apollonia Wenting Psychopathy and Rape Myth Acceptance Faculty Mentor: Scott Lilienfeld, Ph.D., Department of Psychology Co-Authors: Ashley L. Watts & Sarah Francis Smith, Laney Graduate School; Robert D Latzman, Ph.D., Georgia State University

Abstract Although the prevalence of sexual violence on college campuses has drawn concerns, little is known about the personality traits linked to rape. Research indicates that psychopathic personality traits are among the best predictors of rape. Rape myth acceptance, the extent to which sexual offenders externalize blame to victims and situational factors, and trivialize the nature of sexual crimes, contribute to the risk of rape. In this study, we administered questionnaires including the Psychopathic Personality InventoryRevised (PPI-R), Attitudes Toward Rape Victims Scale, and Rape Myth Acceptance Scale to a sample of undergraduates (N = 308) to examine the correlations among psychopathy traits, acceptance of rape myths, and attitudes toward rape. PPI-R total and Self Centered Impulsivity scores demonstrated positive correlations with rape myth acceptance (r=.18, p=.04 and r=.21, p=.01, respectively). PPI-R total scores and Coldheartedness scores showed significant correlations with looser attitudes toward rape (r=.21, p=.02 and r=.28, p=.001, respectively). Fearless Dominance, in contrast, did not correlate significantly with rape myth acceptance. Our findings may inform rape prevention programs in terms of which personality traits to target in minimizing sexual violence.

Kim, Kyu Ree The Simultaneous Factors That Influence Classical Music Composers’ Level of Recognition Faculty Mentor: Timothy Dowd, Ph.D., Department of Sociology

Abstract The field of classical music is highly competitive. The majority of the classical music composers receive, if any, very few opportunities to present their works. Among those who get their works to be performed by an orchestra, only a small fraction ever receives a second chance of performance. Appearing in college music textbooks, which is a good indication of the composer’s reputation among the field of classical music, is another challenge for composers – particularly if they only received few performances by orchestras. Thus, determining the ultimate factors that contribute toward the classical music composers’ success is necessary to understand the complicated and extremely competitive structure of the field of classical music. In this study, we examined the simultaneous effect of various factors that increase the odds of a composer being mentioned in major U.S. college music textbooks using regression model. Such factors include the number of performance or presentation through an orchestra or mass, the region where the orchestra is based on and the gender and the existence of the composer. We focus on 201 modern music composers of 1900s who had been featured in concert by modern music societies (1920-1931), and we also focus on 1933 composers who received at least one performance by 27 major U.S. orchestras between 1842 and 1969.

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SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Kim, Geunyoung Medical Decision Making: Identifying the factors that affect patients' satisfaction from medical treatments Faculty Mentor: C. Monica Capra, Ph.D., Department of Economics Co-Authors: Bong Sun Seo, Samuel Kim, and Bing Jiang, Emory University

Abstract Recent advances in disease genetic profiling and the dissipation of medical information to the public trough the world-wide-web are changing in the way patients and physicians interact. As personalized healthcare becomes more prevalent and patients become more involved in medical decision-making, the need to identify and understand the factors that affect patient’s decisions has become more pressing. The choices that patients make can alter the quality of patient-physician relationships and the effectiveness of medical treatments. This study has three purposes: to identify the factors that may relate to certain medical choices, to see whether there is any relationship between individual traits and certain decisions, and to present suggestions for healthcare providers to help patients make active and informed medical decisions. We conducted a survey to identify patients’ expectations and satisfaction with medical treatments and interactions with physicians. Participants consisted of patients at Emory Clinics A&C and students, faculty and staff members at Emory University. We collected attitudes such as trust in the medical professional, and personality and demographic characteristics. This exploratory study will help us establish the kind of involvement that patients would like to have with their doctors and how observable variables such as race, ethnicity, and education affect such attitudes.

Lim, Jonguk Court Usage in Post-Franco Spain and United Germany Faculty Mentor: Thomas Lancaster, Ph.D. & Michael Giles, Ph.D., Department of Political Science

Abstract not available.

McNaughton, Lauren The Genetic Imaginary: The Reality of the Sickle Cell Clinic Faculty Mentor: Mary Frederickson, Ph.D., J W Johnson Institute, Department of African American Studies Co-Author: Clinton Joiner, M.D., Ph.D. Children's Healthcare of Atlanta & Emory School of Medicine

Abstract not available.

Mozenter, Zachary Government actions hurt market quality as evidenced by WWI Fiscal Policy Faculty Mentor: Caroline Fohlin, Ph.D., Department of Economics

Abstract During the course of WWI, the top economists debated how best to fund the war. Secretary of the Treasury, William Gibbs McAdoo believed the best method was to borrow money by issuing bonds, nicknamed Liberty Bonds. He started the Committee of Public Information to aggressively market the bonds and raise support for the war. Celebrities were enlisted to support the cause, and regions of the United States competed to show their support through purchasing bonds. The Liberty bond issuances all [12]

SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ were mostly income tax exempt and some were completely exempt, making them competitive investments with the available alternatives. Whether the investment in Liberty Bonds was motivated by financial, or patriotic motives, a good amount of national savings was redirected from private equity investment into government bonds. The stock market was significantly smaller than it was today, and government interferences in private markets have long been criticized as potentially harmful. This paper will look to see how significant government efforts to fund the war were in affecting market quality in the New York Stock Exchange. My hypothesis is that we will see market quality continually worsen around the 4 issuances of liberty bonds, and gradually get worse as more US savings get tied up in government bonds. We may also see market quality affected more for smaller companies than for larger ones.

Nguyen, Annie Bach Yen The Genetic Imaginary: Sickle Cell Trait Screening in the NCAA Faculty Mentor: Mary Frederickson, Ph.D., J W Johnson Institute, Department of African American Studies

Abstract not available.

Park, So Bae Teacher Influences in Middle Grade Students’ Development of Self-Efficacy and Self-Regulation Strategies in Math Faculty Mentor: Mei-Lin Chang, Ph.D., Department of Educational Studies

Abstract Perceived Self-efficacy has been shown to be strongly connected with students' academic achievement. However, it has been suggested that student motivation and self-efficacy may decrease during adolescence. Therefore, it is important to investigate what factors influence the development of students' senses of self-efficacy. In particular, the goal of this study was to examine how middle school students’ motivation and perceived self-efficacy changed over a school year and to understand how teachers influence such development. School students (N= 400) in eight different classes from a public suburban school in the southeastern United States were asked to complete a questionnaire that measured students’ personal cognitive agency and motivational variables. Surveys were also obtained from their teachers regarding their instructional strategies. We used t-tests to examine the trend of changes over time for each class, and we also examined the relationships of teacher self-reported instructional strategies with the positive or negative change of self-efficacy and motivational variables in their students.

Pesce, Matthew Upgrading in the Chinese Rubber Industry Faculty Mentor: Richard Doner, Ph.D., Department of Political Science

Abstract This project examines the causes of economic upgrading in the Chinese rubber industry. China is one of the few countries that has been extremely successful in its endeavor to facilitate upgrading throughout its value chain. Currently though, there is a lack of literature that examines the set of conditions which have allowed China to become so successful. This project hypothesizes that political vulnerability, economic insecurity, and the presence of market imperfections are leading predictors of a countries propensity to use institutions to facilitate economic upgrading.

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SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Qin, Zhuxiang Economic forecasting - tentative numerical analysis regarding the transformation of NYSE before WWI Faculty Mentor: Caroline Fohlin, Ph.D., Department of Economics

Abstract There have been many papers and studies regarding the financial impact of World War One. Most of such papers provide thorough evidence and analysis regarding how European investors liquidating their capitals and the US government issuing bonds helped bring to light the rapid expansion of NYSE. Few of these studies, however, offer explanations from the numerical perspective. By conducting the regression model between daily sales of NYSE and time variable and thereby offering a prediction of sales in the future period, this paper will examine if the rapid increase in sales coincides with the natural development of the market, or, as many papers have proven, is mainly due to the government regulation and the change in consumers’ behaviors. All regression models in this paper will be done using the Ordinary-LeastSquare estimators. The best model will be chosen based on which model has the least values of AIC and SIC. Even though there might be several shortcomings derived from the limited data and omitted variable bias and hence the conclusion might not be very scientifically accurate and precise, this paper will still assist audience better understanding the development of NYSE, the financial market dynamics, and the importance of analysis of time series data.

Reynolds, Ariel Neonatal Amygdala Lesions Impact Emotional Reactivity to Novelty in Infant Rhesus Monkeys Faculty Mentor: Jocelyne Bachevalier, Ph.D. & Jessica Raper, Ph.D., Department of Psychology

Abstract The amygdala is important for detecting potential threats and selecting the appropriate emotional responses. Many developmental neuropsychiatric disorders exhibit emotional dysregulation and abnormal amygdala development, suggesting that amygdala abnormalities may explain the emotional symptoms in the disorder. A few studies in primates have examined the effects of neonatal amygdala lesions finding decreased emotional reactivity toward novel objects during the juvenile age, but none have examined reactivity during infancy. The current study examined rhesus monkeys that received either selective amygdala lesions (Neo-A) or sham-operation at 25 days old and were tested in the Free Play and RC Car tasks (Laboratory Temperament Assessments Battery) at 3 months. A Group X Time interaction was detected for the amount of time spent away from mom during the Free Play task, such that Neo-A animals spent more time away during the first ten minutes, whereas controls spent more time away during the last ten minutes. A Group X Sex X Time interaction was found for object exploration. Among females, NeoA spent more time exploring objects initially, while controls explored more at the end. In contrast, the Neo-A males explored objects more in the last ten minutes compared to control males. No significant effects were found during the RC Car task. These data demonstrate that the amygdala plays an important role in maintaining close proximity to mom and modulating exploratory behavior when infants are exposed to an unfamiliar environment. Thus, the amygdala is essential for exhibiting caution when determining the safety of novel objects and environments.

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SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Shirazi, Talia Kinsey at 60: A New Survey for Old Questions on the Variability in Human Sexual Behavior Faculty Mentor: Kim Wallen, Ph.D., Department of Psychology Co-Author: Katy Renfro, Laney Graduate School

Abstract In 1939, Alfred Kinsey conducted the first large scale, scientific study of human sexual behavior, and found that there was much greater variability in sexual behavior than was previously thought. Recent surveys of sexual behavior have focused on the prevalence of behaviors that facilitate the transmission of sexual transmitted infections (STIs), and have not explored the social and cultural factors that may be associated with an individual’s likelihood of engaging in said behavior. The present study investigated how social and cultural values regarding sexual behavior have changed since the time of Kinsey’s original study. We administered an online survey (n = 243), comprised of many of the same questions from Kinsey’s original study, and then compared our results with Kinsey’s, in order to examine how the prevalence and frequency of certain sexual behaviors have changed over the past 60 years. We further evaluated how one’s sex and religiosity are related to the likelihood of engaging in specific sexual behaviors.

Thompson, Katina Maternal Factors as Predictors and Correlates for Father Involvement across Infancy in Families with Depressed Mothers Faculty Mentor: Sherryl Goodman, Ph.D., Department of Psychology

Abstract Father involvement is important because it is associated with infant outcome. Fathers may play a buffering role in families with depressed mothers, either enhancing or reducing well-established associations between maternal depression and infant functioning. Therefore, it is important to understand the variables that predict or correlate with levels of father involvement in mothers suffering from PPD, or who have a history of depression. The present study analyzes maternal factors that may be involved in predicting or are correlated with father involvement in families with depressed mothers. The maternal factors- maternal depression, maternal satisfaction with father involvement, and maternal perceived stress- were measured using self-report questionnaires. Father involvement was measured using time diaries, in which fathers were asked a series of questions about their level of involvement with their infant prior to completing the diary to measure father involvement. All data was collected at 3, 6 and 12 months postpartum. We hypothesized that there will be associations between each of the maternal factors and the father involvement variables. Mothers’ lifetime history of depression, maternal perceived stress, and mothers’ age were not significantly associated with father involvement, while maternal depression and maternal satisfaction with father responsibility were significantly associated with some father involvement variables. Studying predictors of father involvement in families with depressed mothers can help understand ways to mitigate the negative outcomes of infants with mothers who are depressed.

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SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Tuggle, Kristen (Kaylee) Adult-Read vs. Kid-Read Instruction in Successful Knowledge Formation Faculty Mentor: Patricia Bauer, Ph.D., Department of Psychology Co-Author: Shala N. Blue, Ph.D. & Elizabeth A. White, Department of Psychology

Abstract not available.

Womick, Catherine Who Needs Teachers Anyway; Self-Read vs. Adult-Read Knowledge Formation Faculty Mentor: Patricia Bauer, Ph.D., Department of Psychology Co-Authors: Kristen Tuggle; Shala N. Blue, Ph.D. & Elizabeth A. White, Department of Psychology

Abstract not available.

Yu, Xiaoxin The Curious Case of the Special Effects Industry Faculty Mentor: Tanine Allison, Ph.D., Department of Film Studies

Abstract For those who are unfamiliar with the visual and special effects industry, the increasing popularity of visual-effects-intensive films has created the illusion that the industry is thriving in applause and cheer.

Yet, the truth is, the creators of these box office blockbusters are facing deep financial challenges. The recent bankruptcy of Rhythm & Hues was brought up at the 85th Academy Awards night. R&H is a visual-effects studio that has been running for over a quarter-century and who helped created the awardwinning visual magic of Life of Pi, winner of 4 Academy Awards. Looking back, cease of production, or entry of the state “voluntary administration” of visual effects studios because of financial difficulties is rather frequent in the past three decades, and not every studio in trouble had the offer of merger or acquisition as R&H had. To better understand the causes of the financial challenge the industry is facing, this research randomly selected over 50 studios that are or were active from the Internet Movie Database, and gathers information on their annual output quantity (commercials excluded,) weighted average rating of output, annual total reviews received on output, and number of total effects-related awards received to analyze each of the aforementioned factors’ effect on the studio’s lifespan. The research also compares the difference in production, consumer feedbacks and academy feedbacks before and after business operation of the studio, if there is any. The overall economic environment during the studio’s lifespan is also taken into consideration by evaluating the GDP and percentage of recreational consumption on GDP per capita. The regression model created indicates that consumer and academy responses do not have a significant influence on the well being of visual effects studios. A tax incentive change, or cooperation between established studios in the United States with studios overseas is a better treatment to the financial difficulties of the industry.

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SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Zenilman, Eva Clean Data, Clean Hands: Implementing Data Quality Assurance in the WASH-Benefits Study Faculty Mentor: Clair Null, Ph.D., Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Global Health

Abstract The WASH Benefits research study, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and implemented

by Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA), focuses on water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and nutrition in rural Western Kenya. The goal of WASH Benefits is to generate rigorous evidence about the impacts of sanitation, water quality, handwashing, and nutrition interventions on child health and development in the first two years of life, as this time period is critical for child growth, nutrient absorption, and cognitive development. WASH Benefits is unique in that it is the first study of its kind using randomized control trial methods at this scale to investigate measurable impacts of WASH and nutrition. The project seeks to ensure that it collects and maintains data of the highest quality through its multiple data sources. These data sources are census data, baseline data, water quality data, and back check data. The baseline data alone consists of over 3,000 variables, and all datasets, but especially those of this size, require constant oversight and clearly developed methodologies for ensuring the highest quality of data as its being collected. I have been assisting the research team in developing and strengthening the data quality protocols, with a desired end result of quality assurance and consistency.

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SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________

NATURAL SCIENCES Allen, Dexter Gene-Based Neuromodulation by Adenovirus-Transduced Light Chain Clostridial Neurotoxins Faculty Mentor: Eleanor Donnelly, Ph.D., School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery Co-Authors: Rebecca Schapiro, Jeremiah Huang, & Nicholas Boulis MD

Abstract not available.

Anantharaman, Ramya Renormalization Group for Quantum Walks Faculty Mentor: Stefan Boettcher, Ph.D., Department of Physics

Abstract The theory of random walks mathematically describes how truly indeterminate processes change over time. Similarly, quantum walks describe such processes on the atomic scale (10^−12 meters) and smaller, where quantum mechanical phenomena like wave-particle duality, the existence of matter in both a wave and particle state, become apparent. Quantum walks in one or two dimensions, such as the random path a particle can take on a straight line or on a plane, are well-understood, while walks in higher dimensions, such as three-dimensional space and higher, have been more difficult to study because of their complexity. There remain many open questions on the properties of these walks, primarily about how they can be mathematically modeled. A useful tool for observing quantum walks would be the ability to view our system at whichever distance scale we choose, and being able to arbitrarily zoom in and out as the walk occurs. A mathematical tool called the renormalization group precisely tries to unify this zooming process that can make sense of all the data of a given walk regardless of the scale. Using the software Mathematica, we model quantum walks of interest and are able to observe and collect raw data on both lower and higher-dimensional quantum walks. The models and data of known walks serve as a basis for the comparisons and observations made using data on these higher-dimensional walks, and determines the direction taken in formulating a generalized model which is both physically and mathematically accurate.

Anderson, Sam Medicinal Plants to Improve Human Health: Bioassay-guided Fractionation of Anti-pathogenic Rubus ulmifolius Extracts Faculty Mentor: Cassandra Quave, Ph.D., Center for the Study of Human Health Co-Author: Kate Nelson

Abstract The increasing frequency and severity of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections demand novel methods of combating these bacteria. Many bacteria reside in biofilms composed of polysaccharides that protect bacterial cells from antibiotics and the host immune system. Plants, prone to bacterial and viral infections, produce defensive compounds to quell pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Ethanolic extracts of Rubus ulmifolius roots inhibited biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus and increased the potency of several classes of antibiotics in eliminating the bacteria. High-performance liquid chromatography [18]

SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ (HPLC) was performed to isolate compounds within the extract followed by mass spectroscopy for accurate mass determination of the compounds. Bioassay-guided fractionation revealed that the ethanolic extract 220D-F2 high in ellagic acid derivatives was responsible for biofilm inhibition. Further fractionation suggested that a synergistic combination of compounds instead of a single compound yielded this activity. Additionally, the 220D-F2 extract was applied to liver and kidney cells and determined not to be cytotoxic, positing that human use could be safe. Thus, the 220D-F2 extract can be used to quell S. aureus biolfilm formation and increase bacterial vulnerability to antibiotics. Use of the 220D-F2 extract in conjunction with antibiotics could reduce mortality rates of biofilm-associated infections. Further structural elucidation of active constituents by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is planned.

Aneke, Janessa Alzheimer’s Disease: Tau Protein Aggregates and Neurodegenerative Disease Faculty Mentor: David Gutman, M.D., Ph.D., School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Informatics Co-Authors: Denton Williams; Gabrielle Lyn-Smith; Marla Gearing, Ph.D.; Jonathan Glass, M.D.

Abstract Alzheimer’s Disease is a neurodegenerative condition that has been found to be heavily correlated with aggregates of hyper-phosphorylated tau proteins known as neurofibrillary tangles (Bancher 1988). This protein, found in neurons, works to stabilize microtubules in the cell. This research project aims to develop a more concise method to quantifying protein accumulation within the brain in order to construct a better understanding of protein accumulation and degrees of dementia. This is done primarily with the program ImageScope. This project hopes to facilitate future diagnoses and treatment of Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases, and greatly impact the field of medicine.

Atalla, Laila Effects of Bee Species Losses on Foraging Behavior Faculty Mentor: Berry Brosi, Ph.D., Department of Environmental Studies

Abstract Bees are the primary pollinators for both agricultural enterprises and unmanaged ecosystems. However, many North American bee species have recently been experiencing dramatic population decreases. While pollinator declines may impact plant pollination, relatively little is understood about the exact nature of these changes. One possible unanticipated change is that bee species losses could lead to diminished interspecific competition, which may then change pollinator foraging behavior. Here, we test the hypothesis that as bee species abundance and diversity decrease, pollinator foraging behavior, in particular short-term foraging specialization (STFS), will fall, reducing pollination efficiency and plant reproductive output. This study took advantage of data from field manipulations measuring the effects of single- bee species removals on pollinator behavior, seed counts, and pollen deposition onto floral stigmas, with these pollen samples being the final piece of unanalyzed data. We identified pollen grains in each slide, classifying them as “conspecific” (from the same plant species that they were collected on), or “heterospecific” (from a different plant species). We found that the ratios of conspecific to heterospecific pollen in stigma samples decreased in the manipulated state relative to the control state in [19]

SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ each site, in parallel to the findings of behavioral observations in the same system that diminished bee species richness and competition are correlated with decreased STFS. The results, which link previously gathered data on pollinator behavior and plant seed production, have negative implications for plant reproduction and highlight the need for further research on this topic.

Brutus, Segine RNA Exosome Sub-Unit: Ribosomal RNA-Processing Protein (Rrp40) Faculty Mentor: Anita Corbett, Ph.D., School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry Co-Author: Katherine Mills Lujan, Ph.D.

Abstract not available.

Burgado, Jillybeth Design of Glucose Transporter-1 Small Hairpin RNA and Overexpression Lentiviral Vectors Faculty Mentor: Gretchen Neigh, Ph.D., School of Medicine, Department of Physiology Co-Author: Constance S. Harrell & Otor Al-Khalili, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology

Abstract Facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT) proteins play a critical role in delivering essential glucose to the brain. GLUT1 is expressed on astrocytes and endothelial cells and functions as the main glucose transporter across the blood brain barrier (BBB). The hippocampus plays an important role in modulating cognitive and affective behavior and its function may be influenced by energy availability. In previous studies, adolescent male rats fed a high fructose diet had significantly decreased hippocampal GLUT1 gene and protein expression as well as increased depressive- and anxiety-like behavior. We hypothesize that reduced GLUT1 expression in the hippocampus underlies changes in energy availability that impact affective behavior. In order to more directly study the effects of GLUT1 expression in the hippocampus, we designed DNA oligonucleotides coding for small hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting GLUT1 and ligated it into the pSuperlike plasmid. Additionally, the pCMV-Sport6.ccdb plasmid with a GLUT1 insert was selected for transporter overexpression. The plasmids were then transfected into HEK293 cells to assess GLUT1 expression. The preliminary findings from the HEK cells showed successful GLUT1 knockdown and overexpression in both immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. As a result, shRNA was digested from pSuperlike, PCR purified and digested, and ligated into the Nhe site of the lentiviral backbone LVCMV-GFP-U3Nhe. GLUT1 was then digested from pCMV-Sport6.ccdb and ligated into the backbone after the CMV promoter in lieu of the GFP. We are also designing a scramble shRNA sequence to serve as a control in our studies that we will first evaluate in pSuperlike before cloning into the lentiviral backbone.

Chen, Ruiqi Pyramidal neuron populations in areas MT/MST after V1 damage in primates Faculty Mentor: Hillary Rodman, Ph.D., Department of Psychology

Abstract Blindsight is a phenomenon in which some “blind� people still possess the ability of responding to visual motion at a reduced level. This phenomenon is observed in primary visual cortex (V1) damaged human and monkeys. In human and other primate brains, V1 is the dominant visual processing area, and projects [20]

SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ to the extrastriate visual cortex. In the extrastriate visual cortex, MT/MST are the most important motion processing areas that project visual motion information to other brain areas. Therefore, we hypothesize that areas MT/MST in V1 damaged (blindsight) subjects will project some but less excitatory signals comparing to that of normal subjects. Particularly, we are studying change of pyramidal cell (the primary excitatory neurons in cortex) populations in areas MT/MST of macaque monkeys with unilateral V1 lesions. SMI-32 (a neurofilament protein) immunohistochemistry was used in post-mortem brain sections to identify pyramidal cell populations in MT/MST. Then, by classifying and comparing the pyramidal cell distributions in MT/MST of both damaged and intact hemispheres, we will be able to observe the effects of V1 damage to area MT and potentially have a better understanding of blindsight.

Giertych, Naomi Do Certain Gene Fusions Correlate with Specific Types of Cancer?

Faculty Mentor: James Taylor, Ph.D., Department of Biology

Abstract not available.

Gu, Yiri A Mexican field study of fecal contamination on produce at key steps in the production process Faculty Mentor: Faith Bartz, Ph.D., & Juan Leon, M.D., Ph.D., Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Global Health Co-Authors: Neha P. Kamat, Faith E. Bartz (Ph.D., Emory), Anna M. Fabiszewski de Aceituno (M.P.H., Emory), and Lee-Ann Jaykus (Ph.D., North Carolina State University), Santos Garcia (Ph.D., Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon)

Abstract Foodborne illnesses due to the consumption of enteric pathogen contaminated produce are a major public health concern in the United States. Due to a lack of quantitative research, there is uncertainty regarding the ultimate sources and transmission of produce contamination on the farm. The goal of this study is to understand the routes of produce contamination on 10 farms in northern Mexico during the 2011-2012 growing seasons. Specifically, this study quantifies microbial indicators of fecal contamination (fecal coliforms, generic Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, somatic coliphages) on susceptible produce (cantaloupes, tomatoes, and jalapeño peppers) at key steps throughout the production process. Fecal indicators were used to estimate the risk of pathogen contamination. Produce rinse samples were collected at four steps in the production process: before harvest, after harvest, on truck, and at the packing shed. At each step, triplicate samples of each type of produce were collected at random locations in the field and composited. Composite samples represented rinses of 54 tomatoes, 42 jalapeños, and 6 cantaloupes in [21]

SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ 1500 mL of 0.1% peptone water. Statistical analyses were done using JMP Pro 10. Results of KruskalWallis tests showed that the mean concentrations of indicators on produce were not significantly different between steps in the production process. These results indicate that the risks of pathogen contamination on produce are equivalent at each step in the production process. Based on these findings, it is recommended that produce growers implement risk reduction strategies at all steps in the production process.

Hill, Christopher Establishing Concurrent Recognition and Temporal Order Performance in Rhesus Macaques Faculty Mentor: Robert Hampton, Ph.D., Department of Psychology Co-Authors: Victoria L. Templer, M.A., Emory University

Abstract Recent experiments with nonhuman primates have assessed temporal order as a mechanism of episodic memory. When presented with a sequence of five images, nonhuman primates have demonstrated the ability to choose which image they saw earlier, providing evidence of temporal order knowledge (Templer & Hampton, 2013). Similar to humans, data from nonhuman primate experiments show primacy and recency trends. To test memory for recognition, we trained five rhesus macaques on a matchnon-match recognition task using lists of five sample images randomly selected from a pool of 6,000.

During a study period, monkeys saw a sequence of five images. At test, they saw either one image from the sampled list alongside a non-match symbol or an image drawn randomly from the pool of 6,000 alongside the non-match symbol. On match trials, the monkey needed to choose the image from the list and on non-match trials, the monkey needed to choose the non-match symbol. When the monkeys achieve high performance on the recognition phase, they will be tested on image lists for temporal order before proceeding to intermixed trials of order and recognition. The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate that multiple testing methods provide concurrent evidence of memory for temporal order and recognition memory. The participants have demonstrated positive trends in learning and primacy that parallels previous findings. This experiment prepares the monkeys for future studies that will examine how the hippocampus is involved in temporal order, recognition memory, and support experiments examining category knowledge in nonhuman primates.

Hu, Yuchen Hormonal Regulation of Vasotocin Receptor mRNA in a Seasonally Breeding Songbird Faculty Mentor: Donna Maney, Ph.D., Department of Psychology Co-Authors: Anna V. Grozhik, Christopher P. Horoszko, & Dene A. Voisin, Department of Psychology

Abstract Behaviors associated with breeding are often seasonally modulated in a variety of species. These seasonal changes in behavior are mediated by gonadal steroids, levels of which likewise vary with season. The effects of androgens on behaviors associated with breeding may in turn be partly mediated by the neurohypophyseal nonapeptides vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) in mammals, and vasotocin (VT) in birds. The effects of testosterone (T) on the production of these neuropeptides has been well-investigated; however, the regulation of VT receptors by T is not well understood. In this study, we investigated steroidal regulation of VT receptor (VTR) mRNA in a seasonally breeding songbird, the white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis). VTRs and their mammalian homologues occur as several subtypes, and we focused on subtypes that have been most strongly implicated in social behavior: VT4, of which the [22]

SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ mammalian homologue is V1a, and VT3, which is homologous to mammalian OT receptor. We used in situ hybridization to visualize the distribution of VT3 and VT4 in the brain and digitized the visual information. Areas of interest are quantified using Image J. Overall, the results of this study strengthen evidence that VT may mediate T’s behavioral effects in songbirds, and suggest that the chromosomal rearrangement in this species may affect the sensitivity of the vasotocin system to seasonal changes in T. Hwang, Ho Joon Developing New Bloodmeal Analysis Method using DNA Minibarcoding Faculty Mentor: Amanda Williams-Newkirk, Ph.D., Department of Environmental Studies

Abstract not available.

Jariwala, Parth Synthesizing a Probe to Elucidate the Mechanism by which Ellagic Acid Inhibits Biofilm Production in Staphylococcus aureus Faculty Mentor: Cassandra Quave, Ph.D., Institute for the Study of Human Health

Abstract Antibiotics are becoming less potent as bacteria develop defensive mechanisms to resist them. One such mechanism involves the formation of biofilms which keep harmful agents such as antibiotics from entering the bacterium. Several studies show that ellagic acid is a potent inhibitor of biofilm production in the bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus. The mechanism by which ellagic acid inhibits biofilm production in S. aureus remains unclear. In order to identify the specific protein or pathway that ellagic acid interacts with, a probe that can be activated via light must be developed. The purpose of this project is to successfully synthesize a probe containing a photo-affinity label (diazirine), for tagging the interacting protein, and biotin, for extracting the protein. Elucidating the protein or pathway that ellagic acid interacts with in S. aureus will aid in the development of novel therapeutics designed to target antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains. Based on the structure of ellagic acid and the protein with which it interacts with, drugs of high potency and effectiveness can be synthesized to shut down biofilm production without killing the bacterium causing no bacterial resistance to develop against the drugs.

Kamat, Neha Tracing produce contamination: Quantifying correlations between microbial indicator concentrations on produce and equipment surfaces in the packing shed Faculty Mentor: Faith Bartz, Ph.D., & Juan Leon, M.D., Ph.D., Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Global Health Co-Authors: F.E. Bartz, A.M. Fabiszewski de Aceituno, Y.L. Gu, S. Garcia (Universidad AutĂłnoma de Nuevo LeĂłn), L.A. Jaykus (North Carolina State University), and J.S. Leon (Emory University)

Abstract Consumption of contaminated produce was the second leading cause of foodborne illnesses among American consumers from 1998 to 2007, (DeWaal et al, 2009). Still, it is not well understood how produce becomes contaminated during production. Clean Greens is a longitudinal study that aims to quantify the contamination associated with various steps in the produce packaging process, from the harvesting bin to the final packaging container. Samples (n = 767) of produce and equipment surfaces [23]

SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ were collected from eight packing sheds near the U.S. – Mexico border. All samples were assayed for bacterial indicators of fecal contamination including Enterococcus, total aerobic bacteria (APC) and total coliforms, including E. coli. Spearman’s correlation analyses were performed to evaluate the strength and significance of the association between microbial indicator loads on produce and packing shed equipment.

Results demonstrate that concentrations of each indicator on produce are significantly correlated with concentrations of that indicator on the equipment from which produce was collected. This association was strongest for produce collected from the final retail package. These results demonstrate that fecal contamination is transferred between equipment surfaces and produce, and that this transfer is most efficient when produce is in the final retail package. Therefore, the produce industry could focus actions to lessen the contamination of produce on the final retail package. Such actions could include improved hygiene behaviors of packing shed workers who handle the produce, or using a different material as the packing container. This would result in a reduction of foodborne disease outbreaks and illnesses.

Kim, Sung Jae Dynamics of Molecular Structure of DPPC Phospholipid Bilayer Ripple Phase at Melting Faculty Mentor: James T. Kindt, Ph.D., Department of Chemistry

Abstract Recently, the phase transition dynamics of large unilamellar vesicles of DPPC were investigated using IR temperature-jump spectroscopy. Disorder in lipid tails increased first in a fast initial phase, then much more slowly, and the slowing down was attributed to the effect of surface pressure build-up. To elucidate an atomistic perspective to the ripple phase melting behavior, the qualitative molecular structural change and the rate of phase transition of ripple phase at melting temperature was studied using simple, planar DPPC bilayers. The system was cooled far below the transition temperature (Tm=308 K) under simulation and was warmed back to different temperatures near Tm to study different responses in the melting behavior of the ripple phase. Two distinctive melting processes were observed: an initial increase in disorder of the system was observed from the lipid tails in major domain, and at temperatures over Tm, separation of interdigitated tails in the minor domain marked the complete melting of the system. Phase transition of each distinctive phase lasted about 25 ns. It is not clear whether the two melting stages seen in simulation correspond to the two stages observed in the experiment. An increase in the surface area during the melting supports the surface pressure increase that was proposed to slow down the melting observed from the recent study.

Liu, Julie Detection of the Tn Antigen as a Novel Human Cancer Biomarker Faculty Mentor: Richard Cummings, Ph.D., School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry Co-Authors: Itai Doron, Sandra Cummings, Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro, & Tongzhong Ju

Abstract not available.

Ludorf, Katherine PBB Cohort: Identifying the Link Between Chemical Contamination and Reproductive Health Faculty Mentor: Michelle Marcus, M.P.H., Ph.D., Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology Co-Authors: MetreciaTerrell, MSPH, Zarina Fershteyn, MPH, Juandalyn Coffen, MPH, Michelle Leon, & M. Elizabeth Marder

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SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract In the 1970s animal feed unintentionally carrying the chemical polychlorinated biphenyl was distributed to numerous farms across the state of Michigan. Consumption of the contaminated meat and dairy followed. A cohort study was founded to measure the effects, if any, on those who consumed the PCBs. The project I am working on will be assisting in studying the inter-generational transfer of PCB between the original cohort members and the generations following. Through ELISA assaying, the amount of chemical will be detected in the volunteered samples of cohort members and their children. The intent is to help correlate PCB and certain diseases factors (presence, age of onset, severity, etc.). I will also be assisting with the gathering of the reproductive histories of those originally enrolled in the cohort as well as their children in order to compare PCB levels and reproductive health history. Overall the hope is that the study will not only lead to an increased understanding of the long term effects of PCB consumption (a now common chemical in electronic waste and household dust due to new cleaners) but also how to measure the genetic effects of endocrine disruption due to an environmental factor.

Lyn-Smith, Gabrielle Comparison of Qualitative vs Quantitative scoring of aBeta Staining in Alzheimer's using Digital Whole Slide Imaging Faculty Mentor: David Gutman, M.D., Ph.D., School of Medicine, Department of Bioinformatics Co-Authors: Marla Gearing, Ph.D., School of Medicine, Department of Pathology; Jonathan Glass, Ph.D., School of Medicine, Department of Neurology

Abstract Diagnosing one of the most common forms of dementia, Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), is difficult because behavioral symptoms can be confused for other forms of dementia like Parkinson’s disease (PD) or FTD. Definitive diagnosis of AD is through analysis of post-mortem brain tissue, which can differentiate AD from other pathologies. Diagnosis and staging of AD is currently done by a manual assessment of the accumulation of Tau protein and Amyloid Beta (Aβ) peptide throughout the brain by a neuropathologist.

Unfortunately, this methodology is not only labor intensive, but produces qualitative assessments of plaque burden (e.g. none, some or a lot). The purpose of this experiment is to use quantitative analysis of Aβ in post-mortem brain tissue to determine the presence and severity of AD in 180 patients. Brain tissue sections were placed on glass slides, which were cleaned and scanned using a Hamamatsu NanoZoomer automated whole slide scanner. The cortex of the post-mortem brain tissue was annotated using the Aperio ScanScope on sections collected through the cortex and limbic system. Quantification was performed using custom written software developed in Matlab, as well as using the Aperio Imagescope "IHC" Quantification module. While analysis is ongoing, initial results indicate a strong concordance between computer-aided quantification and manual scoring methods. These preliminary findings support our hypothesis that computer-based scoring can produce similar results to human experts. This methodology will hopefully serve as a faster way to determine the severity of AD, which may be more sensitive to subtle changes than traditional qualitative methods.

Patel, Hari Investigating the Role of Duration of Exposure to Cancer Therapeutics on Stress Response in Myeloma Cells Faculty Mentor: Lawrence Boise, Ph.D., School of Medicine

Abstract [25]

SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Current cancer treatments for multiple myeloma include proteasome inhibitors which induce apoptosis.

These drugs induce high levels of stress in cancer cells ultimately causing protein aggregates to accumulate within the cell causing pro-apoptotic signals to be released. Bcl-2 inhibitors also cause apoptosis by inhibiting the Bcl-2 family. The pathways of these drugs are known, but what is yet to be determined is if there are differential responses based on time of treatment. Shorter time treatments reflect what occurs when a patient takes a drug. In the laboratory setting, treatments are usually constant, but pulse treating more closely resembles the dosing a patient would receive in the clinic. This study focuses on determining if cancer therapeutics’ efficacy changes based on duration of treatment. In addition, this study also focuses on investigating the cellular responses associated with time dependent treatments. Upon determining LD50 of these drugs, further investigation of cellular response was conducted via Real-Time PCR and western blots. Data examined was analyzed to compare how protein expression, concentration, and translation vary among these drugs.

Petrisko, Tiffany Targeting the Rubrospinal Tract: Determining the Number of Upper Motor Neurons in the Red Nucleus of ALS vs. WT Rats Faculty Mentor: Nicholas Boulis, M.D., Ph.D., School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery Co-Authors: Nawoo Kim, Lindsey Urquia, Eleanor Donnelly, Ph.D., & Deirdre O’Connor, Ph.D.

Abstract Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), more commonly known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a neurodegenerative disease in which the upper (brain) and lower (brainstem and spinal cord) motor neurons progressively die. Patients with ALS rapidly lose use of their extremities, become ventilator dependent and most patients die within 3-5 years after diagnosis. Animal models have been used over the years to study the mechanism of this disease as well as a way to test potential therapies. One of the most successful models involves the overexpression of the human SOD1 G93A gene, a mutation that is known to cause ALS. Currently, there is no data available that shows how the number of upper motor neurons in the red nucleus of the SOD1G93A rats compares to the upper motor neuron count in wild-type animals.

By injecting retrograde tracers into the rubrospinal tract, this study aims to quantify the upper motor neuron count in the red nucleus in both in SOD1G93A and wild-type animals and determine if there is a significant difference. This will not only allow further validation of the animal model, but will also become a resource that will allow investigators to compare how well their therapeutic have increased the number of upper motor neurons in SOD1G93A rats.

Pyle, Lucie Assessing the Impact of Various Malaria Control Interventions in Yemen Faculty Mentor: Uriel Kitron, Ph.D., Department of Environmental Studies Co-Authors: Regan Deming, Rollins School of Public Health; Gonzalo Vazquez-Prokopec, Ph.D., Department of Environmental Studies; Audrey Lenhart, Ph.D. Rollins School of Public Health

Abstract not available.

Schwaner, Caroline Ecology of Infectious Diseases in Ranomafana, Madagascar Faculty Mentor: Thomas Gillespie, Ph.D., Department of Environmental Studies Co-Authors: Sarah Zohdy, Kristin Derfus, Emily Headrick, & Cassidy Rist

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SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Despite Madagascar’s status as a biodiversity hot spot, an increasing human population and a 90% reduction of forests has caused the entire ecosystem to become threatened. Madagascar’s slash-and-burn agricultural practices (tavy) may increase the risk of human infection with directly transmitted and vector borne pathogens due to anthropogenic alterations to the ecosystem. The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between anthropogenic changes to the environment and the risk of pathogen infection of people, livestock, and wildlife. We will examine varying degrees of habitat destruction and assess the abundance and prevalence of indicator pathogens. Human and domestic livestock fecal samples will be collected from six villages in conjunction with surveys from the villagers. The samples will be tested for specific pathogens using immunochromatographic rapid tests. The remaining samples will be cultured for Salmonella, Shigella, and Vibrio cholera, and a portion of each sample will be preserved for further processing for genomic screening for Enterotoxigenic E. coli. Water samples via ultrafiltration methods and Moore swabbing will be collected from tavy fields, rice paddies, secondary, and pristine forest sites. Samples will be assessed for the abundance of fecal indicator bacteria through membrane filtration. Each sample will be processed through membrane filtration to determine the presence of any water borne diarrheal pathogens. This general understanding of how anthropogenic disturbances play a role in the ecology of infectious disease in Madagascar will provide a baseline study, which will be invaluable for the implementation of future conservation and public health strategies.

Stern, Tyler An Analysis of Binary Star Systems Faculty Mentor: Richard Williamon, Ph.D., Department of Physics

Abstract Binary star systems are a subcategory of variable stars, which are stars whose apparent luminosities change over a period of time. In a binary star system, the apparent brightness will dim once as one star moves in front of the other and a second time as it moves behind it; however, in reality the absolute brightness of both stars remain fairly constant. Using the 24 inch Cassegrain telescope in the Emory University Observatory, I will observe a certain binary star system over its orbital period. The incoming light from the two stars will be analyzed using the 2003 version of the Wilson-Devinney photometric analysis program, which is a computer program that processes UBV light curves using models of the stars. Through this method, I will determine the absolute magnitudes and minimums of the light curve, the masses, radii, spectral types, and distances of the two stars.

Sun, Diane Irritant-Induced Caspase-3 Signaling in Keratinocytes Faculty Mentor: Robert Swerlick, M.D., School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology Co-Authors: Vincent Maffei, B.S., School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology; Kellie White, Ph.D., Department of Biology

Abstract not available.

Trifilio, Erin White Matter Tract Differences in Fathers Versus Non-Fathers [27]

SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Faculty Mentor: James K. Rilling, Ph.D., Department of Anthropology Co-Authors: Xu Chen, Ph.D. & Jenny Mascaro, Ph.D., Department of Anthropology

Abstract The importance of good parenting cannot be overstated. Especially today, in light of the many social problems that stem from mental illnesses that may have originated in childhood (e.g., mass shootings), it is vital that we address the issue of parenting and the mechanisms that underlie this type of nurturance.

We know that there are hormonal and behavioral changes that take place during the transition to fatherhood in non-mammalian species including rodents and marmoset monkeys. However, we do not know what changes take place in the human brain when one becomes a father. In order to address this gap in the literature we recruited 58 fathers and 29 non-fathers. From each of these subjects, we collected Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) brain scans with the aim of examining differences in white matter integrity of specific fiber tracts between fathers and non-fathers. We found that fathers had greater white matter integrity than non-fathers in the areas of the uncinate fasiculus, the stria terminalis, and the fornix.

Walsh, Shawn Characterization of a novel c-di-GMP effector Faculty Mentors: Emily Weinert, Ph.D., Department of Chemistry Co-Author: Justin Burns, Ph.D., Department of Chemistry

Abstract Cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) is a ubiquitous bacterial second messenger that controls a variety of processes including biofilm formation, which inversely correlates with virulence of pathogenic bacteria.

Although several classes of c-di-GMP binding domains have been extensively studied, c-di-GMP was recently found to bind to BdcA, which may have a previously unidentified c-di-GMP binding domain containing a Rossman-type fold. Mutagenesis and comparison of c-di-GMP binding affinities among BdcA and other protein homologs will elucidate the binding mechanism of c-di-GMP to BdcA. A conclusive binding mechanism has not yet been determined.

Watanabe, Yuka A dynamic molecular systems approach to modern drug synthesis Faculty Mentor: David Lynn, Ph.D., Department of Chemistry Co-Author: Jay Goodwin, Senior Research Fellow; Li Zhang & Fish Pan, Laney Graduate School; Matt Hobson & Paul Chen, Emory College

Abstract Drug synthesis has experienced evolutionary changes from relying on traditional remedies to virtual screening for lead compounds. In recent years, methods including structure-based drug design and combinatorial chemistry with the aid of high-throughput screening (HTS) serve as the main routes to start drug discovery. Though such conventional methodologies did identify several significant drugs, limited knowledge to accurately predict lead compound structures along with the slow process of actively screening a large number of molecules still hampers efficient drug design. Here we introduce a dynamic molecular system utilizing evolutionary assemblies to overcome obstacles met in contemporary drug design by self-selecting and amplifying the best hit for a given target. We will modify the 3C and 5C functional groups of Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Uridine into an amine group and an aldehyde group through a series of organic syntheses. The modified monomers will reversibly form an imine that reacts with the hydroxyl group of RNA to form the final reversible product. We will use this reversible imine reaction to create a model system which can be monitored under temperature and pH controls. Previous studies in [28]

SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ our group suggests high reaction rate under higher temperature and lower pH. We will use Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to follow the reaction by observing changes in chemical shifts of significant peaks. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is coupled with NMR to ensure correct product formation.

Wehrmeyer, Kathryn Optimization of Delivery Techniques for ALS Faculty Mentor: Anthony Donsante, Ph.D., School of Medicine Co-Author: Nicholas Boulis, M.D., School of Medicine, Department of Neurology

Abstract not available.

Williams, Denton Distinguishing the Pathologies of FTD and ALS Faculty Mentor: Jonathan Glass, M.D., School of Medicine, Department of Neurology Co-Authors: Marla Gearing, PhD University Wisconsin-Madison; David Gutman, M.D., Ph.D., Emory University; Deborah Cooper

Abstract Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) are two neurodegenerative diseases that show overlap in clinical pathologies (Mackenzie 2007). The microscopic changes associated with FTD and ALS are largely defined by inclusions of TAR DNA-binding Protein-43 (TDP-43). TDP43 aggregates are found in the hippocampus, cortex, and basal ganglia in FTD, or in the spinal cord and motor/sensory cortex in ALS. Yet, while inclusions in spinal cord neurons appear to be specific to ALS, hippocampal and cortical inclusions are sometimes seen in ALS cases with no apparent dementia prior to death. The project at hand intends to more clearly define the cortical pathology associated with these diseases and to determine whether the extent of cortical involvement is correlated with cognitive status prior to death. An antibody to TDP-43 is used to immunolabel brain samples derived from patients with either FTD (n=__) or ALS (n=__). The slides are then analyzed on a computer program that determines the percentage of area occupied by protein aggregates within a defined region. The corresponding results for each brain region will be recorded and interpreted by neuropathologists. The results of this study should improve our understanding of these two disorders and the contribution of cortical pathology to the clinical symptomatology. Moreover, the methodology used for this project may significantly enhance diagnostic and research methods by standardizing the quantification of pathological changes, and at the same time will allow for advances in teaching methods, since it is a web-based program that will become open-source when fully developed.

Yermakov, Leonid Creating riboswithces with Cis Display: a novel in vitro selection technique Faculty Mentor: Justin Gallivan, Ph.D., Department of Chemistry Co-Author: Dennis Mishler, Ph.D.

Abstract

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SIRE Research Partners Program Spring Undergraduate Research Symposium April 23, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Riboswitches are unique regulatory elements found in nature that upon binding of a target small molecule can lead to changes in the behavior of the parent organism. This behavioral, or phenotypic, change occurs due to the switching of a riboswitch on or off. Creating novel riboswitches allows scientists to program organisms to perform multiple useful tasks, such as recycling of pesticides in soil or water. Existing in vivo systems of creating novel synthetic riboswitches pose a number of unwanted restrictions, such as a limited starting library size of selection, as well as intensive time and manual work commitment. Here we present a new selection system, Cis Display, which is based entirely in vitro. This system seeks to avoid most limitations of the existing models. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, we have performed nine rounds of selection using the Cis Display system. We have observed that selected sequences demonstrate signs of convergence among them and possess a multiple-fold switching activity, showing that Cis Display can potentially be used as a selection system for creating novel riboswitches.

Zafar, Hiba Determination of the Relationship between the Scn1a and Scn8a Genes in Epilepsy by Electroencephalogram Analysis Faculty Mentor: Andrew Escayg, Ph.D., School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics Co-Author: Christopher Makinson, Laney Graduate School

Abstract not available.

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