The Traditional Urban Block: A sustainable model for city living

Introduction

The Traditional Urban Block A sustainable model for city living

Urban Theory

The Evolution Urbanof Block the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

Urban Conditions

Elliot Reilly MArch with Urban Planning University of Dundee Module Leaders - Helen O’Connor and Kirsty Macari

people living alone. The several Lockdown’s we

as result of the COVID-19 outbreak, the world

have experienced have only emphasised this

finds itself at a crossroads. The pandemic

underlying issue. For example, 40% of elderly

has brought out a sense of community and

people in London live alone, coming second

collectivity, which up until now has been

to Paris, where 68% of its elderly residents live

forgotten. However, with temporary measures

alone.

in place to combat the virus such as local feeling disconnected from the people and

COVID-19 pandemic is not to blame for the

the environment around us. As a result of this

demise of the public realm. This decline can

disconnect, we (society) have realised the full

be directly linked to urban sprawl; a global

impact our urban environments can have on

pandemic we have been enduring for the

our health and wellbeing. “Our relationship

best part of a century. Unfortunately, since

with the built environment differs from that

the beginning of the 20th Century, cities have

of any other art. It affects us all the time, not

been under immense strain, brought on by

only when we choose to pay attention to

economic, social, and environmental changes

it.”(Goldhagen, 2019)

over the years including climate change, over dependency on cars, housing deprivation and

The events of the past year, although

social inequality.

catastrophic, have brought to light numerous have been ignored. However, COVID-19 and

lasting scars, which will, in the short term, be

its subsequent lockdown’s have given us

mostly economic; pandemics themselves are

(Architects, Urban Planners and Politicians)

temporary and may prove to be beneficial in

the opportunity to face these problems head

the long run, forcing us to re-think how we

on and come up with alternative solutions.

live and work in city centres. Unfortunately,

The pandemic has highlighted the effects that

the same cannot be said for the consequent

isolated living can have on a person’s mental

problems that have been brought to light.

and physical well-being. However, isolation

Moving forward, we can undo the mistakes of

and loneliness have been rife throughout

the past by learning from them and re-thinking

society for a long time, particularly in cities.

our urban forms to better accommodate for

Both are particularly high amongst those aged

those who occupy our cities.

that,

up

until

between 18-29, with a high percentage of young

Urban Conditions

Although the events of COVID-19 will leave

Problems

Design Strategy

now,

problems.

Design Precedents + Principles

However, as detrimental as it has been, the

Evolution of the Block

lockdown’s and self-isolation, we are left

Urban Theory

Having endured a year-long global pandemic,

Introduction

Preface

The City as an Egg, Cedric Price, 1982

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Introduction

Abstract

the traditional mixed-use urban block can

hypothesis: Transforming one of the city’s

serve as a sustainable model in transforming

urban blocks into a sustainable model for living,

the way people live in cities. To help answer

investigates the most suitable conditions for

this question I have formed a series of sub

integrating a young and creative workforce

questions which will provide the necessary

into the city centre. It explores methods of

scope of exploration. These sub questions

density, mixed-use, permeability and engaging

encompass themes including urban theory,

outdoor spaces.

traditional typology analysis and relevant case studies.

The report concludes that through appropriate interventions within an existing urban block, a young workforce can be encouraged to live

I will be studying the city centre of Perth. A

and work in the city centre. Thus, fostering a

city soaked in history; Perth’s current physical

creative industry and promoting a better social

form can be traced back as early as the mid

and economic environment for the residents

1500’s. However, the city’s historic fabric began

of the city.

Design Precedents + Principles

For the purposes of exploring this hypothesis,

Evolution of the Block

piece of Perth’s fabric where I have tested my

Urban Theory

This design research report aims to prove that

to drastically change with the introduction of motor vehicles and shortly after; urban sprawl, resulting in the slow decay of the city centre.

This exponential outward growth became the focus of all future development, resulting in the city plan of Perth we see today.

Through a process of urban theoretical

Design Strategy

research I established what I believe to be the solution to counteract the inevitable demise of our urban realms. Having identified the key problems in Perth being the cities outward growth, the car centric nature of the city centre, the aging demographic and the lack define the scope of study down to a specific

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Urban Conditions

of a young, creative workforce, I was able to

Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

Urban Conditions

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 What is wrong with the way we are living in cities?

The urban block is fundamental in how we

uses and activities within the traditional

perceive our cities. They are the fragments of

urban block could provide the foundation for

the urban realm, that when stitched together,

a more interconnected and neighbourhood

construct our perception of the physical fabric.

orientated lifestyle. Much like the pluralistic

Historically, providing the basic foundation

way of life that is still rife throughout parts of

upon which cities would expand and grow.

East Asia.

However, before analysing the urban block as a ‘sustainable model for transformation’, it is

Having identified the issues with the current

important to understand how it is formed and

modus operandi of city centres, I will use the

where it lies within the overarching hierarchy

next section of the report to reflect on past

of a city.

efforts made by architects and planners to rethink the urban realm.

The Scottish morphology serves as an existing example of how cities can form out of necessity, based on the requirements at that time as opposed to cities of the 20th Century that act as pre cursor to the failures of urbanity that we are currently seeing unfold. Failures that have come about as a result of poor urban design.

Cities experienced a paradigm shift with the introduction of the motor vehicle. However, many pin the downfall of urbanity on cars, whereas it was in fact our failure to recognise the car as a problem and instead, design cities that promote liveability and encourage walkability and easy access to services for all demographics.

Although a catalyst in the physical form of our cities, on an autonomous level, the juxtaposing

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Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Traffic Congestion during rush hour, Glasgow, Scotland

Design Strategy

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Urban Conditions

Street Life, Old Town of Shanghai, China

1.2

The Responsive City:

How Barcelona enforced change

There are European cities that have adapted

Commissioned by the Spanish government,

over time, successfully responding to any

Cerda’s masterplan was viewed as the answer

social or economic events as they occur. One

to the rising levels of density and poor

particular example being Barcelona, Spain,

conditions. Cerda’s solution for the poor

which up until the middle of the 19th Century

conditions was through achieving equality.

was a medieval, walled city. As a result of high

Rather than having inequality prominent in

levels of density, poor working conditions and

one area of the city, his masterplan aimed to

extremely poor sanitary and living conditions,

spread it out across the city, in an attempt

the city was consumed by a Cholera epidemic

to provide equal opportunities regardless of

which seen, to the delight of the population,

class. He went on to do so using the urban

the demolition of the city walls in 1854.

block as the catalyst for transforming the city.

This end to an era brought about the beginning

Defined by Richard Sennett, as an ‘additive

of a new one in the form of a new masterplan

Grid’, Cerda’s plan was “a system of repeating,

for the city, designed by Ildefons Cerdà.

equal-sized

blocks

without

the

central

Cerda’s Masterplan for Barcelona

12

orthogonal form… Rather than monotonous

could gather.” (Sennett, 2018). This social

repetition, there are focal points in the overall

device remains prevalent in Barcelona today.

plan Cerda made for Barcelona in 1859 – green Ultimately proving that Cerda’s robust and

than concentrated in one place, like pearls

resilient

sewn into an otherwise even fabric (Sennett,

successful, not only in its ability to provide

2018) Cerda’s ‘people orientated’ approach

the necessary environment for living in city

to planning was evident but his additive

centres but in its ability to adapt and respond

plan for the city still begged the question;

to change during a crisis.

infrastructure

for

Barcelona

is

“How do you make it Sociable?” (Sennett, 2018) It became apparent that Cerda’s initial provision for of green space per block was unachievable with the rising population. Thus

Design Precedents + Principles

resulting in the chamfered perimeter blocks we see in Barcelona today. These Chamfers, initially designed to adhere to the fast-moving carriages

on

the

streets,

Evolution of the Block

spaces distributed throughout the city rather

Urban Theory

wonderfully hospitable sites in which people

Introduction

orientating axis that there is in the Roman,

unintentionally

became the social focal points of the city. “The function of the chamfered corner changed in tandem with this enclosure. The perimeter block’s chamfered edge now created new,

Design Strategy

city was not a goal in “The itself, but a tool formed by use.”

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Urban Conditions

(Gehl, 1971)

1.3

What are the threats urban spaces face today?

The biggest threat facing many European cities today is, undoubtedly, vehicular movement. It is hardly surprising considering that the vast majority of cities, over the past century, have been designed specifically to accommodate car use. This vehicular centric nature goes as far back as Cerda’s plan for Barcelona, where he prioritised the ease of vehicular travel on every street. However, with much higher levels of density and tourism, Barcelona’s

Congestion, Barcelona

streets have become more congested than ever before. “The clogging of Cerda’s streets with cars had squeezed sociability into the chamfered corners of the grid blocks. Most of all, green space in Barcelona has shrunk.”

(Sennett, 2018) This existential threat as brought about an important paradigm shift in the way architects, planners and politicians perceive the urban realm. In the case of Barcelona, the city have

Congestion, Barcelona

adopted a new, more sustainable model, in the form of superblocks. Otherwise known as supervilles, the new urban blocks aim to mitigate the threat of vehicular transport.

One superblock will consist of nine of Cerda’s original urban blocks and remove all through traffic, allowing only access for resident and delivery vehicles all at a speed of 6mph. The overarching ambition of the superblock is to become a self-sufficient neighbourhood, where all the residents have easy and quick

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La Rambla, Barcelona

residential and commercial seeks to create an

traffic within some streets of a superblock to

environment of social cohesion.

provide more space for people, active travel and green space.” (Nieuwenhuijsen, 2020).

In line with current efforts to tackle climate

of diverse activities within close proximity to

change, the local government aim to use the

one another is further highlighted by David Sim

pandemic as the catalyst needed to promote

in Soft City where he writes “The combination

change in the city. This radical approach by

of density and diversity of building types and

Barcelona can serve as a precedent for other

uses, with a compact footprint and on a human

European cities emerging from the pandemic.

scale, makes for an environment that is both efficient and attractive.” (Sim, page 20, 2019) Although the size of the superville may imply the opposite to human scale, the generous

Design Precedents + Principles

proportions are the very thing necessary for

Evolution of the Block

This concept of providing a dense arrangement

Urban Theory

over 500 supervilles to reduce motorised

Introduction

access to all types of amenities. The fusion of

fostering a successful neighbourhood within the block.

The superblock concept is also highlighted in the cities post-pandemic strategy as one of four viable options for re-thinking the way the city operates. “Barcelona is planning to create Superville Concept, Barcelona

will never be the same again and neither will our cities.

But the crisis may be an opportunity to build better

(Nieuwenhuijsen, 2020)

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Urban Conditions

and more sustainable societies and cities.

Design Strategy

“The COVID-19 pandemic is a wake-up call. Our world

Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

Urban Conditions

2.0 URBAN THEORY

2.1

Human Interaction:

Jan Gehl, Life Between Buildings, 1971

static objects around us is not enough.

“Experiencing However, experiencing people taking part in the spaces between the buildings creates a sensual variation. “ (Gehl, 1971)

Having written extensively on the elements

Gehl defines the success of a city, not based on

of human interaction - specifically how we

its physical form, but on the spaces between

interact in the cities - Jan Gehl often links

the built form. The quality of the space between

the success of a city to the quality of human

the buildings is predicated on the quality of

interaction that occurs within the urban realm.

interaction that occurs in these spaces.

Ultimately defining human interaction as the perquisite to success in the built environment.

However, before social activity can take place, the physical form of the city must promote the

Gehl’s philosophy is built upon the principle

positive social conditions for outdoor activity

of utilising the built environment as existing,

to unfold. It has been proven that a denser and

rather than adding to it with more ‘stuff’.

more diverse arrangement of program is best

Through developing his philosophy, Gehl has

suited to creating the conditions required for

determined a specific criterion that cities

positive, social activity.

must meet to foster a collective environment.

He states that the downfall of cities can be revived through one action: Stimulation. And to achieve this stimulated condition, cities require interaction between people.

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Street Life, Copenhagen, Denmark

Introduction Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

Urban Conditions

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Introduction Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

Urban Conditions

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2.2 Utopian Reality Vs Jacobs’ Reality

In an effort to achieve density at the beginning

which established itself as one of the most

of the 20th Century, Le Corbusier re-thought

inadequate examples of social housing to be

the city through his new plan of Paris between

constructed during the modernist era. (see

1922 and 1925. Corbusier’s Plan Voisin was in

bottom right diagram)

direct response to Paris’ growing population and poor living conditions post World War 1.

Although a huge problem across Europe, it was

The plan would provide the city with a level

the critique of planning in the U.S. by economist

of density required to house the fast-growing

Jane Jacobs at the time in her book, The Death

population of Paris and provide its residents

and Life of Great American Cities. Published

with a healthier lifestyle ‘above’ the unsanitary

in 1961, Jacobs’ critique of American cities

conditions at street level.

(specifically New York) was one of the first publications to do so. She acknowledged the

However, Corbusier’s tabula rasa approach

downfall, that architects and planners at that

to city planning would prove to be the spark

time were blind too. She correlated increasing

that would ignite a flame within Jane Jacobs,

crime rates and unemployment in many of

provoking a new way of thinking about how

Manhattan’s housing projects, not to those who

cities could and should be planned. It was

lived in them, but the buildings themselves.

not until the 1960’s, when the underlying

Jacobs however contributed, not Corbusier

issues of the dystopian reality began to set

himself, but his concept of the Radiant City,

in. Although Corbusier himself did not design

for the demise of cities. “Le Corbusier’s dream

‘bad’ buildings, (quite the contrary as evident

city has had an immense impact on our cities.

in his Unite d’Habitation design), his top down

It was hailed deliriously by architects, and has

approach to planning was romanticised by

gradually been embodied in scores of projects,

many architects at the time. Ultimately leading

ranging from low-income public housing to

to crude interpretations of Corbusier’s Unite

office building projects.” (Jacobs, Pg.33, 1961)

which resulted in inadequate and poorly Although Jacobs critiques methods of the

the 1950’s and 1980’s throughout most of

past, she also outlines the changes she

the developed world. For example, the Pruitt

believed were necessary to revive any urbanity

Igoe housing project in St. Louis, Missouri

that may still remain in the cities at the time.

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designed social housing projects between

Introduction Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Le Corbusier’s Plan Voisin Materplan for Paris, France

Design Strategy

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Urban Conditions

Pruitt-Igoe Housing Project of St. Louis, Missouri

She writes extensively on what conditions are

This being said, many historic European city

necessary to promote diversity in the urban

centres do still poses unique typologies which

realm, writing “To understand cities, we have

prove to be successful, even today. Vennels

to deal outright with combinations or mixtures

for example can be found throughout most

of uses, not separate uses, as the essential

medieval city centres and allow for easy and

phenomena.” (Jacobs, page 155, 1961) She

quick access through larger urban blocks.

puts forward the scenario of a man living in

Permeability, provided by vennels, has proven

the city centre who, in order to reach specific

to be a successful trait amongst most European

uses, must travel to other blocks elsewhere in

cities.

the city. She describes the “stringent physical segregation of the regular users of one street

As a result of Jane Jacobs’ critique on planning

from the regular users of the next” as the

and urban design, a conscious effort was

typical arrangement of city blocks causing

made by architects and planners to re-think

their failure. Her solution is simple: smaller

the form of the city. Rather than promoting

and more frequent blocks with the addition

urban sprawl, instead, encouraging people to

of more streets, dissecting the large blocks

move away from satellite towns, back to cities.

up into smaller pieces. The resulting scenario

However, with capitalism consuming most of

being that the man no longer needs to travel

the developed world, allowing large developers

along the same, ‘monotonous’ route everyday

to monopolize land ownership, people are

but rather have a variety of options to chose

left with no choice but to live outside of the

from.

city. Thus, forcing many families and a large percentage of young people to settle for solution,

accommodation on the periphery of the urban

although suitable for Manhattan, may not be

realm. This in turn has led to the prioritization

so suitable in smaller scaled, European cities.

of vehicular traffic in and around cities for

Rather than dividing the blocks up into smaller

those commuting too and from work.

However,

I

argue

that

Jacobs’

pieces and providing more flexible journeys too and from different uses, the journey itself

It is this current modus operandi that is

should be eliminated. If the urban block can

crippling our cities and without immediate

encompass all the necessary activities for a

intervention, we will witness the complete

neighbourhood to thrive, the long journeys

demise of the city centre, giving way to the

between activities become obsolete.

decentralist ideologies of the past.

So, what’s next for our cities?

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Introduction Urban Theory Evolution of the Block Design Precedents + Principles “CONDITION 2: Most blocks must be short; that is, streets and opportunities to turn corners must be frequent.”

Extract from ‘The need for mixed primary uses’ (Jacobs, page 164, 1961)

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Urban Conditions

Jacobs’ argument for mixed-use is just as relevant now as it was in 1961, with the concept of mixed-use housing and co-living proving to be a sustainable housing model. However, Jacobs does go on to set up her second condition for diversity in the urban realm.

Design Strategy

“CONDITION 1: The district, and indeed as many of its internal parts as possible, must serve more than one primary function; preferable more than two. These must ensure the presence of people who go outdoors on different schedules and are in the place for different purposes, but are able to use many facilities in common.”

2.3 The Urban Block: A Brief History

A typology dating back to 4th Century BCE, the

The outcome of any human interaction

block came organically as a result of gridded

with the built environment begins with the

masterplans, originating in classical Greece.

relationship between street and building. It

Although the gridded masterplan formed

is the relationship between the two where an

the primitive block, the blocks themselves

‘edge’ condition is formed. “The street is the

“…occupied internally orientated courtyard

space that is made manifest by the thresholds

houses, and as such did not address the

between public and private space, and its

streets that they enclosed.” (J and C. Tarbatt,

success as a place in its own right (as opposed

The Urban Block, 2020) The block did not

to its functionality as a conduit for movement)

engage with the street until 3rd Century BCE,

depends to a very large extent on the design

when Roman city building introduced a block

of the blocks themselves…It is precisely the

typology which included shops at ground level,

degree to which any given configuration

facing the street and inward facing courtyards.

engages with the public realm in general, and

Between the origins and now, the block as

the street in particular, that is key.” (J and C.

experienced several alterations, resulting in

Tarbatt, The Urban Block, 2020)

different block types. These types are defined

by Jonathan and Chloe Tarbatt as;

With the success of the block predicated on the relationship between itself and the street, it

1.

The perimeter block

is not surprising that, over the last half century,

2.

The row block

the block has lost its identity within our urban

3.

The point block

cores. Jane Jacobs also identifies the street

4.

The ribbon block

as an important device in the hierarchy of the

5.

The courtyard block

city. More specifically the sidewalk. Jacobs

6.

Other variants of urban form

says, “A city sidewalk by itself is nothing. It is an abstraction. It means something only in

Defining the ‘urban block’ as an architectural

conjunction with the buildings and other uses

device will allow me to begin a discussion

that border it, or border other sidewalks very

surrounding the built environment. More

near it.” (Jacobs, 1961).

specifically, the urban core of the city of Perth.

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Introduction the facades.” (Carl, nd.). This shift in how the

building is also the subject of an extract written

street is perceived is essential in achieving

by Peter Carl called Civi Depth, where he

a more sustainable and connected urban

writes about the role of the street in relation to

environment.

Urban Theory

This important dialogue between street and

the facades either side. The street is normally

Evolution of the Block

thought of as a monotonous device that operate independently of what is around it but Carl argues the opposite. “Instead of thinking of it as a canyon between facades, filled with vehicles and crowds, we should imagine it as part of the institutional order of the city, as the seam between the depth of what lies behind

Design Precedents + Principles

Aerial view of the Roman city of Timgad, Algeria

Design Strategy 27

Urban Conditions

Aerial view of Manhattan’s rigid urban form, Manhattan, New York

approach density and diversity. Furthermore,

Historically Perth’s central location meant that

the 20-minute neighbourhood has just been

with the rise of railways and the presence of

announced as an area of focus for the Scottish

heavy industry in Scotland during the 19th

National Party in their 2021 manifesto. With

Century, the small city naturally became a

their recent success in the 2021 parliamentary

focal point for trade. However, since then,

election, securing a massive 64 seats, it

Perth’s position in the hierarchy of Scottish

would appear as though the concept of the

cities as fallen as a result of faster growth

20-minute neighbourhood is closer than ever

in neighbouring cities such as Glasgow,

to becoming a reality.

Edinburgh, and Dundee. The growth and employment in these surrounding cities has resulted in a large number of those living in the Perth and Kinross to commute elsewhere for work.

is one of the many problems affecting the quality of our city centres. Why can’t the city centre be somewhere that can provide a mix of healthy living and a variety of creative job opportunities simultaneously?

This is a question currently being asked by many cities around the world. However, I

Design Precedents + Principles

This divide between where you live and work

Evolution of the Block

acts as a key transport node for the country.

Urban Theory

look to these cities as examples of how to

Introduction

Situated between Stirling and Dundee, Perth

believe the solutions needed to tackle this in David Sim’s Soft City and the concept of the 20-minute neighbourhood. Sim speaks extensively on Scandinavian cities, many of which have already implemented the

Design Strategy

issue, particularly for Perth, can be found

strategies of the Soft City and how we should

Urban Conditions

3.0 Evolution of the Block

3.1

Perth 2021

Like most small European cities, Perth’s city centre has established its modern-day form through an organic process, spanning over 500 years. As far back as 1550, Perth had already established its physical form along the preexisting burgage plots, running North to South.

These plots were subsequently dissected by the cities two main thoroughfares (High Street and South Street), as well as smaller secondary routes.

Historically, the two main routes would operate as the primary means of travel through the city centre for trade and commerce. Thus, dividing the city into 19 street blocks. Over time, these original street blocks have since been further sub-divided into smaller blocks.

Not only has the city’s form changed, but the city boundary has also dissolved over time. As Cedric Price would describe it; Perth once was a hard, boiled egg but now holds the form of a fried egg. No longer surrounded by a small moat/river on all sides(boiled egg), the city has expanded outwards, away from the River Tay, resulting in the larger city boundary we see today. (fried egg)

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Introduction

Urban Theory Evolution of the Block

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Design Strategy

Urban Conditions

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3.2 Perth’s Historic Origins Before exploring new architectural solutions of density and mixed-use accommodation in Perth, I would first of all like to undertake an analytical study of the cities historical development. In doing so I can gain an understanding of what formed the foundation of the city we see today.

Like many Scottish towns and cities, Perth’s physical fabric formed with the aid of medieval rigg patterns. An archaeological pattern of ridges, rigg patterns would have been formed through a process of ploughing. As Perth moved away from agriculture towards a more industry driven city, the new buildings built, followed the same line of the rigg patterns, acting as a natural structural grid for the city to be constructed upon. This is evident in Perth’s physical form today. (See adjacent diagram) However, the rigg patterns did not only inform the shape of the city but they also dictated how the land was utilised. With the agriculture taking place along the plot, the owner of the plot would traditionally construct their house on the street edge at one end of the plot.

This building would become their home and where they would trade the produce grown in the plot behind. The plots would be accessed from narrow vennels which ran the length of the plot, where workshops and places of trade would be located. Hence why Perth’s remaining industrial buildings are located on the inside of many of the urban blocks.

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Plan of Perth indicating the 19 street blocks sourced from Burgage plot patterns and dimensions in four Scottish burghs (Tait, 2008)

Introduction

Urban Theory Evolution of the Block

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3.3 Building Use Study Taking inspiration from Dr. Eulàlia Gómez-

and Pubs and Restaurants (Yellow).

Escoda, a professor at UPC-Barcelona Tech, where a study was undertaken which mapped

However, when you zoom into the city at the

every urban block in Barcelona including the

scale of single block, the diversity becomes

use across each floor of every block. (see

less obvious. It is clear that each block

figure to the right)

accommodates a dominant use, whether that be housing, retail or cultural. Unfortunately, it

This mapping exercise appeared to be very

is this divide within the monotonous elements

effective for conveying as sense of the diversity

of the cities fabric that are contributing to

of uses across the city as well as within the

the demise and disconnect of Perth’s urban

blocks themselves. Thus, as a means to develop

environment.

an understanding of the diversity of uses that occur throughout Perth, I undertook a similar analytical study, exploring the specific uses across the ground floor of every building in the city centre. (see next page) The study proved to be very helpful in conveying the existing uses across the city as well as their position relative to one another.

What I was able to draw from this study was that Perth’s city centre actually yields quite a diverse collection of buildings uses, when looking at the scale of the city. It is clear that the vast majority of the blocks south-west of the city centre are predominantly residential accommodation (Grey). Whereas the large majority of the blocks in the centre and too the east, are mostly consumed by food stores (Orange), personal equipment (Dark Orange)

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Introduction Urban Theory Evolution of the Block Design Precedents + Principles Design Strategy 35

Urban Conditions

Screenshots illustrating the diversity of use across Barcelona’s urban blocks from Teaching-Learning Research: Design and Environments, Lecture by Dr. Eulàlia Gómez-Escoda

Perth’s Block Use Map

Key and colour scheme provided by Dr. Eulàlia Gómez-Escoda’s Barcelona Block Study

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Introduction

Urban Theory Evolution of the Block

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Urban Conditions

Use map, Perth City Centre (Authors Diagram)

3.4 Blocks for Study Having analysed the uses across each block within the city as they are currently, I wanted to gain a better understanding as to how the blocks arrived at their current form.

In order to understand how the street blocks evolved in Perth, I have selected two specific areas (see adjacent diagram), one that sits within the existing medieval boundary and another that is situated west, on the edge of the historical city perimeter. Geographically, the two blocks are very similar. However, their current forms, as evidenced in the map, are quite different in scale and density.

Through an analytical process, I aim to draw a conclusion has to how each block has arrived at its current form and what caused the form we see today. As well as studying the current uses of each block and how the uses have changed over the past two centuries. Through the analytical study of their timeline, I aim to extract relevant information from each block to help inform my own urban strategy for the city.

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Introduction

Urban Theory Evolution of the Block

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Urban Conditions

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3.4.1 Blocks 14,15 and 17 Block as Existing

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Introduction

Block Uses

Urban Theory Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

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Block Timeline 1823-1932

At the beginning of the 19th Century, the block

As the city moved away from agriculture and

appears to be rather permeable. This lack of

into a place focused around heavy industry, the

density was common, particularity with the

blocks density can be seen to have increased

blocks originally being used for agriculture.

dramatically over 37 years.

The edge condition of the block will have been

Although the edge condition remains similar,

given over to shop fronts for people to sell the

the inside of the block underwent the most

produce grown on the inside of the block. As

noticeable change. The new buildings would

well as residential quarters above the ground

most likely have been dye or linen mills to

floor.

support the fast growing trades in the city at the time. In 1948, Perth adopted the Horse drawn carriage as the primary means of transport. In a direct response, the city began planning out new roads for the city centre.

(Much like Cerda’s response in Barcelona)

42

Introduction Urban Theory Evolution of the Block

By

1932,

the

block

increased, particularly the edge of the block,

established itself as its own

with only small vennels giving access from

entity. After the decline of

the street into the block. However, the biggest

industry at the beginning of

change the block experienced was the

the 20th Century, the block

introduction of Scott Street , running North

experienced the demolition of

to South through the middle of the block. This

buildings which were perhaps

split the block into 2 separate entities.

no longer functioning or in a

Design Precedents + Principles

Over the next 40 years the blocks density

had

Design Strategy

state of disrepair.

The new road also meant the demolition of a church but has highlighted in the map above,

However,

Perth

remains

the church was rebuilt along the new edge of

scattered with ex-indsutrial

Scott Street.

buildings which have either use or left vacant.

43

Urban Conditions

been re-generated for modern

Blocks 14,15 and 17 1809

With the medieval rigg patterns overlay, it is easy to see that in 1809, that the block began to establish its form based on the direction of the rigg patterns. The development of this block conveys a sense of how other blocks in the historic core would have formed.

44

Introduction

Urban Theory Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

Urban Conditions

45

3.4.2 Block 20 Block as Existing

46

Introduction

Block Uses

Urban Theory Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

Urban Conditions

47

Block Timeline 1823-1932

technology,

By 1860 the block was almost a full

dependence on agriculture quickly

perimeter block with the exception of

declined and Perth, along with the rest

a small number of access points on the

of Scotland, became a hub for industrial

blocks edge. These access point were

trade. This shift from agriculture to

most likely service access for those

industry is evident in this particular

who worked in the industrial mills on

block.

the inside of the block.

Even at the beginning of the century, it

The

can be seen that there was a conscious

increase in density which saw the

effort to define the edge of the street

introduction of a school, church, dye

with buildings that were most likely

works and a large seed mill.

With

advances

in

trade and retail at ground level and residential accommodation above.

48

block

experienced

a

sharp

Introduction Urban Theory Evolution of the Block

The previous 30 years has seen almost

maintained

condition.

no change in the overall density of the

However, the inside of the block

block. Again there were a few buildings

seen the demolition of between 5-10

demolished. These buildings had most

buildings with the addition of a new

likely become obsolete or derelict.

industrial warehouse to the south of

Although one building of note that was

the block.

re-used was the seed mill, becoming a

its

edge

Design Precedents + Principles

By the turn of the century the block

cinema during the early 20th Century.

Design Strategy Urban Conditions

49

Block 20 1809

This map from 1809 is the most recent that shows the block before it had been subdivided by what is now County Place. It is clear, where the road is now, that the south end of the block is very fragmented and as such, may have led to the decision to cut the block there.

By this point, the West edge of the block had become well defined, with garden plots off to the inside of the block as can be seen by the direction of the rigg patterns.

50

Introduction Urban Theory Evolution of the Block

Having

explored

the

physical

development of the blocks over time, as well as their current form and uses, I have been able to form a coherent understanding of both. As such, I will proceed to test my hypothesis on the block that is most suited to my vision.

hypothesis,

I

selected

block

20.

Compared to blocks 14,15, and 17, block 20 has a far denser arrangement of buildings, more physical constraints

Design Strategy

For the purposes of testing my

Design Precedents + Principles

Conclusion

and more suitable amenities within vision for the future of the block.

51

Urban Conditions

the block that will accommodate my

My Vision for the Block Having identified Perth’s existing problems

traditionally provides the opportunity for

through our urban strategy in semester one

residents to work within the building in which

(Tactical Urbanism: Temporality as a route

they live. Particularly in the wake of COVID-19, it

to permanence by K. Doherty, T. Dougan,

has become apparent that working from home

J. Dickinson and E. Reilly), I aim to use my

is a feasible option for many people. However,

individual project as a means to improve

the effects of COVID-19 will not last forever and

the overall liveability of the city. Currently,

combining ‘live’ and ‘work’ within the same

Perth lacks severely in a young demographic

four walls is not a healthy long-term solution

choosing to live and work in the city centre.

for the sustainability of our cities. I propose,

There are a number of issues that can be

rather than a strict Live/Work environment,

associated to this trend but, most commonly,

a

this can be as a result of a lack of opportunities

collection of mixed-use programmes ranging

in the city centre. This has become all too

from residential, work, education, cultural and

common across many small, European cities.

sports and leisure. Through this I aim to create

However, unlike Perth, larger cities with strong

an environment in the urban core of Perth that

enough economies are able to cope with this

does not currently exist. This new typology will

trend, relying primarily on large businesses and

encourage a younger demographic to not only

stakeholders to maintain a strong economic

live in the city but work there too.

Hybrid

typology

that

encompasses

a

climate.

The Hybridised and mixed-Use nature of my As such, my strategy for the city will operate

proposal will also adhere to the existing aging

at a more local scale, not relying on a

population of Perth by providing amenities

capitalist system to thrive but focusing more

to those who currently live in the city centre

on

opportunities,

as well as those who become permanent

encouraging a younger demographic to live

residents in the new proposal. Ultimately

and work in the city. Thus, my strategy for

fusing the two generation together, resulting

Perth will accommodate the local nature of the

in a collective, community orientated vision

city whilst tackling a global issue.

for the city. However, in order to achieve this

providing

creative

job

vision, I have drawn from precedents that will The lack of young people living in Perth’s

inform my own design principles further on in

city centre can be resolved through the

the report.

introduction of a live/work scheme. Live/work

52

Comic Book Illustration showing my vision for the block

53

54

Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

Urban Conditions

55

Scottish Planning Policies With a clear vision in mind for the future of

and protecting individuals and families across

Perth, it is important to consider the feasibility

Scotland. It has changed the way we all live,

of this holistic approach and how it aligns

work, learn and shop.” (Protecting Scotland,

with both the Scottish Government and Perth

Renewing Scotland, 2020) With the pandemic

and Kinross’s current efforts in the realm of

forcing the country into a new way of life, it

sustainability and placemaking in city centres.

has become clear how important the built environment is in the outcome of our physical

The

recent

events

of

COVID-19

have

and mental health.

seen a resurgence in efforts surrounding placemaking and improving the liveability of

The

cities in Scotland. In response to the events

identified the concept of the ‘20-minute

of the past year the Scottish Government

Neighbourhood’ as a feasible and sustainable

have

‘Protecting

solution for achieving the goals set out in the

Scotland, Renewing Scotland.’ This strategy

national planning strategy. The 20-minute

highlights the areas prioritised by the Scottish

neighbourhood, already underway in Paris

Government for attaining a healthier and more

and Melbourne, is a strategy focused on

resilient country.

improving the liveability of an area by bringing

released

their

strategy,

Scottish

Government

have

also

local amenities closers together, encouraging

National

walkability and promoting greener means of travel.

At national level, the Scottish Government have

The 20-minute neighbourhood concept also

put emphasis on strengthening the quality of

appears in the SNP’s 2021 Manifesto as part

our built environment as a means to make more

of their ‘Living Better’ strategy. The SNP have

vibrant, healthier and generally better places

identified the 20-minute neighbourhood as a

to live. “Delivering on our ambitions for a fairer

sustainable model for improving the liveability

Scotland starts at a local community level.

of local communities, aiming to increase the

The COVID-19 response has shown the central

volume of housing, specifically in town centres

importance of communities to supporting

and high streets.

56

Local At a local level, Perth and Kinross Council have recently published their ‘Placemaking Guide for 2020’. The document sets out the councils placemaking guidance and policies in place for improving the areas liveability.

One of the most relevant principles to the city’s strategy for placemaking is adaptability. “The design of a development should create a strong sense of local identity that complements its surrounding area. New development should form pleasant, walkable neighbourhoods that support local facilities and reduce the need for cars.” (Perth and Kinross Placemaking Guide, 2020).

With my own strategy for Perth focused around transforming one of the cities urban blocks into a liveable and walkable neighbourhood, it appears to align well with Perth and Kinross’s current placemaking strategies. Thus, making my vision for Perth feasible and very much

Mural Trail, Perth City Centre

attainable in the coming years.

“...we will invest £275 million to support community‑led

regeneration

and

town‑centre revitalisation” (Scottish Government, 2020)

57

Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

Urban Conditions

4.0 Design Precedents

4.1

Co-Living Capitol Hill Co-Housing

by Schemata workshop Location: Capitol Hill Project Type: Co-Housing Multi-Family Housing Mixed-Use Completed: 2016 Area: 17,000 SF 9 Units + 1 Commercial Space

Although appearing as a generic residential

of the different uses creates a social and

block, the Capitol Hill Co-Housing project

collective environment for all the residents.

has a wider purpose than simply providing

Unlike single aspect living, people have the

housing. The strength of the project lies

chance to mix every day through a plethora

within its mixed-use approach to living. In an

of activities including cooking, gardening and

effort to form a collective environment for the

general maintenance of the building.

residents, the project includes 9 residential units, 1 commercial space, 1 external courtyard

Key Elements:

and a community garden accessible by the roof.

Close proximity of activities Mixed-Use

The mixed-use nature of the project is what

Activated ground floor

makes it so successful. The dense arrangement

Accessible outdoor space

60

Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Capitol Hill, People socialising on shared access decks

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

61

Urban Conditions

Capitol Hill, Long Section

4.2 Density Unite d’Habitation

by Le Corbusier Location: Marseillle, France Project Type: Residential Hospitality Mixed-Use Completed: 1952 Size: 337 Apartments 12 Stories

Although a building typology heavily critiqued

by the internal shared corridor and the other

by Jacobs, Unite d’Habitation holds many

spanning the depth of the block.

positive qualities. The most obvious being the ability to house a large number of residents in

On top of the densely arranged residential

a dense arrangement, whilst providing mixed-

units,

use program.

amenities that would be accessible to the

Corbusier

residents

also

integrated

other

including a hotel, health centre,

nursery, gym, workshops and even a pub. The

Unite epitomises the true meaning of density.

addition of easily accessible public programs

What allowed Corbusier to fit so many people

made the scheme a desirable place to live.

in the block was his ability to efficiently design

Although the building itself may not be the

the apartment types to allow for maximum

most efficient, the ethos that came with it is

density. Each unit has two floors, one accessed

just as important today as it was 70 years ago.

62

Comprised of 337 apartments over 12 stories,

Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block Design Precedents + Principles

Neighbouring Duplex Apartments, Unite d’Habitation

Design Strategy

63

Urban Conditions

Cross Section through apartments, Unite d’Habitation

4.3 Construction Wohnregal

by FAR Architects Location: Berlin, Germany Project Type: Pre-Fabrication Residential Flexible Work Units Completed: 2020 Primary vertical access, Wohnregal

Specifications: 35-110sqm unit sizes Pre-cast concrete TT-Beams

Located in Berlin, Germany, FAR Architects

paired with the quick construction on site

have built a pre-fabricated residential block

made for a very efficient process.

in the city centre. Located on the edge of an existing urban block, FAR’s design re-defines

What has drawn me towards this project is

the edge condition of the block with an

FAR’s flexible approach to living and working.

arrangement of flexible live/work units.

Not restricting the residents, FAR’s pre-fab concrete components allow for longer spans,

FAR’s

main

goal

preconceptions

was around

to

change

the

pre-fabricated

construction methods. They produced the prefabricated concrete components off-site and delivered them to site, piecing them together in 6 weeks. The low cost, off-site construction

64

giving the residents the control over how their homes are spatially organised.

Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Perspective from across the street, Wohnregal

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

65

Urban Conditions

Flexible live/work unit, Wohnregal

4.4 Design Approach Places at Work by 00 Architecture Location: London, England Project Type: Urban Regeneration Mixed-Use Co-Location Completed: 2018

Places that Work, front cover

Fundamentally, urban regeneration requires

between sites. However, the ‘New London Mix’

a holistic design approach in order to

provides a set of design principles that can be

successfully achieve the goals set out by the

applied to each area, regardless of the scale.

project. Places that Work, a report published

(see adjacent diagram)

by

00

Architecture

identifies

London’s

growing population and need for new housing

“mixing activities, co-locating a wide range of

as an opportunity to use mixed-use and

productive activities in close proximity to new

light industry as a catalyst for providing new

homes… providing suitable housing and places

sustainable conditions for living in the city.

to work right across the city, thus underpinning a more inclusive and sustainable model for

The report identifies areas in London which are viable and can accommodate this kind of change. The degree of intervention varies

66

urban growth.” (00 Architecture, 2018)

Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Example of an urban condition, 00 Architecture

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

67

Urban Conditions

New London Mix Design Principles, 00 Architecture

next section of the report outlines each and

city can be defined as the relationship between

discusses the rationale behind each one and

industry and the context of the city. Commonly

how I aim to implement them into the city.

associated with the arts, creativity is more than just art, it is a spectrum consisting of all types of creative people, industries and organisations

Urban Theory

What makes a city ‘creative’? Creativity in a

Introduction

Introduction

who contribute in their own way. As such, I aim through re-introducing light industry back into the city and creating an environment that encourages young entrepreneurs to come to live and work in the city centre.

Not only this, but through a diverse range relationships between the residents of the block. However, in order to achieve this vision, I have divided my hypothesis into 3 basic principles: Diversity, Density and

Permeability. The synergy between the three will provide the necessary environment for achieving a new, sustainable way of living in city centres.

Design Precedents + Principles

of activities, I hope to foster an array of new

Evolution of the Block

to integrate creativity into the city of Perth

The three dimensions have been selected my urban theory as well as their relevance to tackling the problems specific to Perth. The

A model for a Creative City

Urban Conditions

5.0 Design Principles

Design Strategy

based on the conclusions I have drawn from

5.1

Density How can it be achieved and what does it provide?

Density has become an integral part of urban

something I believe could easily be integrated

design. Particularly in cities of the 21st Century.

into Perth. “These connected and walkable

Density has been in a constant battle against

places are where people can live, work and play;

urban sprawl for the better part of half a

buy their bread and milk, work from home or

century and up until now, has been losing that

local business, access services and meet their

battle. With the introduction of new concepts

neighbours at the central gathering places.”

such as the 20-minute neighbourhood and

(Victoria State Government, 2021). The dense

Soft City, new approaches to achieving density

arrangement of uses within a close proximity

in the built environment have been pushed to

to each other has the potential to foster a

the front of national and local sustainability

young, creative industry.

strategies.

In addition to the 20-minute neighbourhood, However, in order to achieve density in the

David Sim, and of course Jan Gehl, argue that

urban realm, there first must be adequate

achieving density at low height is the corner

conditions that will attract people to the

stone for success in any urban environment.

city centre. The 20-minute city is one of the

This is particularly evident when Sim writes

most recent approaches, aimed at providing

“There are many arguments to increasing

people with a diverse collection of activities,

density.

all within a 20-minute round trip from where

dwindling resources, we have to use existing

they live. “The 20-minute neighbourhood

infrastructure more efficiently, make better

is all about ‘living locally’—giving people

use of the resources we have – specifically the

the ability to meet most of their daily needs

space we have – and make what we build work

within a 20-minute return walk from home,

hard for us.” (Sim, 2019) However, Sim also

with access to safe cycling and local transport

goes on to say that “True urban quality comes

options.” (Victoria State Government, 2021)

from accommodating density and diversity

Plan Melbourne in particular is a city strategy

of building types and uses in the same place.”

that has adopted the concept of the 20-minute

(Sim, 2019). Sim argues that both density

neighbourhood and aim to make it a reality for

and diversity must operate in simulacrum to

its residents in the near future. The ease and

achieve their full potential.

walkability associated with this concept is

70

With

rapid

urbanization

and

Introduction Urban Theory Evolution of the Block Design Precedents + Principles

Unsustainable solution for achieving density, Hong Kong

Design Strategy 71

Urban Conditions

Contemporary model for dense, low-rise living, Alte Weberei in Tübingen, Germany

5.2 Diversity How can it be achieved and what does it provide?

What

can

diversity

offer

in

the

built

important to consider how it plugs into the

environment? Diversity in both built form

existing fabric. Too often new urban projects

and outdoor spaces cultivates a good mix of

are built in the place of ‘old’ or ‘decaying’

uses. But why Mixed-use? Mixed-use gives the

pieces of fabric. The Temple Bar district of

opportunity for different functions to operate

Dublin serves as a successful example of an

side by side. Thus, encouraging the different

urban regeneration project that utilised the

uses to interact with one another. This mix

existing fabric as a tool to achieve the vision

of functions also allows for an increase in the

for the area. Dublin City Council and the

heaps of people interacting, as well as the

Temple Bar Development Council pursued the

variety of the activities occurring as part of

Temple Bar Area Renewal and Development

the interaction.

Act, 1991, under which Temple Bar Properties Ltd. and Temple Bar Renewal were set up to

Jan Gehl writes extensively in Life Between

oversee the urban regeneration of the area.

Buildings about the required conditions for

(Leonard, n.d.). As a result, much of Temple

a successful urban environment. The most

Bar’s historic urban grain still remains, adding

important being the frequency at which

to the character of the area and making it a

people interact, whether that be physically

desirable destination for locals and tourists.

or visually. “Something happens because something

happens

because

something

Much like the urban approach in Temple

happens.” (Gehl, 1971) Gehl recognises that

Bar, building within the constraints of the

the more often activities occur, the higher the

existing fabric is also a major dimension of

chances are for social interactions to unfold in

Sim’s philosophy in Soft City. He argues that

the spaces between our built environments. It

utilising the existing infrastructure is not only

is this juxtaposing condition between different

cost effective but it carries with it social and

functions that I hope to create within Perth’s

economic benefits. Physical networks such as

urban core.

water and electricity supplies already exist as well as social networks such as public transport

Although the foundation of this strategy relies on the successful integration of a mixed-use urban condition in the city centre, it is just as

72

and leisure facilities.

Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block Design Precedents + Principles

Housing and cyclists in the green suburb of Vauban, Freiburg, Germany

Design Strategy

73

Urban Conditions

Temple Bar District, Dublin, Ireland

5.3 Permeability How can it be achieved and what does it provide?

Combining the first two dimensions alone will often foster good results but for these results to be long lasting and sustainable for the residents, they need to be permeable.

Mitigating long and difficult journeys between amenities makes for an easier and more enjoyable life for people. As emphasised in many of Gehl’s writings, the effects of shorter travel times between activities will more often than not result in a more successful and engaging public realm. When journey times between amenities are shorter, people are more inclined to walk or cycle to their desired location, rather than drive. Resulting in higher volumes of people outdoors and in turn, creating the environment for potential social interactions. Ultimately, making life between the physical form of the city more attractive and desirable.

““A high level of activity in a certain area

can be stimulated both by ensuring that more people use the public spaces and by encouraging longer individual stays.”

(Gehl, 1971)

74

Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

La Condesa, Mexico City, Mexico

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

75

Urban Conditions

Copenhagen, Denmark

Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

Urban Conditions

6.0 Design Strategy

6.1

Site Appraisal Existing Conditions

78

Introduction Urban Theory

West facing view from inside vennel

Design Precedents + Principles

West facing view from inside vennel

Evolution of the Block

Existing residential block and private car park

Existing Bingo Hall and public car park

Design Strategy

East facing view through vennel

79

Urban Conditions

Existing Cross fit gym and private car park

80

Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

Urban Conditions

81

6.2 Diversity Current Modus Operandi

As shown in the adjacent diagram, the use of the block is fully predicated on any activity that may or may not occur on the surrounding edge. The ground floor edge condition can be seen to be predominantly occupied by retail and commercial units. However, this level of engagement does not appear on the inside of the block. Populated mostly with ex-industrial buildings and rear access for residents who live above, the inside of the block fails to provide any engaging external spaces. Thus, forming a complete disconnect in the relationship between the outer edge condition and the inside of the block.

82

Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

Urban Conditions

83

Phasing Strategy

84

Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

Urban Conditions

85

Diversity Before and After

The adjacent diagrams express the existing condition of the block, before and after my proposed intervention.

As can be seen in the first diagram (Before) there is a break in the west edge of the block, along the perimeter.

It is here where my proposal will be situated.

Keeping with the existing hierarchy of the block, I propose a collection of small retail and commercial units along the ground floor and first floor with the aim of activating and restoring the fragmented edge. The second floor will provide a common house for the residential units located above.

As for the inside of the block, the existing

leisure

transformed

into

facility a

new,

will

be

flexible

education space serving as a study and exhibition facility. As well as utilising the roof above as a multipurpose sports pitch. Both of which are publicly accessible.

Before 86

Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

87

Urban Conditions

After

88

Proposed Mixed-Use

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

Urban Conditions

89

Introduction

Diversity

6.3 Permeability Permeability through the city Although the block itself seeks to achieve a close proximity of densely arranged and diverse buildings, it needs to be accessible, not only to those inhabiting the block, but to the wider context of the city. Rather than operating as an exclusive device, shut off to its surroundings, the block must be permeable to ensure easy access too and through it.

The block sits at a crucial intersection between two of the city’s busiest routes for vehicular travel. However, with efforts focused on reducing vehicular travel in the city centre, more thought needs to be put into how the block is connected to the surrounding amenities including the city’s cultural hub, train station, hospital and university campus. (see adjacent diagram) As evident in the map, the block’s central location makes it the perfect node between the surrounding amenities with the main routes of travel converging at either end of the block. The block also acts as a connection between the deprived area (South-West) and the more affluent cultural hub (North-East).

90

Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

Urban Conditions

91

Permeability Permeability through the block

As well as providing new built solutions to achieve my vision for the block, it is just as important to consider the outdoor space between the built environment. It must effectively foster positive, engaging and social spaces for activities to unfold amongst residents and passers by.

As such, I have identified 3 dimensions of outdoor activity, based on Jan Gehl’s definition of outdoor activity, I too have split them up across: Social, Optional and Necessary Activities. The three, although similar in scale, act differently and provide specific functions to the overall theatrics of the block.

92

Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

Urban Conditions

93

Social Activities

Gehl defines ‘Social Activities’ as those activities which unfold as a result of people congregating and spending a prolonged period of time in a space. “Social activities include children’s play, greetings and conversations, communal activities of various kinds, and simply seeing and hearing other people.” (Gehl, 2008) Based on the existing spaces, there appeared to be a natural route between my intervention and St. Paul’s Church. In between the two, I have identified a series of captured gardens which aim to promote the necessary conditions for social interaction.

94

Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

Urban Conditions

95

Optional Activities

Located along the central axis of the block, I have identified the existing vennel as the space best suited for accommodating optional activities. The optional activities available fully depend on the amenities on offer in the area. The more there is to encourage people to be in a space, the more optional activities occur.

With existing commercial units at ground floor level along the vennel, the route already offers potential for attracting users. The ability to generate optional activities will be further strengthened with additional ground floor commercial and retail units provided through my intervention.

96

Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

Urban Conditions

97

Necessary Activities

“Necessary activities take place regardless of the quality of the physical environment.” (Gehl, 2008) Unlike the previous two spatial dimensions, necessary activities do not rely on any particular ‘thing’ or ‘use’ to foster the activity. They occur based purely on necessity.

For example, the space identified in the block already provides necessary services for the surrounding buildings including car parking, building services and building access.

With this in mind, I intend to maintain this space as the ‘necessary’ route, allowing easy delivery and access to the newly refurbished industrial workshop.

98

Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

Urban Conditions

99

6.4 Density + Proximity Unit Specifications

100

Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

Design Precedents + Principles

Design Strategy

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101

102

Introduction

Urban Theory

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103

104

Introduction

Urban Theory

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Urban Conditions

105

106

Introduction

Urban Theory

Evolution of the Block

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107

108

Introduction

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Report Summary Through this design research process I have established a new, sustainable model for living in the city centre of Perth. The holistic approach presented in this report takes the form of a mixed-use, low-rise development which aims to tackle the problem of a lacking young and creative demographic living and working in Perth. However, the physical form of this approach is secondary to the ethos in which it encompasses. The physical form of the intervention evidenced in this report is a reaction to the current social, economic and environmental climate of Perth. Therefore, although the form may differ depending on the city, the goals and principles attached remain the same in order to achieve the most sustainable solution for city living.

Ultimately, I have identified the optimum urban conditions for achieving and maintaining sustainability, which have come as a result of this analytical design process. The following conditions serve as a prerequisite to achieving a sustainable neighbourhood in city centres.

However, it is important to remember that these conditions have arisen consequently from my research in Perth and if tested in a different city, may yield different results.

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7.0 Urban Conditions

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