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Janet Harmer

Step on it

FIRST

let’s blog vocabulary exam skills FIRST grammar Cambridge English: B2 First B2 INVALSI The story THE DREAM

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Didattica inclusiva

Realtà aumentata

vocabulary

let’s blog STEP

1

Amazing Irish animals • Reading and Use of English – Part 1

4 Animals Collocations Word formation Animal idioms 1

STEP

2

3

5 • Listening – Part 1 • Speaking – Part 1

7

2

A Ladder to the Sky 12 Food for the brain 13 • Reading and Use Collocations of English – Part 5 • Reading and Use Word formation of English – Part 1 • Listening – Part 3 • Reading and Use • Writing – Part 2 of English – Part 3 Idioms 3

STEP

exam skills First

15

4

Hurling 20 Sports Collocations • Reading and Use Phrasal verbs of English – Part 2

21 • Reading and Use of English – Part 7 • Writing – Part 1

23

5

STEP

4

Good food 28 You are what you eat 29 • Listening – Part 2 Words easily confused • Reading and Use • Speaking – Part 2 Collocations of English – Part 6 • Writing – Part 2 Phrasal verbs

31

6

STEP

5

Dublin’s street art 36 Smart art 37 • Reading and Use Word formation of English – Part 6 • Reading and Use • Reading and Use of English – Part 2 • Listening – Part 4 of English – Part 3 7

STEP

6

8

Calling all redheads! 44 Party time!

Word formation • Reading and Use Idioms of English – Part 1

9

STEP

7

39

45 • Writing – Part 2 • Listening – Part 2

47

10

Malala Yousafzai 52 Don’t be a fool, 53 • Reading and Use stay in school of English – Part 7 • Reading and Use Word formation of English – Part 6 • Writing – Part 2 • Reading and Use • Speaking – Parts 3 of English – Part 3 and 4 11

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grammar

Cambridge English: B2 First 9 • PAPER 1 – READING AND USE OF ENGLISH • PAPER 2 – WRITING • PAPER 3 – LISTENING

• Past perfect simple • Past perfect continuous • Past habits: used to / would • Get / Be used to

12

13

14

15

• PAPER 4 – SPEAKING • Future continuous • Future perfect simple • Future perfect continuous • Reading and Use of English – Part 4

60 66 67 70

17

B2 INVALSI • READING • LISTENING 16

• Modal verbs – Obligation and advice – Deduction: certainty and possibility – Necessity and lack of necessity

17

73 78 18

25

THE STORY Y

The DREAM M • Adjective + preposition • Verb + preposition • Reading and Use of English – Part 4

33

• Causative verbs: make, let, get, have • The passive with verbs of saying and thinking • Negative adverbials

41

• Like, as and as if/as though • Even though/Even if • Whether or if • Word formation – Prefixes – Suffixes

48

• Wish and if only • Would (’d) rather • Would prefer • It’s (high) time • Reading and Use of English – Part 4

56

by Agatha Christie

• Meet the author

2

• The characters

2

• Plot devices of Agatha Christie

3

• Who is Hercule Poirot?

3

Chapter 1

1

4

Chapter 2

2

6

Chapter 3

3

8

Chapter 4

4

10

Chapter 5

5

12

Chapter 6

6

14

Chapter 7

7

16

Chapter 8

8

18

Chapter 9

9

20

• How well do you remember the story?

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22

STEP 1 HOME

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MEDIA

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ABOUT ME

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MY DIARY

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Amazing Irish animals Hi everybody and welcome to my blog! I’m Conor, I’m 17 and I live in Limerick in the southwest of Ireland.

Let me introduce myself – I’ve got loads of interests and hobbies – I’m really into sport, especially hurling (more about that later!), art, music, reading and writing about other Irish bloggers… which I’ve been doing since the tender age of 15! I hope you’ll enjoy reading about my beautiful country!

I’m also a bit of an animal lover and today I’d like to tell you about a few animals you might if you ever visit our Emerald Isle1!!

(1)

1. Emerald Isle_Isola di Smeraldo (a poetic name for Ireland) 2. russet-red_ color ruggine 3. breed_razza, specie 4. bonds_ legami, vincoli 5. hardy_forti, robusti

First of all, the much-loved beautiful Irish setter. They’re known for their beautiful russet-red2 coat but you might not know that around 400 years ago, they used to be red and white, two colours that made it easier for hunters to (2) them in their fields. It was only in the late nineteenth century that the breed3 as we know them today became popular.

Next up is the magnificent red deer – to have been present in Ireland (3) for at least 12,000 years. This gorgeous animal is Ireland’s largest land mammal, species of deer and is the only (4) considered “native”. (5) , it was very nearly hunted to extinction – in fact the

majority of red deer have been reintroduced from Scotland. Red deer are forest animals.

However, (6) deforestation they have had to adapt to the wild open mountainous terrain of Ireland.

Finally, Connemara ponies (see above): these majestic creatures, native to Ireland but with Scandinavian and Spanish origins, are for their gentle nature and the (7) strong bonds4 they are able to form with their owners. They are hardy5 animals, probably due to the fact that they have adapted and survived the harsh climate and rocky terrain.

Although Connemara ponies are native to Ireland they are now bred (8) including the UK, USA, Europe, New Zealand, Australia and Africa.

Well, that’s all for the moment See you soon!

Conor

Reading and Use of English – Part 1 (Multiple-choice cloze) 1. Read the text and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

A come up with A spot A considered A current A Unluckily A in view of A familiar A worldwide

B come across B distinguish B regarded B popular B Unhappily B due to B celebrated B widespread

C come into C notice C believed C existing C Fortunately C owing C known C worldly

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D come overcome D note D supposed D present D Sadly D since D recognised D abroad

vocabulary Animals Collocations 1. Look at the photos and decide which of the words below are used with each animal. Some can be used more than once.

1

2

4

5

3

8 6

beak stripes feathers paws claws

7

wing fin spots scales trunk

fur fangs tusks mane

ANIMAL

WORDS

1. parrot

beak, …

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

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1

STEP

vocabulary

Word formation 2. Add suffixes or prefixes to make new words. You may need to make some spelling changes.

NOUN

VERB

ADJECTIVE

ADVERB

danger

endanger

dangerous/endangered

dangerously

(1)

conserve

X

X

protection

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

X

aggressive

(6)

(7)

(8)

surviving

X

zoology

X

(9)

(10)

3. Complete the sentences with a word from exercise 2.

1. Since the Golden Eagle is a

species you are prohibited from going near its nest.

is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom.

2.

species.

3. Mountain gorillas are an

species.

4. The rhinoceros is one of the world’s oldest

because of past experiences.

5. Some dogs can become excessively

is the act of protecting ecosystems and environments.

6. Animal

Animal idioms 1

4. Complete the sentences with a word from the box. Then listen and check. chicken • bull • sheep • snail • cat • birds • rat • butterflies

1. Allen took the

by the horns and asked for a raise in salary.

– I don’t think he’s telling the truth!

2. I smell a

’s pace.

3. The little old lady crossed the road at

4. Carl had to go to Canterbury for a meeting so he decided to kill two

with one stone and visit his aunt too.

5. I’ve got my driving test this afternoon – I’ve got in my stomach!

6. I didn’t want mum to know about her present but Eddie let the

out of the bag and told her. of the family ever

7. Harry’s been the black since he was accused of shoplifting.

,

8. Instead of running around like a headless gy in a more p y use yyour energy productive way!

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exam skills FIRST Listening – Part 1 (Multiple choice) 2 1. You will hear people talking in 8 different situations. For questions 1-8, choose the best answer (A, B or C).

1. You hear a teacher talking about a school trip.

Where are they going to go?

5. You overhear a girl talking about a holiday she has just been on. How does she feel about the holiday?

A Prague.

B Athens.

A Angry because it was very expensive.

C Rome.

B Unhappy with the weather.

C Disappointed with where they stayed.

2. You hear a girl talking about a film she has just seen. What does she say about it?

6. You overhear a girl talking about a tennis match she played in. How does she feel?

A The actors were not very good.

B The plot was difficult to follow.

A Upset because she didn’t win.

C The film was too long.

B Tired because she has been playing a lot recently.

C Pleased about the way she played.

3. You overhear a boy phoning a friend. Where does he want to meet him?

7. You hear a boy talking about his hobby. Where is he?

A In a café near the stadium.

B Inside the stadium.

A In a library.

C At the bus station.

B In a museum.

C In a bookshop.

4. You hear a girl describing her brother. How are they different?

8. You switch on the television during a programme.

What is the programme about?

A Her brother is more shy.

B Her brother is better at sport.

A Pollution.

C Her brother is better at school.

B Wildlife.

C History.

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STEP

exam skills FIRST

1

Speaking – Part 1 (Interview) • In Part 1 of the examination you – talk to an interlocutor; – answer questions about yourself and your life.

TIPS Remember to: • answer the questions with complete sentences, do not simply say “yes” or “no”; • show interest and enthusiasm; • ask the examiner to repeat the question if you have not understood.

2. Complete the sentences with the words from the box. two • mark sheet • assessor • examiners • interlocutor • partner • name • examination Before you take the speaking exam you and your (1)

will wait outside the

(2)

room. You will be with your

given a (3) (4)

on it.

In the room there are two (5) , who will

– one is the (6)

ask you the questions and the other is the (7)

who will decide on

the marks you get.

The first part of the exam lasts about (8)

minutes.

3. Now practise with a friend.

Ask and answer the following questions.

– Where are you from?

– What do you like/dislike about your home town?

– How do you spend your free time?

– What was the last film you saw?

– What was the last book you read?

– What did you do last summer?

– How will you spend your next school holiday?

– What do you like about your school?

– What do you hope to do in the future?

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grammar Past perfect simple AFFIRMATIVE FORM

NEGATIVE FORM

Subject + had (’d) + past participle When we got to the cinema the film had already started.

Subject + hadn’t + past participle We hadn’t seen each other for years but she hadn’t changed at all.

INTERROGATIVE FORM

INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE FORM

Had + subject + past participle Had you been to England before last year’s study holiday?

Hadn’t + subject + past participle Hadn’t you already read that book?

It was the second time she had won the tennis tournament.

It was the worst experience I had ever had.

• We use the past perfect simple: – to talk about actions which happened before others in the past; it is often used with time expressions such as when, after, before, as soon as, till/until.

– with for and since to express duration of actions and states in the past. For refers to the length of time and since to the starting point.

As soon as I had finished lunch I started to revise.

Dan hadn’t been to England till/until last year.

Hadn’t you seen that TV series before?

They had lived in Manchester for ten years when they decided to move abroad.

Jim had had a temperature since Saturday morning so he stayed at home on Monday.

– after the expressions it was the first/second time…, it was the best/worst…

Past perfect continuous AFFIRMATIVE FORM

NEGATIVE FORM

Subject + had (’d) been + -ing form I’d only been playing tennis for 20 minutes when it started to rain.

Subject + hadn’t been + -ing form She hadn’t been living in London for long when she lost her job.

INTERROGATIVE FORM

INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE FORM

Had + subject + been + -ing form How long had you been teaching when you became Head Teacher?

Hadn’t + subject + been + -ing form Hadn’t he been thinking of buying a new flat?

We had been travelling around Europe for only a week when I fell ill.

• We use the past perfect continuous: – to talk about actions which had been in progress up to the past time we are talking about.

Simon was really tired – he’d been cleaning the house since 7 a.m.

He had been driving for eight hours when he had the accident.

REMEMBER!

The ground was covered with snow. It had been snowing heavily for hours.

Some verbs (known as “state verbs”) are normally used only in the simple forms, not the continuous forms.

How long had Mike had his laptop before it broke?

NOT How long had Mike been having his laptop before it broke?

How long had you been living in Berlin when you met your girlfriend?

– with for and since.

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STEP

1

1. Choose the correct answer.

2. Complete the email with the past perfect or past perfect continuous of the verb in brackets.

1. I was really disappointed when the Olympic Games were cancelled. I had looked forward / had been looking forward to them.

Hi Abbie Sorry I left without you last night, but I really wanted to see the concert and I (1) (tell) you to meet me at 7.30 because I didn’t want to be late. I (2) (wait) for almost an hour and I (3) (drink) three cups of tea before I finally decided to leave because I (4) (arrange) to meet Jim in front of the stadium at 8.30. When I got to the stadium at 9 o’clock, Jim (5) (already / park) his car and was waiting for me. He wasn’t very pleased because he (6) (sit) in the coffee shop for over half an hour. He said he (7) (send) several messages but you never answered.

He (8) (already / collect) the tickets, he (9) (have) a drink and (10) (eat) a sandwich. He said that he (11) (even / think) about going inside without us!

Anyway, we had a great time even if the concert (12) (already / start) when we eventually got in.

Next time (if there is a next time) I suggest you arrive on time!

Georgia

2. My parents had left / left the house by the time I got up.

3. The children were covered in mud because they had played / had been playing hockey in the rain.

4. Lucy got a really bad mark in her English test because she hadn’t understood / hadn’t been understanding the instructions.

5. The bell had already been ringing / had already rung when they got to school.

6. Claire had had / had been having a pet snake for 3 years when her parents told her to take it to the zoo.

7. Jackie had waited / had been waiting for the bus for half an hour when she realised there was a bus strike.

8. Jack and Harriet had been knowing / had known each other for over 15 years when they moved in together.

9. My dad stopped to help a man whose car had been breaking down / had broken down.

10. When you won that contest, how long had you been dancing / had you danced the tango?

Past habits: used to / would • When we talk about past habits, we can use either used to or would.

• We use used to + base form: – to talk about past habits which are now finished.

My mum used to/would take us to the outdoor swimming pool in summer.

Natalie used to be very good at gymnastics when she was a child.

– to talk about past states and situations which are no longer true.

• When we talk about past states, we can use used to, but not would.

The Smiths used to have a Ferrari.

My sister used to be very shy but now she’s very outgoing.

• The negative and interrogative form of used to are didn’t use to… and Did… use to?

I didn’t use to like English but now I love it!

REMEMBER!

We only use used to to talk about the past. When we talk about present habits, we use the present simple.

Did your parents use to live in Scotland?

• We use would + base form to talk about someone’s typical habits or behaviour in the past.

Neil always watches TV in the evening.

Carl never gets up early on Sundays.

My parents would often take me skiing in the winter in Switzerland.

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grammar 3. Complete the sentences with the correct form of used to and a suitable verb.

4. Are the underlined parts of these sentences right (R) or wrong (W)? Correct them where necessary.

1. I going to the gym when I was younger but now I love it!

2. Sue a tortoise when she was a child. Now she has a dog and a hamster.

3. My mum and dad to a lot of parties when they were younger but now they don’t.

4. (you) in Harrington Avenue when you were little?

5. There a hospital over there but it was demolished about ten years ago.

6. (you) a flat when you were a student or did you live alone?

7. I lots of cheese – then I became allergic to dairy foods.

1. Would you enjoy studying Latin when you were at school?

2. Ryan used to be a plumber.

3. What did your great-grandfather use to do for living?

4. She would be really unkind when she was young.

5. Nicole would live in the countryside in the 90s.

6. Freda has started drinking herb tea.

She would never like it before.

7. They used to spending New Year with us every year until they moved abroad.

R W R W R W R W R W R W

R W

Get / Be used to • We use be used to + -ing form when we have become accustomed to a new situation.

• We use get used to + -ing form when we are in the process of becoming accustomed to a new situation.

He’s used to working shifts now, but he found it very hard at first.

I’m getting used to driving on the left in England.

But I can’t get used to the food.

5. Choose the correct answer.

6. Complete the following sentences using the correct form of be used to or get used to.

1. I found it difficult to have dinner at 6 pm in England but I am getting used to / am used to it slowly.

2. I used to go / am used to going to school by bus but now I walk or cycle.

3. The weather is so hot in the south of Italy but I’m sure I’ll get used to / be used to it.

4. Paul was used to / got used to having a room to himself and found it difficult to share with his sister.

5. I’ve just moved into a flat in the city centre – I suppose I will have to get used to / be used to the noise!

6. I wouldn’t like to share a flat – I am used to / used to having my own space.

7. Matt was just getting used to working / used to work shifts when he changed jobs.

8. Even if I lived in Scandinavia for 20 years I don’t think I would ever be used to / get used to daylight all day in the summer.

9. I don’t think I could ever be used to / get used to the British climate!

10. Gosh! I’m really full after that meal. I am not used to / am not getting used to eating that much!

1. If you move to England, you will have to going round roundabouts the other way.

2. I don’t understand people from Liverpool. I (not) the accent yet. hard work. She grew up in a 3. She very poor family. (not) being 4. What did you say? I spoken to like that! studying hard. She’s finding 5. Kelly university hard work!

6. When I arrived in this neighbourhood I (not) living in a flat. I had always lived in a house. (not) 7. When I came to live in Italy I eat so much pasta – now I can’t live without it!

8. Working early in the morning isn’t a problem for getting up early. I did it in my me. I last job too.

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STEP 5 HOME

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Dublin’s street art

1. ward_reparto (di ospedale) 2. HQ_sede centrale (headquarters)

Hey! How Ho are you doing? I’ve just got a long weekend in Dublin back from f this city... it’s so vibrant, – I adore ad colourful and busy. I even got to see colour new piece of street art – a major ma giant squirrel by Portuguese a g environmental artist Artur en Bordalo! Amazing work!

Bo I love street art… In fact I wandered around the city from morning to night and (1) a look at the work of some of Ireland’s best native street artists!

Maser is undoubtedly Ireland’s (2) famous street artist. A Dubliner, he started out in the mid-90s with an emphasis on typography, and now he mainly produces large-scale abstract murals in bold colour schemes – his most recent work covers the entire exterior of Dublin’s new Tara Building!

It’s absolutely stunning! In 2016, he hosted his

Anna Doran in ‘Love Lane’.

first solo show at the Graphic Studio Dublin, exhibiting a collection of fine art prints in his he was born in signature style. (3) Ireland, he now lives in the US and has created work all across the world.

Dubliners (4) be no doubt familiar with Vanessa Power’s hand-painted signage.

Vanessa has recently used her skills to create designs for businesses (5) as Scoop gelato shop in Ranelagh, April and the Bear interiors and gifts store and trendy new bar Nolita, among (6) others. Joining Friz and others in the all-female street art collective Minaw, she has also collaborated on street art in Barcelona.

Another native artist born in Dublin is the multi-talented Anna Doran. She is an extremely gifted street and mural artist, painter, designer and printer. Throughout her career, she has painted walls for The Bernard Shaw pub, given new life to a ward1 in Temple Street Children’s Hospital, created ‘Love Lane’ as part of Dublin’s Love the Lanes project and acted (7) an artist in residence for Facebook at their Dublin HQ2.

I think it’s safe to say that Dublin is one of the greatest places to soak (8) street art and graffiti!

See you soon!

C

Reading and Use of English – Part 2 (Open cloze) 1. For questions 1-8 think of the word which best fills each gap. Use only one word in each gap.

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vocabulary Smart art 7

1. Complete the following sentences with the words from the box. Then listen and check. gig • cover versions • catchy • genres • lyrics • ballad • singer-songwriters • rehearse • lip-synch • tracks • backing vocalists • album

1. Last week the band did the last

of their European tour.

2. Ed Sheeran’s latest song is a 3.

about loneliness and lost love.

sometimes have skills that lead singers don’t have.

4. Most pop

are pretty inane.

5. The song is so

it makes me want to dance around my bedroom!

6. Country and rock are America’s favourite music 7. The best

.

can truly re-invent a song.

8. The orchestra need to

a little more before the concert.

9. The recording includes a five-second space between 10.

.

are artists who write, compose and perform their own musical material.

11. The movies are musicals, but the actors don’t sing – they 12. The Weeknd’s

to songs previously recorded.

has occupied the top spot for the last four weeks.

Word formation 2. Add suffixes or prefixes to make new words. You may need to make some spelling changes.

NOUN

VERB

ADJECTIVE

ADVERB

(1)

beautify

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(un)imaginative

(6)

impression

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(un)interestingly

(13)

(14)

(mis)interpreted

(15)

(15)

popularise

(17)

(18)

amazement

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

(24)

(un)critically

exhibition/exhibitor

(25)

X

X

composition/composer

(26)

X

X

(27)

influence

(28)

(29)

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STEP

5

vocabulary Reading and Use of English – Part 3 (Word formation)

3. Complete the sentences with a suitable word from exercise 2.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

As a he is far too subjective. of operas.

Verdi was a prolific .

As a guitarist he excelled but as a singer he was rather .

The soprano Angela Gheorghiu in sang singers of all time.

Bob Geldof was one of the most in the museum.

The Picasso painting is a prize in learning to play an instrument.

She was completely ideas.

The artist came up with some extremely was beginning to wane.

By the late 90s, the band’s Unfortunately some of the most famous songs in American pop culture . are also often

CRITICISE COMPOSE IMPRESS BEAUTY INFLUENCE EXHIBITION INTEREST IMAGINE POPULAR INTERPRET

4. Complete each definition. The letters in boxes make another musical word.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

A person who plays the guitar.

A series of musical sounds forming a melody.

Enthusiastic followers of a singer or band.

The major rhythm of a piece of music.

A long dramatic musical work similar to a play but in which the parts are sung.

A person who plays the drums.

The combining of musical notes that sound good when played or sung together.

They are on a piano and are black and white.

A musical group.

A pattern of beats and sounds that musicians play in time to.

A genre in which artists improvise within a rhythmic and harmonic framework.

A small string instrument.

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□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

exam skills FIRST Reading and Use of English – Part 6 (Gapped text) 1. You are going to read an article about Aelita Andre, a young Australian artist. Six sentences have been removed form the article. Choose from the sentences A-G the one which fits each gap 1-6. There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.

Aelita Andre, born on January 9, 2007, is an Australian abstract artist known for her surrealist painting style. She began to paint when she was only nine months old, and her work was displayed publicly in a group exhibition shortly after her second birthday. 1 Aelita was born to Australian father, Michael Andre, and Russian mother, Nikka Kalashnikova, both artists.

2 She learned to paint before she could even walk, several months prior to her first birthday.

Her mother believed her to be a child prodigy. 3 The curator was so impressed by her work that he decided to include it in a group exhibition in the Brunswick Street Gallery, before he knew how old she was. 4 Aelita’s first solo exhibition The Prodigy of Color, ran from 4 to 25 June in an art gallery in Chelsea. It contained 24 of her paintings, on sale for between $4,400 and $10,000. 5 Aelita paints with acrylics and often adds threedimensional objects, including bark, twigs, and feathers to the canvases. She has been compared to Jackson Pollock, Salvador Dalì and Pablo Picasso. However, The New York Times commented that her paintings “are hardly novel”. 6

A So she showed some of her daughter’s paintings to a Melbourne-based art curator when the girl was just 22 months old.

B She was nicknamed “Pee-wee Picasso” after nine of these works were sold for more than $30,000.

C Then, just two years later, at the age of four, her first solo exhibition opened in New York City in June 2011.

D She had created an extraordinary beautiful painting – a genuine work of art.

E They also pointed out that Andre’s 2009 exhibition in Melbourne had generated controversy regarding the legitimacy of her international fame.

F As a baby she often watched them work on canvases on the floor.

G Even when he found out he still kept his promise to display.

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STEP

exam skills FIRST

5

Listening – Part 4 (Multiple choice) 8 2. You will hear an interview with a man called Joe Hill, a 3D pavement artist.

For questions 1-7, choose the best answer (A, B or C).

1. Why did Joe start doing pavement art?

A To pay for drama school fees.

B He needed the money.

C Because he wanted to travel the world.

6. What problem did Joe and Max have while working on the painting that broke the Guinness world record?

A The work itself was complex.

B They had very little time to complete the work.

C The weather conditions.

2. What does Joe mean when he says his work is “interactive”?

A People actively take part in the painting.

B People help him roll out the canvas.

C People like to have their photos taken while they stand and pose on them.

7. Joe would advise people who want to pursue art A to focus on other things as well.

B to believe in themselves.

C to listen to family and friends’ advice.

3. What inspires Joe most?

A The desire to do better.

B The work of great artists from the past.

C People’s reaction when they see his works.

4. What was the most difficult period in his life?

A When his partner, Max, passed away.

B When his parents insisted that he looked for a more serious job.

C When he got divorced.

5. The most important thing that Joe has learned is A to think very carefully before accepting work.

B to be self-confident.

C to get as much experience as possible.

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grammar Causative verbs: make, let, get, have Make

Get

• We use make + object + base form to express obligation or the cause of an action.

• We use get + object + infinitive to express obligation or persuasion.

My parents make me clean the hamster’s cage every day.

Jackie got her son to do the vacuuming.

My dad is trying to get my mum to stop smoking.

You can’t make me go!

Have

When we use make in the passive form, it is always followed by the infinitive.

• We use have + person + base form to give someone else the responsibility to do something we use.

The children were made to clean the classroom.

She had her brother take the dog for a walk.

Let

We’re going to have the catering service prepare the buffet.

• We use let + object + base form to express permission.

The zookeeper let me feed the gorillas.

1. Choose the correct answer.

1. If you lose your identity card they will to pay for it. a. □ get

b. □ make

2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets.

you

1. (Beth / have)

c. □ let

(cut) tomorrow?

ballet if she doesn’t want to go.

2. You can’t

(whiten).

b. □ let her do c. □ have her done

b. □ let

a. □ make

(watch) violent movies.

a. □ made

4. Henry broke the window and the head teacher

c. □ had

(make) him

her to buy you a brand new b. □ let

5. The teacher during the test.

(go out) last night?

us use an online dictionary

7. Don’t a. □ make

7. – How

b. □ got

(Robbie’s parents) him (clean) the house?

c. □ got to

– They said that he couldn’t play on his PS if he didn’t!

c. □ let

8. Lennie wants to become a pilot, so he

Helen to help Jenny prepare the dinner 8. I yesterday. a. □ made

(have )

a puppy, please?

him spoil your evening! b. □ have

me

6. (you / let)

c. □ had

b. □ made to

(your parents / not let) you

5. Why

c. □ get

b. □ let

(pay)

for it.

write “I must not copy” 6. My schoolmate was 200 times by the teacher. a. □ made

(let) us

3. My parents never

his hair cut by the best 3. James has hairdresser in town.

4. How did you scooter?

(just / have) his teeth

2. Jim

a. □ make her do

a. □ made

her hair

(get) his eyes

c. □ let

tomorrow.

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(test)

STEP

5

The passive with verbs of saying and thinking • We can use be supposed to:

• When we talk about what other people say, think, etc. we can use the following passive forms:

– with the same meaning as to be said to, when we are not sure whether something is true or not.

I’m going to buy that book. It’s supposed to be very good.(= It is said to be very good.)

1. It + passive + that + subject + verb It is said that he is a spy.

2. Subject + passive + infinitive He is said to be a spy.

– to say what people are expected to do because of an arrangement, a rule or a duty.

We are not supposed to eat or drink in class.

• We normally use these passive forms in formal English and with other verbs, such as: believe, expect, report, think, understand.

She’s supposed to train at least two hours a day but hardly ever does.

It is believed that the couple have left the country.

The couple is believed to have left the country.

– to say what is arranged, expected or intended.

Often this is different from the real situation.

It was thought that Marshall had committed the crime.

Marshall was thought to have committed the crime.

I was supposed to fly to Edinburgh yesterday, but the flight was cancelled due to bad weather.

3. Rewrite the following sentences using a suitable passive form.

4. Complete the sentences using (not) be supposed to in the correct form and one of the following verbs.

1. The police thought he was speeding when he had the accident.

It

be (x 2) • pay • make • put • catch • park • write • phone • use • donate • hand in

.

1. He really shouldn’t be eating all this fatty food.

He on a diet.

2. This door is a fire exit. We it.

3. I Lesley this morning but I completely forgot!

4. This is disabled parking only. You here.

5. You a noise after midnight. It disturbs the neighbours.

6. We the 7 o’clock train but we got up late and missed it.

7. I £150 for the exam before the end of the week.

8. We our essays to our English teacher today but he was away.

9. The teachers our marks online every time we have a test.

10. I blood last week, but I was ill.

11. The new Stephen King novel excellent.

12. Oh no! You the answers on the exam sheet! You should have written them on the answer sheet!

2. They believed that nobody had been killed in the earthquake. .

Nobody 3. They have reported that Kate Middleton is opening the new children’s hospital.

.

Kate Middleton 3. They expect the summer to be extremely hot.

.

The summer

5. People say he donates a lot of money to the poor and needy. .

He 6. They believe that the hackers cloned 50 credit cards.

.

The hackers 7. They understood that the exam was on the 25th February.

.

The exam 8. People say the new arts centre is amazing.

The new arts centre

.

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grammar Negative adverbials • In formal English and in written language in particular, we use negative adverbials at the beginning of a sentence to make it more emphatic or dramatic. The word order is inverted: negative adverbial + auxiliary verb + subject Here are some negative adverbs and adverb phrases that we often use with inversion: • Never

• Only later

• Little

• Seldom

• Scarcely

• Only in this way

• Hardly

• Not only… but

• Under no circumstances

• Rarely

• No sooner

• In no way

• Only then

• Nowhere

I have never seen such an amazing concert!

(Here “never” is in its normal position, so we do not use inversion)

­

Never have I seen such an amazing concert!

(Here “never” is at the beginning so we use inversion)

Not only did she leave her laptop on the train, she lost her phone too!

Little did she know what was about to happen.

Hardly had I got into the house when the lights went out.

5. Change the following sentences into sentences with inversion.

1. Mike had never eaten such delicious food.

5. I have rarely seen the team play so badly.

Never

Rarely .

.

2. I seldom go out on Sunday evenings.

6. Simona left her bag at home, and she got to work late, too.

Seldom

Not only

.

.

3. You should on no account come home alone late at night.

7. The news was not made public at the time.

On no account

Only later .

.

4. I didn’t realise how lucky I’d been until I got home.

8. The train driver cannot be held responsible for the accident in any way.

Only

In no way .

.

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B2 FIRST Cambridge English: B2 First PAPER

CONTENT

Reading and Use of English (1 hour 15 minutes)

7 parts/ 52 questions

Writing (1 hour 20 minutes)

2 parts

Listening (about 40 minutes)

4 parts/ 30 questions

Speaking (14 minutes per pair of candidates)

4 parts

PURPOSE Shows you can deal confidently with different types of text, such as fiction, newspapers and magazines. Tests your use of English with tasks that show how well you can control your grammar and vocabulary.

Requires you to be able to produce two different pieces of writing, such as letters, reports, reviews and essays.

Requires you to be able to follow and understand a range of spoken materials, such as news programmes, presentations and everyday conversations.

Tests your ability to communicate effectively in face to face situations.

You will take the Speaking test with one or two other candidates.

PAPER 1 Reading and Use of English Part 1 (Multiple-choice cloze) Part 2 (Open cloze) Part 3 (Word formation) Part 4 (Key word transformation)

A text with some multiple-choice questions. Each question has four options (A, B, C or D) – you have to decide which is the correct answer.

A text in which there are some gaps, each of which represents one missing word. You have to think of the correct word for each gap.

A text containing eight gaps. Each gap represents a word. At the end of the line is a ‘prompt’ word which you have to change in some way to complete the sentence correctly.

Each question consists of a sentence followed by a ‘key’ word and a second sentence with a gap in the middle. You have to use this key word to complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

Part 5 (Multiple choice)

A text with some multiple-choice questions.

Part 6 (Gapped text)

A single page of text with some numbered gaps which represent missing sentences.

Part 7 (Multiple matching)

A series of statements followed by a text divided into sections or several short texts.

PAPER 2 Writing Part 1 (Compulsory question)

You’re given an essay title and two ideas clearly linked to the title. The title will be a subject of general interest – you won’t need any specialised knowledge.

Part 2 (Situationally based writing task)

You write a text from a choice of text types – article, email/letter, report or review.

PAPER 3 Listening Part 1 (Multiple choice)

Eight short extracts from monologues or conversations between interacting speakers.

Part 2 (Sentence completion)

A monologue (which may be introduced by a presenter) lasting approximately 3 minutes.

Part 3 (Multiple matching)

A series of five themed monologues of approximately 30 seconds each.

Part 4 (Multiple choice)

A conversation between two or more speakers of approximately 3–4 minutes.

PAPER 4 Speaking Part 1 (Interview) Part 2 (Long turn) Part 3 (Collaborative task) Part 4 (Discussion)

Conversation with the examiner, you may have to give information about your interests, studies, career, etc.

Two candidates. The examiner gives you two different sets of photographs and asks you to talk about them.

The examiner gives you some material and a task to do. You have to talk with the other candidate and make a decision.

Further discussion with the other candidate about the topics or issues raised in the task in Part 3.

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PAPER

1 Reading and Use of English PART 1

For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

THE IMMORTAL JELLYFISH Turritopsis dohrnii is a jellyfish (1)

can live forever. The secret to (2)

life is not just living a really

of it. These tiny immortal jellyfish propagate and then,

long time – it’s all about maturity or rather, (3)

themselves back into

instead of dying, they opt to revert to a sexually immature stage. They simply (4)

and

their juvenile polyp state. Their tentacles retract, their bodies shrink and they sink into the ocean (5)

this change and they can do it over and over again.

start the cycle all over again. All adult Turritopsis (6)

The only way that they can die is if they are consumed by another fish or if a disease (7) the good news is that you can be immortal. The bad news is that you (8)

the jelly. So,

to become a floating blob of

jelly to do so.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A which A always A necessity A transform A ground A receive A strikes A should

B who B constant B decrease B translate B floor B undergo B crashes B must

C what C eternal C miss C renew C soil C keep C hits C ought

D whose D timeless D lack D transfer D earth D submit D touches D have

Reading and Use of English PART 2 For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.

WHERE DID RAP COME FROM? In old West Africa, tribesmen would deliver stories rhythmically over drum beats, (9)

had a

strong similarity to rap. When slaves were brought over to the Americas, this style of storytelling continued, early as the 1920s, there were instances of lyrics

but it wasn’t really well-known. (10)

being rapped over popular beats. During the 1960s and 1970s, “rapping” songs became significantly (11) common. It originated with announcements made over microphones at parties, which developed into more complex rhyming patterns. A strong influence on rappers was the “funk” sound of become a full-fledged musical genre, thanks

James Brown. By the end of the 1970s, rap (12)

artists as the Sugarhill Gang and Kurtis Blow.

to (13)

During the 1980s, groups (14)

N.W.A. and Run DMC popularised rap music and made it wasn’t treated with a lot of respect by the

recognisable to mainstream audiences, but it (15)

music industry. As late as the 1990s, if you were to go into a record store where the music was sorted (16) genre, there was no “rap” section – it was instead sold in the “R&B/Soul” section.

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PAPER

2 Writing PART 1

You must answer this question. Write your answer in 140-190 words in an appropriate style.

1 In your English class you have been talking about the importance of learning a foreign language. Now your English teacher has asked you to write an essay.

Write an essay using all the notes and an idea of your own: 1. work 2. travel 3.

(your own idea)

Writing PART 2 Write an answer to one of the questions 2-5 in this part. Write your answer in 140-190 words in an appropriate style .

2 You have seen this announcement in a new English language magazine for schools.

STORIES WANTED We are looking for stories for our new English language magazine for teenagers. Your story must begin with this sentence: Jenny heard a strange noise in the kitchen so she went downstairs Your story must include: – a bag – a neighbour Write your story.

3 You recently saw this advertisement in an English-language magazine for teenagers.

REVIEWS WANTED A great restaurant!

Tell us about a great restaurant you know where you go with your friends.

Write about where it is, the kind of food you can eat there, the atmosphere and say why you think people of your age would like it.

The best reviews will be published next month.

Write your review.

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PAPER

3 Listening PART 1

12 You will hear people talking in eight different situations. For questions 1-8, choose the best answer (A, B or C).

1 You hear a girl and a boy talking about an exam.

How does she feel?

A Nervous.

B Angry.

C Confident.

5 You hear two people talking about a holiday.

What went wrong?

A The plane was delayed.

B The hotel was not up to standard.

C Their suitcases got lost.

2 You hear a famous musician talk about his life.

Who inspired him to become a professional musician?

A Her aunt.

B Her mother.

C Another famous musician.

6 You hear two friends talking about a video game for the boy’s sister. What does the boy think?

A It isn’t appropriate for his sister’s age.

B The content won’t appeal to his sister.

C It’s more suited to boys.

3 You hear a girl leaving a voice message on her friend’s phone. What does she want him to do?

A Take her to a party.

B To buy a present for someone.

C To put her up for the night.

7 You hear a teacher talking to his class.

What does he want them to do this week?

A Find out something.

B Bring some things to school.

C Make something at home.

4 You hear an extract from a radio programme.

What is the caller’s question about?

A Losing weight.

B Alternative medicine.

C Stopping smoking.

8 You hear a girl talking to her friend about her new home. What does she think of it?

A It’s too far from school.

B It’s too big.

C It’s on a noisy street.

Listening PART 2 13 You will hear a university professor talking about life on Mars. For questions 9-18 complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.

In order to help humans get to Mars Space X are designing (9) equipment.

, landers and other special

and ancient river beds.

Mars looks like a beautiful planet with winds, (10)

.

However, the temperatures on Mars are incredibly (11)

if they were to live on Mars

Humans would need to live in pressurized and heated (12) .

Special caves would protect the inhabitants from (13)

every time they went out.

They would have to wear a (14)

.

It would be difficult to grow food because Martian soil is (15)

supplies.

It would be very difficult to get hold of spare parts and (16)

on Mars will lengthen or shorten our lifespan.

Scientists do not know if the (17)

engineering to help future generations adapt

They believe that people may resort to (18) to the conditions.

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PAPER

4 Speaking PART 1

Practise with a friend. Ask and answer the following questions.

– Where are you from?

– What do you like/dislike about your home town?

– Talk about a festival or celebration in your home town.

– Do you like your school? Why?/Why not?

– Do you enjoy watching television?

– What did you do on your last birthday?

– What was the last book you read?

– Do you like cooking?

– How will you spend your next school holiday?

– Do you like shopping?

– Talk about a good friend of yours.

Speaking PART 2 Examiner to candidate A Look at the photographs below and answer this question: Why have the people chosen to travel in this way?

Examiner to candidate B How do you prefer to travel?

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B2 INVALSI

Reading

1. Read the text about chocolate.

Parts of the text have been removed. Choose the correct part (A-M) for each gap (1-10). There are two extra parts that you should not use. The first one (0) has been done for you.

When you hear the word “chocolate” you probably picture a bar, 0 D or a box of chocolates and you probably think of “eating” chocolate not “drinking” it… but did you know that for about 90% of and sugar didn’t have chocolate’s long history Q1 anything to do with it?

The word “chocolate” is believed to derive Q2 which referred to a drink made with cocoa beans and Theobroma cacao is the Latin name for the cocoa tree and it means “food of the gods”.

Chocolate has a slew of health benefits – it is actually very good for you. Obviously, if you eat too much it that good dark chocolate, that is, with isn’t… Q3 a cocoa percentage of at least 70%, so obviously not milk or white chocolate, is really good for us .

First of all, it seems that eating at least 45g of chocolate per week – which is about two bars – Q4 by about 20%.

It also helps reduce memory decline – experts say that , drinking two cups of hot chocolate a day can Q5 since it helps improve the flow of blood to the brain.

Chocolate can play an important role in fighting diseases like Alzheimer’s…

It has also been observed that eating cocoa can reduce levels of “bad” cholesterol, known as LDL Q6 . In a study carried out a Tokyo’s Ochanomizu University 25 Japanese men with normal or slightly high cholesterol levels drank cocoa for 12 weeks – as a result they experienced a 24% rise in their good cholesterol levels.

Strangely enough, it is believed that eating chocolate Q7 – if you eat a small square of chocolate about 20 minutes before a meal, hormones in the brain say .

“I’m full” and so when it’s time to eat Q8 A study carried out in Finland found that chocolate reduces stress in expectant mothers and, believe or not, their children have been found to smile more often than non-chocolate eating parents though.

Last but not least, chocolate makes you feel better – it releases a chemical called PEA which encourages . your brain to release Q9 Many people are now choosing to eat chocolate for which the raw materials have been grown by farmers . It may not be and then processed by people Q10 mass-produced and it may not be cheap – but it will be good for you.

A but it’s medically proven B can actually help you lose weight C help us to maintain our memory D an Easter egg

E feel-good endorphins F it was strictly a beverage G you eat less H reduces the risk of a stroke I from the Aztec word xocoatl J and raise levels of “good” cholesterol K who take time and care in their work

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Reading 0

Recent research showed that athletes who were unaware of how dehydrated they were, A performed significantly better B performed below par C felt more tired D performed to the same level

Q1 For years A people have believed bottled water to be healthier than tap water B there has been disagreement as to whether tap or bottled water is better for our health C people have generally preferred to drink bottled water D Americans have been drinking more tap water Q2 What point is made in the second paragraph?

A Americans are making a conscious effort to reduce the amount of bottled water they drink B Microplastics have been found in the stomachs of young children who drink bottled water C Most Americans do not recycle plastic water bottles D Americans are unaware of the extent to which plastic bottles pollute the environment Q3 The average consumer chooses to buy bottled water because A it is purer and tastier than tap water B it is cheaper C it is more practical D tap water is not always available Q4 Studies have shown that A in terms of being healthy there is little difference between tap water and bottled water B tap water is generally more contaminated than bottled water C more industrial chemicals have been found in tap water D tap water is more appealing Q5 Fluoride A is a natural but potentially dangerous chemical B can bring health benefits if the right amounts are added to water C is a synthetic chemical D is eliminated by water filters Q6 What are PFAs? A Chemicals found in cleaning products B Synthetic chemicals present in many consumer products C Natural substances such as fluoride found in tap water D Associations whose objective is to protect the environment Q7 According to some health organisations what should the EPA do in order to make water safe to drink?

A Change the plumbing in houses with lead pipes B Ensure that children and those at risk avoid drinking tap water C Introduce stricter laws regarding the limit of contaminants D Recommend that bottles be cleaned thoroughly and regularly Q8 A study carried out in 2020 showed that A all home water filters eliminate most PFAs B it is not worth investing in home water filters C whole-house filter systems often showed increased levels of PFAs D all home water filters are 100% efficient Q9 Used water-filters A should be taken to a landfill B can be safely disposed of at home C must be incinerated at home D are generally collected by the state Europass © Casa Editrice G. Principato

75

Janet Harmer

Step on it First

The story

The DREAM

Agatha Christie

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Didattica inclusiva

Realtà aumentata

CHAPTER

The DREAM M E E TE TH OR AUTH

by Agatha Christie

The characters Hercule Poirot He is the detective asked by Benedict Farley to discuss the meaning of his recurring dream in which he shoots himself. Poirot sets about solving the mystery: was it suicide or murder?

Agatha Christie was born Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller on September 15, 1890, in Torquay, Devon, England. She had two elder sisters and was educated at home by her mother, who insisted for a time on keeping her away from formal education outside the home.

At the age of 24, she married Colonel Archibald Christie and took up nursing during World War I. She published her first book, The Mysterious Affair at Styles, in 1920 and introduced her readers to one of her most famous characters – Belgian detective, Hercule Poirot.

Writing well into her later years, Christie wrote more than 70 detective novels as well as short stories which earned her titles like the “Queen of Crime” and the “Queen of Mystery”.

She is one of the top-selling authors in history, her works selling over 2 billion copies worldwide.

Christie was also a renowned playwright and her play The Mousetrap, which opened in 1952 at the Ambassadors Theatre, at 8,800 performances over a period of 21 years, holds the record for the longest unbroken run at a London theatre.

Christie was made a Dame in 1971 and in 1974 she made her last public appearance. She died on January 12th 1976.

Benedict Farley He is an eccentric, extremely wealthy businessman.

He lives the life of a recluse and is very seldom seen in public.

Hugo Cornworthy He is the trusted personal secretary of the millionaire businessman, Benedict Farley.

Dr. John Stillingfleet He is a friend of Hercule Poirot.

It is Stillingfleet who telephones Poirot with the news that Benedict Farley is dead.

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Inspector Barnett

Plot devices of Agatha Christie

He is the police officer who investigates the death of Farley.

He is a discreet, soldierly-looking man.

The typical plot of a Hercule Poirot mystery has the same basic structure:

Mrs. Farley

Joanna Farley

She is Benedict Farley’s wife and the stepmother of his only daughter, Joanna Farley.

She is much younger than her husband, being only eight years older than Joanna.

She is the only daughter of Benedict Farley from a previous marriage. She stood to inherit most of the enormous Benedict Farley estate. Her father had tried to prevent her from marrying a poor man whom she loved.

1. A murder (or scandal) occurs.

Sometimes initially the murders are taken for suicides.

2. Several suspects appear, all of whom have a motive.

3. Poirot is told of the murder.

4. The suspects are interviewed

by Poirot. The murderer is almost always one of the known characters.

5. Several red herrings (misleading clues) are revealed.

6. All the suspects gather in one location.

7. Poirot explains what he has learned.

8. The detective publicly embarrasses each suspect.

9. The criminal is revealed. There is usually a twist in the plot.

These devices gave Christie’s plot a structure and, although her stories were different, they were essentially the same. Her audience craved this style: they wanted the content to have similar structures and the same type of patterns.

Who is Hercule Poirot?

Hercule Poirot is one of Agatha Christie’s most famous and long-lived characters. He appeared in 33 novels and more than 50 short stories published between 1920 and 1975.

Poirot was Belgian: at the time it was considered patriotic to express sympathy with the Belgians since Britain had entered WWI following the invasion of Belgium by Germany.

Standing at just 1,60 m, Poirot is described as having an egg-shaped head and eyes that shine green when he’s excited. Perhaps even more famous than the man himself is his delicately-groomed moustache.

Poirot uses psychology and his knowledge of human nature to weed out the criminals.

His cases invariably finish with a typical, dramatic denouement, satisfying his own ego and confirming to all that he is truly “the greatest mind in Europe”.

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3

The DREAM Meet the author The characters Plot devices of Agatha Christie Who is Hercule Poirot?

2 2 3 3

Chapter 1

4

1

Chapter 2

6

2

Chapter 3

8

3

Chapter 4

10

4

Chapter 5

12

5

Chapter 6

14

6

Chapter 7

16

7

Chapter 8

18

8

Chapter 9

20

9

How well do you remember the story? 22

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