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SMARTMECH MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING

SMARTMECH

è l’edizione aggiornata e ampliata del corso di grande successo SMARTMECH rivolto agli studenti degli Istituti Tecnici Tecnologici, indirizzo Meccanica, meccatronica ed energia. In linea con i nuovi orientamenti della formazione, il testo si caratterizza per il percorso fortemente incentrato sullo sviluppo delle competenze linguistiche e professionali.

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SMARTMECH

• Teoria e pratica dell’inglese tecnico con testi chiari e un ricco apparato didattico

Rosa Anna Rizzo

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• Lessico specialistico • Approfondimento grammaticale • Numerosi video • Sezioni CLIL in ogni unità • Mappe concettuali • Preparazione al Cambridge English: Prliminary (PET) e First • Dossier di civiltà anglofona • Approfondimenti di attualità

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ISBN 978-88-536-25632

CAMPIONE GRATUITO FUORI COMMERCIO Fuori campo IVA (D. PR. 26 ottobre 1972, n 633, art. 2, lett.d)

COPIA SAGGIO ES 2072P

COPIA SAGGIO

Quest’opera ha forma mista cartacea e digitale secondo le più recenti disposizioni di legge.

Rosa Anna Rizzo

SMARTMECH MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING

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Rosa Anna Rizzo

SMARTMECH MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING

Contents MODULES

Engineering p. 9

FOCUS on THEORY Engineering and Mechatronics

Careers

• What is engineering?

• Mechanics • Professional welders • Production stages: from product design to manufacturing

Roles in engineering • Mechanical engineers VIDEO Robotics and mechatronics

Safety first! • The importance of safety • Safety education VIDEO Fire extinguishers

Energy Sources p. 31

Non-renewable energy sources

Pollution

• Fossil fuel sources • Non-fossil fuel sources

• Pollution: environmental policies • Pollution parameters

Renewable energy sources • Inexhaustible sources VIDEO Climate change in sixty seconds

Materials p. 55

Materials science

Types of materials

• What is materials science?

• Metals

Properties of materials • Mechanical properties • Thermal properties • Electrical-magnetic and chemical properties

VIDEO Aluminium cars • • • •

Polymer materials Composite materials Ceramics Cermet

Nanotechnology • A smaller and smaller world • Nanomaterials VIDEO Nanoscience

Mechanical Drawing p. 83

Mechanical drawing

Multidisciplinary field

• • • •

• Computer-aided design (CAD)

Drawing tools Tools: functions and shapes Technical drawing Standardised conventions

Multiple views • Parallel projection VIDEO Pictorial drawings • Types of axonometric projections • Orthographic and perspective projections

Machining Operations

Power-driven machines

Machine tool basic operations

• Machine tools • Machine tools classiﬁcation

p. 103

The lathe

• • • • • •

• Parts of a lathe • Major types of lathes VIDEO Woodworking lathe

Drilling Boring Milling Grinding Planers and shapers Metal-forming machine tools VIDEO Flexible Manufacturing System • Non-traditional machining processes

Electric circuits • How electricity moves in a circuit

Metal Processes p. 131

Metalworking

Metal joining processes

• Steelmaking • Casting VIDEO Investment casting

• Welding • Brazing and soldering • Sheet metal processing VIDEO Recycling aluminium

Forming methods • Hot and cold processes • Powdered metal processes

FOCUS on LANGUAGE

CLIL

MAP your KNOWLEDGE

Vocabulary

Grammar

Safety in the workplace

• Safety in the workplace • Countable and Uncountable nouns

• Possessive Adjective and Pronouns VIDEO • Il genitivo sassone /Whose

Engineering and Mechatronics Safety

VIDEO

CLIL: Ergonomics

Vocabulary

Grammar

• Non-renewable and renewable energy sources • Pollution

• Present simple active and passive VIDEO

The effects of global warming

Energy sources

CLIL: Natural Sciences

Vocabulary

Grammar

• Types of materials

• Present continuous VIDEO

Sir Anish Kapoor and his dramatic sculptures

Materials

CLIL: Contemporary Art

Vocabulary

Grammar

• Drawing tools

• Comparatives and superlatives VIDEO

The work of a drafter

Technical drawing

CLIL: Technical Drawing

Vocabulary

Grammar

• Machines • Machine tools • Machining operations

• Linking words VIDEO

The Luddite Movement

Machining operations Tools

CLIL: History

Vocabulary

Grammar

• Metalworking • Compound nouns

• Modal verbs VIDEO

Recycling

Metal processes

CLIL: Natural Sciences 3

Contents MODULES

FOCUS on THEORY

The Motor Vehicle

• The braking system • The cooling system • The exhaust system

What makes a car move • • • • •

p. 157

Drive train The four-stroke engine The two-stroke engine The diesel engine Biofuels

Alternative engines • Electric and hybrid cars • Fuel cell vehicles VIDEO Electric cars

Basic car systems

Systems and Automation p. 187

• The fuel system • The electrical system VIDEO Replacing a car battery

Motorcycling

The computer system

• Numerical control and CNC

• The computer evolution • Computer basics • Internet basics

Computer automation

Multidisciplinary field • Mechatronics • Automated factory organization VIDEO Factory automation

Heating and Refrigeration p. 213

Heating systems • Hot-water central system • Warm-air central heating • Alternative heating systems VIDEO Solar thermal heating systems

Refrigeration systems • Mechanical refrigeration

• Structure of a motorcycle

• • • • •

Robots Drones Sensors Domotics Remote control

• Air conditioning • Car-cooling systems

Pumps • Dynamic pumps • Positive displacement pumps • Centrifugal pumps VIDEO Regenerative turbine pumps and centrifugal pumps

Cultural Background DOSSIERS

1 2

Geography

3 4

Economy

GLOSSARY 4

p. 234

History p. 250

UK vs USA • The UK – Quick facts • Geography of the UK

• The USA – Quick facts • Geography of the USA

• • • • •

• • • •

A brief history of the UK The Industrial Revolution and the Victorian period The British Empire Key moments in the 20th century Institutions: The UK political system

• UK economy

A brief history of the USA Mass production The Great Depression Key moments in the 20th century (1) VIDEO M. L. King I have a dream speech • Key moments in the 20th century (2) • Institutions: The USA political system • US economy

p. 270

Literature p. 280

• William Shakespeare VIDEO The Merchant of Venice • Wordsworth’s Romantic Nature VIDEO The Lake District • Charles Dickens and the Industrial Revolution VIDEO Hard Times • Elizabeth Gaskell and the Social Novel VIDEO North and South

p. 300

• Herbert George Wells The father of science ﬁction • F. Scott Fitzgerald and the American Dream VIDEO The Great Gatsby • Sir John Betjeman and Social Satire • Big Brother is watching you George Orwell’s dystopia • Craig Anthony Raine and Culture Shock • Multicultural Britain? VIDEO Multicultural London

WORD BANK

p. 302

FOCUS on LANGUAGE

CLIL

MAP your KNOWLEDGE

Vocabulary

Grammar

Tesla electric truck

Motor vehicles

• Car parts • Car systems

• Relative pronouns and adverbs VIDEO • Relative clauses

CLIL: Mechanics

The computer world Mechatronics

Virtual reality

Vocabulary

Grammar

• Computer parts • Computer technology

• Past simple VIDEO • Present perfect VIDEO

CLIL: Information Technology

District heating

Vocabulary

Grammar

• Heating and refrigeration systems • Pumps

• Future VIDEO • First conditional VIDEO

Heating and refrigeration Pumps

CLIL: Energy Systems

English-Speaking World Current Commonwealth nations:

Colonisation in Africa

• Canada • Australia and New Zealand • Singapore and India

THE IMPERIAL SYSTEM

p. 308

TAVOLE VERBALI

p. 309 5

Welcome to SMARTMECH SMARTMECH

è la versione ampliata e aggiornata del corso di inglese tecnico settoriale rivolto agli studenti degli Istituti Tecnici Tecnologici, indirizzo Meccanica, meccatronica ed energia. In queste pagine troverai alcune indicazioni per imparare a usare il tuo libro di testo.

Il volume si articola in 9 moduli dal contenuto tecnico e settoriale e 4 dossier di civiltà, organizzati in questo modo:

Roles in engineering

Mechanical engineers and computer systems Mechanical engineers do much of their work on computers. They use them to design new tools, test a machine’s functions, ensure the quality of all devices. Computers systems as 2D and 3D Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) are employed for design-data processing and for turning the design into the final product. These programs allow engineers to create simulations of the operation of products, as well as the manufacturing process to be used. So their final performance is optimized before settling on a particular design.

WARM UP

Do you know which are the main branches of engineering?

Mechanical engineers

power-generating machines: macchine produttrici di elettricità turbines: turbine power-driven machines: macchine elettriche elevators: ascensori escalators: scale mobili

Mechanical engineering is the second-largest field of engineering. The role of a mechanical engineer is to take a product from an idea to the marketplace. In order to accomplish this, a broad range of skills are needed as mechanical engineers are involved in the work on all stages of a product from research and design, to construction and testing. They work on various types of machines, tools, engines and thermal devices. Perhaps the one skill that is the mechanical engineer’s exclusive area is the ability to analyze and design objects and systems with motion.

DID YOU KNOW…?

simulations: simulazioni piping: tubature

Main tasks of mechanical engineers VIDEO

Since almost every industry relies on mechanical systems and devices, mechanical engineers play a central role in many companies. Their work varies by industry and function. They often work in testing laboratories, in checking the manufacturing of machinery. They work on power-generating machines such as electric generators, internal combustion engines, and steam and gas turbines. They also develop power-driven machines such as refrigeration and air conditioning systems, material handling systems, elevators and escalators, and robots used in the manufacturing process. They often work in offices, but sometimes they are asked to visit worksites to solve equipment problems.

Engineering is not a man’s world only: history has known a few women which contributed significantly to engineering. Helen Augusta Blanchard (1840-1922), with 28 patents, was one of the great inventors of the industrial era. Lillian Moller Gilbreth (1878-1972) was the first woman to be elected to the National Academy of Engineering (1977). Rear Admiral Dr. Grace Murray Hopper (19061992) first had the idea of the development of more user-friendly programming languages. Nancy D. Fitzroy (1927) was among the first engineers to work on nuclear reactor cores. Yvonne C. Brill (1924), a brilliant propulsion engineer, made satellites stay in orbit longer.

Mechanical engineers and their specialized fields Among the main specialized fields are mechatronics, energy systems, applied mechanics, automotive design, plant engineering and maintenance, pressure vessels and piping, heating and refrigeration. Besides, new job opportunities for mechanical engineers are created by many emerging innovations in biomechanics, energy conversion, laser-assisted materials processing, and nanotechnology.

Watch this video about the robotics and mechatronics course held by ECPI University and answer these questions. 1 According to the professor speaking, what is mechatronics? 2 What does the ﬁrst student love doing? 3 What are his career goals? 4 What are the pros in working at the place the lady is talking about?

Mechanical engineers work in many industries as automotive, aerospace, computers and electronics just to mention a few.

Reading comprehension 3 Answer these questions. 1 What is the main role of a mechanical engineer? 2 What ability can be considered an exclusive area of a mechanical engineer’s job? 3 Can you give a few examples of industries where mechanical engineers play a central role? 4 Which computers systems do they use to ensure the quality of all devices? 5 What emerging innovations are creating new job opportunities?

Vocabulary 4

MODULE 1 | FOCUS ON THEORY

Find the English equivalents of these words in the texts. 1 motori ___________________________________ 4 turbine a vapore __________________________ 2 generatori elettrici _________________________ 5 meccanica applicata _______________________ 3 turbine a gas _____________________________ 6 riscaldamento ____________________________

Engineering | MODULE 1

La sezione FOCUS on LANGUAGE si divide in due parti: • Vocabulary, dove potrai sviluppare e consolidare il lessico speciﬁco e tecnico già incontrato all’interno del modulo , così da ampliare gradualmente la quantità di termini pertinenti alla microlingua settoriale del corso di studi e rafforzare la capacità di usarli attivamente nel contesto adeguato; • Grammar, dove vengono brevemente presentate ed esercitate diverse strutture grammaticali con un approccio graduale e di contestualizzazione. La pagina di grammatica si chiude sempre con un esercizio di traduzione da e verso l’inglese.

Video tutorial All’interno del FLIP BOOK troverai tutti i video tutorials con la spiegazione di alcune delle regole grammaticali.

FOCUS on LANGUAGE Vocabulary 1

Look at the picture of the lathe. Write the names of each part 1 __________________

in the correct space.

6 __________________ 5 __________________

2 __________________

3 __________________

4 __________________

Find the English equivalents for these words. 1 2 3 4 5 6

sagomatura ______________________________ fresatura _________________________________ vite _____________________________________ cinghia __________________________________ cuscinetto _______________________________ ingranaggio, ruota dentata _________________

A lathe is a machine tool that works by heating/spinning an object around on a vertical/horizontal axis. Almost all lathe designs have a saddle/bed, which is the main platform of the lathe. A machine tool is a piece of equipment used to shape plastic/metal. The variety of machine tools in use is almost unlimited/limited. Drilling is a cutting/grinding process that uses a drill bit to enlarge a hole. Turning is used to create rotational/ornamental parts. Boring is the process of a cutting action applied to external/internal surfaces. A machine called press brake is used to cut/bend sheets of metal. Broaches are used when the metal to be removed is thick/not too thick. Ultrasonic machining is an energy-based/chemical-based process.

Match the words with their definitions. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

7 8 9 10 11 12

Choose the correct alternative.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

tornio ___________________________________ macchina utensile _________________________ asse orizzontale ___________________________ basamento _______________________________ mandrino ________________________________ molatura _________________________________

headstock arbor tailstock saddle die back and forth ram laser

a b c d e f g h

Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

the part of a lathe which slides on the bed the part of a lathe that carries the spindle a cylindrical shaft on which a cutting tool is mounted part of a lathe that holds the end of the workpiece ﬁrst in one direction and then in the opposite one plunger, piston an artiﬁcial light source a tool used to form impressions on materials

Find the English equivalents in the text. 1 A tool with more than one point. ___________________________ __________________________________ 2 Machine tools used to put weight on something in order to make it ﬂat. _____________________________ 3 The ultimate quality or appearance of the surface of a material. ____________________________________ 4 To make a deep round hole in a hard surface. ___________________________ ________________________ 5 A surface with no rough parts, lumps or holes. ___________________________ _______________________

126

Grammar VIDEO

aiutano a collegare contenuti e concetti.

instance; - per dare esempi: for example; for - per aggiungere informazioni: in addition; is more; besides; as well as; also; moreover; what however, - per collegare idee contrastanti: but; contrary; on the other hand; yet; still; on the while;

Ecco una lista delle più usate:

lastly; of all; first(ly); second(ly); third(ly); - per elencare le idee in ordine: first for one thing; for another thing; in the finally; to begin with; to start with; first/second/third place, then; di causa e conseguenza: so; then; - per dimostrare la logica sequenza therefore; as a result; consequently; sum up; briefly; in short. - per concludere: in conclusion; to

Choose the correct linking word. well as/in short internally. external surface of the part therefore/as a 1 Turning can be done on the to perform not one, for example/but/so machine tools have been built 2 Moreover/Lastly/While many a carpenter’s whole series of operations. similar to working wood with working metal with a planer is 3 For example/In addition/But, cutting tool; secondly/then/ hand planer. from the workpiece using a hardened removed is metal lathe, 4 In a metalworking computer controlled motors. workpiece with handwheels or as well as it is moved against the in a machine shop, turning is often one of the most important operations 5 Therefore/Yet/As well as being metal. used to shape round pieces of of automobiles. tools are essential to the manufacture 6 But/Then/In short, machine

MODULE 5 | FOCUS on LANGUAGE

Ecological crises

LINKING WORDS

Linkers o linking words sono parole che

Complete the sentences with

the words from the box.

− while − in addition to − for example first of all − as a result − in short can be produced on a lathe. musical instruments and camshafts the motor 1 ______________, bowls, woodwind often contains parts to convert and its bearings, the headstock 2 ______________ the spindle speed into various spindle speeds. Others are larger and ﬂoor-mounted, and so they are semi-portable. 3 Some smaller lathes are bench-mounted special transportation. ______________ they require lathe. a using of modes the 4 ______________ these are wearing insulator rubber gloves. with electricity, make sure you’re a series circuit, 5 ______________ , when working by series connections it’s called all the devices are connected circuit. 6 An electric circuit in which connections it’s called a parallel devices are connected by parallel ______________ when all the

Schede di approfondimento online

Translation 3 Translate these sentences into Italian.

Puoi scaricare gratuitamente dal sito www.elilaspigaedizioni.it /libridigitali il tuo FLIP BOOK

by shearing, hammering or squeezing. they need 1 Machine tools shape metal tools to make the precise parts without the ability of machine 2 Refrigerators could not operate to operate. it frequently requires continuous in a traditional form of lathe, and 3 Turning can be done manually, by using an automated lathe. supervision by the operator, or

English. Translate these sentences into o orizzontali. di solito classiﬁcate come verticali 1 Le macchine per fresatura sono lappatura e la levigatura. un pezzo 2 La molatura include anche la meccanica. Consiste nel ruotare importanti operazioni in un’ofﬁcina 3 La tornitura è una delle più tornio. taglio in una macchina chiamata di metallo contro un utensile a

Machining Operations | MODULE 5

CLIL: Informa tion Techno logy

Virtual reality WARM UP

Virtual reality means ‘reality that is not real’. How can reality be unreal?

virtual reality headset: visore per realtà virtuale lenses: lenti enhance: intensiﬁcare gaming: giocare con i videogames PTSD (Post-traumatic stress disorder): disturbo da stress post-traumatico commonplace: ordinario

In technical terms virtual reality (VR) describes a three-dimensional, computer-generated environment which can be explored and interacted with by a person. This artificial environment is created by software a and presented to the user in such and way that the user suspends belief accepts it as a real environment. On a computer, virtual reality is primarily experienced through two of the five senses: sight and sound. of virtual reality systems but the simplest form There are different types of virtual usually interactively on a computer screen, reality is a 3D image that can be explored image moves in the mouse so that the content of the by manipulating keys, joysticks or headset, which has Looking through a virtual reality some direction or zooms in or out. the outside world is out of view. two small screens instead of the lenses, move their user the as soon shows an image and as In short, a virtual reality headset they are really there. 3D audio can like seems it make to image that heads it modifies the user forget their physical surroundings. also enhance the experience and make the user moves user’s eyes and they react to the way The screens are very close to the placed of the presence of built-in sensors their head; this is made possible because but virtual is mainly used in movies and gaming, inside the headset. This technology training be used for distance learning, medical reality has other possible uses. It can disorders like PTSD. There are treat to therapy psychological and procedures, and even characteristics systems but they all share the same many different types of virtual reality images. to view three-dimensional such as the ability to allow the person a matter of time before only it’s like seems it VR, for store With all the possibilities in it becomes commonplace.

Match the two parts of the sentences. 1 Virtual reality describes 2 A VR headset 3 There are built-in sensors 4 Virtual reality is mainly used 5 All types of virtual reality 6 Virtual reality can be also used

Vocabulary 3

PET Complete the text with the words

a Q placed inside the headset. b Q in movies and gaming. images. c Q allow the users to see 3D ated d Q a three-dimensional, computer-gener environment. training and e Q for distance learning, medical procedures, and even PTSD treatment. of the lenses. instead f Q has two small screens

ACTIVITIES

Reading comprehension

from the box.

________ our senses environment presented (1) _____________ Virtual reality is the creation of a virtual ________ if we were really that we experience it (3) _____________ in (2) _____________________ a way (5) _____________________ a mix of various technologies to achieve there. It (4) _____________________ and (6) _____________________ our perception account to has that feat complex goal and is a technically is becoming entertainment and serious uses. The technology cognition. It has (7) _____________________ ________ more widespread. We can expect to see (9) _____________ (8) _____________________ and more in (10) _____________________ future and perhaps a fundamental way innovative uses for the technology in the reality. virtual of possibilities the we communicate and work thanks to 1 A at 2 A kind 3 A like 4 A is using 5 A this 6 A to 7 A as 8 A cheaper 9 A most 10 A which

B in B such B so B used B these B for B also B cheap B much B that

C to C same C such C uses C those C on C both C cheapest C lots of C who

Chiude ogni modulo una sezione CLIL dedicata ad approfondimenti interdisciplinari relativi alle altre materie curriculari. Un ricco apparato didattico garantisce l’approfondita comprensione del testo e offre spunti per la produzione orale.

D into D as D as D use D such D with D together with D more cheap D many D whose

nitions. time Match the words with their deﬁ things around a person at a particular a Q the objects, buildings, natural 1 environment b Q increase suddenly and quickly 2 software place c Q the natural features of a 3 sight to happen d Q something unexpected about 4 zoom e Q the physical ability to see a particular task do to 5 surroundings how computer a tell f Q the sets of programs that 6 in store

Speaking 5

the following questions. Work in pairs. Asks and answer 1 What is virtual reality? its aim? 2 How does virtual reality achieve 3 What are its uses? 4 What’s the future of this technology?

Systems and Automation | MODULE 8

210

MODULE 8 | CLIL

211

127

ACTIVITIES

Ogni modulo si suddivide in due parti principali, teoria e pratica. • La sezione FOCUS on THEORY presenta testi teorici che affrontano i temi tecnici e settoriali con testi descrittivi, numerosi approfondimenti, video di esplicativi relativi a un argomento trattato nel modulo, con attività, collegamenti a Internet.

Engineering is a very broad study subject which divides into many different and highlyspecialised disciplines (civil, mechanical, chemical, environmental, electrical – just to name a few), so career choices are quite limitless. Engineering graduates develop a range of practical skills, such as logical thinking, numeracy and problem-solving, which are highly valued by employers in many sectors.

5 MAP your KNOWL EDGE

MACHINING OPERATIONS

MAP your KNOWLEDGE In chiusura della sezione teorica di ogni modulo una pagina riassume i concetti e le parole chiave attraverso l'elaborazione di mappe concettuali. Queste mappe sono presenti nel FLIP BOOK in forma interattiva.

TRADITIONAL

NON TRADITIONAL

woodworking lathe

ultrasonic machining

metalworking lathe

Turning

abrasive jet machining

Mechanical

metal spinning lathe glass-working lathe

Boring

water-jet machining

lathe electrical discharge machining

ElectricalThermal belt grinders

laser-beam machining

bench grinders Grinding

cylindrical grinders surface grinders

Chemical

jig grinders gear grinders

TOOLS knee-type

CUTTING TOOLS

plain vertical/horizontal Milling

METAL FORMING TOOLS

universal horizontal

planers

presses

ram-type

shapers

punch presses

swivel cutter head ram-type

shears press brakes

metal drills Drilling

wood drills

drop hammers

reamers

forging machines

rock drills

130

WARM UP

Service sector

Listening

The tertiary sector is the largest in the UK and the economic output of the sector is worth 80% of all UK economic output. 86% of the workforce is employed by this sector which includes government, healthcare, financial services, banking, retail, education and tourism. The government, education, health and defence sector employs 7.6 million people, 27% of the total workforce. The retail and wholesale industry employs around 4.4 million people. The retail market has shown a slow, but gradual growth since the 2008 credit crunch decreased consumer spending. This market is dominated by large chain stores, which Britain’s Tesco is the world’s third credit crunch: stretta del operate in most sectors like largest retailer after America’s credito Walmart and France’s Carrefour. food, clothing and electrical goods. This means that smaller and independent shops find it more difficult to compete. For example, four supermarket chains – Asda, Tesco, Sainsbury’s and Morrisons – have over 75% of the market share. Most major stores also have online shops and the number of exclusive online retail businesses has grown rapidly over the last few years, following the sharp rise in internet shopping. Tourism is also a key part of the UK economy, with London being one of the top tourist city destinations in the world. It has been the fastest growing sector in the UK in terms of The Tower of London is one of London’s employment since 2010, and the tourism industry is predicted to most popular tourist attractions. be worth over £257 billion by 2025. Over 1 million people work in the financial services sector, and about one third are employed in London. Edinburgh, Leeds and the North West are also significant centres for the number of employees in financial services. The City of London is one of the leading international financial and banking centres in the world, with hundreds of foreign banks, offices and subsidiaries. It is home to the London Stock Exchange, the Bank of England and Lloyd’s – the world’s specialist insurance market. With London being such a significant international financial centre, the global financial crisis of 2008 hit the UK economy hard as banks had to make thousands of workers redundant and reduce their international operations. However, since then it has maintained The City of London a strong position within the global market and is predicted to or the ‘Square Mile’ continue to grow, thanks also to increased overseas investments.

Can you remember what percentage of the workforce is employed in the service sector in the UK? Why do you think it is so high? Has it always been this way?

Current UK economic situation At the end of 2008, the UK was in a serious recession as a result of the global crisis, with declining house prices and high consumer debt. In 2010, the government introduced a five-year austerity programme to lower the country’s level of debt, cutting public spending and services and increasing taxes. Between 2009 and 2010, the Bank of England injected £200 billion into the economy through quantitative easing in order to help the country climb out of the recession by increasing spending and economic growth. Towards the end of 2011 it added a further £75 billion due to growing fears connected to the eurozone crisis. Since 2013, the economy has grown, albeit sluggishly, every year with services increasing fairly strongly but manufacturing and construction showing a slight drop. Since early 2016 unemployment has been below 5%, and the employment rate is at a record high. After Brexit referendum the pound has fallen by about 10% against other currencies, rising the UK goods and services’ competitiveness. Quantitative easing is In 2017 inflation peaked at around 3%, as pound’s fall caused the price of import to a process by which a rise, but it will be Central Bank creates back down again soon, as exchange-rate effects fall out of the year-on-year comparison money and uses it to used to calculate it. Low inflation is a good thing: with nominal wages increasing at 2% buy assets such as a year, inflation should fall below 2% and real wages should rise again. government bonds and More, lower inflation means that the purchasing power is eroded less quickly. All high-quality debt from this suggests that private companies. the unanimity forecast for economic growth in 2018 – around 1.8% – is probably about right. The bigger risk, however, remains Brexit.

274

Read the text and discuss these questions in pairs. 1 What was the economic situation like in 2008 in the UK? And in Italy? 2 What measures did the government take to try to lower debt? Did the Italian government take any similar measures?

5 Internet shopping … over the last few years. 6 Employment in the tourism sector has… 7 Apart from London, many people are employed in ﬁnancial services in… 8 Many bank employees lost their jobs due to…

3 What is the purpose of quantitative easing? 4 What signs of recovery have there been since 2013? Is the situation the same for Italy? 5 Why is low inﬂation a good thing?

Internet research 5

DOSSIER 3 | UK vs USA

ACTIVITIES

Reading comprehension & Speaking 4

Read the text and complete these sentences. 1 80% of the UK’s GDP is represented by… 2 … are examples of the tertiary sector. 3 … people are employed in the retail sector and … in the ﬁnancial services sector. 4 It is not easy for independent retailers to compete with…

43 FIRST Listen to this proﬁle of British businessman Richard Branson. Complete these sentences with a maximum of three words.

1 Branson’s first venture was set up when he was ____________. 2 The Virgin Group started as ____________ and recording studios. 3 Branson is classified as the ____________ person in the UK. 4 The non-profit foundation Virgin Unite is aimed at addressing ____________ issues. 5 So far, ____________ people have already registered to go on spaceflights. 6 The first spaceflight was supposed to happen in ____________. 7 He is considered a pioneer in both his commercial and ____________ life. 8 In 2004 Branson used an amphibious vehicle to cross the ____________ in record time.

Reading comprehension 2

ACTIVITIES

Using the information on these pages, write a short essay about the UK economy and current economic situation, underlining any similarities or differences with Italy. Go to www.imf.org for more information.

Economy |

DOSSIER 3

M O D U L E 5 | MAP your KNOWLEDGE

Cultural Background • La ricca sezione di civiltà offre un confronto fra la geograﬁa, la storia, l'economia del Regno Unito e degli Stati Uniti. • Troverai attività di preparazione alle certiﬁcazioni Cambridge English: Preliminary (PET) nei primi dossier e First (FCE) in quelli successivi. • La sezione English-Speaking World offre una panoramica generale dei paesi di lingua inglese.

275

PET indica le attività utili alla preparazione dell'esame PET FIRST indica le attività utili alla preparazione dell'esame FCE DOSSIER

Literature, la sezione ﬁnale dei quattro dossier di cultura, presenta un percorso letterario e video inerenti al tema affrontato nei vari dossier.

F. Scott Fitzgerald and the American Dream 1 Read the text about Francis Scott Fitzgerald and complete the biography card.

DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH: ______________________ EDUCATION: ___________ ______________________ HIS CAREER: ___________ ______________________ HIS WORKS: ____________ ______________________ PERSONAL LIFE: _________ ______________________ LITERARY ACHIEVEMENTS: ______________________ DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH: ______________________

THE IMPERIAL SYSTEM

The British Imperial System is the traditional system of weights and measures used officially in the United Kingdom from 1824 until 1995, when the metric system was adopted in most cases. Back in the 19th century, the system was extended to all countries of the British Empire but nowadays most of these too have officially adopted the metric system as their main system of measurement. In the United Kingdom the Imperial System is still used in road signs (miles and yards instead of kilometres). Office space and industrial units are usually advertised in square feet. Although official figures always include litres per 100 km equivalents, fuel consumption for vehicles is commonly stated in miles per gallon.

290 d Measures office iin London. Sign of the former Weights and

about a paper napkin about the size of a card table about a football pitch

1 sq.foot 1 sq.yard 1 acre

= = =

UK Units of Mass or Weight 16 drams (dr) 16 ounces (ozs.) 14 pounds (lbs) 2 stone 4 quarters 20 hundredweight (cwt)

= = = = = =

1 ounce 1 pound 1 stone 1 quarter 1 hundredweight 1 ton

= =

a tablespoon of sugar a bag of sugar used in body weight less common unit 112 lb; bag of cement. 2240 lb.; about 14 men

= = = = = =

UK Units of Capacity

APPENDICE

‘See!’ he explained. ‘It went in the ditch.’ unusual quality of wonder, and then the The fact was infinitely astonishing to him, and I recognized first the man — it was the late patron of Gatsby’s library. duster: spolverino (un ‘How’d it happen?’ He shrugged his shoulders. tipo di soprabito) Owl Eyes: Occhi di ‘I know nothing whatever about mechanics,’ he said decisively. said Owl Eyes, Gufo (soprannome ‘But how did it happen? Did you run into the wall?’ ‘Don’t ask me,’ — next to dato al protettore della washing his hands of the whole matter. ‘I know very little about driving biblioteca) nothing. It happened, and that’s all I know.’ awed hush: silenzio impressionante ‘Well, if you’re a poor driver you oughtn’t to try driving at night.’ trying.’ pawing: palpeggiando ‘But I wasn’t even trying,” he explained indignantly, “I wasn’t even outa gas: (out of gas) An awed hush fell upon the bystanders. senza benzina ‘Do you want to commit suicide?’ trying!’ even not and driver bad ‘You’re lucky it was just a wheel! A another man in the car.’ ‘You don’t understand,’ explained the criminal. ‘I wasn’t driving. There’s coupé swung the of door the as “Ah-h-h!” The shock that followed this declaration found voice in a sustained and when the door had opened slowly open. The crowd — it was now a crowd — stepped back involuntarily, a pale, dangling individual stepped out of the wide there was a ghostly pause. Then, very gradually, part by part, shoe. dancing uncertain large a with ground the at tentatively pawing wreck, groaning of the horns, the apparition stood Blinded by the glare of the headlights and confused by the incessant duster. the in man swaying for a moment before he perceived the ‘Wha’s matter?’ he inquired calmly. ‘Did we run outa gas?’ stared at it for a moment, and then looked ‘Look!’ Half a dozen fingers pointed at the amputated wheel — he came off,’ someone explained. upward as though he suspected that it had dropped from the sky. ‘It

PET Read the text and decide if the statements below are true (T) or

false (F), then correct the false ones. F T Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

ed. 1 The man who dismounted from the wreck seemed terriﬁ 2 The narrator recognised the man. 3 He says the car ran into the wall. out of the wreck. 4 Everybody was shocked when they saw another man stepping

from BOOK to FILM Mrs Wilson, furious with her husband because he has discovered that she has a lover, rushes out of the garage into the dusk, waving her hands and shouting. A car comes out of the darkness running her down and disappearing. Who was driving the car? This scene takes place immediately after the car incident.

Watch the scene and answer the questions. 1 What does Nick accuse Gatsby of? 2 What is the truth? 3 Describe how the hit and run accident took place.

4 Compare this episode with the one you have just read about the car in the ditch.

Literature |

DOSSIER 4

291

D O S S I E R 4 | Literature

TECH NICA L GLO SSAR Y

dell’ambiente fossil fuels: combustibili MODULE fossili (to) give off: emettere (to) compute: calcolare global warming: riscaldamen cross-section: sezione trasversale to della temperature terrestre depth: profondità designer: progettista (to) harvest: raccogliere (to) devise: ideare, inventare detrimental: dannoso, nocivo livestock: bestiame (to) dimension: dimensionar earmuffs: paraorecchie e mammals: mammiferi features: caratteristic he/aspetti elevator: ascensore non-renewable: non freehand: a mano libera rinnovabile emergency cut-out: interruttore plant: (botanico) pianta; 0.093 m2 0.09 di emer= height: altezza genza (industriale) stabilimento, centrale, 0.84 m2 = (to) intersect: intersecare impianto escalator: scale mobili pollutant: sostanza inquinante 4047 m2 404 = length: lunghezza feasibility: fattibilità pollution: inquinament (to) mirror: riflettere o fitter: installatore (to) power: alimentare prospective buyer: potenziale forging: contraffatto compratore (to) release: rilasciare protractor: goniometro forklift: carrello elevatore (to) store: immagazzin range: gamma are frayed: logorato straw: paglia (to) rely on: basarsi su grinding: molatura grams 28 gram timber: legname scale: scala, gradazione hand tool: utensile manuale 0.45 kg wildlife: flora e fauna shading: ombreggiatu hands-on: pratico ra, sfumatura 6.35 kg windmills: mulini a vento/aerog shape: forma hazard: pericolo 12.7 kg eneratori cooling fins size: ize: misura injury: lesione dissipatori 50.8 kg MODULE skills: kills: abilità insurance: assicurazion 1.016 ttonne e (to) bend: piegare (to) to) store: immagazzin layer: strato are task: brittle: fragile ask: mansione, incarico layout: impostazione width: canning: inscatolame idth: larghezza machine tool: macchina nto utensile fuel in carrier bag: borsa di plastica melting: fusione ingresso del carburante MODUL MO ODU coating: rivestimento piping: tubature ULE E 142 ml 1 = anvil: composites: composti vil: incudine power-driven machine: macchina 568 ml elettrica = axle: le: asse corundum: corindone power-generating machine: 1.1 L = bar: r: barra fillings: materiale di riempimento macchina 4.546 L produttrice di elettricità = bed: d: banco di fissaggio fittings: attrezzature reed valve protective gear: equipaggiam bench lamellare nch grinder: panchina hardness: durezza ento antinsmerigliatricvalvola fortunistico e blacksmith: cksmith: fabbro ferraio harmful: dannoso prototype: prototipo camshaft: mshaft: albero a camme insulation: isolamento servicing: far la revisione di cross crankshaft ss slide: slitta trasversale polymers: polimeri shutdown: chiusura albero a gomito cutting ing edge: bordo tagliente rope: corda simulation: simulazione cutting ing tool: utensile da taglio rubber: gomma slippery: scivoloso drop p forge: maglio a caduta rust: ruggine libera tune-up: messa a punto drop p hammer: maglio a caduta (to) shatter: frantumare welding screen: schermo libera da saldatura glassblowin sblowing: g: soffiatura del vetro (to) shear: spezzare workplace: posto di lavoro headstock: stock: testa motrice sheet: lamina hobbing ing machine: dentatrice sleeves to package food: MODULE involucri per keyway ay cutting: taglio chiavetta impacchettare cibo boundaries: limiti, confini jig grinder: inder: rettificatrice a coordinate soapstone: steatite carbon dioxide: biossido di carbonio line shaft: haft: linea d’asse stainless steel: acciaio inossidabile (to) cluster: raggruppare lathe: tornio strength: forza cooling tower: torre di raffreddamento lock knob: nob: blocco motore (to) stretch: allungare (to) crush: frantumare metal spinning: filatrice (to) undergo: subire del metallo dam: bacino idrico, diga milling g macine: fresatrice wax: cera (to) drill: trivellare (to) overheat: verheat: surriscaldare weight: peso environmentally friendly: rispettoso presses: s: presse wrought iron: ferro battuto press brakes: 300 TECHNIC AL GLOSSAR rakes: presse piegatrici Y

about the width of a thumb hoe about the length of a size 10 shoe about from nose to stretched finger about 15 minutes walking

1 foot 1 yard 1 mile ( m )

UK Units of Area

308

characters of the The story is narrated in the first person by Nick Carraway, one of the story, in 1922, he is a novel, who also takes part in most of the events. At the start of the Long Island. Carraway newly arrived resident of West Egg, a fictional town on prosperous young man, whose is Gatsby’s next-door neighbour and he tells us about this self-made woman, Daisy, dream of success and money is personified in a rich and beautiful young met and fallen in love now the wife of the wealthy Tom Buchanan. Daisy and Gatsby had or position. education money, no with cer offi young a was Gatsby when during the war later Gatsby reappears Daisy married Tom, the husband chosen by her family. Four years of money, partly from and tries to get her back. In the meantime he has made a great deal Despite Daisy’s bootlegging liquor. Daisy has had a daughter, while Tom has a lover. and follow her renewed attraction to Gatsby, she eventually refuses to leave her husband of Gatsby. old lover. The novel is ended by a series of tragic events and the death

below.

scene where a coupé has a wheel missing After attending one of Gatsby’s extravagant parties, the narrator sees a chaotic and has landed in a ditch two minutes after leaving Gatsby’s house. in the middle of the road, looking from A man in a long duster had dismounted from the wreck and now stood way. the car to the tire and from the tire to the observers in a pleasant, puzzled

MODULE 1

= = = =

144 square inch (sq.in) 9 square feet ( sq.ft) 4840 sq.yards (sq.yds)

5 fluid ounces 20 fluid ounces 2 pints (pts.) 4 quarts (qrt)

Read the extract from The Great Gatsby and answer the questions

THE CAR IN THE DITCH

questions.

1 How does Nick Carraway meet Gatsby? 2 Who is Daisy and why does Gatsby try to get her back? 3 How did Gatsby make money?

UK Units of Length 1 inch ( in. or " ) 12 inches ( ins.) 3 feet ( ft. ) 1760 yards (yds)

Francis Scott Fitzgerald was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1896. He went to university but he did not graduate and entered the army in 1917. He was sent to Alabama, where he met Zelda Sayre, who became his wife in 1920. After the wedding, Fitzgerald’s first and novel, This Side of Paradise, (1920) was published. It was a best-seller Damned Fitzgerald became a celebrity. This was followed by The Beautiful and its name to (1922). In 1922, he also published Tales of the Jazz Age, which gave ended with the period of moral laxity which followed the First World War and the Great Depression. years were The Great Gatsby (1925), marks the peak of his art. The following breakdowns mental of number difficult ones for Fitzgerald. His wife suffered a problem. and spent regular periods in hospital; he himself developed a drink The Fitzgeralds travelled regularly between America and Europe but Fitzgerald’s rapid decline led to his early death in 1940 in Hollywood. He will be remembered as the chronicler of the aspirations and delusions and of the generation that came to maturity in the ‘20s, a time of wealth hedonism, known as the Jazz Age. All his work concentrates on recurrent position, social themes like the theme of success, in the form of wealth and as the closely linked with the aspects of American life usually referred to American Dream.

Read the description of The Great Gatsby and answer the

Bootlegging In 1919, Amendment 18 to the constitution prohibited the manufacture and sale of liquor. But many people resented the law, and drank in illegal clubs. Gangsters took over bootlegging, the illegal sale of liquor, and crime increased. Such ﬁgures as Al Capone rose to the top ranks of organized crime.

The Imperial System

LITERATUR E

= = = =

25.4 mm assembly: assemblaggio 305 mm assessing: valutare 0.91 m (to) carry out: effettuare 1.61 km coating: rivestimento

WORD BANK

The cylinder: il cilindro

spark plug candela

cylinder cilindro

= = = =

1 gill 1 pint 1 quart 1 gallon

an English beer a German beer a large can of paint, maybe

SMARTMECH

exhaust out

si chude con un TECHNICAL GLOSSARY in cui gli studenti troveranno termini speciﬁci suddivisi per modulo e per area tematica. Il glossario è inﬁne completato dal Word Bank con sei tavole illustrate e le tabelle di conversione delle varie unità di misura del British Imperial System.

uscita fumi

piston pistone

camshaft albero a camme

exhaust valve valvola di scarico

suction valve valvola di aspirazione

connecting rod biella

WORD BANK

305

Il FLIP BOOK è la versione digitale interattiva del libro di testo, da utilizzare in classe con la lavagna interattiva (LIM) oppure a casa per studiare e ripassare in modo autonomo.

Il FLIP BOOK contiene l’intero volume in formato multimediale e sfogliabile e raccoglie tutte le risorse del corso in un unico ambiente: esercizi interattivi e auto-correttivi, audio e video.

Dalla barra degli strumenti potrai inserire all’interno del tuo libro digitale appunti, documenti, immagini, link e note vocali per esercitare la tua pronuncia. Sarà inoltre possibile costruire delle mappe mentali per la memorizzazione e il ripasso dei concetti chiave.

Tutti i video sono dotati di sottotitoli.

Accedendo al LIBRO LIQUIDO, potrai scegliere lo sfondo e il carattere del tuo libro digitale, e ascoltare la lettura dell’intero volume.

In più, il FLIP BOOK ti offre delle risorse extra: • accesso diretto al sito dedicato online dove troverai schede di approfondimento attinenti ad argomenti del corso • accesso diretto alla piattaforma di esercitazione grammaticale WebLAB • video tutorials di grammatica • una tavola interattiva con audio dei simboli fonetici della lingua inglese • mappe (UK and Ireland, The United States of America, English-speaking world)

MODULE

1 Engineering FOCUS on THEORY

CLIL: Ergonomics

Engineering and Mechatronics Roles in engineering Careers Safety ďŹ rst!

Safety in the workplace

FOCUS on LANGUAGE

MAP your KNOWLEDGE

Vocabulary Grammar

FOCUS on THEORY

Engineering and Mechatronics WARM UP

Can you explain in your own words what engineering is? Can you match the pictures to the engineering jobs? 1 ■ designer 2 ■ electrical engineer 3 ■ mechanical engineer 4 ■ machine operator 5 ■ civil engineer 6 ■ chemical engineer

dams: dighe carried out: effettuate ﬁtters: installatori designers: progettisti run: gestire, condurre

What is engineering? In simple words we might say that engineering is the profession that puts power and materials to work for man. Engineers use steel and concrete to construct buildings, dams, roads, and bridges. They use metal, glass, plastics and many other materials to make hundreds of everyday products. They control the power of petrol and other fuels that drive our airplanes, trains, ships, and cars. They often discover or create new materials and sources of power that serve man. Engineering activities are carried out in a huge variety of industries. They are employed in car and aircraft industries, chemical industries, food manufacturers, clothing companies, electronics companies: almost every company that makes a product employs or uses the skills of engineers.

Main branches of engineering Engineering is a very large field. It is usually divided into four main branches (chemical, civil, electrical and mechanical engineering) which are, in turns, divided into many other specialized branches. So, there is a wide variety of jobs available in engineering. These range from practical roles, such as machine operators and fitters, to technical roles, such as designers and metallurgists, to line and factory management, to the directors who run the companies. As you can see there are many specialized fields, but the dividing line between some of them is not always clear. For example, aeronautical engineering involves some aspects of both civil and mechanical engineering.

MO DULE 1 | FOCUS on THEORY

Engineering as a subject to study We can easily affirm that engineering was born with man, in ancient times; inventions as simple as the wedge, lever, wheel and pulley were the very first, basic examples of a discipline whose study is as complex as fascinating. Thanks to engineering the Egyptians built the Pyramids, the Romans built bridges, aqueducts, and roads, the Chinese built the Great Wall, and so on; without engineers, our world would be a completely different place.

aqueducts: acquedotti hand tools: utensili manuali machine tools: macchine utensili

MORE ABOUT...

As an engineer student, your choice about which branch to study is quite endless: infrastructure and building; communications and satellites; electronics, computers and robotics; energy and petroleum, structures and materials, vehicles and aircraft, and many others. To master power and materials in order to produce things, from nails to skyscrapers, an engineer must know and use principles of science and mathematics, physics and chemistry; he has to study constantly to keep up with the newest engineering developments. So, the steps of production in which an engineer may be involved are: • designing products, through drawing, modelling, testing; • selecting the materials to be used; • planning production activities; • making products using a wide range of different equipment, ranging from hand tools, to machine tools, to automated equipment.

Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary branch of engineering combining mechanics, robotics and electronics where the principles of electrical, mechanical, computer and industrial engineering merge together to give birth to all complex modern devices. In Module 8 the topic will be dealt with exhaustively.

Match the two parts of the sentences. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Engineering is the profession Engineering activities are carried out Jobs in engineering range Engineering involves Almost every company that makes a product Engineering is

a ■ from practical roles to technical roles. b ■ making products using a wide range of different equipment. c ■ employs or uses the services of engineers. d ■ a very exciting, creative and interesting subject to study. e ■ in a huge variety of industries. f ■ that puts power and materials to work for man.

ACTIVITIE S

Reading comprehension

Write under each picture the corresponding step of production, then put them in the correct order.

A _____________________

B _____________________

C _____________________

D _____________________

Speaking 5

Work in pairs. Using the sentences in exercise 3, give a short summary about engineering including the points below. • What engineering is

• Types of jobs

• What the subjects of study are

Engineering | MO DULE 1

Roles in engineering WARM UP

Do you know which are the main branches of engineering?

power-generating machines: macchine produttrici di elettricità turbines: turbine power-driven machines: macchine elettriche elevators: ascensori escalators: scale mobili

DID YOU KNOW…? Engineering is not a man’s world only: history has known a few women which contributed signiﬁcantly to engineering. Helen Augusta Blanchard (1840-1922), with 28 patents, was one of the great inventors of the industrial era. Lillian Moller Gilbreth (1878-1972) was the ﬁrst woman to be elected to the National Academy of Engineering (1977).

Mechanical engineers Mechanical engineering is the second-largest field of engineering. The role of a mechanical engineer is to take a product from an idea to the marketplace. In order to accomplish this, a broad range of skills are needed as mechanical engineers are involved in the work on all stages of a product from research and design, to construction and testing. They work on various types of machines, tools, engines and thermal devices. Perhaps the one skill that is the mechanical engineer’s exclusive area is the ability to analyze and design objects and systems with motion.

Main tasks of mechanical engineers Since almost every industry relies on mechanical systems and devices, mechanical engineers play a central role in many companies. Their work varies by industry and function. They often work in testing laboratories, in checking the manufacturing of machinery. They work on power-generating machines such as electric generators, internal combustion engines, and steam and gas turbines. They also develop power-driven machines such as refrigeration and air conditioning systems, material handling systems, elevators and escalators, and robots used in the manufacturing process. They often work in offices, but sometimes they are asked to visit worksites to solve equipment problems. Mechanical engineers work in many industries as automotive, aerospace, computers and electronics just to mention a few.

Rear Admiral Dr. Grace Murray Hopper (19061992) ﬁrst had the idea of the development of more user-friendly programming languages. Nancy D. Fitzroy (1927) was among the ﬁrst engineers to work on nuclear reactor cores. Yvonne C. Brill (1924), a brilliant propulsion engineer, made satellites stay in orbit longer.

MO DULE 1 | FOCUS ON THEORY

Mechanical engineers and computer systems Mechanical engineers do much of their work on computers. They use them to design new tools, test a machineâ€™s functions, ensure the quality of all devices. Computers systems as 2D and 3D Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) are employed for design-data processing and for turning the design into the final product. These programs allow engineers to create simulations of the operation of products, as well as the manufacturing process to be used. So their final performance is optimized before settling on a particular design.

simulations: simulazioni piping: tubature

VIDEO 2

Watch this video about the robotics and mechatronics course held by ECPI University and answer these questions. 1 According to the professor speaking, what is mechatronics? 2 What does the ďŹ rst student love doing? 3 What are his career goals? 4 What are the pros in working at the place the lady is talking about?

3 Answer these questions. 1 2 3 4 5

What is the main role of a mechanical engineer? What ability can be considered an exclusive area of a mechanical engineerâ€™s job? Can you give a few examples of industries where mechanical engineers play a central role? Which computers systems do they use to ensure the quality of all devices? What emerging innovations are creating new job opportunities?

Vocabulary 4

ACT IV IT IE S

Reading comprehension

Find the English equivalents of these words in the texts. 1 motori ___________________________________ 2 generatori elettrici _________________________ 3 turbine a gas _____________________________

4 turbine a vapore __________________________ 5 meccanica applicata _______________________ 6 riscaldamento ____________________________

Engineering | MO DULE 1

ACT IV IT IE S

Reading comprehension 5

PET Read the description of a technical drawing course a school is offering its students, and decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F). Design has a crucial role in the creation of the products that surround us in our everyday life: furniture, buildings, cars, clothes, aeroplanes, computers, house appliances. Knowledge of the design process is essential for successful engineering: designers and engineers work closely in order to transform beautiful ideas into useful and required products. Our course combines academic study with practical work, introducing you to the essential skills, knowledge and practice of design, providing hands-on opportunities to create and assess technical drawings, getting experience in making measurements, reading prints, and creating engineering drawings. Our technical drawing classes will teach you about: • Design and manufacturing • Materials Technology • Technical publications Come over and visit us on our Open Days!

1 2 3 4 5

Design is involved in the creation of all the objects around. Part of successful engineering is due to design. Usually, designers and engineers don’t work together. The course offers an academic study only. Reading prints is one of the skills students will acquire.

T ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

F ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Listening 6

PET Listen to Peter O’Brien talking about his job as an engineer, and choose the correct option.

1 He started work as an engineer… A testing cars. B sitting in an administrative ofﬁce. C producing drawings.

5 When you use computers… A you don’t need any training courses. B you improve your technology spontaneously. C as there are changes you need training courses.

2 When he used to draw… A he never used pencils. B he used hard or soft pencils. C he used only protractors.

6 The speaker… A is nostalgic about his drafting instruments. B doesn’t care about innovative technological systems. C is curious to know every technological innovation.

3 He found his ﬁrst computer-aided design program… A useless. B exciting. C too complex. 4 He says that a computer… A can do the work he carried out by hand. B can’t correct mistakes. C is not as accurate as hand drawing.

MO DULE 1 | FOCUS on THEORY

PET Read the texts about the major areas of interest in mechanical engineering and match them to the pictures. The mechanical engineering area continues to widen as technological development increase, and professionals interface with different disciplines. Here are some of the most common ﬁelds. 1 Manufacturing Manufacturing is perhaps the widest area of interest of a mechanical engineer, who has to keep up with technology’s latest developments. Whatever the material (wood, metal, plastic, rubber, ceramics and more), development of tools, quality control, precision, automated manufacturing, and optimizing processes are essential to achieve all the requirements of the ﬁnal product. A ■

ACT IV IT IE S

Reading comprehension

2 Materials Science Behind any single product or part of it is an accurate analysis of all of the materials being used and how their specific features may affect the design. Materials are carefully chosen according to their performance in relation to the specific applications required. B■ 3 Vehicle and Transport Systems The design of land vehicles and the planning of transportation systems are very intertwined. Both aim to find better ways to make people and goods move, considering vehicle dynamics, studying new forms of propulsion and engine concepts, minimizing environmental degradation and energy C■ consumption, considering alternatives energy sources. 4 Environment and Energy Systems Mechanical engineering is highly concerned about the effects of its designs on the environments, and vice versa. Mechanical engineers study how energy is stored, used, and controlled, considering a large array of possibilities. Thermodynamics and heat transfer are two of many topics of mechanical engineering, since they are implied in many production fields. D■ 5 Mechanical Design Mechanical design is the process through which an abstract idea becomes an actual object. It requires analysis and forethought too: through the knowledge of drafting practices and standards, a mechanical designer must be able to look past the initial design phase to further manufacturing steps, like what processes will be used, how quality will be assured, what its global E■ impact will be, and so on. 6 Systems and Control As the world becomes more and more automated, the impacts of this mechanical engineering field grow by the minute. It can be applied to a wide range of systems, from robotics (medical, household and industrial), to mechatronic systems such as those used in DVD players, positioning systems as well as in automotive, from energy and chemical F■ process industries to nuclear fusion reactor.

Writing 8

PET Consider the job of a mechanical engineer and say what its advantages and its disadvantages are. Would you like to start a job like this? Write your point of view in about 100 words.

Engineering | MO DULE 1

Careers WARM UP Work with a partner. Describe the picture and share ideas about what kind of work mechanics do.

AC TIVITIE S

Mechanics Mechanics are workers who keep the machines of modern life running smoothly and efficiently. These workers are related to various branches of mechanics. Some branches deal with fluids and gases while others work with disciplines connected to electricity. Vehicle mechanics are skilled in servicing and repairing cars and lorries. Their job tasks usually include inspecting the parts of a vehicle, evaluating its overall condition, diagnosing problems and making repairs. They also perform routine tune-ups and change the oil. A secondary school certification is the minimum educational qualification necessary to work as a mechanic. Positions require hands-on work as well as a working knowledge of computer technology. A mechanic should be fit in order to work in all sorts of positions: in, around and under the car and should have the hand strength to loosen and tighten nuts or bolts. They shouldn’t be afraid of a few scratches or scraped knuckles. During a typical day, a mechanic may replace entire engines or engine systems, repair or replace non-functioning parts smoothly: in modo in the engine and perform routine maintenance tasks. regolare servicing: far la revisione di A mechanic should be good at maths in order to work tune-ups: messe a punto with numbers including decimals, fractions and both hands-on: pratico standard and metric units of measurements for most scraped knuckles: nocche aspects of vehicle repair, including electronics. sbucciate

Reading comprehension 2

Read the text and answer the questions. 1 What is mechanics? 2 What do mechanics do? 3 What basic tasks does this job include?

4 What are the educational requirements to be a vehicle mechanic? 5 Why should a mechanic be good at maths?

Vocabulary 3

Read the text again and ﬁnd the English equivalents for these words. 1 motori ___________________________________ 2 manutenzione ____________________________ 3 camion __________________________________

4 diagnosticare _____________________________ 5 allentare _________________________________ 6 stringere _________________________________

Read the text about working opportunities in the ﬁeld of mechanics and complete it with the missing words.

software − automotive − parts − business − auto-repair − departments vehicles − technology − machinery − areas − automobiles − equipment Mechanics work in a variety of (1) ___________________. They operate, adjust, repair, and maintain the complicated (2) ___________________ that produces aeroplanes, automobiles, electronic (3) ___________________, and thousands of other products. These experts also service radios, television sets, (4) ___________________, home appliances, and many other machines. As a result of the advances in (5) ___________________ technology, mechanics must now be familiar with computers and (6) ___________________ programs that are used in auto shops and (7) ___________________. The advancements in (8) ___________________ help operate the electrical and mechanical (9) ___________________ in the latest vehicles. Automotive mechanics work in (10) ___________________ shops and in the service (11) ___________________ of automobile dealers. Many work for trucking and bus companies. Others help maintain vehicles owned by (12) ___________________ firms. 16

MO DULE 1 | FOCUS on THEORY

Professional welders

WARM UP

The job of a welder is complex and challenging. Sometimes welders will spend the day cutting, shaping, and combining materials to make different parts for a variety of industries. Some of these may include the construction, engineering, automobile, or aerospace fields. Whichever field is chosen, the tasks tend to be similar across the board. Welders select the materials to be joined or cut, arrange them in an appropriate configuration, then follow a specific design or blueprint to create the desired product. Sometimes a welder has to perform certain melting methods on materials such as lead bars to complete a project. Welders are also in charge of fixing structural repairs and making sure welding machinery and equipment is in order. Several different types of materials are used on a daily basis including composite material, alloys, or metals. Some welders who choose to follow a more specific route, work with complex laser or ultrasound welding equipment. A career in welding will sometimes require working with dangerous tools in high-risk environments. Getting into the habit of wearing the appropriate protective gear is an absolute necessity. Welders should be familiar with the latest welding tools and methods and should have the ability to stay focused at all times. It would also be helpful to have a vast amount of knowledge of different welding design techniques and equipment preferences. Welding also requires someone with a confident building and construction ability to ensure effective repair and equipment maintenance. A person with excellent construction skills usually has a very logical mind and excels in problem-solving situations. A well-rounded mathematical understanding is a valuable trait for welders to have. It isn’t necessarily a requirement for a job, but is attractive to employers who are looking for welders able to perform many different tasks on the job site.

Here are some jobs you might choose at the end of your course of studies. Match the English with the Italian. 1 turner 2 ﬁtter 3 toolmaker 4 welder 5 vehicle technician 6 mechanic a ■ meccanico b ■ tecnico automobilistico c ■ saldatore d ■ installatore e ■ tornitore f ■ attrezzista challenging: impegnativo across the board: generalizzati protective gear: equipaggiamento antinfortunistico well-rounded: completo

Reading comprehension PET Read the text and decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F). 1 2 3 4 5 6

The work of a professional welder is both complex and exciting. The working day of a welder is often repetitive: he does the same things every day. Even though welders work in different ﬁelds, their tasks are similar. Welders do not use a variety of materials. Welders never work with dangerous tools. Knowledge of welding design techniques and a good mathematical understanding are useless skills.

T ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

F ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Vocabulary 3

ACTIV IT IE S

Read the text again and ﬁnd the opposites of the following adjectives. 1 simple ___________________________________ 2 boring ___________________________________ 3 unsatisfying ______________________________

4 safe _____________________________________ 5 useless __________________________________ 6 worthless ________________________________

Listening 4

PET Listen to this representative of a school for welding talking about the kind of training needed to become a welder and answer the questions. 2

1 What does every welding job require? 2 What does every school offer?

3 What are the most important things in a welding programme? 4 Why is practice needed?

Writing 5

Send an email to a friend in which you describe what a welder is expected to do and express your opinion about this job. Is it a rewarding or an unsatisfying job? Give reasons.

Engineering | MO DULE 1

Production stages: from product design to manufacturing Design and drawing feasibility: fattibilità prototype: prototipo forging: contraffatto layout: impostazione grinding: molatura melting: fusione casting: colata coating: rivestimento

The first stage of production, the initial planning, starts when customers send product plans and quality specifications to the manufacturer. After considering the feasibility of the proposed product on a commercial scale, a prototype is crafted. The process of product development, prototype production and prototype evaluation is repeated until the prototype reaches the standard of quality required. Then a forging simulation of the prototype production is carried out using 3D modelling software CAD (Computer Aided Design); in this way, problem areas which show the theoretical stresses and strains on the product can be easily highlighted. Commercial production begins based on the manufacturing design and layout proposed in the prototype production planning stage. At this stage engineers make improvements and modifications.

Manufacture

A CT IV IT IE S

The manufacturing process takes place in the machine shop. The manufacture of material products involves many unit processes that alter the external form and surface as well as the interior structure of the material components and final assembly. These include such processes as grinding, melting, chemical processing, casting, deformation processing, forming, machining, coating, and joining just to mention a few.

Reading comprehension 1

Read the explanation of what a prototype is, and ﬁll in the gaps with the words from the box.

step − look like − demonstration − model − simulation operates − in mind − innovations − feasibility − solid

Using few words, we may say a prototype is a (1) _____________________ of the final product you had (2) _____________________. It’s a primal working (3) _____________________ of a product, whose purpose are usually (4) _____________________ and studying the final product while we are still working on it. Making a prototype is a very important (5) _____________________ of the development process, since it help us to get a (6) _____________________ idea of what the product will be: it shows the basics of what a product will (7) _____________________, what the product will do, and how the product (8) _____________________. Beside showing the features of our product, a prototype also allows us to test its (9) _____________________, and sometimes, while working on it, unexpected discoveries that lead to real (10) _____________________ pop out!

MO DULE 1 | FOCUS on THEORY

Jobs in the production stages Stage 1 The first people involved in the initial planning stage of production are designers or design teams. They study all the factors that may influence the product design and then produce the final design in the form of a layout. Then draftsmen/women draw a prototype. Their drawing represent general assembly as well as individual parts. Mechanical drawing is exacting work, and expert draftsmen are in great demand.

Stage 2 Craftsmen/women are those involved in the manufacturing process. They receive and interpret the prototype sent by designers and draftsmen. Besides knowing about computers, tools and machines, craftsmen have to know the basic rules of workplace safety: they work in a potentially dangerous place, so safety is of the main importance when handling tools and operating machines.

draftsman: disegnatore tecnico, progettista assembly: assemblaggio backdrop: sfondo layer: strato

MORE ABOUT... A craftsman/woman, by deﬁnition, is someone with great skill in his/her craft. But the essence of the word has changed with its changing context. Against the backdrop of mass-production, ‘craftsmanship’ carries the implied meaning of something made with special care, time and attention. A craftsman is someone who manufactures the product by hand, using dedicated human reasoning to make it a high-quality, functioning piece.

Match the two parts of the sentences. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Production starts The process of prototype development The manufacturing process takes place Designers and draftsmen Expert draftsmen are Craftsmen/women are those involved

a b c d e f

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

in the machine shop. are involved in the ﬁrst stage of production. when customers send in product plans. in great demand. in the manufacturing process. is repeated until the prototype reaches the standard of quality required.

Vocabulary 3

ACT IV IT IE S

Reading comprehension

Match the words with their deﬁnitions. 1 2 3 4 5 6

customer speciﬁcations forging assembly coating designer

a b c d e f

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

making an exact copy of something the process of putting the parts of something together to cover something with a thin layer of something else detailed instructions about how a piece of equipment should be made someone whose job is to make plans for equipment someone who buys goods or services from a shop or a company

Writing & Speaking 4

Go back to exercise 2 and copy the sentences in the correct order, then work in pairs and give a short account of the content of this section.

Engineering | MO DULE 1

Safety first! WARM UP

The SAFE acronym stands for: a ■ Slow down Attention Fire Escape b ■ Stay Away Fire Extinguisher c ■ Spot the hazard Assess the risk Find a safer way Everyday

workplace: posto di lavoro hazards: pericoli slippery: scivolosi frayed: logorati

The importance of safety Safety in the workplace is the priority of companies towards their employees. Regardless the size or type of the business, workplace safety procedures are mandatory for all the workforce. Moreover, a safe work environment is a productive one: avoiding or minimizing damage to equipment and facilities as well as injuries to people will result in fewer expenses and more profit for a business. Companies that put safety first turn out higher quality products. By working in a clean, efficient and safe environment, workers are able to reduce distractions and truly focus on the quality of what they do. To be actually effective, a safety program must include hazard identification and control, risk analysis, safety education and appropriate practice policies.

Spot the Hazards Hazards are usually classified into health and safety hazards. Health hazards are those situations which may result in occupational illnesses: chemical, biological, physical agents; noisy machinery that could affect your hearing, etc. Safety hazard are those which result in physical injuries. Slippery floors, shifting materials, frayed electrical cords (could result in electrical shock); boxes stacked precariously (they could fall on someone). It’s important for workers to stay alert on workplace, checking for anything that may be dangerous. If they see, hear or smell anything odd, they must take note and, if they think it could be any kind of hazard, they must tell the safety manager.

MO DULE 1 | FOCUS ON THEORY

Assess the risk A risk is the chance a hazard may occur, causing specific harm or injury to people or damage to property. Assessing the risk means evaluating how likely it is that a hazard will harm someone and how serious the harm could be. Whenever a hazard is spotted, the risk must be assessed by asking how likely it is that the hazard could harm someone. When employees are unable themselves to fix hazards that could cause serious harm, it is crucial to ask supervisors or safety managers the safest way to do it. Employers are responsible for their companies’ safety policies but employees also play an important role in ensuring safety in the workplace. Their diligent compliance with the safety guidelines is essential in preventing accidents at work.

DID YOU KNOW…? Workers’ compensation is an insurance which pays monetary beneﬁts to workers who become injured or disabled because of their employment. Depending on local legislation, it covers various job-related injuries, including death, due to an accident or occupational disease. It is a publicly-sponsored system; it provides compensation for economic loss (both past and future), reimbursement or payment of medical expenses, and beneﬁts payable to the family of workers killed at work (functioning in this case as a form of life insurance). General damage (pain and suffering), and damages due to worker’s negligence are generally not included in compensation plans.

harm: danno assessing: valutare compliance: osservanza insurance: assicurazione

PET Read the text and decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Safety measures are a necessity only for the equipment. The quality of what workers do is improved if they work in a safe environment. Health hazards cause physical injuries. Safety hazards cause occupational illnesses. Risk assessment is the evaluation of how serious a hazard is. Safety guidelines are essential to prevent accidents at work.

T ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Engineering | MO DULE 1

F ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

AC TI V IT IE S

Reading comprehension

ACT IV IT IE S

Vocabulary 3

Here are some important safety questions employees should ask their employers. Complete each question with the words from the box.

health − safety gear − compensation − hazards − responsibilities − equipment − emergency 1 What are the ______________ of my job? 2 What are the company’s safety and ______________ rules? 3 Do I need to wear ______________ and when will I be shown how to use it? 4 When will I be trained in ______________ procedures? 5 Where is emergency ______________ located? 6 Is this workplace covered by Workers ______________? 7 What are my safety and health ______________?

Listening 4

PET Listen to the speaker giving some useful safety tips, and choose the correct option.

1 All employees must be aware of… A the workplace regulations. B the workplace health and safety hazards. C the workplace potential problems. 2 When you work… A don’t pick up things. B don’t stoop your shoulders. C keep a correct posture so your back doesn’t get hurt. 3 Tools and machines… A should be used as fast as possible. B can be selected according to personal choice. C must be used properly and without taking shortcuts. 4 Wearing the correct safety equipment… A reduce the risks of workplace injury. B is a waste of time. C is just a personal choice.

Speaking 5

Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions. 1 If you aren’t alert to the surroundings because you are tired there are more risks of workplace injuries. To avoid this risk when would you do the most difﬁcult tasks? 2 If you don’t have a ladder is it a good idea to use something else? Why? Why not? 3 Do you avoid using appropriate mechanical aids to save time?

MO DULE 1 | FOCUS on THEORY

Safety education

WARM UP

It is your employer’s responsibility to fix hazards on workplace. Sometimes you may be able to fix simple hazards yourself, as long as you don’t put yourself or others at risk. For example, you can pick up things from the floor and put them away to eliminate a trip hazard. The best way to fix a hazard is to get rid of it. This is not always possible, but employers should try to make hazards less dangerous by looking at the following options (in order from most effective to least effective).

Elimination

Sometimes hazards – equipment, substances or work practices – can be avoided entirely; for example, cleaning high windows from the ground with an extendable pole cleaner, rather than by climbing a ladder and risking a fall.

Substitution That is, when a less hazardous thing, substance or work practice can be used, such as using a non-toxic product instead of a toxic one.

Name three of the legal duties of employers about safety.

get rid of: liberarsi di welding screens: schermi da saldatura forklifts: carrelli elevatori earmuffs: paraorecchie shutdown: chiusura emergency cut-out: interruttori di emergenza

Isolation Separate the hazard from people, by marking the hazardous area, fitting screens or putting up safety barriers: welding screens can be used to isolate welding operations from other workers; barriers and/or boundary lines can be used to separate areas where forklifts operate near pedestrians. Safeguards

can be added by modifying tools or equipment, or fitting guards to machinery. These must never be removed or disabled by workers using the equipment.

Instructing workers in the safest way to do something

This means developing and enforcing safe work procedures. Students on work experience must be given information and instruction and must follow agreed procedures to ensure their safety.

Using personal protective equipment and clothing (PPE)

If risks remain after the options have been tried, it may be necessary to use equipment such as safety glasses, gloves, helmets and earmuffs. PPE can protect you from hazards associated with jobs such as handling chemicals or working in a noisy environment.

Safety sign colours Meaning or purpose

Instruction and information

Red

Prohibition sign Danger

Dangerous behaviour Stop; shutdown; emergency cut-out devices Evacuate

Yellow Amber

Warning sign

Be careful; take precautions

Blue

Mandatory sign

Speciﬁc behaviour or action

Green

Emergency escape First-aid sign No danger

Doors; exits; escape routes Equipment and facilities Return to normal

Reading comprehension 2

Match the two parts of the sentences. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Never clean high windows Substitute a potential hazard Separate the hazard from people Safeguards Students on work experience PPE can protect

a b c d e f

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

by marking the hazardous areas. must never be removed by workers. must be instructed and follow agreed procedures. from hazard associated with some jobs. by climbing a ladder and risking a fall. with a less hazardous substance when possible.

Engineering | MO DULE 1

A CT IV IT IE S

Colour

ACT IV IT IE S

Vocabulary 3

Label the pictures of safety garments with the names from the box.

arm and leg reflective bands − ear plugs − elastic harness − flame-resistant garments/fireproof materials high-vis safety/reflective vest − protective gloves − safety earmuffs/ear protection safety goggles/eye protection − safety helmet − dust/safety mask − safety suit − steel-toe shoes

1 ____________

2 ___________

3 ___________

4 ___________

5 ___________

6 ___________

7 ___________

8 ___________

9 ___________

10 ___________

11 ___________

12 ___________

Label the pictures with the names from the box.

sand bag − safety tape − fire hose − fire extinguisher − fire cabinet − traffic barricade light fire-fighting foam − fire hose − emergency assembly point − fire/emergency exit − first-aid box

1 ___________

2 ___________

3 ___________

4 ___________

5 ___________

6 ___________

7 ___________

8 ___________

9 ___________

10 ___________

Match the signs with their meanings.

explosion risk − harmful/irritating substances − high voltage − inflammable substances hazardous substances − radioactive waste − risk of falling/sudden drop − suspended loads

_________________

2 _________________

3 _________________

4 _________________

5 _________________

6 _________________

7 _________________

8 _________________

MO DULE 1 | FOCUS on THEORY

ACT IV IT IE S

Complete the mandatory signs with the missing information from the box.

footwear − gloves − mask − head − guards − protection − off − clear

1 protective _________ must be worn

5 welding _________ must be worn

2 _________ protection must be worn

6 safety ________ must be used/in place

3 face _________ / shield must be worn

4 wear _________

7 switch _________ when not in use

8 aisle must be kept _________

Listening 7

PET Listen to this passage about safety signs and decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. 4

1 2 3 4 5 6

T ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Safety signs draw attention to health and safety hazards. Safety signs are grouped in three categories. Regulatory signs describe prohibition. Warning signs with the shape of a square indicate caution. Mandatory signs are circular and regulate public behavior. Information signs have red circular shapes.

F ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Speaking 8

In pairs, discuss what health and safety measures you should take in the situations in exercise 2.

Writing 9

PET Guided writing: using the statements in exercise 7 and write a short summary (about 100 words) about safety signs.

VIDEO 10

Watch this video showing the different types of fire extinguishers and answer these questions. 1 Which are the colours coding the fire extinguishers? 2 What are CO2 fire extinguishers used for? Why? 3 What are dry powder fire extinguishers suitable for? 4 Where can you find use instructions for each fire extinguisher?

Engineering | MO DULE 1

FOCUS on LANGUAGE Vocabulary 1

Match the words to the pictures. 1 2 3 4 5 6

blueprint earmuffs welder hand tools engine welding screen

F C

Complete the sentences with the words from the box.

assessing − carried out − handling − servicing − shop − simulations − productive − policies 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Engineering activities are ____________________ in a huge variety of industries. The manufacturing process takes place in the machine ____________________. 2D and 3D software programs allow engineers to create ____________________ of products. Vehicle mechanics are skilled in ____________________ and repairing cars and lorries. ____________________ the risk means evaluating the probabilities that a hazard will harm someone. Employers are responsible for their companies’ safety ____________________. Safety is of the main importance when ____________________ tools. A safe work environment is a ____________________ one.

Write the words under the correct column.

energy − job − illnesses − work − power − hazard − robotics − draftsmen − fire − profession COUNTABLE

Write the Italian of the following words. 1 2 3 4

UNCOUNTABLE

petrol robotics equipment industry

____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

MO DULE 1 | FOCUS on LANGUAGE

5 6 7 8

gear feasibility hazard ﬁre extinguisher

____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

Grammar VIDEO

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

Gli aggettivi possessivi si usano davanti a un nome per indicare appartenenza o relazione. In inglese hanno una sola forma per il maschile e il femminile, il singolare e il plurale, e si riferiscono sempre al possessore, non alla cosa posseduta. My computer is new.

She’s Helen, her daddy is a doctor.

He is Bob: his bike is red.

Their parents are English.

I pronomi possessivi si usano al posto degli aggettivi possessivi quando non si vuole ripetere il nome. My draft and yours are identical. Sia gli aggettivi che i pronomi possessivi non sono mai preceduti dall’articolo the. My friends and his study engineering.

Underline the correct option. 1 2 3 4 5 6

That red screwdriver over there is my/mine. Hello, my/mine name is Andrea! What’s your/yours? e/my.’ ‘Is this Jim’s helmet?’ ‘ No, this isn’t his/him: this is mine/my.’ Tom and Jane’s house is new, our/ours is old. I talked to Emma’s sister. Her/Hers name is Janet. Give the new welders their/theirs welding screens.

VIDEO

IL GENITIVO SASSONE / WHOSE

In inglese il possesso o il rapporto tra persone si esprime con il genitivo sassone. Si forma con il nome del possessore + ’s + nome della cosa o della persona, senza l’articolo: It’s Joe’s toolbox.

She’s David’s mum.

Quando due persone possiedono qualcosa insieme si aggiunge ’s alla seconda persona. This is Todd and Jamie’s workshop. Whose si usa per chiedere a chi appartiene qualcosa. Whose phone is it?

Whose is the red car parked outside?

Complete the sentences with a possessive adjective or possessive pronoun. 1 A Whose sunglasses are these? Are they Ann’s? B No, they aren’t _________. They’re _________. I bought them at the weekend. 2 I update ________ blog everyday about my daily life. 3 Did you ride _________ bike to school today? 4 A Whose tools are these? Do they belong to John and Anthony? B Yes, they’re _________. 5 We took the car to the garage this morning. There’s something wrong with _________ engine.

6 The dentist phoned for Amy this morning. _________ appointment is at 12:30 p.m. on Monday. 7 A Are these our seats? B No, the tickets we have say 12 and 13A. So, _________ are over there by the stage. 8 Emma and James went to the city centre to meet _________ friends at a restaurant. 9 My toolbox is here. Where’s _________, Tom? 10 A Are those Mark’s gym clothes? B Yes, they’re _________.

Translation 3 Translate these sentences into English. 1 La tua cassetta degli attrezzi è nuova, la mia è vecchia. __________________________________________ 2 ‘Di chi è la cianograﬁca sul tavolo?’ ‘È di Jim. La tua è nell’armadio.’ __________________________________________

3 Il mio nuovo casco è giallo, il loro è rosso. __________________________________________ 4 I progetti di John e William sono sempre molto apprezzati. __________________________________________

Engineering | MO DULE 1

CLIL: Ergonomics

Safety in the workplace WARM UP

Work in pairs. Answer these questions: can chairs, work desks, heat, artificial lightening have detrimental effects in workplaces? If so why?

goal: obiettivo, traguardo injuries: lesioni displays: schermi detrimental: dannoso, nocivo keyboard tray: piano della tastiera to address: affrontare eyestrain: affaticamento oculare pinched nerves: nervi tesi squat: accovacciarsi

MO DULE 1 | CLIL

Ergonomics (from the Greek ergon, work, and nomoi, natural laws) is the scientific study of people in their workplace. The goal of ergonomics is to reduce stress and eliminate injuries and disorders associated with the overuse of muscles, bad posture, and repetitive tasks. This is accomplished by designing tasks, work spaces, controls, displays, tools, lighting, and equipment to fit the employee’s physical capabilities and limitations. The first step for good ergonomics is the selection of furniture that can be easily adjusted to meet the needs of the different users and the design of objects that can be better adapted to the shape of the human body. Common examples include chairs designed to prevent the user from sitting in positions that can have detrimental effect on the spine, and ergonomic desks with adjustable keyboard trays, desktops of variable height and other elements which can be changed by the user. Establishing a good ergonomics process can help reduce the frequency of MSDs (musculoskeletal disorders), address ergonomic risk factors and concerns, and control workers compensation costs. To minimize the risk of MSDs a workstation should provide: • good workstation chairs • proper keyboard and mouse placement • correct monitor positioning • sufficient lighting to help reduce eyestrain. And to avoid MSDs you should: • change your work position, chair height and angle, and keyboard position throughout the day • look away from the screen periodically to focus on distant objects • use the “alt” functions on your keyboards where possible to reduce mouse use. • hold the phone with a non-writing hand or use a headset: do not hold the phone with your chin and shoulder as this can lead to neck tension, headaches and pinched nerves • stand to reach for items on shelves above the desk, rather than from the chair • squat or go to one knee while getting materials from bottom drawers or shelves. Some rest periods must also be planned. For instance, working at the computer should include breaks every two hours to protect the worker’s eye. Changing work habits can increase workers’ safety and comfort through education and workstation modifications, rather than making costly furniture or equipment purchases.

ACT IV IT IE S

Reading comprehension Answer these questions. 1 2 3 4

What is ergonomics? What is the goal of ergonomics? How does ergonomics achieve its aim? What could help minimize the risk of MSDs in the workplace? 5 Which good habits are you expected to follow if you want to avoid MSDs? 6 What is the beneﬁt of changing work habits?

PET Read the sentences below about ergonomics and decide if they are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. 1 Ergonomics concerns the relationship between machines and the workplace. 2 Posture is important to preserve one’s health. 3 Furniture is often detrimental in ergonomics. 4 When working on the computer, never look away from the screen. 5 When you want to reach for items on shelves above the desk, do it from the chair. 6 Instead of making costly furniture it can be helpful to change work habits.

■ ■ ■

■

Vocabulary 4

Complete the passage with the words from the box.

environment − workplaces − ergonomics − sight − pain − science − needs − limitations

Ergonomics is just the process of designing or arranging (1) _____________________, products and systems so they fit the people that use them. It is actually a branch of (2)_____________________ that learns about people’s abilities and (3)_____________________, and then applies the findings to the surrounding (4) _____________________. It’s not simply about the physical environment; (5) _____________________ also takes into consideration environmental factors that can impact things like hearing, (6)_____________________ and temperature. Back, wrist and shoulder (7) _____________________ are all common ailments reported by workers. The purpose of ergonomics is to create comfortable and safe work and home environments through desks and chairs that adapt to the individual (8) _____________________, size and strength of a person.

Speaking 5

Work in pairs. With the help of the answers in exercises 2 and 3 describe what you have learnt about ergonomics.

Engineering | MO DULE 1

MAP your KNOWLEDGE

ENGINEERING AND MECHATRONICS BRANCHES

ROLES

mechanical engineer

Chemical Civil Electrical Mechanical

mechanic manufacturing Practical

machine operator

materials science ďŹ tter vehicle and transport systems

welder

mechanical design

designer Technical

environmental and energy systems

metallurgist Management

systems and control

SAFETY HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

health (occupational illnesses)

safety (physical injuries)

RISK ANALYSIS

SAFETY EDUCATION

elimination

PPE

substitution isolation

MO DULE 1 | MAP your KNOWLEDGE

instructions safeguards