EXPLORE TRAVEL & TOURISM

ESP

EXPLORE TRAVEL & TOURISM

Alison Smith

Focus on

Focus on

ESP

Alison Smith

EXPLORE

è il nuovo corso di inglese destinato agli studenti degli Istituti Tecnici – Settore Economico, Turismo.

In linea con i nuovi orientamenti della formazione, il testo si caratterizza per il percorso fortemente incentrato sullo sviluppo delle competenze linguistiche e professionali.

EXPLORE

• Teoria e pratica dell’inglese turistico con materiali autentici e un ricco apparato didattico • Fraseologia turistica e funzioni comunicative • Suggerimenti e strategie per le competenze professionali • Lessico specialistico con mappe concettuali e tavole illustrate • Approfondimento grammaticale • Video interattivi con simulazioni di situazioni professionali, video di civiltà e cultura, video tutorial grammaticali • Didattica inclusiva: mappe concettuali e compendi di teoria • Preparazione alle certificazioni Cambridge English Qualifications: B1 Preliminary for Schools e B2 First • Alternanza Scuola-Lavoro • CLIL: storia, geografia, storia dell’architettura, storia dell’arte e della scultura, diritto

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TRAVEL & TOURISM

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EXPLORE TRAVEL & TOURISM

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Quest’opera ha forma mista cartacea e digitale secondo le più recenti disposizioni di legge.

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Focus on

ESP

Alison Smith

EXPLORE TRAVEL & TOURISM

‘When we allow ourselves to explore, we discover destinations that were never on our map.’

Amie Kaufman, Unearthed

Contents UNITS

1 SECTION A

The World of Tourism

2 3

Tourism in THEORY

The Tourism Industry p. 10

Marketing and Promotion p. 44

Working in Tourism p. 68

TOURISM CASE STUDY: Promoting a web business REVIEW SECTION A: Map your knowledge

4

SECTION B

Destinations and Services

5 6

p. 96

• Organisations for the promotion of tourism • Organisations for selling tourism products • The effect of ICT and the Internet on the tourism industry • Package holidays

• • • • •

The role of marketing Market segmentation The marketing mix SWOT analysis Life cycle of tourist destinations

• • • •

Market research Analysing data Promotional methods Digital promotion

• • • •

Continuing your studies Choosing a job Working as a guide Working in a Tourist Information Centre • Working in a travel agency

• • • • • •

Working in a hotel Working in a resort Working for an airline Working for a cruise company Working in marketing Working as an event planner

Why people travel • Business tourism • Niche tourism • Nature and rural tourism • Adventure tourism • Weddings and honeymoons • Food tourism • Medical and wellness tourism

• Music and screen tourism • Religious tourism Where people travel • Natural resources • Man-made resources • UNESCO World Heritage Sites • Climate

• Before you travel - Identity documents - Insurance - Health - Money Air transport • Airlines and flights • Flight classes • Tickets • The airport

• International departure and arrivals procedures Land transport • Travelling by train • Travelling by coach and bus • Travelling by car Water transport • Ferries and water buses • Cruises and boating holidays • On board a cruise ship

• Choosing accommodation Serviced accommodation • Hotels • Facilities and amenities • Unusual hotels around the world • B&Bs and guest houses • Accommodation ratings

Self-catering accommodation • Holiday rentals • Youth hostels and residences • Campsites • Alternative forms of accommodation

p. 94

Motivations and Destinations p. 98

Transport p. 130

Accommodation p. 166

REVIEW SECTION B: Map your knowledge

The nature of tourism A short history of tourism The world tourist industry today The economic impact of tourism The social and environmental impact of tourism • Sustainable tourism

VIDEO

TOURISM CASE STUDY: Helping a hotel in difficulty

2

• • • • •

p. 208

p. 206

VIDEO

Tourism in PRACTICE

Explore language

Test your knowledge and skills

• Communication in tourism: written communication - Emails - Memos - Formal letters - Faxes and electronic faxes - Forms

• Communication in tourism: oral communication - Telephone calls GRAMMAR Indirect questions - Voicemail - Face-to-face communication VIDEO • Communication in tourism: visual communication

• Travelling and travellers • The words journey, travel, trip and tour

• ‘Why Are Human Travel Agents Still so Much Better Than Websites?’

• Adverts VIDEO • Leaflets and brochures GRAMMAR Modifiers and order of adjectives • Websites

• Circular letters and newsletters • Promotional phone calls • Promotion at a fair VIDEO

• Marketing and advertising

• Looking for a job • Writing a CV - Example of a CV - Europass CV - Writing a personal profile GRAMMAR Past simple and Present perfect

- Other forms of CV VIDEO • Writing a covering letter • Preparing for an interview VIDEO

• Applying for a job

• Presenting a destination • Writing descriptive texts for a destination GRAMMAR The definite article with place names • Enquiries and replies - Written enquiries and replies

- Phone enquiries and replies • Giving advice GRAMMAR The verbs suggest and recommend VIDEO

• Natural resources • Man-made resources

• ‘Climate Change Is Destroying World Wonders’

• Presenting a transport company GRAMMAR Relative clauses • Enquiries and replies GRAMMAR Prepositions of time • Bookings and confirmations - Booking methods - Booking a flight online

- Bookings and confirmations by email - Bookings and confirmations on the phone and in person • Changes and cancellations • While travelling - Check-in at the airport - On board the plane - At the station • Complaints and replies

• Air transport • Land transport • Water transport

• ‘Really Slow Travel – Why we should walk more’

• Presenting accommodation • Writing descriptive texts for accommodation GRAMMAR The passive • Enquiries and replies • Bookings and confirmations GRAMMAR The infinitive • Modifications and cancellations

• Check-in and check-out VIDEO • During a stay GRAMMAR Use of will • Dealing with complaints • Complaints and reviews on social media and travel websites

• Hotels • Holiday rentals • Camping

• ‘Italy’s Fast Growing Agritourism Trend’

VIDEO ROLE PLAY In a tourist information office

• ‘Virtual Reality and Tourism Marketing’ VIDEO ROLE PLAY At a trade fair

• ‘Jobs in the Travel Industry’ VIDEO ROLE PLAY A job interview

VIDEO ROLE PLAY At a hotel

VIDEO ROLE PLAY Purchasing a rail ticket

VIDEO ROLE PLAY At a holiday resort

3

Contents UNITS

7

Explore Italy p. 210

8

Explore The British Isles

9

Explore The USA

p. 246

SECTION C

Exploring Countries

ESW

p. 318

p. 282

HIGHLIGHTS • • • •

Geography Political system A brief history of Italy Key moments in the 20th and 21st centuries • SURVIVAL GUIDE Around Italy • The coast

• • • •

• • • •

Geography UK political system A brief history of the UK Key moments in the 20th and 21st centuries • SURVIVAL GUIDE Around England • The coast • Village life • Industrial heritage • National parks • London VIDEO The Shard • TFL – Transport for London

Around Wales • The capital • The coast • Action and adventure Around Scotland • The capital • Royal history • Lochs Around Ireland • Belfast • Dublin • Abbeys and monasteries • Prehistoric remains

• • • •

• National parks • Washington DC • Other major cities - New York City - San Francisco VIDEO The Golden Gate Bridge • Entertainment

Geography Political system A brief history of the USA Key moments in the 20th and 21st centuries • SURVIVAL GUIDE Around the USA • The coast

Canada South Africa India Australia

CLIL

4

p. 326

Architecture • Prehistoric architecture • Greek architecture - Greek temples • Roman architecture - Types of buildings - Domestic architecture • Roman heritage in Britain - London - Bath - Hadrian’s Wall • Paleo-Christian architecture • Romanesque architecture • Gothic architecture - Gothic churches

Mountains Lakes Rome Cities of art - Venice - Milan - Florence - Lecce

A rail and coach trip across the Canadian Rockies A city break and safari in South Africa A package tour to the Golden Triangle and Goa VIDEO The Taj Mahal A multi-destination holiday in Australia VIDEO The Sydney Opera House

• English Gothic cathedrals: London’s Westminster Abbey • Norman architecture in England - The White Tower VIDEO The Tower of London - Dover Castle - Windsor Castle • Half-timbered houses in the UK • Renaissance and Classicism • Baroque • Gothic revival and Neoclassicism - Gothic revival VIDEO Tower Bridge - Neoclassicism

ITINERARIES

Creating your itinerary

Professional competences

Test your knowledge and skills

• Planning an itinerary – A practical guide • Itinerary 1 – A walking tour in Rome • Itinerary 2 – Day trips from Rome GRAMMAR Quantifiers • Itinerary 3 – A personalised fly-drive holiday in Sicily • Itinerary 4 – An independent tour of central Italy

• Guided itinerary • More practice itineraries

• How to present a church VIDEO The Basilica of St Francis of Assisi • Churches/Cathedrals • How to present a painting VIDEO The Scrovegni Chapel, Padua • Paintings

• ‘The Miracle of Matera’

• Itinerary 1 – A coach tour in southern England GRAMMAR The -ing form • Itinerary 2 – A walking tour in London • Itinerary 3 – A tour of Scottish islands • Itinerary 4 – A themed tour in Wales • Itinerary 5 – A coach tour in Ireland

• Guided itinerary • More practice itineraries

• How to present a museum VIDEO The British Museum, London • Museums • How to present a castle VIDEO Bodiam Castle in the south of England • Castles

• ‘Snowdonia’s Transformation – From sleepy park to adrenaline junkies’ paradise’

• Itinerary 1 – A tour of a New York borough GRAMMAR First conditional • Itinerary 2 – A fly-drive holiday on the East Coast • Itinerary 3 – A river cruise on the Mississippi • Itinerary 4 – Two package holidays in National Parks GRAMMAR Intensifying comparatives and superlatives

• Guided itinerary • More practice itineraries

• How to present a national park VIDEO Denali National Park, Alaska • National parks • How to present a theme park VIDEO Universal Orlando Resort, Florida • Amusement parks

• ‘Native American Culture in the USA’

Painting • Renaissance • Baroque • Romanticism • Impressionism • Post-Impressionism • Early Modernism • Pop Art Sculpture • Romanesque • Gothic • Renaissance • Baroque • Neoclassicism

VIDEO ROLE PLAY Booking a holiday

VIDEO ROLE PLAY At a tourist office in London

VIDEO ROLE PLAY Booking a guided tour of New York

Law • The UK political system - Parliament - The UK Government and Prime Minister • UK General Elections - Political parties • The European Union (EU) - A brief history of the EU - EU institutions • The US political system - The Constitution - The US Government • US elections - Political parties

5

Welcome to

EXPLORE

EXPLORE è un corso di inglese rivolto agli studenti degli Istituti Tecnici, Settore Economico, Turismo.

Il volume si articola in 9 unità organizzate in 3 sezioni principali, organizzate in questo modo: Ogni unità delle prime due sezioni si suddivide in due parti principali: teoria e pratica.

• La sezione Tourism in THEORY presenta testi teorici che affrontano i temi turistici con testi descrittivi, documenti, video autentici, mappe concettuali, attività per lo sviluppo delle abilità linguistiche e compiti di realtà.

• La sezione Tourism in PRACTICE mostra esempi completi della comunicazione turistica scritta e orale, attraverso esercizi incentrati sulle funzioni comunicative per lo sviluppo delle competenze professionali, box con approfondimenti grammaticali, video con simulazioni di situazioni professionali, video tutorial di grammatica e compiti di realtà.

• La sezione Explore language consente un approfondimento del lessico specialistico attraverso mappe, tavole illustrate e attività.

ES attività per la preparazione all’Esame

di Stato PET attività per la preparazione all’esame

Puoi scaricare gratuitamente dal sito www.elilaspigaedizioni.it i seguenti materiali: materiale didattico supplementare | tutti gli audio in formato MP3 | FLIP BOOK Greyhound Schede di approfondimento online 6

Cambridge English: Preliminary (PET) FCE attività per la preparazione all’esame

Cambridge English: First (FCE)

La terza sezione è dedicata all’esplorazione di alcune delle principali destinazioni turistiche di Italia, Isole Britanniche, Stati Uniti e di altri paesi di lingua inglese (ESW).

• La sezione HIGHLIGHTS illustra la geografia, il sistema politico, la storia e le principali città o regioni e offre una guida pratica di viaggio per ogni destinazione.

• La sezione Creating your itinerary offre un modello guidato e numerose attività per la creazione di itinerari turistici personalizzati.

• La sezione ITINERARIES presenta numerose proposte di itinerari e attività che guidano gradualmente gli studenti a sviluppare dei progetti turistici.

• La sezione Professional competences propone video e tavole illustrate che permettono di mettere in pratica in modo autonomo quanto appreso nell’unità e all’interno di un contesto lavorativo autentico simulato.

• CLIL: ampio spazio dedicato alle competenze trasversali: storia dell’architettura, della pittura e della scultura, diritto.

7

Il FLIP BOOK è la versione digitale interattiva del libro di testo, da utilizzare in classe con la lavagna interattiva (LIM) oppure a casa per studiare e ripassare in modo autonomo.

Il FLIP BOOK contiene l’intero volume in formato multimediale e sfogliabile e raccoglie tutte le risorse del corso in un unico ambiente: esercizi interattivi e auto-correttivi, audio e video.

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SECTION

A The World of Tourism UNIT

1

UNIT

2

The Tourism Industry

Marketing and Promotion

UNIT

3

TOURISM CASE STUDY

Working in Tourism

Promoting a web business

9

UNIT

1

READY TO GO

1

When was the last time you travelled out of your town/ city, region or country? Why did you travel? Do you think you were a tourist on these occasions?

The Tourism Industry

Tourism in THEORY

The nature of tourism Going on a week’s holiday to Sardinia with your family?

Visiting your relatives for a few days in another city?

Going on a school trip to Brighton to study English?

Taking part in a two-day medical conference in another country? Flying to New York for the weekend for some shopping? Which of these actions can be classified as those of a tourist? Well, according to UNWTO (the United Nations World Tourism Organization whose objective is the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism worldwide), all the people doing the above things can be defined as tourists.

A visitor is a traveler taking a trip to a main destination outside his/her usual environment, for less than a year, for any main purpose (business, leisure or other personal purpose) other than to be employed. A visitor is classified as a tourist if his/her trip includes an overnight stay, or as a same-day visitor otherwise.

UNWTO So, in other words, tourism refers to the temporary movement of people to destinations away from where they live or work and, as a consequence, the activities they do and the services they use in these places. To look more closely at the nature of tourism, we can consider where the visitor travels to and the purpose behind it.

What type of tourism are the examples in the opening paragraph?

10

Firstly, looking at where the journey takes place, we can find the following standard classification. Domestic tourism is when the trip or holiday takes place within a person’s country of residence. International tourism is when the trip or holiday involves another country and this is divided into: • Outbound tourism which refers to a person travelling out of their country of residence.

• Inbound tourism which refers to a person entering a country which is not their country of residence.

UNI T 1 | TOURISM IN THEORY

Secondly, we can consider the motivations for travelling. People travel for many reasons and the most common sub-divisions are:

LEISURE This is what most people think of with the word tourism, and it basically refers to travelling for pleasure and enjoyment, whatever the length of the stay.

It includes holidays for recreational activities, sports, or shopping; educational, cultural and religious trips; health and wellness breaks and so on.

BUSINESS People who travel for workrelated purposes, for example to conferences, exhibitions, trade fairs and meetings. It is likely that their employer will pay for all or most of the trip, so business travellers may spend more on transport and accommodation.

VISITING FRIENDS AND RELATIVES (VFR) Given that many people migrate to other countries, this form of international travel is extremely common particularly during holiday and festival periods when they return to their home country. Although they probably will not spend on accommodation, VFR tourists are likely to spend on other services and activities, such as transport, food and local attractions.

ACTIV I TI ES

Reading comprehension 2

PET Read the texts on pages 10 and 11 and decide whether these statements are true (T) or false (F).

Correct the false ones.

T 1 A person travelling for business cannot be considered a tourist.

2 According to the UNWTO definition, a tourist is someone who spends at least one night in a different destination.

3 An Italian family from Rome who goes on holiday to Sicily is an example of domestic tourism.

4 A US citizen who goes on holiday to London is an example of outbound tourism for the UK. 5 People who travel for leisure purposes spend more money than those travelling for business.

6 It is unlikely that VFR tourists spend money on accommodation.

3

F

Complete the mind map with details from the text.

Vocabulary 4

Find the words in the text for these Italian expressions.

1 parenti 2 gita scolastica 3 ambiente

______________________ ______________________ ______________________

4 scopo ______________________ 5 tempo libero ______________________ 6 piacere, divertimento ______________________

Speaking 5

In pairs, talk about what kind of tourism you and your family have been part of.

The Tourism Industry | UNI T 1

11

A short history of tourism

READY TO GO

1

In pairs, discuss how you think tourism has changed over the centuries.

ease facilità holy shrines santuari

The word ‘tourist’ appeared at the end of the 18th century but tourism had existed long before this.

THE ROMANS AND GREEKS travelled in order to expand their empires and to trade, but their wealthy citizens also travelled for educational, cultural and recreational reasons. They visited important historical sites, including the seven wonders of the Artemis Temple, Selcuk, Turkey ancient world; they travelled to take part in sporting or musical competitions; they relaxed in towns and resorts by the sea or at hot springs and thermal baths. The huge road network built by the Romans enabled them to travel with relative ease, but with the decline of the Roman Empire, this network began to deteriorate.

ACT IV IT IE S

During THE MIDDLE AGES travel was full of dangers, such as bandits and robbers on the roads ready to attack travellers for their money.

Despite these risks, and the cost and time involved in undertaking a journey, the Middle Ages and particularly THE RENAISSANCE were periods of great travel. The reasons for these difficult and often dangerous journeys were primarily exploration and trade.

In these periods, people also went on religious pilgrimages to visit holy shrines and needed services like change of transport, food and accommodation during these trips, just like tourists Canterbury Cathedral, England today.

12

In THE 18TH CENTURY , members of the British aristocracy and upper classes took part in the Grand Tour. This was a tour, lasting anywhere between one and three years, of the most important cities in Europe, especially in France and Italy, although some included Germany, Spain and Greece.

It was undertaken Goethe in the Roman countryside by young men, accompanied by a guardian or tutor, and was intended to enrich their culture and complete their education. Later, it also became fashionable for rich young women to tour Europe in a similar way. They were always accompanied by a chaperone, an older lady who had to ensure their safety and protect their physical and moral reputation.

Reading comprehension 2

Read the texts on pages 12 and 13 and answer these questions.

1 2 3 4 5 6

3

Who could be considered to be the first tourists? Why? What were the difficulties of travelling in the Middle Ages?

What were the most common reasons for travel in the Middle Ages and Renaissance?

Who took part in the Grand Tour? Why do you think it was only for these people?

How did developments in transport change the concept of travel and tourism?

In the past, how was the question of wealth connected to the possibility of travel? And today?

Complete the mind map with details from the text.

UNI T 1 | TOURISM IN THEORY

LOOK CLOSER

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION saw the rise of the affluent, middle classes in England and short breaks for health reasons at spas and seaside towns in Europe became popular. The development of faster and better transport systems – steamships and trains – meant travel became quicker and more accessible to the average person and tourism was reserved less and less for only the wealthy. Travel for leisure purposes began to take hold: for Poster produced for London & North example, in the early 1900s many British families Eastern Railway (LNER) to promote rail travel to Bridlington were able to take day trips by train to the seaside from the big cities. With the introduction of paid holidays for workers and, later, the mass ownership of cars, people were able to travel easily and could have a short, cheap holiday by the sea, staying in places like holiday camps or caravan parks which offered simple accommodation, food and entertainment.

Thomas Cook was probably the first tour operator, back in the 19th century. He started by organising day trips by train in England, and then moved on to the rest of the UK. In 1855 he took his first tourists to Belgium, Germany and France. His tours soon expanded to include Switzerland and Italy, and culminated in an eight-month round-theworld trip in 1872. Today the company, Thomas Cook plc, is one of the world’s leading travel groups, with over 20 million customers.

International travel suddenly became more widespread in THE 1970s with jumbo jets which were able to transport large numbers of people quickly and safely to far-flung parts of the world. People started to have more paid holidays and tour operators were able to offer relatively cheap package holidays to destinations with better weather and more sunshine or to exotic locations, which had been out of the reach of most people until then. The consolidation of international mass tourism – standard products for large numbers of people going to the same destination during the same period – had begun.

www.thomascook.com

steamships battelli a vapore take hold prendere piede ownership possesso far-flung remote

4

Find the adjective forms in the texts for these nouns.

1 2 3 4

5

wealth education recreation history

___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________

5 6 7 8

danger religion fashion access

___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________

Find the words in the texts for these definitions.

1 2 3 4 5 6

______________________ : to get worse ______________________ : something bad that could happen ______________________ : the buying and selling of goods ______________________ : an increase ______________________ : events, performances, activities etc. to amuse people ______________________ : extensive, common, widely diffused

AC TIV IT IE S

Vocabulary

Internet research & Speaking 6

Which Italian cities were usually included in the Grand Tour? Why? Was your town/city part of the tour?

Find out and prepare a short oral report on the most popular places in Italy for foreign tourists at that time.

The Tourism Industry | UNI T 1

13

READY TO GO

1

Do you think the tourism industry is currently growing and is this growth likely to continue in the future?

The world tourist industry today Tourism really took off in the second half of the 20th century and has continued to grow, almost without interruption, from the 1950s onwards, with 25 million international tourist arrivals (the term used by UNWTO to indicate overnight visitors) in 1950, 278 million in 1980 and 1,235 million in 2016.

Tourists used to be predominantly from the advanced economies of Europe, the Americas and Asia, but with the fast economic growth of emerging economies, the number of international tourists arriving from the Middle East, Latin America and Central and Eastern Europe has increased rapidly. In the document Tourism Towards 2030, UNWTO has predicted a total of 1.8 billion international tourist arrivals by 2030, with an average yearly increase of 3.3%. It also predicts that arrivals in emerging economies should exceed those in advanced economies, with Europe and the Americas seeing a decline in their share of international tourism.

The reasons for the continued growth can be attributed to the following factors: • More and more destinations have opened up to tourism and investments in infrastructure and tourism facilities (roads, airports, hotels etc.) have increased.

• TV, the Internet and other media have stimulated people’s interest, knowledge and understanding of other countries and therefore they wish to experience them first hand.

• Travel has become easier and cheaper. Competition in the market has increased, with travel agents offering deals and packages from many different tour operators. Low-cost airlines, such as Ryanair and Easyjet which became hugely successful in the 1990s, opened the market for tourists on a budget and also for lesser-known destinations, such as those in Eastern Europe. The Internet has contributed to this increased competition, with online travel agencies for example, and has also allowed tourists to organise all aspects of a holiday independently.

ACT IV I TI ES

• People have more leisure time, more disposable income and there is a trend to have more than one holiday a year. The ageing population means that more retired people have time to spend travelling.

Reading comprehension 2

Read the first paragraph of the text and match each figure to the correct information.

1 2 3 4 5

25 million 278 million 1,235 million 1.8 billion 3.3%

a b c d e

international tourist arrivals in 1980 predicted yearly increase in international tourist arrivals predicted international tourist arrivals in 2030 international tourist arrivals in 1950 international tourist arrivals in 2016

Writing 3

Now read the rest of the text and make notes on how the following factors have influenced the growth of the tourism industry.

• investments • TV and other media

14

Threats to tourism Accessible tourism

UNI T 1 | TOURISM IN THEORY

• competition • low-cost airlines

• free time • income

4

Which ten countries do you think are the most popular tourist destinations in the world? Look at the table below and see if the countries you thought of are listed. Are the results surprising or what you expected?

5

ES Read the article and answer the questions below.

Holiday Hot Spots

Countries like France, the UK, Italy and the USA are consistently among the top destinations for tourism, and are likely to remain so for the foreseeable future thanks to their timeless and universal appeal.

However, each year or so there are new trends and a previously little-known country is suddenly at the top of everyone’s list or a former top spot comes back into fashion.

And, as in all walks of life, people follow holiday trends: one year everybody is going to Marrakech, the next it is New Zealand or Iceland.

Forecasts for the next few years indicate that the trend for colder climates will continue. A study by Virtuoso, a global network of luxury travel agencies, has predicted that Iceland will continue to be popular, as will Alaskan cruises and adventure trips to the Arctic and Antarctica. Seeing the Northern Lights will also feature on many travellers’ wish lists. It is thought that Africa will remain a firm favourite as well, with countries such as South Africa, Kenya and the wilds of Botswana. Safaris will definitely have wildlife preservation and sustainability as priorities though. Virtuoso also reports an increase in

1 2 3 4 5 6

demand for international trips of at least two weeks, with some travellers asking for trips lasting up to five weeks.

This is the luxury end of the market and, to be honest, not many of us can afford the money and time for such vacations. Lonely Planet, the well-respected guidebook publisher, also makes recommendations and predictions which might be more accessible for the majority of us. Recent suggestions include Portugal as an affordable destination with great beaches, art and cuisine; Chile for its geographical and environmental extremes and trendy capital Santiago; Djibouti for its amazing geological formations and thrilling whale

International tourist arrivals

(million)

Rank

2016

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

82,6 75,6 75,6 59,3 52,4 39,5 35,8 35,6 35,0 26,8

France United States Spain China Italy Turkey United Kingdom Germany Mexico Malaysia

ACT IV IT IE S

Reading comprehension

Source: UNWTO 2017

shark diving, and Malta after Valletta’s turn as European Capital of Culture in 2018. So which destination will be at the top of your list for next year?

Valletta, Malta

Why are countries like the UK and Italy always so popular with tourists?

How do travel trends influence which destinations people go to?

Which cold countries and destinations are predicted to be popular in the next few years?

What type of safaris will people be interested in?

What kind of company is Lonely Planet and how does it differ from Virtuoso?

Why does Lonely Planet think Chile will be a popular destination?

Speaking 6

Answer these questions in pairs.

1 2 3 4

Which, if any, of the places mentioned in the table and article have you visited?

Why do you think they are popular with tourists?

Which of the countries would you like to visit? Why? Are there any that don’t appeal to you? Why?

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1

The economic impact of tourism

In pairs, write down the first six businesses or industries you can think of that are connected to the tourism sector.

Now look at the pyramid and check your answers.

Travel and tourism is a truly global industry and one of the world’s largest economic sectors.

It is a key contributor to the economic progress of a country through the creation of jobs and businesses, the stimulation of capital investment and the development of infrastructure. As a worldwide export category it is in fifth position after fuels, chemicals, food, and automotive products. For many Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) tourism ranks in first place. It contributes enormously to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and is a vital source of foreign currency. The latest UNWTO report shows that international tourism receipts reached US$1,220 billion in 2016, with Europe accounting for 36.7%, Asia and the Pacific 30.1% and the Americas 25.7%. Taking into consideration the earnings generated through international passenger transport services, the total tourism export earnings equal US$4 billion a day on average.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Prodotto Interno Lordo (PIL) real estate beni immobili supply chain filiera

The economic impact of the tourism industry goes well beyond the direct expenditure on tourism products in the core hospitality and transportation sectors (hotels, restaurants, airlines and so on) to include the indirect effects on other sectors like agriculture, construction, engineering, real estate development, food production, consumer goods and retail, to name only a few. Take the example of a couple going on a cruise. Purchasing the cruise package directly benefits the cruise company, and the travel agent, if any, who made the booking.

Going on a trip around one of the destinations, eating in a local restaurant and buying a souvenir is a source of income ACCOMMODATION, CATERING, for several local shops and restaurants. But the impact ENTERTAINMENT, does not stop here, as many other sectors are involved TRANSPORTATION in the tourism supply chain before and during TOURISM PROMOTION, the couple’s two-week cruise: construction and TRANSPORTATION ADMINISTRATION, engineering, for example, to build and design the RENTAL CAR MANUFACTURING, SHIPBUILDING, AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURING, FURNISHINGS ship; furniture production and retail to furnish AND EQUIPMENT SUPPLIERS, FINANCIAL SERVICES, the ship; agriculture and food processing to grow SANITATION SERVICES, PRINTING/PUBLISHING and produce the food prepared and consumed FOOD & BEVERAGE SUPPLY, RETAILERS, MANUFACTURERS, on board, advertising and PR for marketing HOUSING, BUSINESS SERVICES, PERSONAL SERVICES and selling the cruise.

In macro-economic terms, expenditure by international visitors counts as exports for the destination country and as imports for the country of residency of the visitor.

A CT IV IT IE S

tourism receipts are the earnings generated in the destination country from expenditure on accommodation, food and drink, local transport, entertainment, shopping and other goods and services.

Reading comprehension 2 PET Read the text and decide whether these statements are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones.

T F 1 Higher employment is one of the benefits of the tourism industry.

2 Tourism as an export category is often less important for LEDCs. 3 Tourism can provide LEDCs with foreign currency.

4 The Asia and Pacific regions contribute the highest percentage of international tourism receipts.

5 The term ‘indirect effects’ refers to the extra money spent by tourists after paying for accommodation and transport.

6 The example of the cruise is used to show how much extra money tourists spend while on holiday.

7 The tourism supply chain is all the industries and businesses involved, directly and indirectly, in creating a tourism product.

Vocabulary 3

Find the words in the text for these definitions.

1 _________ : important, crucial 2 _________ : systems like transport and communication 3 _________ : origin

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UNI T 1 | TOURISM IN THEORY

4 _________ : effect, influence 5 _________ : spending 6 _________ : primary, main

The social and environmental impact of tourism We have seen that tourism is vital for a country’s economy which is why many LEDCs are keen to develop the sector in order to be able to increase investments in the country and improve all aspects of the quality of life.

However, it is important to note that growing numbers of tourists can bring many drawbacks.

ADVANTAGES

PROBLEMS

Foreign currency can be invested in education, health and other services,

profits go to foreign companies, such as tour operators and hotel chains, and not the local community.

Jobs are created and people can learn new skills,

international companies employ foreign workers, leaving the locals to do only unskilled and badly-paid work, which is often seasonal.

Local infrastructure is improved,

these improvements are not where the locals need them and local projects might even be stopped in favour of developments aimed at tourists. There is also an increase in traffic and congestion.

New facilities and structures are built, using the local workforce,

BUT OFTEN

this leads to an increase in local house prices as developers and investors buy up land. New resorts and hotels can also be badly planned and they cause the destruction of natural landscapes, an increase in pollution and the overconsumption of precious resources, like water.

Tourists can meet and support local people and businesses,

tourists remain in the resort, particularly with allinclusive packages, and have little contact with locals.

Tourists can learn about and appreciate the country’s natural and cultural heritage,

these environments are under threat from too many visitors, with damage, erosion, litter and pollution.

1

Read the text and the table and answer these questions.

1 2 3 4

What financial problems can be caused by foreign companies operating hotels and resorts in a country?

How can local people’s lives be improved by tourism?

And how can they be made worse?

What are the environmental risks of tourism?

Critical thinking & Speaking 2

Discuss these questions in small groups.

1 2 3 4

Which is the most important benefit of tourism?

Which disadvantage is the most serious?

Can you think of any other pros and cons?

How can the negative effects of tourism be controlled or eliminated?

ACT IV IT IE S

Reading comprehension

5 In your opinion, is tourism overall more positive or more negative for an LEDC? 6 Do you think it is only LEDCs which are negatively affected by tourism?

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1

Look at the photographs on this page. In pairs, discuss what they show.

niche di nicchia offset controbilanciare

LOOK CLOSER The United Nations declared 2017 as the International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development, in recognition of the tremendous potential of the tourism industry to fight against poverty and encourage social inclusion, mutual understanding, and cultural and environmental preservation.

What changes could be made in Italy/your area to make tourism more sustainable?

Sustainable tourism Tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities.

UNWTO Sustainable development – the aim of satisfying the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs – is a model which is also applied to the tourist industry. Tourism, like most other industries, will never be completely sustainable but it can certainly become more sustainable than it is at present. The aim of sustainable tourism is to control and reduce to a minimum the negative economic, social and environmental impacts of tourism, while maximising the benefits for current and future visitors, host countries and their people, our cultural and historical heritage, and the natural world.

Sustainable tourism does not follow just one set of rules, since the impacts of tourism differ according to the place and so solutions are different too. And it is not just restricted to LEDCs and countries with an endangered ecosystem or important natural features, although these often feel the negative impacts much more. It is relevant to a resort in the Bahamas, which should find alternative energy sources and deal with recycling correctly, just as much as to a resort in Zanzibar, which needs to conserve water and help reduce poverty. All the countries of the world need to follow sustainable tourism principles which include: • following a code of conduct established by an international organisation such as UNWTO and the Global Sustainable Tourism Council; • having a certification from organisations such as the Rainforest Alliance; • employing local people, paying fair wages and offering training; • using and buying locally-produced goods, for example for restaurants and souvenirs; • protecting the environment with conservation projects; • recycling, using alternative energy, conserving water and implementing the correct treatment of waste.

The responsibility for creating sustainable tourism lies with governments, international organisations, tour operators and other tourist-based businesses, local people and, lastly, with the tourists themselves. Sustainable tourism is therefore not a niche or specialised form of tourism, the latest fashion amongst a small group of eco-warriors, but it is what tourism should be everywhere and for everyone. It does not matter what kind of holiday you want to take or where you want to go, what is important is how responsibly you behave from the moment you book your holiday to the moment you return: making a conscious choice to use a company with sound ethics; offsetting the carbon footprint made by your journey; respecting the history, culture and people of the place you are visiting; protecting animals. The consequences of tourism have a global effect; there www.gstcouncil.org www.rainforest-alliance.org needs to be a global effort to overcome them.

We use the term carbon footprint to indicate the amount of greenhouse gases that people cause, directly or indirectly, during their daily activities and lives, such as driving a car, heating a house or taking a flight.

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2

Read the text on page 18 and answer these questions.

1 Is the idea of sustainability only applied to the tourism industry? Why/Why not?

2 In what way does sustainable tourism try to protect the future of our planet?

3 How do the two examples of the Bahamas and Zanzibar demonstrate that sustainable tourism is of global relevance?

4 Who is responsible for ensuring that the tourism sector works towards sustainability?

5 Why shouldn't sustainable tourism be considered as a specialised form of tourism?

6 Should tourists only consider the principles of sustainable tourism while they are on holiday? Why/Why not?

3

ACT IV IT IE S

Reading comprehension

Complete the mind map with the responsibilities each category has and the actions they should take in order to make tourism more sustainable. Add your own ideas too.

governments and organisations

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

tour operators, hotels, other businesses tourists

Vocabulary 4

Match these terms to the correct definition.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

sustainable endangered conduct fair locally-produced waste conscious carbon footprint

5

a b c d e f g h

determined, intentional the amount of CO2 produced by a person’s activities/lifestyle manufactured or grown in the area behaviour unwanted material, rubbish causing little or no damage to the environment right, reasonable in danger, at risk of extinction

Complete the mind map about sustainable tourism.

Listening 6

1.1 PET Listen to an executive from a national tourist board explaining how tourists should behave in order to contribute to sustainable tourism in cities. Complete the sentences.

1 Don’t ___________ on the steps of a church or historic monument.

2 Be ___________ of permanent residents of the city and their needs.

3 Try to speak a little of the local language and sample the ___________.

4 If renting an Airbnb apartment is ___________, don’t do it.

5 ___________ other areas beyond the typical main sights of the city.

6 Try to travel ___________ so there will be less congestion.

Speaking 7

In pairs, decide which of these actions of a tourist follow the principles of sustainable tourism.

What would the positive and/or negative impact of each action be?

• Buying a souvenir made with local seashells • Eating a speciality in a restaurant run by local people • Asking for clean towels in your hotel room every day

• Having a 3-minute shower • Throwing plastic bottles in the general waste bin • Booking all your excursions with your travel agent before you leave

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Organisations for the promotion of tourism

READY TO GO

1

What organisations are there in Italy for the promotion of tourism? How many can you name?

Check and see if they are mentioned in the text.

handicrafts oggetti di artigianato enhancing migliorare

The tourism sector has a number of international, national, regional and local agencies and organisations working for the promotion of tourism.

The World Tourism Organization, UNWTO (www2.unwto.org/en), as already mentioned, is the specialised United Nations agency whose objective is the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism worldwide.

It serves to promote the social and economic importance of tourism for the development of a country, while not forgetting the negative impact tourism can have, by producing research and educational material and offering technical support and assistance to individual countries.

In the UK, the national tourism agency, VISIT BRITAIN (www.visitbritain.org), is a public body funded by the Department for Culture Media and Sport, which is responsible for promoting Britain across the world and for increasing inbound tourism to all parts of Britain. There are also partner agencies for each country within the UK (www.visitengland.com, www.visitscotland.com, www.visitwales.com, www.discovernorthernireland.com) and for the Republic of Ireland (www.ireland.com and www.discoverireland.ie).

The Italian National Tourism Board, ENIT (Ente Nazionale Italiano per il Turismo – www.enit.it/it/), is a public body which is active in promoting Italy as a tourist destination, both for the country as a whole and for each region. Through promotional and commercial strategies, consultations and collaboration with other public and private bodies, it aims to stimulate tourism in Italy, increase the promotion of products, develop the hospitality sector and provide information to visitors. Then, on a regional, provincial and local level, there are several different organisations.

The APT (Azienda di Promozione Turistica) provides information for tourists regarding the area, itineraries and accommodation. The IAT (Informazioni e Accoglienza Turistica) also offers tourist information on a local area, including accommodation, food and what to do and see. A Pro Loco is a non-profit association, formed by volunteers, whose aim is to promote the culture, traditions and heritage of a place, often a small village or town, such as the local handicrafts, food, wine and traditional festivals.

The US website of the National Travel and Tourism Office (tinet.ita.doc.gov) is aimed at creating a positive climate for growth in US travel and tourism and enhancing the international competitiveness of the industry. The US government website (www.usa.gov/recreation-and-travel) provides practical information to tourists regarding travelling around the country and recreational activities, as well as details on visas and the application process. Each of the fifty states and the District of Columbia has its own tourism website, while Welcome Centres or Visitor Centres can usually be found in major cities, at attractions and along important road routes into each state. Another source of information for tourists is www.visittheusa.com, run by Brand USA, a public-private marketing company.

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2

Read the text on page 20 and say which organisation(s) mentioned in the text…

1 2 3 4

3

is non-profit? is part of the United Nations? is a public body? produces research on the impact of tourism?

5 6 7 8

provides information regarding accommodation? covers promotion for four different countries? is the smallest in its country? is a mixed public and private company?

Match each organisation to the most appropriate slogan.

1 2 3 4 5

UNWTO ENIT a Pro Loco VISIT BRITAIN VISIT THE USA

B

D

A

ACT IV IT IE S

Reading comprehension

Find out about the tradition of hat-making in our town at this two-day festival.

Handy tip # 11: Don’t forget we drive on the left!

C

We strive to increase tourism’s contribution to poverty reduction.

Discover this immense land from coast to coast, like never before. Start planning your dream vacation today!

E

Promoting the unified image of the tourist offer.

Listening 4

1.2

PET Listen to this presentation of the organisation FAI and complete the sentences.

Fondo Ambiente Italiano Name in English: (1) _____________________.

Its aim is the promotion and protection of Italy’s (2) _____________________.

It was founded in (3) _____________________.

It has restored many (4) _____________________ and opened them to the public.

Educational activities include training as (5) _____________________.

As a FAI member you can enter all (6) _____________________ free of charge.

Internet research & Writing 5

Go online and find out about the National Trust in the UK – www.nationaltrust.org.uk. Write a short report, presenting the main information of the organisation and comparing it with FAI (type of organisation, aims, membership, activities, links between the two, etc.)

COMPITO DI REALTÀ

Analysing a Pro Loco website

Find the website of a Pro Loco in Italy; it can be one near where you live or from another region. Each member of the group has to look at one aspect of the site and then report back to the group. Together, you will then prepare and give an oral presentation to the rest of the class, using slides/pages from the site to illustrate your points.

• • • •

Information: How many different topics are covered? How up-to-date is the information?

Languages: What languages are available? Is it well-written in the languages you understand?

Graphics/Style: Is it attractive? Are there lots of photographs and images?

Ease of use: Is it easy to use? How useful would it be for an Italian/foreign tourist? Are there useful links?

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Organisations for selling tourism products

READY TO GO

1

The four main components of the distribution chain for tourism products are: the primary providers of the travel products (hotels, airlines etc.), the wholesalers (tour operators), the retailers (travel agencies) and the final consumer.

Which tour operators have you heard of?

A TOUR OPERATOR is a business which combines two or more travel services offered by primary suppliers (accommodation, transport, meals etc.) and then sells them as a single product – a package holiday – for a fixed price. The tour operator buys the separate elements in bulk from various providers – airlines, ferries, hotels – negotiating the best deals and rates due to the high volume of business. Sometimes, tour operators might also directly own the companies which offer various parts of the package, such as a resort. An inbound tour operator offers packages aimed at overseas visitors coming to a destination, while an outbound tour operator is based in the tourist’s own country and produces package holidays to destinations overseas. Their operations can be aimed at the mass tourism market, a specific country or activity (e.g. the Caribbean or skiing), or they may offer specialised packages for specific segments of the market: luxury, ecotourism, over 50s and so on.

These packages can be sold directly to the final consumer or through a travel agency.

in bulk in grande quantità deals offerte speciali rates tariffe

Primary providers of travel products

travel agencies

final customer

ACT IV IT IE S

What else do you think travel agents should do or offer in order to remain competitive?

22

direct sales through the Internet

tour operators

TRAVEL AGENCIES are retailers for the tourist industry and they provide a wide range of services. As well as being an intermediary for promoting and selling package holidays on behalf of tour operators, they sell plane, rail and ferry tickets; they organise travel insurance, car rental, accommodation and excursions; they provide information on currencies, visa requirements and other general material and advice on destinations and travel. Travel agents usually receive a commission from the operator or company on the packages and tickets they sell. This is a percentage, which varies from provider to provider, of the total cost of the product. They may also charge customers a fee, either a fixed amount or a percentage, for some of their services. Travel agencies can vary in size, from multiples – agencies with many branches across a country – to miniples – smaller, independent travel agencies. Due to the increase in the number of consumers making their own travel plans using the Internet, and therefore bypassing the intermediaries, it is vital for travel agents to give reliable, efficient and professional advice and information, helping create a personalised itinerary, with the most convenient routes and at the best possible value to ensure happy customers and repeat business.

Reading comprehension 2 PET Read the text and decide whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones.

T F 1 Tour operators combine the different parts of a holiday into one single product.

2 Tour operators are able to get low prices because they book the services in advance.

3 Some tour operators specialise in offering package holidays for a particular market segment.

4 Both tour operators and travel agents sell package holidays.

5 Travel agencies only give advice about holidays and transport.

6 Being a travel agent requires a lot of knowledge about different aspects of the travel industry.

UNI T 1 | TOURISM IN THEORY

The effect of ICT and the Internet on the tourism industry As in all areas of business and industry, the tourism sector has changed dramatically thanks to the developments in ICT (Information and Communications Technology) over the last few decades.

As well as being able to transform and streamline their internal operations and increase competitiveness, travel and tourism businesses have been able to change the way they interact with customers. The 24/7 availability of internet-based services means a hotel can accept bookings from anywhere in the world at any time; an airline can have passengers check in online, saving the company time and money and making the process at the airport much more efficient; a tourist site can promote its attractions, provide information and sell entrance tickets.

Online travel agencies, such as Expedia.com, and comparison sites, like Kayak.com, are extremely successful. Online travel agencies offer thousands of hotels, flights, car rentals and packages at competitive rates and you purchase directly on the site. Comparison sites, on the other hand, just allow the user to quickly compare prices and offers, but then direct you to the provider’s website to complete the purchase.

Just as the companies and organisations operating in the sector have benefitted from e-tourism, so have travellers and tourists by being able to access global services 24/7 from the comfort of their own home or while they are on the move. They can research and compare products, check timetables, look at maps, read reviews and see photographs before quickly and easily purchasing holidays, tickets, car rentals, hotel rooms and so on with instant confirmation.

Another area which has had a huge impact on the tourism industry is social media. Consumers use social networking sites like TripAdvisor and Facebook to research and share their personal experiences of a resort, a restaurant, an airline and so on. Similarly, companies can use these same platforms to promote themselves and to increase customer awareness and loyalty.

1

Read the text and answer these questions.

1 2 3 4 5 6

What changes have tourism businesses been able to make due to developments in ICT? How has the way they interact with customers changed?

What is the main difference between an online travel agency and a comparison site?

In what ways can a consumer use the Internet to help plan and book a holiday?

Why have social networking sites had a big impact on the tourism industry?

In what ways do you think this impact can be positive and negative for a business?

2

Complete the mind map with details from the text.

ACT IV IT IE S

Reading comprehension

Speaking 3

Answer these questions in pairs.

1 What Italian tour operators do you know? Are they general or specialised in a particular country or type of holiday?

2 Are there any travel agencies in your town/city? Are they independent or part of a chain?

3 Have you or your family ever used an online travel agency? What for?

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