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Elizabeth Gaskell

Her novels are almost all characterised by a strong social imprint, which is unusual for a woman of the 1800s.

Kate Chopin

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Questo volume sprovvisto del talloncino è da considerarsi CAMPIONE GRATUITO fuori campo IVA (Art. 2, c. 3, I.d, DPR 633/1972 e Art. 4, n.6, DPR 627/1978)

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In her stories the characters come alive, the dialogue is brilliant and the descriptions are rich and intense. With a single sentence her stories are full of great and profound meaning.

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Elizabeth Gaskell Kate Chopin Katherine Mansfield Virginia Woolf Edith Wharton

Portraits of Women

Virginia Woolf

She revolutionised the novel with the use of ‘stream of consciousness’ through which she was able to represent the inner life of her characters down to the most intimate details.

Edith Wharton

An American writer and winner of the Pulitzer Prize thanks to the novel The Age of Innocence. In her works she deals in particular with the problem of “breaking social conventions”. FLIP BOOK DIGITAL AND INTERACTIVE VERSION OF THE BOOK (LOOK AT THE INSIDE FRONT COVER FLAP)

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Katherine Mansfield

Portraits of Women

Elizabeth Gaskell, Kate Chopin, Katherine Mansfield, Virginia Woolf, Edith Wharton: five women, five writers, five short stories. The common thread that connects these stories is the attempt to portray a female universe in which women strive to be the protagonists of their destiny. Universal themes such as marriage, loss, freedom, and respect fill the intricate maps of their lives. Readers will try to put themselves in the shoes of desperate women seeking control over their lives, despite adverse circumstances.

Considered one of the first feminist authors of the southern United States, she created stories about the lives of normal women, following them in their continuous effort to find an identity in a world of men.

Gaskell - Chopin - Mansfield - Woolf - Wharton

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The Greenwich Meridian is the imaginary line that is exactly at 0° longitude: Every place on Earth is measured from this line known as the Prime Meridian. Here, east and west meet. Just as the Greenwich Meridian is the meeting place between space and time, the eliGreenwich series is the meeting place of all those readers who immerse themselves in different times and spaces in these pages, discovering characters, stories, and real or imaginary worlds. It is a journey that crosses civilizations, seas and known or unexplored lands, on its ideal route from the North Pole to the South Pole. A journey that is an adventure: the adventure of reading, of losing yourself in the pages of a book.

Welcome to Portraits of Women Information about the author, the story and the historical period.

The text with cultural details, brief summaries and glossary.

Brief description of the main characters.

A wide variety of activities covering Cambridge Exam Certificates, State exams, 21st Century Skills and 2030 Agenda topics. Pre-reading activities.

A final test to check what you remember.

Script of one of the most important scenes from the story to act out together in class.

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Portraits of Women

Retold by Silvana Sardi

Anthology Selection Gaia Ierace

Illustrated by Alberto Macone

Legenda

PRELIMINARY

Drama

INVALSI

Glossario

Esame di Stato

Agenda 2030

Costituzione e Cittadinanza

21st Century Skills

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle The Sign of Four E. Gaskell, K. Chopin, K. Mansfield, V. Woolf, E.Wharton Portraits of Women Robert Louis Stevenson The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Geoffrey Chaucer The Canterbury Tales Jane Austin Pride and Prejudice Retold and Activities Silvana Sardi Anthology Selection Gaia Ierace Series Editors Paola Accattoli, Grazia Ancillani Art Director Daniele Garbuglia Graphic Design Emilia Coari Production Manager Francesco Capitano Photo Credits Shutterstock © 2021 ELi, Gruppo editoriale ELi

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ENG_002-01 ISBN 978-88-536-3336-1 www.gruppoeli.it

Contents

6 Characters 8 Dossier 1 Elizabeth Gaskell 12 Pre-reading Activities 16 Elizabeth Gaskell The Manchester Marriage Part 1 22 Activities 26 Elizabeth Gaskell The Manchester Marriage Part 2 32 Activities 36 Dossier 2 Kate Chopin 40 Pre-reading Activities 42 Kate Chopin Désirée’s Baby Part 1 48 Activities 52 Kate Chopin Désirée’s Baby Part 2 56 Activities 60 Dossier3 Katherine Mansfield 64 Pre-reading Activities 66 Katherine Mansfield Bliss Part 1 72 Activities 76 Katherine Mansfield Bliss Part 2 84 Activities 88 Dossier 4 Virginia Woolf 92 Pre-reading Activities 94 Virginia Woolf Kew Gardens 102 Activities 106 Dossier 5 Edith Wharton 110 Pre-reading Activities 112 Edith Wharton Atrophy Part 1 118 Activities 122 132 136 138 142 144

Edith Wharton Atrophy Part 2 Activities Dossier 6 Entertainment in Victorian England Final Test Drama My Book

CharactersCharacters The Manchester Marriage

Alice and Mr Openshaw

Kew Gardens

Simon and Eleanor

Désirée’s Baby

Armand and Désirée

Bliss

Harry and Bertha

Atrophy

Nora and Christopher

Dossier

Elizabeth Gaskell (1810-1865)

Elizabeth Gaskell, often known as ‘Mrs Gaskell’ wrote both novels and short stories that give us a detailed picture of what life was like for the different classes in Victorian England. This Christian movement doesn’t believe that God is one being in three persons: the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Therefore, Unitarians believe that Jesus Christ wasn’t God himself, but inspired by God in his teachings.

Early life Elizabeth Gaskell was born in London in 1810, the daughter of a Unitarian minister, William Stevenson, and the youngest of eight children. Her mother died when Elizabeth was only 13 months old, so Elizabeth’s father sent her to live with her mother’s sister, Hannah, in Knutsford, Cheshire. Several years passed without Elizabeth seeing her father, but the

only brother she had left, John, (her other brothers and sisters all died young) often came to visit her at her aunt’s home. Her aunt looked after her well and Elizabeth grew into a beautiful young woman with a kind, gentle character. She loved the simple country lifestyle of Knutsford and had a happy childhood there, even though she had nothing of her own.

Knutsford is a town in Cheshire in the north west of England. Elizabeth Gaskell loved this place as a child and one of her most famous novels, Cranford, is set in the fictional village of Cranford, based on Knustford.

Education Elizabeth went to school in Stratford-on-Avon where she studied the usual subjects for girls from rich families at that time. These included art, the classics and how young ladies should behave. She also loved reading the classics her aunt gave her and the modern books her brother sent her, as well as his letters describing his life at sea and all the foreign places he visited. Unfortunately, John was lost at sea during a voyage to India. She left school when she was sixteen and travelled around Britain visiting cousins and her father. Marriage and Career Elizabeth got married to a Unitarian minister, William Gaskell, in 1832 in Knutsford. Once married, they went to live in Manchester and the social problems that Elizabeth saw in the city gave her many ideas for her industrial novels. When her son died at a very young age in 1844, she decided to write to try to forget this loss. This is when she wrote her first novel Mary Barton: A Tale of Manchester Life, in which she describes the terrible living and working conditions of the lower class in Manchester. It was an immediate success and people said she was the best writer since Jane Austen. Other successful novels followed, including Cranford (1851-53), North and South (1854-55), and Wives and Daughters (1865). These were all later adapted for television by the BBC.

An industrial or social novel focuses on social problems, such as, poor housing for workers, the fact that children had to work and terrible working conditions: in general, all the problems that existed in industrialised cities during the Victorian period.

Charlotte Brontë

Online Research Go online for more information about the English novelist and poet, Charlotte Brontë, and complete the information below. 1 Date of birth __________________ 2 Place of birth _________________ 3 Sisters’ names ______________ 4 Most famous novel __________ 5 Date of death ______________

Elizabeth Gaskell and Charlotte Brontë Many of Elizabeth Gaskell’s friends were writers and these included Charlotte Brontë, who stayed at Elizabeth’s house many times. After Charlotte died in 1855, her father asked Elizabeth to write his daughter’s biography, The Life of Charlotte Brontë (1857). Much of the information Elizabeth Gaskell used in the book came from the hundreds of letters sent by Charlotte to her friend Ellen Nussey.

Charles Dickens

Elizabeth Gaskell and Charles Dickens Charles Dickens loved Elizabeth Gaskell’s writing and after her first novel, Mary Barton, he asked her to write for his magazine Household Words. She gave him the first part of Cranford and Dickens liked it so much that he kept

asking for more. This is how Cranford became a sixteen-chapter serial novel. Many more of her works were published in Dickens’ magazine including the short story in this collection called The Manchester Marriage, which appeared in the magazine in 1858.

Final years Elizabeth Gaskell worked constantly and became more and more tired as she tried to do all the things she loved, like writing, being a good mother to her daughters and helping people with problems. She began to get terrible headaches and decided it was time to move away from Manchester and its polluted air. Therefore, in the summer of 1865, she bought a house in Hampshire without telling her husband. She wanted it to be a surprise for him once it was exactly the way she wanted it. Unfortunately, in November of that same year, while she was visiting the house with her daughters, she had a heart attack and died. She was fifty-five years old. 11

PRE-READING ACTIVITIES

Reading Comprehension – Characters 1

Read about the characters in The Manchester Marriage and match each description with the correct name. 1

She’s a pretty, gentle, kind, young woman who tries to please everyone, especially her daughter and son.

She’s a housemaid and will do anything for her mistress, Alice.

He goes away to sea a lot but likes to spend time with his son, Frank, and his wife.

This middle-aged woman is often alone because her husband is a sea captain.

Like his father, this handsome young man often goes on long voyages.

This poor little girl has terrible back problems which means she can’t walk.

This little boy, unlike his sister, Ailsie, can run about happily.

He’s a successful businessman and more interested in his work than women.

a Captain Wilson

e Edwin

b Ailsie

f Mr Openshaw

c Norah

g Alice

d Frank Wilson

h Mrs Wilson

Vocabulary – Synonyms 2

Match the words that mean the same. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

manufacture manager trendy marriage furious couple persuade

a b c d e f g

convince angry wedding pair fashionable boss make

Reading 3

Choose the correct word (A, B, C or D) for each space to complete the text about The Manchester Marriage and the author, Elizabeth Gaskell. The Manchester Marriage is a (1)___________ story about a young woman called Alice. Alice and the writer have something (2) ___________ common because Alice goes to live with her uncle and his second wife after her parents die, (3)___________ Elizabeth Gaskell went to live with her aunt after her mother died. Apart from that, they’re (4)___________ different. Elizabeth Gaskell was married (5) ___________ once and was always busy trying to be a good mother to her four daughters and a successful writer too. On the (6)___________ hand, everyone thinks that Alice’s first husband, Frank Wilson, is lost at sea, so Alice marries for a second time. She never goes out to work because she wants to stay (7)___________ her daughter who can’t walk, but after her first husband (8)___________ missing, she rents out rooms in her home to make some money. This is how she meets her second husband, Mr Openshaw. 1 A small

B little

C low

D short

2 A on

B in

C of

D from

3 A while

B besides

C however

D although

4 A very

B much

C enough

D too

5 A already

B just

C yet

D alone

6 A different

B same

C one

D other

7 A close

B from

C near

D next

8 A has

B goes

C will

D does

PRE-READING ACTIVITIES

Speaking – Victorian Sights 4 Tourists visiting London today can still see many of the city’s famous sights that were built during the reign of Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1901. Match the pictures below with the name of these famous sights in the box.

Royal Albert Hall Tower Bridge Trafalgar Square Palm House, Kew Gardens Houses of Parliament Big Ben

__________________________________

Writing an Article 5 In the story, Mr Openshaw invites his uncle and aunt to visit London. Write an article about an Italian city and describe what tourists can see and do there. Talk about: - famous buildings and when they were constructed - museums and art galleries and what you can see in them - parks and gardens open to the public - other things to do in the city Write about 100 words.

Speaking – Pair Work 6 Discuss these questions with a partner. 1 What does the title The Manchester Marriage tell you about

the story? 2 What kind of story do you think it is? 3 What do you like reading? Why? 4 How often do you read for pleasure? 5 What are the most popular newspapers in Italy? 6 What kind of magazines can you find in the shops? 7 What kind of story would you like to write?

Listening – True or False 2

7 Listen to the start of The Manchester Marriage and decide if the sentences are true (T) or false (F). 1 Mr and Mrs Openshaw came from Manchester.

T F

2 Mr Openshaw wasn’t good at his job.

3 His wife Alice was the same age as him.

4 Alice always did what her husband asked her to do.

5 Ailsie was Mr Openshaw’s daughter.

6 Edwin was Frank Wilson’s son.

7 Ailsie was older than Edwin.

Elizabeth Gaskell

The Manchester Marriage part 1 2 An industrial city that grew very fast during the Victorian period, mainly thanks to the cotton industry. Mr Openshaw was quite different from businessmen who lived in the capital and they probably thought he was a bit provincial for his accent and habits, like having dinner earlier than they did. In the West End of London, a street famous for expensive shops.

Mr and Mrs Openshaw moved to London from Manchester, when the manufacturing company Mr Openshaw worked for, asked him to manage their new warehouse* in the city. Mr Openshaw, at the age of forty-two and now a successful businessman, was happy about this change, even if he didn’t really like Londoners. He thought they were lazy and only interested in fashion and spending their days walking about trendy places like Bond Street. His pretty wife, Alice, was thirty-five, and unlike* Mr Openshaw, who was loud and decided everything, she was gentle and always did what he said.They had two children. Well, actually, Alice had two children because Ailsie, now eleven years old, was the daughter from her first marriage to Frank Wilson, while little Edwin was born after she married Mr Openshaw. However, before continuing, I must tell you a little more about Alice before Mr Openshaw came into her life. warehouse a big building where companies keep what they need to make their products or products ready to sell to shops unlike different from Captain Wilson with Frank and Alice.

Elizabeth Gaskell The Manchester Marriage part 1

At the age of fifteen, Alice was an orphan and lived in Liverpool with her uncle, a sea captain and his second wife. Alice was a shy, pretty girl but lacked* self-confidence*. Therefore, when her cousin Frank Wilson came home after a long time at sea and quickly fell in love* with her, Alice felt grateful towards him. While Captain Wilson was at sea, Alice and Frank got married, with Norah, the housemaid, as their only witness*. The Captain’s wife was furious and sent the couple and Norah away. However, once back home, Captain Wilson often spent time with the couple, even though his wife didn’t approve*.

Frank is Captain Wilson’s son, the uncle Alice has lived with since her parents died, so Frank and Alice are cousins. Alice was young with no experience of men, so Frank’s love for her was something completely new to her. Most aristocratic and middle class Victorian families had a maid and other people to help with cleaning and cooking in the house.

lack not have enough of something self-confidence when you believe in your abilities and qualities fall in love develop a deep romantic liking for someone witness someone who is present at an event approve think something is right

Portraits of Women

Frank Wilson doesn’t want to leave Alice alone because Victorians didn’t think it was right for a women to live without a man in the house.

England did a lot of business with the East Indies; countries including India situated in southern Asia. In those days in Great Britain, 100 pennies didn’t make one pound like now. Instead, there were 12 pennies to a shilling and 20 shillings to a pound. They used this system until 1971.

Alice was still very shy, even with her husband. Frank wanted to protect her while he was away at sea, so before leaving for his next voyage*, he persuaded his father to let Alice live with him and his wife again. However, Captain Wilson’s wife refused to have Norah as well, and she had to find another job. Norah promised to come back and work for Alice and Frank once they had a home of their own. After Frank left, Captain Wilson became ill and Alice did her best to help Mrs Wilson look after him. This show of love and the fact that Alice was expecting a baby, touched Mrs Wilson’s heart and she let Norah come back to care for Alice once her baby was born and also to look after the Captain. Captain Wilson died before receiving Frank’s first letter written as he travelled to the East Indies. The Captain left everything to his wife, but this didn’t worry Alice as her husband, Frank, held a high position* on the ship and she still had all his savings* (200 pounds) in the bank. However, she began to feel worried when Frank’s letters stopped arriving. Weeks passed and finally the Shipping Office told her that Frank’s ship was lost at sea. He was gone forever and without even seeing his child!

voyage a journey travelling by sea or in space hold a high position have a good job savings the money that someone has saved, usually in a bank

Elizabeth Gaskell The Manchester Marriage part 1

As always, Alice didn’t show her feelings, while Mrs Wilson felt it was her duty to burst into tears every time a visitor called. Then doctors discovered that Alice’s daughter, Ailsie, had a serious back problem and they could do nothing to help her disability. Only Norah knew how much Alice suffered when she heard this news. Then Mrs Wilson started having money problems so they two women decided to move to a house in Manchester, big enough to take lodgers* to give them an income*. Norah came with them to help manage the house. At first things went well, but then they had to move to a smaller house as they didn’t have many lodgers. It was here that Mr Openshaw came into their lives as a lodger. Mr Openshaw put all his energy into his work and learning new things, from politics to foreign languages. He usually had no time for women but then he began to appreciate* how well Alice looked after him as a lodger and he thought about the possibility of staying there forever. He even started to take an interest in Ailsie and decided to buy a toy for this little girl who sat patiently in her chair all day long. Mr Openshaw was secretly thrilled* to see Ailsie’s happy face when he gave her the toy.

lodger a person who rents a room in another person’s house income money you earn to live on appreciate recognise and respect the importance of something or someone thrilled excited and pleased

Ailsie will never be able to walk.

This is unusual for Mr Openshaw who doesn’t usually have time for love and emotions.

Portraits of Women

In Victorian times, they believed that a woman should marry, have children and keep the house nice for her husband.

He means get married.

He tried not to show any more interest in Alice and her child, but as the weeks passed, he felt more and more attracted to Alice’s quiet, kind nature and above all admired her for her deep devotion to Ailsie. They talked constantly to each other and Mr Openshaw began to feel annoyed that he couldn’t share these moments with them. Every evening, he came home with something to make Ailsie’s life easier. Then, one autumn morning, he said to Alice: ‘Mrs. Frank, is there any reason why we two shouldn’t put up our horses together?’ Alice didn’t understand what he meant, so she said nothing.

Mr Openshaw is asking Alice to marry him.

Chapter 1 The Manchester Marriage part 1

Before leaving for work, Mr. Openshaw said, ‘Think of what I said, Mrs Frank and give me your answer tonight.’ That evening, Mr Openshaw called Alice. ‘Well, Mrs Frank,’ he said, ‘what’s your answer? Hurry up and tell me as I have a lot of work to do tonight.’ ‘I don’t really know what you mean,’ said Alice. ‘Well, you should know, but I’ll explain. Will you have me as your husband, and serve me and love me etc.? If you will, I promise I’ll do all I can for you and your child. So what’s your answer? Time’s up! Yes or no?’ ‘Yes, if it pleases you, Sir,’ said Alice. ‘You’ve been so good to little Ailsie.’

As Alice has already been married once, Mr Openshaw thinks she should realise that he’s asking her to marry him.

CHECK IT OUT

Reading Comprehension – True or False 1 Read the sentences about Chapter 1 and decide if they’re true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. Mr Openshaw and his family left Manchester to open a shop in London. 1 Mr Openshaw wasn’t very keen on people

T F X

from London. 2 Mr Openshaw and his wife were very similar

in character. 3 Alice already had a daughter when she married

Mr Openshaw. 4 Alice’s first husband was her uncle.

5 The Captain and his wife were both happy

about Frank and Alice’s marriage. 6 When Frank left on his sea voyage, Alice and Norah

went back to live with the Captain and his wife.

Speaking – Pair Work 2 Discuss the following questions about the story with a partner and write your answers. 1 Why do you think the Captain’s wife was so angry with Frank and Alice when they got married? 2 How do we know that Norah really cared about Alice? 3 How did the relationship between the Captain’s wife and Alice change? 4 Why do you think Alice decided to take in lodgers instead of looking for another kind of job? 5 Which qualities in Alice first attracted Mr Openshaw’s attention? 6 Why do you think Alice agreed to marry Mr Openshaw?

DEVELOPING SPOT ON GRAMMAR CRITICAL THINKING

Gap Fill 1 Complete the sentences about the story with one word in each space.

from Mr and Mrs Openshaw came ___________ Manchester. 1 Mr Openshaw worked ___________ a manufacturing company. 2 They moved ___________ London for Mr Openshaw’s work. 3 Mr Openshaw thought Londoners were only interested

___________ fashion. 4 Alice felt very grateful ___________ Frank for loving her. 5 The Captain’s wife didn’t approve ___________ the young couple. 6 When he died, the Captain left everything ___________ his wife. 7 Frank’s ship was lost ___________ sea.

Verb Patterns 2 Choose the correct alternative to complete the sentences.

Mr Openshaw thought Londoners spent their days walking / to walk about trendy places. 1 Alice decided marry / to marry Frank while his father was at sea. 2 Before leaving for his next voyage, Frank persuaded his father

to let / let Alice come back. 3 Norah promised come / to come back once the young couple

had their own home. 4 Alice began to feel worried when Frank’s letters stopped

arriving / to arrive. 5 Mr Openshaw started to notice / notice how well Alice looked

after him. 6 Mr Openshaw tried not think / to think about Alice all the time. 7 Mr Openshaw asked Alice marry / to marry him.

FOCUS ON YOUR EXAMS

Listening PRELIMINARY

Listen to the start of Chapter 2 and complete the text with one word in each space. Once married, Mr Openshaw (1)____________ Mrs Wilson to live in a nice house with Norah and without the need of (2)____________. The doctors could do nothing for Ailsie’s back, but thanks to Mr Openshaw, the girl became stronger and learnt to (3)____________. Alice was also happy with this man who didn’t expect any loving (4) ____________ from her. The family became (5)____________ and after Mrs Wilson died, Norah came back to look after their newly-born son, Edwin. It was at this time that the (6)____________moved to London.

Writing PRELIMINARY

Read this letter Alice writes to Norah while she is with Mrs Wilson, then use the notes to write Norah’s answer. Write about 100 words. Dear Norah, How are things with Mrs Wilson? Is she being very difﬁcult? I hope not! Ailsie’s poor back is much the same, but Mr Openshaw has given her new courage and she’s become interested in drawing, so that helps to pass the time. The new nurse is good and makes Ailsie do all the exercises the doctors give her for her back, but she misses your loving ways. I miss you too. You’ve been so good to me all these years, Norah, but I can’t go against what my husband has decided. I almost forgot – I have some wonderful news! I’m expecting another baby! Once he or she is born, I hope you’ll be free to come and look after this child.

Take care, Alice

very weak, sleeps a lot during the day but not at night so…

Clever girl! ... drawing for me?

me too... very important to me

How wonderful... come and see you... When?

THINK ON! 21st Century Skills

Technology skills

Queen Victoria and her

husband, Albert

Online Research & Pair Work 1a Look at the pictures and discuss these questions with a partner. Write down your ideas, then check online to see how many of your answers were correct. 1 Was it usual for Victorian cousins to marry? 2 What was the role of the Victorian man? 3 What kind of education did rich young girls receive in Victorian

England? 4 What kind of jobs did working-class Victorian women do? 5 Could women in Victorian times vote? 6 Could women in Victorian times get divorced?

1b Now answer these questions with a partner about Italy in the 21st century and discuss if any of them are similar to your answers in exercise 1a. 1 How do most people meet their life partner? 2 What is the role of men nowadays? 3 What kind of education do young women receive nowadays? 4 What kind of jobs do working-class women do now? 5 What can 21st century women do that Victorian women couldn’t do? 6 Do you think there’s any difference between the role that men

and women have in the family nowadays? 25

Elizabeth Gaskell

The Manchester Marriage part 2 4

This is the point where the story first started. 5

The London home of the British Royal Family and an important tourist attraction. In south west London, this area is full of parks and open spaces.

Once married, Mr Openshaw sent Mrs Wilson to live in a nice house with Norah and without the need of lodgers. The doctors could do nothing for Ailsie’s back, but thanks to Mr Openshaw, she became stronger and learnt to laugh. Alice was also happy with this man who didn’t expect any loving words from her. The family became richer and after Mrs Wilson died, Norah came back to look after their newly-born son, Edwin. It was at this time that the family moved to London. After some time in London, Mr Openshaw invited his Uncle and Aunt Chadwick to their home. Mrs Chadwick was very excited about visiting London and her husband bought her an expensive brooch* for the trip. Mrs Chadwick loved the brooch and wore it one afternoon when they went to visit Buckingham Palace. When she came back to the house, she changed her clothes quickly, as that evening they were going to Richmond. They set out at 5 p.m. leaving Norah in the brooch a piece of jewellery that you wear on a jacket or blouse

Elizabeth Gaskell The Manchester Marriage part 2

nursery with the children. A little later, the housemaid came to tell Norah that a man wanted to see her. He was in the dining room. With fear in her heart, she took a candle and went downstairs. The dining room was dark, but with the candle, Norah could see the man standing near the table. He recognised her – she couldn’t believe her eyes*! ‘Norah!’ he said breathing hard, ‘is my wife alive?’ Norah stared* at this handsome man, now with a beard and moustache, but the eyes were the same, just like the eyes of the little girl asleep upstairs. ‘Yes,’ she said quietly. Frank Wilson’s relief * on hearing that Alice was still alive was short-lived* when he discovered that she was now married to another man. He was desperate and refused to go away. Norah had to think quickly before the Openshaws came back, so she said, ‘If you promise to leave, I’ll show you your child now’. ‘She’s sleeping upstairs. We’ve always done everything to make her happy, so please, Mr Frank, don’t destroy her life. If you leave now, I promise to come and see you tomorrow,’ she said. Frank cried when he saw the deformed* back of his child. He fell onto his knees and put his head on her bed. Ailsie moved slightly* and Norah pulled him she couldn’t believe her eyes she was shocked by what she saw stare look at something for a long time with your eyes wide open relief when you feel happy that something terrible hasn’t happened short-lived it doesn’t last long deformed not the right shape slightly a little

This was the area, usually at the top of the house, where the children ate, played and slept. During the first years of the Victorian era, almost every house used candles or oil lamps to light the rooms. The fact that he’s breathing hard shows how anxious Frank is to know about his wife.

Elizabeth Gaskell The Manchester Marriage part 2 Norah is shocked to see Frank Wilson.

away terrified that the girl was about to wake up. Then Frank saw Edwin in the other bed. ‘His child?’ asked Frank. ‘Her child,’ answered Norah as she led him downstairs and out the front door. An hour later, the Openshaws came home with their guests. Norah said nothing about Frank’s visit. However, at about 5 a.m. Ailsie woke up and shouted for her mother. ‘Mother,’ said the girl, frightened, ‘who was the man with Norah?’ ‘Don’t be silly, my love, it was only a dream,’ said Alice. At breakfast, Mrs Chadwick was very upset because she couldn’t find her brooch. ‘Was anyone here, while we were out last night?’ Mr Openshaw asked the housemaid. ‘Yes, a man came to speak to Norah,’ said the girl. ‘I think some chap* persuaded Norah to let him into the house last night and he stole the brooch. Norah is at that age when a woman seeks* a husband out of loneliness*,’ said Mr Openshaw to his guests. He spoke to Norah but she denied everything and was most offended* that he thought she could be so stupid. Then, when he threatened* to call the police, she was furious and left the house without saying a word to anyone. chap informal word for a man seek look for out of loneliness because she felt lonely offended angry and upset because of what someone says threaten when you say you will hurt someone if they don’t do what you want

The front door was very important in the Victorian era, as it had to give people passing by in the street the right impression showing how rich the family was.

Norah doesn’t want to tell them what really happened the night before. The first real police officers as we know them today were called ‘Peelers’ or ‘Bobbies’. They began to control the streets of London in 1829 to stop crime in the streets.

Portraits of Women

These were probably the clothes she wore to Buckingham Palace because then she changed quickly to go to Richmond. Liverpool is a city and seaport in north west England. It grew quickly during the Victorian period when many people moved from the countryside to find work in factories in the city.

Euston Station in central London first opened on 20th July, 1837. Today it is still a very important inter-city train station and underground.

The Thames is the river that flows through southern England, including London. The famous Boat Race between Oxford and Cambridge Universities on the River Thames has been an annual event since 1856.

Mr Chadwick decided to tell the police about the theft*, but when he got back, his wife was there with the lost brooch. ‘I found it on the clothes I wore yesterday,’ she said quietly. Mr Chadwick ran back to the police station but a detective was already out looking for Norah. Norah wanted to get a train to Liverpool, but she had no money with her. Then she remembered Frank was staying at a hotel near Euston Station. When she got to the hotel, Frank wasn’t there, but his luggage* was still in his room. The detective saw Norah entering the hotel and asked the owner to keep her there. When Norah said she was tired, the owner took her to a room and locked her in. Norah was exhausted* and slept for hours. At the police station, they told the detective he didn’t need to follow Norah anymore, so he didn’t go back to the hotel. Some hours later, Mr Openshaw and a policeman came to Norah’s room. ‘Norah,’ said Mr Openshaw kindly, ‘we’ve found the brooch – please forgive me.’ Then in a sad voice, he continued, ‘Norah, they found your friend in the Thames this morning – drowned*! Your name and address were in his pocket. Now you have to go and identify him.’ theft the crime of stealing luggage case or bag you use to keep your things in when travelling exhausted very tired drown die under water

Elizabeth Gaskell The Manchester Marriage part 2

‘The drowned man was your wife’s first husband, Frank Wilson,’ said Norah quietly. She then told him the whole story of Frank coming to the house. Mr Openshaw felt so sorry for the man that he decided to give Frank a decent burial. From that day, Norah and Mr Openshaw never spoke again about Frank Wilson and shy Alice asked no questions, just happy to have Norah back again. Many years later, a few months after her mother died, Ailsie and her ‘father’ (as she always called Mr Openshaw) drove to the cemetery. He took her to a headstone*, with F.W. and a date on it. At the grave*, Mr Openshaw cried sadly, as he told her the tragic story of her poor father.

Mr Openshaw is a good man and feels responsible in a way for Frank’s death so his way of showing respect for this poor man is to make sure he has a nice resting place.

headstone grave a place in the ground where you bury a dead person

CHECK IT OUT

Reading for Overall Understanding 1

Put the following sentences about Chapter 2 in the correct order. a b c

Mrs Chadwick couldn’t find her brooch. Frank Wilson came to the house. 1 Mr Openshaw sent Mrs Wilson to live with Norah.

Norah went to look for Frank.

Mr Openshaw took Ailsie to the cemetery.

Norah showed Frank his daughter.

Mr Openshaw invited his aunt and uncle to London.

Speaking & Writing 2

Discuss the following questions about Chapter 2 with a partner and write your answers. 1 What made Alice happy with Mr Openshaw as her husband? 2 What did Mr Openshaw take his guests to see in London? 3 Why did Norah decide to show Frank his daughter? 4 What connection did Mr Openshaw make between Ailsie’s dream and Mrs Chadwick’s missing brooch? 5 Why couldn’t Norah take the train to Liverpool? 6 Why didn’t the detective need to follow Norah anymore? 7 Why did the police want Norah to identify the drowned man?

DEVELOPING SPOT ON GRAMMAR CRITICAL THINKING

Grammar – Past Simple 1

Complete the sentences about Chapter 2 with the past simple form of the verbs in brackets. 1

Mrs Chadwick __________ (wear) her brooch to visit Buckingham Palace.

A housemaid __________ (come) to the nursery to speak to Norah.

When Frank __________ (see) Ailsie’s back, he cried.

Ailsie __________ (wake) up at 5 a.m.

Norah __________ (leave) without saying goodbye to anyone.

They __________ (find) the man drowned in the River Thames.

Norah and Mr Openshaw never __________ (speak) again about Frank.

Speaking – Pair Work 2a Look at this picture of a Victorian child and describe it to your partner. 2b Now talk together about which toys you played with when you were a child and how you like spending your free time now.

FOCUS ON YOUR EXAMS

Reading INVALSI

Read the text about Victorian homes, then complete the sentences (1-5) using a maximum of 4 words. The first one has been done for you.

Rich and Poor Homes in Victorian England In the Victorian period, many people left their jobs in the countryside to find work in factories in cities. Therefore, there was a great need for more houses for all these new workers, especially in London, the city with the biggest population. In fact, by 1851, half of the English population lived in London. Factory owners often built houses for their workers, but they were cheap and small, built on two floors with one or two rooms downstairs and another two upstairs. The problem was that Victorian families were usually big with maybe four or five children and there was no water and no inside toilet. Outside, there were usually a couple of toilets and a pump to serve the whole street. The drinking water from the pump was often polluted which explains why many children died at a young age. However, even these homes were not enough to house all the people who came to work in London and very often, whole families had to live in just one rented room. Although rich and poor people found themselves living close to each other, just a few streets away, the middle and upper classes were much more fortunate than these poor people. Their houses were much bigger, with bathrooms and gas lighting. They were very comfortable and warm with elegant furniture and carpets on the floor. The very rich had servants who lived in the same house usually on the top floor of the building, which could have as many as four floors.

People moved to cities to find

jobs in factories. __________________

By 1851, 50% of people in England

__________________

Houses for workers were cheap and small with two

__________________

Victorian families were usually big with

__________________

Since there weren’t enough houses for everyone, many families had to live in __________________

Rich and poor people often lived near

__________________

THINK ON! Analytical Thinking

21st Century Skills

Writing - Pair Work 1 Talk to your partner about Alice, Norah and Mr Openshaw and write a short paragraph about each of them. Think about: • their characters • if they changed in any way in the story • why you liked or didn’t like them Alice ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Norah ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Mr Openshaw ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2 In the story, they find Frank drowned in the River Thames. Discuss these questions with a partner. Do you agree about everything? 1 Do you think Norah and Mr Openshaw were right not to tell Alice about what happened to Frank Wilson? Why? / Why not? 2 Have you ever found yourself in the situation where you didn’t tell someone something that could upset them? 3 Can you think of any situations when it’s better to tell a lie than the truth? Why? 4 In the story, Frank kills himself in the River Thames and Alice stays with Mr Openshaw. Think of a different ending with your partner and write down your ideas. 35

Dossier

Kate Chopin (1850-1904)

Kate Chopin was an American writer of short stories and novels about women, their feelings and the search for their identity. She’s considered one of America’s most important writers and her works are popular all over the world.

By the late 1790s, one third of the people living in Missouri were slaves. Most of them were black and many worked in houses as servants or on plantations. Slavery was finally abolished in Missouri in 1865.

Early life Kate was born on 8th February, 1850, in St. Louis, Missouri. Her father, Thomas O’Flaherty, was Irish and became a successful businessman after moving to the United States. Her mother, Eliza Faris, came from an old French family that lived outside St. Louis. Kate’s father died when she

was only five years old, so Kate grew up in a house full of women; her mother, grandmother and greatgrandmother, and the female slaves her mother owned.

Education As a young girl, Kate loved reading books by famous authors like Jane Austen and Charles Dickens. She learnt to speak French and play the piano from her greatgrandmother, who also told her stories about her great-greatgrandmother. This woman once had her own business, left her husband and had children when she was single. These stories taught Kate about how strong and independent women can be.

Married life At eighteen, it was time for Kate to enter St. Louis society and she met her future husband, Oscar Chopin, of French origin. He worked in the cotton industry and was a ‘factor’ that is, the intermediary between the cotton grower and the buyer. They got married in June 1870 and moved to New Orleans.

In 1855, Kate went to the Sacred Heart Academy, a Catholic school in St. Louis but she only stayed there for two months because her father was killed in a train accident. After that, the women members of the family, whose husbands were now all dead, taught her at home for two years. Then she returned to the Academy and stayed there until she was eighteen. At this school, the teachers encouraged their students to share their thoughts and express their opinions.

“I am going to be married,” Kate wrote, “married to the right man. It does not seem strange, as I had thought it would–I feel perfectly calm, perfectly collected. And how surprised everyone was, for I had kept it so secret!” 37

Dossier

By 1879, they had six children. Kate was a bit of a rebel, though, and the people of New Orleans were often most surprised to see her walking about the streets on her own with a cigarette hanging from her lips. Oscar didn’t manage his cotton business well and the family had to move to Cloutierville in Louisiana, where Oscar had some land and opened a shop.

Ragtime and blues music became very popular in the city and African Americans also contributed greatly to jazz.

Here, again, the local people noticed Kate because of her over-fashionable clothes. They also didn’t approve of the fact that she smoked and rode her horse like a man; not sitting sideways like women usually did. In 1882, Oscar died of malaria, and Kate became a widow at the age of thirtytwo and responsible for six children. She moved with her family back to St. Louis, where she found better schools for her children and a life richer in culture for herself.

Writing Encouraged by a family friend, Kate began to write. Her first novel, At Fault was published privately in 1890, but she didn’t really become famous until she started writing short stories for magazines. Over the years, she wrote many stories, including twenty-six stories for children, and she became very popular all over the United States. In 1899, she also wrote her novel, The Awakening. At first, critics didn’t like this novel and it wasn’t until long after her death that it came to be considered as Death In 1904, after coming home from the famous St. Louis World’s Fair, Kate Chopin phoned her son to say that she was tired after spending such a hot summer’s day in the city and that she had a terrible headache. She died two days later on 22nd August, and is buried in Calvary Cemetery in St. Louis. Many people still visit her burial place today to show their admiration for her works.

her most successful novel. Désirée’s Baby, written in 1892, is one of Kate Chopin’s most popular short stories. It’s set in Louisiana before the American Civil War and is about a baby and a racial crisis between a husband and wife. It was first published in the magazine, Vogue, in 1893. This was the first of nineteen of Kate Chopin’s stories that Vogue published. It was reprinted in Chopin’s collection of stories, Bayou Folk, in 1894, which was also a great success.

1904 World’s Fair More than 60 countries took part in this fair and it was an excellent opportunity for the public to find all kinds of entertainment and goods from different cultures.

PRE-READING ACTIVITIES

Reading Comprehension 1 Choose the correct word (A, B, C or D) for each space to complete the text about the story Désirée’s Baby by Kate Chopin. is As a baby, Désirée ___________ found by rich landowners, Monsieur and Madame Valmondé. They decide to keep the child and Désirée grows up into a beautiful young woman surrounded (1)___________ the love of this couple. At eighteen, Désirée meets Armand, the owner of a plantation near them (2)___________ L’Abri. They fall in love and get married. They’re (3)___________ happy together, especially when their baby boy is born. Then, (4)___________ day, Madame Valmondé comes to see her grandson and immediately realises that there’s (5) ___________ strange about the baby. Then everything changes (6) ___________ Désirée and Armand. A has 1 A to 2 A called 3 A much 4 A that 5 A anything 6 A to

B were B at B said B too B one B everything B from

C is C by C told C enough C a C something C for

D will D from D spoken D very D this D someone D towards

Vocabulary – People and Events 2 Match the pictures with the words. 3

5 4 40

a Louisiana Creole cuisine b New Orleans Port c French king, Louis XIV d Slaves working in cotton fields e Mardi Gras

Speaking – Online Research 3 Look at the pictures again in exercise 2 and discuss these questions with a partner. Use the Internet to help you. 1 Who does Louisiana get its name from? 2 What connection is there between slaves and Louisiana? 3 Why was the port of New Orleans so important? 4 What does Louisiana Creole cuisine consist of? 5 What is Mardi Gras? 6 What does Creole mean? 7 Which river goes through New Orleans?

Listening – True or false 6

4 Listen to the start of Désirée’s Baby and decide if the sentences are true (T) or false (F) 1 Désirée was lying asleep near the entrance of the plantation. 2 She woke up when Monsieur Valmondé took

T F

her in his arms. 3 Monsieur Valmondé discovered who Désirée’s

real parents were. 4 The couple already had children of their own

when they found Désirée. 5 Désirée had a happy childhood growing up

on the Valmondé plantation. 6 Armand Aubigny was born on the plantation

where he lived with his father. 7 Armand and Désirée already knew each other

as children.

Dossier

Entertainment in Victorian England During the Victorian period, the entertainment business grew rapidly. With the Industrial Revolution, more people moved to cities like London, and the middle class began to have more free time and more money to spend.

136

Music Halls and Theatres Music halls offered a wide range of entertainment for all tastes, from popular songs to acrobats and trapeze artists or even can-can dancers. Theatres were also a favourite with the Victorians who loved not only watching plays and listening to classical music, but also exciting shows with magicians and hypnotists. All classes of people could enjoy this type of entertainment because it cost only two or three pennies to enter. The circus Another popular place to go was the circus. There were many different attractions involving animals, like lions, horses and elephants and, of course, there were also acrobats.

Street Artists People could also enjoy watching various street artists. These included puppet shows, the most famous being Punch and Judy. There were also fire-eaters, clowns and street acrobats. Music Music was also a favourite with people in the Victorian era. The upper class enjoyed going to the opera, while the lower classes had the chance to enjoy the music played by many street musicians, singers and bands. Music halls were also very popular and every town and village had its village band. Day Trips and Holidays It was obviously much easier for rich Victorian families to go on day trips and holidays in their free time. They usually travelled to places in the countryside or to the seaside to get some fresh air. Then in the late 19th century, the price of travelling by train became cheaper so workers could also take their families on holiday. Sport The growth of train travel meant that local teams could now travel easily to play with other teams, and this was the start of national competitions such as the FA Cup for football. Other popular sports included cricket, rugby, tennis and cycling.

y ties you do Class Activit pes of activi ty e th l . al f o table below Make a list mplete the co d an e m ti in your free 21st century Victorian Era Music Sport Theatre Other

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FINAL TEST

Reading Comprehension 1 Answer the questions. 1 In which story does a woman marry twice? What’s her name? 2 Which story is set entirely outside? 3 In which story is there a dinner party? 4 Which story talks about a mother and her child? 5 Which story has a part set on a train?

Writing – Characters 2a Match the male characters with the correct story. 1 2 3 4 5

Christopher Armand Mr Openshaw Simon Harry

a Bliss b The Manchester Marriage c Désirée’s Baby d Atrophy e Kew Gardens

Writing – Character Description 2b Now write a short description of what you remember about each character. 1 Christopher______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2 Armand_________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3 Mr Openshaw ___________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 4 Simon___________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 138

Harry ___________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

Speaking – Pair Work 3a Look at the pictures from the 5 stories and take it in turns to describe them with your partner. Answer these questions about each picture to help you. -

Which story is the picture from? Who can you see in the picture? Where is/are the person/people? What’s happening?

3b Discuss with your partner what these pictures remind you of in the story. 139

FINAL TEST

Reading PRELIMINARY

140

It’s July and the people below all want to spend a day in one of the Royal Parks in London. On the opposite page, there are descriptions of the eight Royal Parks. Decide which park would be most suitable for the people below. 1

Tom’s idea is to ride his bike round the park because he’s not too keen on walking. That way, he can see what the park has to offer and stop for a snack while he’s there. He’d really like the chance to listen to some good music, too, in the fresh air and relax on the grass.

Julie’s two children love reading but they need some fresh air, too, so she’d like to take them to a park that has some fun activities related to children’s books and where they can learn a bit about farm animals. She’d also like to see something cultural.

Brad wants to go to a park where there’s lots of space and where he can see some wildlife, but he doesn’t want to go too far from the centre. He’s not too keen on ornamental gardens and as his idea is to walk for a good few hours, he’s sure to get hungry while he’s there, so he’ll need something to eat.

Ruth loves parks, especially ones with rivers and lakes, as she finds it very relaxing to be near water. She also loves wildlife and is a keen birdwatcher. She’d like to spend the morning walking around the park and stop for lunch somewhere and she doesn’t want to be disturbed by people doing sports.

Jack wants to spend a day in the park with his grandchildren and have a picnic. Then they can feed the ducks while he sits back and relaxes in a comfortable chair. Then he’d like to show them where the Queen lives and the beautiful flowerbeds there.

A Greenwich Park This park stands on the Prime Meridian and is about half an hour from the city centre. It has wide open green spaces, gardens and historical features. B Richmond Park Situated very close to the city centre, this large park is an important habitat for wildlife. You can find herds of deer, as well as rare birds and wild flowers. Have afternoon tea at the tea room or go horse riding or cycling. C Hyde Park Situated right in the heart of the city, it offers excellent outdoor events and concerts as well as lots of quiet corners to relax in. It’s ideal for jogging, walking and cycling or you can simple relax at the waterside café. D Bushy Park Famous for its waterways, gardens and grassland, this park is home to herds of deer and a huge variety of birdlife. After visiting the Water Gardens, you can relax in the café. E Kensington Gardens This park is the perfect setting for the Peter Pan Statue and the Serpentine Gallery. The gallery offers exhibitions all year round of contemporary art and architecture. There is also a playground for children with the pirate ship in the story of Peter Pan. Part of the park is also home to lots of chickens. F St James’s Park Situated in the heart of London, the park’s famous flowerbeds are at the front of the Queen’s residence. Enjoy fantastic views of the lake, home to many ducks or relax in the afternoon sun in a deckchair. G The Green Park One of the most peaceful parks in central London, it’s very popular for sunbathing and having picnics. It’s also a good place for commuters to have a healthy walk on their way to work. H The Regent’s Park This park offers something for everyone, with its large open spaces, formal gardens and four children’s playgrounds. You can hire a rowing boat or visit the Open Air Theatre and London Zoo. 141

DRAMA

The Manchester Marriage Scene: Ailsie and her ‘father’ (as she always called Mr Openshaw) at the cemetery. In front of a headstone, with F.W and a date on it. Ailsie Father, why have you brought me here? Mr Openshaw I have something to tell you, my dear, something that happened many years ago… Ailsie Father, what’s wrong? You seem frightened… Mr Openshaw I am, my sweet child… I’m frightened that you’ll hate me after you hear what I have to say. Ailsie How can you say such a thing, Father? You’ve always been so good to me. I could never hate you! Mr Openshaw Yes, my dear, I’ve always loved you as if you were my own daughter…. Ailsie You’re the only father I’ve ever known. Mr Openshaw That’s not quite true. Your father came to see you once, but you don’t remember. Ailsie But that’s impossible, Father! Mother always told me that my father, Frank Wilson died at sea. Mr Openshaw That’s what we all thought, my dear, and God forgive me for taking another man’s wife from him! Ailsie Father, I don’t understand. What do you mean? My mother was a widow when you married her. Mr Openshaw Oh, Ailsie, we all thought that…. but then…. one day your father came back… Ailsie [shouting] Came back! From where? How? When? Mr Openshaw [taking her hands in his] Hush, my child. Now I’ll try to explain everything to you. Do you remember when my uncle and aunt came to stay? Ailsie Yes, I remember Norah got very angry… something about a missing brooch…. and she went away for a few days… Mr Openshaw That’s right, poor Norah, but she didn’t just go away because of the brooch. She didn’t want to tell anyone what happened the night your mother and I took our guests to Richmond. 142

Ailsie

[eyes wide open in surprise] Is it true then that she let a man friend of hers into the house? The housemaid told me the story years later. Mr Openshaw No, no the man wasn’t Norah’s friend …. he was your father, Frank Wilson … Ailsie [shouting] WHAT???? Mr Openshaw Yes, he came that night… he wanted to know if your mother was still alive. Dear Norah wanted to protect us all… our happy family. She took him up to the nursery to see you…. his child… and arranged to meet him the next day…. Ailsie Now I remember! You all told me it was a dream… Mr Openshaw Yes, I didn’t know it was your father, then Norah disappeared but the day after, they found a man drowned in the Thames. It was your father and Norah by this time was waiting for him at the hotel where he said he was staying. That’s where I found her and she told me the whole story. The only thing I could do was to give him a decent burial and this is where he lies…. [pointing to headstone] Ailsie But why? Why didn’t mother tell me? Why didn’t anyone tell me? Mr Openshaw Your dear mother never knew. Norah and I never spoke about it ever again, but now that your mother is dead, I decided it was time to tell you the truth, to tell you how much your father, Frank, loved you. Ailsie How can you say that? He saw me only once and then abandoned me forever! Mr Openshaw Oh, Ailsie! Don’t you understand? He saw Edwin sleeping in the nursery, too, and realised that your mother was happily married, that you were in a loving home. He didn’t want to destroy all of that…. Ailsie [looking at the headstone with tears in her eyes] At least he saw me… once… and at least now, thanks to you, I can come and visit him here.

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MY BOOK My favourite story in the book is _________________________________________ because _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ My favourite character in the book is _____________________________________ because _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The story I liked the least in the book is __________________________________ because _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ In my opinion, the story with the most surprising ending is ________________ because _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ The character I felt most sorry for is ______________________________________ because _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Points to remember about the stories are _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________