ESP Series
Patrizia Caruzzo
English for CONSTRUCTION
ESP Series
FLASH on
English for CONSTRUCTION
for CONSTRUCTION
Audio files in MP3 format are available online at www.elionline.com
FLASH on English
FLASH on English for CONSTRUCTION is specifically designed for students who are studying for a career in the construction industry. It introduces the vocabulary and the language functions specific to this language sector, and includes practice exercises in all four skills.
Patrizia Caruzzo Silvana Sardi
FLASH on
Silvana Sardi
Downloadable MP3 Audio Files
IS
BN
r fo l. h 8 .r. lis N 0I s ng TIO 97 EL E UC 6-2 on R 53 h ST 8as N -8 Fl CO 978
www.elionline.com
Patrizia Caruzzo
Silvana Sardi
FLASH on
English for CONSTRUCTION
ESP Series
Contents Unit
1
Topic
Vocabulary
Skills
Ecology
Ecology and its sub-disciplines Habitats The ecosystem Food chains
Reading: ecology and the ecosystem, habitats Listening: definition of ecology and explanation of its sub-disciplines Speaking: a short report about ecology
The Environment and Pollution
The human impact on the environment
Reading: the human impact; forms of pollution; the importance of biodiversity Listening: ‘Anthropocene – The Human Epoch’; air pollution; eco-building in the UK Speaking: the impact of humans on the environment; how to improve the biodiversity in your area Writing: a short essay about the sources of pollution in their own areas and the possible solutions
Bio-architecture
Eco-materials Eco- and sustainable design Eco-living
Reading: general definitions of bio-architecture, sustainable materials and design Listening: the sustainable technologies in green construction Speaking: making a list of the energy-saving methods used and comparing them with those of the others Writing: a short paragraph about the energy-saving methods you use at home
Traditional Building Materials
Stone Timber Brick Cement and concrete
Reading: stone, timber, brick, cement and concrete Listening: disadvantages of timber frame; cement and concrete Speaking: presenting the main features of traditional building materials Writing: advantages and disadvantages of traditional building materials
Modern Building Materials
Steel Glass and metals Plastics Nanomaterials Smart construction materials Sustainable and alternative materials
Reading: steel, glass, metals, plastics and synthetics, nanomaterials, sustainable materials Listening: the ecological advantages of plastic materials Speaking: explaining your opinion about modern building materials Writing: an essay on nanotechnology
Measuring and Design Instruments
Mapping Surveying Sketch stage and working drawings CAD Rendering BIM
Reading: explanation of different types of maps; surveying; the different stages when designing a project; CAD; rendering; BIM Listening: CAD Speaking: a presentation on design
pp. 4-7
2 pp. 8-13
3 pp. 14-17
4 pp. 18-21
5 pp. 22-27
6 pp. 28-31
Unit
7
Topic
Vocabulary
Skills
Building Elements
Foundations Walls Floor Roofs Stairs Windows
Reading: building elements Listening: floors; staircases Speaking: explaining which kind of stairs you would choose for your home and why
On the Building Site
Construction machinery Safety signs
Reading: modern methods of construction and construction machinery; safety measures, materials and equipment
House Systems
Plumbing systems Electrical systems Heating systems Solar heating Ventilation and air conditioning Energy conservation Home automation
Reading: how the distribution of potable water and the removal of waterborne waste is carried out; what the electrical system includes, heating systems; solar heating; ventilation and air-conditioning; energy conservation; home automation Listening: the importance of ventilation; the ‘Internet of Things’ Speaking: a presentation on air conditioning; smart technologies
Urbanisation
Urban growth Types of settlements Green cities Town planning
Reading: an overview on urban growth and its consequences; types of settlements; European green cities; town planning and Master Plan Listening: the metropolitan area of London; town planning Speaking: advantages and disadvantages of large urban areas Writing: a short text on a metropolitan area
Public Works
Bridges Roads Schools Airports Gardens and parks Tunnels
Reading: public works Listening: schools; the Channel Tunnel Writing: a short essay about a public work
A Short History of Architecture
Prehistoric, Greek and Roman architecture Roman heritage in Britain The Middle Ages: the Gothic period Norman architecture in England Renaissance architecture in England Georgian architecture The Gothic Revival and Neoclassicism Modern and contemporary masters of architecture
Reading: Prehistoric, Greek and Roman architecture; Roman heritage in Britain; the Gothic period; Norman architecture in England; Renaissance architecture in England; St Paul’s Cathedral; Georgian architecture; modern and contemporary masters of architecture Speaking: talk about a modern or contemporary masterpiece of architecture Writing: a summary on a modern or contemporary masterpiece of architecture
Doors
pp. 32-35
8 9
pp. 36-37
pp. 38-43
10 pp. 44-49
11 pp. 50-53
12 pp. 54-63
audio files downloadable from www.elionline.com 1 MP3
1
Ecology
Ecology: a general overview 1 Read the questionnaire and tick (4) the best answers for you. Then read the text below and check. 1 Ecology is a science. 2 It deals with living organisms. 3 It also deals with the environment of living organisms. 4 Climate, solar insulation and geology influence the environment. 5 Ecology is also called ‘ecological science’. 6 Ecology makes use of other sciences.
Yes No Don’t know
You can say ‘yes’ to every question in the questionnaire above. Ecology is the science that studies the number of living organisms in the environment and how they are distributed. It also studies how the quantity and distribution of organisms are influenced and in turn influence their interactions with the environment. The environment of an organism includes factors such as climate, solar insulation, geology and the other organisms that share its habitat. Ecology is also called ‘ecological science’ and it is multi-disciplinary: this means that it draws on other branches of science, such as biology, geology, geography, meteorology, chemistry and physics.
2
Read the text again and choose the correct option. 1 Ecology studies... A the quantity of organisms in the environment. B how organisms are distributed. C both of these.
3
2 Ecology is also called... A meteorology. B ecological science. C physics.
3 Ecology makes use of... A other sciences. B the environment. C solar insulation.
Put these words in the correct column. minerals atoms living organisms cells rocks lands history of the Earth chemical bonds rivers
Biology
Geography
Geology
Chemistry
______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ ______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________
4
1 Habitat 4 Read the text and choose the correct option (A, B, C or D). A habitat is the natural home or environment of an animal, plant or other organism. When an animal chooses its habitat, this environment gives it the possibility to find food and also a partner so that its species can continue to reproduce. Instead, the natural habitat of a plant must have the right balance of light, air, water and soil so that the plant can grow healthily. Different plants need different habitats. Some cactus plants, for example, grow well in desert areas where they need a dry climate, lots of sunshine and sandy soil, while others grow better in cooler areas, with less sunlight and lots of rain. Therefore, the ideal habitat for an animal or plant must satisfy four important aspects: shelter, water, food and space. When speaking of shelter, we refer to what an animal uses to protect itself against predators and the weather. Therefore, a tree, for example, can be a suitable shelter for many animals, while others choose caves or underground tunnels. Another crucial component to any habitat is water. The amount of water required depends on the type of organism, plant or animal. Dromedary camels, for example, can walk for long distances without needing a drink. Food is another essential aspect of a suitable habitat and this component may be altered due to extreme weather conditions. If for example there is a drought, plants will die and the animals that live off these plants will face a food shortage, so their habitat will no longer be suitable even if other components like space and shelter have not changed. Obviously, the amount of space an organism needs to grow and increase depends on the type of species. An ant for instance, needs a much smaller space to survive and develop compared to a puma that needs a lot of land to be able to hunt and find a partner. Plants need the right amount of space too. A tall tree, for example, would never grow well in a small garden with a limited amount of space. On the other hand, it grows strong in a large forest where it has a suitable amount of space. However, sometimes the natural habitat chosen by an animal can be disturbed if the balance of these four components is altered. This can happen, for example, when humans start to build houses and factories, which reduce the space an animal needs to survive. Source: www.nationalgeographic.org
5
1 What is the writer trying to do in the text? A Explain how to grow cactus plants. B Describe what different animals eat. C Explain what components make up a habitat. D Describe the best weather conditions for plants.
3
2 What does the reader learn about the habitat of plants? A Soil and water are the most important components. B Every plant needs a lot of sunlight. C No plants can survive in arid areas. D Different plants grow well in different temperatures.
4 Which of these sentences best describes the article? A The different places where animals live. B How plants survive in different environments. C How plants grow. D Animals and plants choose their habit according to their needs.
The ideal habitat of an animal... A is made up of four components. B does not take into account the presence of water. C refers only to the amount of space it needs. D gives more importance to shelter and food.
Read the texts on pages 4-5 and answer the following questions in pairs. 1 What 2 What 3 What 4 What
does the science of ecology study? interaction does it also study? factors are there in an environment? do we mean by ‘habitat’?
5 What are the most important aspects to be considered when choosing a habitat? 6 Why do animals need shelter?
5
1 Ecosystems 6 Read the text and complete the sentences with the words from the box. role land water gases changes surface rocks balance ecosystems sizes
Our planet Earth has four main spheres that change constantly: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the geosphere and the biosphere. The atmosphere gives us the gases (nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide) necessary for all living things. The hydrosphere provides moisture or water, for example in the form of rainwater, but it also refers to water present under the Earth’s surface. The geosphere is any solid surface where plants and animals can grow, like rocks or mountains and it also includes heat under the surface of the Earth. The biosphere refers to all life forms like humans, animals, plants, bacteria and other microscopic organisms present on land, in the air and in water. It also includes any organic matter that has not decomposed yet and it depends greatly on the other three spheres. Therefore, the biosphere is a global ecosystem – containing many different kinds of ecosystems – composed of living organisms and non-living factors from which they derive energy and nutrients. Ecosystems are biological communities of all living things like plants, animals and organisms in a specific area that interact with each other and with the non-living forms present in their environment. They are the foundations of the biosphere and determine the health of all of our planet’s system. In an ecosystem, each organism has its own important role to play that influences the survival of other organisms. This perfectly balanced interaction between different organisms and their environment is very complex and represents the foundations of energy flow and the recycling of carbon and nitrogen. When something changes in the environment, like a rise in temperature or the introduction of a new organism, it can be disastrous for the ecosystem, as it upsets the natural balance of interaction and can lead to the destruction of the ecosystem. Ecosystems can be all different sizes. We can even say that our planet Earth is one huge ecosystem. Ecosystems are usually divided into three main categories: micro, referring to small ecosystems like ponds, messo, referring to medium-sized ecosystems like a large lake, and biome, referring to a very large ecosystem or group of ecosystems with similar characteristics like an entire rain forest. Ecosystems are also divided into two main groups: aquatic ecosystems that depend on water and terrestrial ecosystems that exist on land.
1 All living things need __________________ that come from the atmosphere. 2 Water can be found under the Earth’s __________________. 3 __________________ or mountains are part of the geosphere. 4 The biosphere includes all life forms in the air, water and on __________________. 5 The interaction of living things with each other and their environment is the definition of _________________. 6 The __________________ of each organism in an ecosystem can affect how other organisms survive. 7 There is a very complex __________________ between the interaction of organisms and their environment. 8 An ecosystem can be destroyed by __________________ in its environment. 9 Micro, messo and biome refer to the __________________ of ecosystems. 10 __________________ is an essential element of aquatic ecosystems.
6
1 7
Read the text about food chains and match the two parts of the sentences.
A food chain shows how energy is transferred from one living organism to another, via food. The 'protagonists' in the food chain are primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers and decomposers. At the basic level there are plants (producers) that produce energy: photosynthesis, in fact, is the beginning of the food chain. Then we find higher-level organisms: herbivores (primary consumers) that eat the products of the photosynthesis process. These animals are in turn eaten by carnivores (secondary consumers), thus transferring energy and organic compounds from one animal to another. The final step is carried out by decomposers (microscopic bacteria) that return those elements (such as carbon and nitrogen) initially taken by plants, to the soil in their inorganic state, so that they are recycled through the ecosystem. 1 2 3 4 5
8
A food chain begins Carnivores are Herbivores are When they die, living organisms The chemicals released into the soil
1
a b c d e
release chemicals into the soil during decomposition. help green plants to grow. primary consumers. secondary and tertiary consumers. when plants and trees capture energy from the sun.
Listen to an interview with an ecologist and decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F).
1 A puddle is too small to be considered an ecosystem. 2 Aquatic ecosystems have different characteristics according to their position. 3 Stillwater ecosystems have more oxygen than flowing freshwater ones. 4 A lagoon will have less biodiversity than a river with flowing water. 5 Species like seaweed and crabs prefer shallow water to deep water. 6 Species that can be found in coral reefs use it only to find food.
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
9 What have you learnt about ecology? Prepare a short oral presentation (3-5 minutes) following these guidelines. • What is ecology and what does it study? • What is a habitat? • What are ecosystems and how many types of ecosystems do you know?
MY GLOSSARY to affect /tu… ´"fekt\ ______________________________ drought /draUt/ _________________________________ Earth /‰…T\ _____________________________________ environment /In"vaI´r´nm´nt\ _____________________ food chain /fu…d tSeIn\ ___________________________ to make up /tu… meIk øp\ ________________________
rise /"raIz´/ ____________________________________ to share /t´ Se´r\ ________________________________ shelter /"Selt´“r‘)/ ________________________________ soil /sOIl\ ______________________________________ species /"spi…Si…z\ ________________________________ survival /s´"vaIvl/ _______________________________
7
2
The Environment and Pollution
The human impact
Humans are part of the ecosystem and since their appearance on Earth, they have always influenced the environment and caused changes to it. Whenever humans settled in a country, they transformed the landscape, for example, by starting an economy based on agriculture. However, only in recent history, especially after the Industrial Revolution, have these changes had such an effect on our environment that we speak of human impact as a problem for the future of our planet and we are only now beginning to realise how important the quality of water and land is for our existence. Water is the first vital element: humans, plants or animals cannot live without water. It represents the largest part of the globe, where it is present as oceans, lakes, rivers, glaciers, but also in the form of vapour and gases. A large part of the water we use is groundwater, which is water situated under the surface. The quantity and distribution of groundwater varies, depending on the quantity and frequency of rainfall. It is also present in each living being. We depend on water for drinking, cooking, cleaning, to produce power, for agriculture and other economic activities. Construction has a big influence on the quality of water, as water is used every day in houses and public places. Land is also another vital element for our existence. Indeed, we need land to create energy, to grow fruit and vegetables and to bury waste. We also need it for mineral resources, for building houses, factories, schools and hospitals, for transportation, for free-time activities and much more. Land is also a vital habitat for plants and animals. However, many human activities, such as industry, agriculture, transportation and construction cause pollution that harms the quality of land and water. Contaminated soil also affects the quality of groundwater and can even damage air quality. All these factors have drastic effects on the health of people, plants and animals, as well as altering our ecosystems and consequently increasing global warming. During the last three centuries, crucial changes have occurred in our lives: industrialisation and consequent urbanisation have caused the birth of large cities; more recently, even smaller urban areas are experiencing intense growth due to the spread of industries. Architecture can solve these problems creating environmentally-friendly buildings but it is essential to consider that some areas are more at risk of disasters such as earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions or landslides. In many cases, these are natural unpredictable phenomena, but sometimes they are triggered or amplified by the increase of buildings, which modify the aspect of the territory. In order to prevent disasters, hazard maps* are constantly updated, and restrictive building regulations are adopted for construction or reconstruction in seismic or other vulnerable areas; in case of severe risk, laws may forbid any type of construction.
8
2 1
Read the text on page 8 and answer the following questions. 1 Why are people more worried about human impact on the environment nowadays? 2 Why is water such an important element for humans? 3 How can land become contaminated? 4 How has the location of industries changed over time? 5 What do architects have to consider when creating eco-buildings? 6 What is done to minimise the effect of natural disasters?
2
Read the text again and complete the sentences with the words from the box. contaminated disasters transformed resources element growth
1 Throughout history, humans have always __________________ the environment to suit their needs. 2 Water is a vital __________________ for every form of life, from humans to animals and plants. 3 We need land for mineral __________________. 4 If soil is __________________, it can also affect the quality of the air we breathe. 5 Industries have resulted in the __________________ of smaller urban areas. 6 Earthquakes and landslides are examples of natural __________________.
3
Match these words from the text to their definitions. 1 landscape 2 groundwater 3 waste 4 urbanisation 5 floods 6 landslide
4
a b c d e f
material that is no longer wanted because its valuable part has already been used an area of land as you see it including natural elements and those created by humans when water covers land that is usually dry the movement of earth or rock down a slope when a place becomes more like a city water found under the Earth’s surface
2 Listen to a reporter talking about the documentary ‘Anthropocene: The Human Epoch’ and match the beginnings of the sentences (1-5) with the sentence endings (a-g). There are two sentence endings that you should not use. 1 ‘Anthropocene’ is about the effects that human impact has had 2 The ‘Antropocene era’ means that this effect has been caused by man 3 This documentary took 4 Filming took place 5 The documentary does not just have shocking images, but
a b c d e f g
three years to make. since 1945. also alarming statistics. and not nature. people travelling. on our planet. all over the world.
5 In small groups. Prepare a short oral presentation (3-5 minutes) to explain the impact of humans on the environment and what can be done to minimise this damage. Follow these guidelines: • explain the importance of land and water for all life forms including humans; • describe some consequences of human impact on the environment; • describe how architecture and building regulations can help the situation.
9
2 6
Read the text about the forms of pollution and decide which of these are represented in the pictures. Pollution is the release of chemical, biological, physical or radioactive substances in the environment. Among the main kinds of pollution are: Air pollution: due to the release of chemicals and particulates (solid particles forming dust) such as nitrogen oxides that create smog and hydrocarbons. Other examples of air pollution are carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide. Water pollution: caused by industrial waste, agricultural drainage and sewage. Soil contamination: the most significant soil contaminants are heavy metals, hydrocarbons, herbicides and pesticides. Radioactive contamination: caused by accidents in nuclear power stations and by the production and use of nuclear weapons. Noise pollution: including roadway, aircraft and industrial noise and high-intensity sonars. Light pollution: including light trespass and over-illumination. Visual pollution: referring to the presence of overhead power lines, motorway billboards or open storage of junk and municipal solid waste.
7
Read the text again and fill in the chart. Type of pollution
Examples
air pollution
carbon monoxide
water pollution
__________________________________________________________________
soil contamination
__________________________________________________________________
noise pollution
__________________________________________________________________
light pollution
__________________________________________________________________
visual pollution
__________________________________________________________________
radioactive contamination
__________________________________________________________________
8 Now answer the following questions. 1 What is the main source of air pollution in the world? 2 Are there any emission controls in the world?
9
3
3 What are other sources of pollution? 4 What are they called?
Listen to an expert talking about air pollution worldwide and complete the sentences.
1 Every year seven __________________ die due to high levels of pollutants in the air. 2 Stoves and fuels produce deadly __________________ that causes indoor air pollution. 3 Over 108 countries now send information to a __________________ regarding air quality. 4 The most dangerous pollutants for our health are sulfate, nitrates and __________________ carbon. 5 The air pollution levels in many big cities are __________________ times higher than recommended levels. 6 The problem of air pollution can be decreased by choosing sustainable transport, the production of __________________ energy and better waste management.
10
2 10 Referring to the listening text and the information displayed on the world map, discuss the following questions about air pollution with a partner. • What are the unhealthiest places to live and what could be the causes of such high levels of pollution? • What is the air quality like in Mexico City and what is being done to improve it? • What areas in the world have the best air quality and how do you think this has been achieved?
Air pollution across the world in 2018
A report carried out in 2018, which measured the amount of air pollution in 3,000 cities around the world, concluded that although South Asian countries and China were the worst affected, air pollution was a global issue. High levels of air pollution cause millions of premature deaths around the world every year and also have a negative impact on the economy. The ten countries with the highest level of air pollution were all Asian and Middle Eastern countries and every city in the Middle East that was taken into consideration for the report, had levels of air pollution that were well above the World Health Organization’s annual exposure guidelines for fine particulate matter. The map shows the level of pollution in each country according to the US Air Quality Index.
11 Write down a list of the sources of pollution that exist in the area where you live and write a short essay about the possible solutions to these problems. In my area there is a lot of air and water pollution due to the chemicals the farmers use on their fields...
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2 THE IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY A report by the Intergovernmental SciencePolicy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) states that up to one million species could become extinct because of human actions and the effects will be as devastating as climate change. This crisis includes the loss of insects necessary for pollinating and the destruction of strong plants that protect us from floods. The loss of biodiversity is strongly connected to other environmental crises like human population growth, pollution or the presence of plastics in our oceans and it is equally important. The only way to find fast solutions is to deal with these problems altogether and not separately. So how can we improve biodiversity? Well one idea is to take back land used for feeding animals, which then become meat on our plates, and help this land return to its original wild state. This will not only help biodiversity but will also reduce global warming because land that becomes wild or wet again will capture more carbon than land used for feeding animals. The youth climate strikes are an excellent example of how the desire for change starting
from one person has grown and spread to others, becoming stronger every day. Recently another non-violent protest group called Extinction Rebellion has had a positive impact on environmental debates in the House of Commons in the UK. All these peaceful efforts are essential to trigger change and make these changes happen faster. But changing is difficult. Take for example livestock farmers, whose activities cause many environmental problems. Instead of diversifying their business and taking advantage of the vegan market that is growing so quickly, they fight these new social trends. Like all of us, farmers need help to change; for example, governments could offer them low-interest loans to help them diversify their business. All of us, living in suburbs and cities, have to convince governments to make new laws immediately to improve urban biodiversity and air quality, like making it obligatory to have ponds in industrial areas and bird boxes on new housing developments. As you can see there are lots of ideas out there to solve problems both worldwide and locally, but the main problem is taking action to make these ideas work as quickly as possible.
12 Read the text and choose the correct option (A, B or C).
12
1 The IPBES reports that... A climate change has worse effects than the extinction of species. B this crisis includes both plants and insects. C plants do nothing to protect us from floods.
4 The youth climate strikes... A show us how one person’s wish for change can influence others. B concentrate their campaign on biodiversity. C are organised by violent protest groups.
2 The loss of biodiversity... A is not connected to other environmental problems. B is not as important as other environmental problems. C will be solved quicker if other environmental problems are considered as well. 3 Land that is returned to its natural wild state... A will increase global warming. B will help biodiversity. C will damage biodiversity even more.
5 Livestock farmers... A do not damage the environment with their work. B follow new social trends. C are not receiving financial help from governments to help them change. 6 The writer concludes by saying... A people living in suburbs and cities do not need to change. B governments have already helped improve biodiversity. C putting ponds in industrial areas would help increase biodiversity.
2 13
4 Listen to an expert talking to The Guardian about tree planting to fight global warming. While listening, answer the questions using a maximum of 4 words. 1 What kind of scheme has the English government decided to launch? __________________________ 2 What is this scheme fighting against? __________________________ 3 How long do they hope to take to plant 130,000 trees? __________________________ 4 Who will manage the project? __________________________ 5 What do trees store? __________________________ 6 What do trees keep us in contact with? __________________________ 7 What will the grant for planting a tree be organised as? __________________________ 8 What will people be able to consult to see if they can take part in the project? __________________________
14 Talk to a partner about ways of improving the biodiversity in your city or town and how it could be made a greener and more pleasant place to live. Talk about: • making existing green areas more pleasant; • transforming existing concrete areas into places that will encourage biodiversity; • ... (your own idea).
15
5 Listen to a reporter talking about eco-building in the UK. First you will have one minute to study the task below, then you will hear the recording twice. While listening, match the beginnings of the sentences (1-5) with the sentence endings (A-H). There are two sentence endings that you should not use. The first one (0) has been done for you. 0
Most countries are going to build according to...
1
37% of UK developers are now choosing...
2
Less energy is used by adopting...
3
Bloomberg HQ uses...
4
The most innovative energy-saving feature at Bloomberg HQ are...
5
Unusable food waste at Waitrose is converted into...
A
both traditional and innovative sustainability solutions.
B
reusable energy.
C
C high environmental standards. ✔ D
the vacuum-drainage toilets.
E
green design techniques and advanced technology.
F
cold air.
G
the ceiling panels.
H
green buildings.
MY GLOSSARY billboard \"bIlbO…d\ _______________________________ to bury /t´ "beri\ ________________________________ to damage \t´ "dœmIdZ\ ___________________________ drainage \"dreInIdZ\ ______________________________ dust \døst\ _____________________________________ feed /"fi…d\ _____________________________________ groundwater \graUnd"wO…t´r\ ______________________ to grow \t´ gr´U\ ________________________________ to harm \t´ hA…m\ _______________________________ health \helT\ ___________________________________ to increase /tu… In"kri…s\ ___________________________ junk /dZøNk\ ___________________________________
livestock /"laIvstÅk/ _____________________________ loan /l´Un/ ____________________________________ overhead /"´Uv´hed\ _____________________________ particulate \p´"tIkjul´t\ ___________________________ pollutant \p´"lu…t´nt\ _____________________________ pond /pÅnd/ __________________________________ release \rI"li…s\ __________________________________ sewage \"su…IdZ\ _________________________________ to store \t´ stO…(r)\ _______________________________ trespass \"tresp´s\ _______________________________ waste \weIst\ ___________________________________
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