Broj 13

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SUMMARY

EDITORIAL

College news

Editor in chief

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IGSM news

mvarga@geof.hr

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News from geodesy and geoinformatics

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Product news

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Dear readers,

Matej Varga, univ. bacc. ing. geod. et geoinf.

Technical editor

Jakov Maganić, univ. bacc. ing. geod. et geoinf. jmaganic@geof.hr

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A. Crnković, A. Barišić Rector’s award study summary

Executive editor

Ivan Žižić, univ. bacc. ing. geod. et geoinf.

izizic@geof.hr

PR & marketing editor

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Sponsors of the meeting

Diana Bečirević

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The organization board

Associates

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Acknowledgements

Sandra Keran, Damir Kontrec, Hrvoje Bogner, Mario Božić, Josip Gulin, Leonida Klarić, Hrvoje Mahović

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Introduction to the IGSM

dbecirevic@geof.hr

Graphic & Layout editors 28

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J. Maganić, M. Varga

Alen Okanović, Tina Ćorluka

Intervju: prof. dr. sc. Damir Medak

alen.okanovic@grf.hr, tina.corluka@grf.hr

J. Maganić, M. Varga

Honorary members of editorial

Interview: prof. dr. sc. Damir Medak

prof. dr. sc. Nedjeljko Frančula nfrancul@geof.hr

IGSM Croatia 2010, Zagreb, 2. - 8. May

prof. dr. sc. Miljenko Solarić miljenko.solaric@geof.hr

M. Varga, J. Maganić

prof. dr. sc. Nikola Solarić nsolaric@geof.hr

Interview: Hrvoje Mahović, the president of the Organization board of IGSM 2010.

Blitz interviews with participants

Translation & Review

Ivan Tomljenović, Ivana Tomljenović, Tamara Tusić

V. Zadelj Martić 60

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The singular value decomposition and applications in geodesy M. A. Boelen, I. Bishop, C. Pettit Selecting offshore renewable energy futures for Victoria

The GIS technology implementation

Ekscentar Faculty of Geodesy Kačićeva 26/V, HR-10000 Zagreb e-mail: ekscentar@geof.hr GRS80: N45˚48’30.3’’, E15˚57’48.5’’

R. Medina Ramos, N. Rodríguez Lucena, R.M. Sánchez Quirós The Andalusian positioning network (RAP) K. Arroyo, P. Bhattacharya, F. Biljecki, D. Kalpoe, Á. Muñoz, P. van der Torren, S. Verlaar, H. Yu

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Satellite radar observation feasibility for large infrastructure publick works: A case study on the Delft train tunnel S. Peters, J.M. Krisp, L. Meng

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Teodora Fiedler Adžić, Ksenija Ivančić, Mirjana Kruhak, Snježana Milec, Ivana Starinec, Štefica Vorih ADdress

NSDI in Croatia

Education paper: Development of an international master program in cartography and geoinformatics C. Zmyslony Research into Brandeis CCD angle monitor Ceremonial promotion of Ekscentar & IGSM 2010

Best wishes!

Matej Varga

Administration and accounting

B. Czesak

V. Cetl

The issue you are reading is the result of united work of the Ekscentar team and the organizers of the International Geodetic Students Meeting (IGSM) which was held in May, 2010. on our faculty. The idea about the issue fully devoted to the IGSM was born during the organization of the meeting and it was meant to be a student-professional anthology of the events from the meeting. The issue is written in English and it covers many themes and events.

The International Geodetic Students Meeting IGSM 2010. became part of a rich Croatian geodetic heritage. Organizers of the event showed that a dedicated and patient work brings extreme achievements that future generations should be proud of. Faculty education gives many possibilities and we should make the most of those years. Think for a while and then go; maybe you are the leader of a new section or a project.

circulation

3.000 Publisher

Students’ union Faculty of Geodesy Kačićeva 26/V, HR-10000 Zagreb Printed by

Stega Tisak Zavrtnica 17, HR-10000 Zagreb Ekscentar is the member of

SPINE – Student Press in Europe Ekscentar online

http://hrcak.srce.hr/ekscentar Account number

2340009-1100010196 MT-182

Special thanks to the Faculty of Geodesy at University of Zagreb, for financial help that made publishing of this issue possible.

Editoral would like to thank Hrvoje Mahović for great help in creating this issue.

Photos for the front page were made

by Ivan Tomljenović Last page was designed by Damir Kontrec.

Puni tekstovi mogu se koristiti za osobne i edukacijske potrebe bez prethodnoga odobrenja, a uz obvezno navođenje izvora. Korištenje u komercijalne svrhe nije dozvoljeno bez pisanog odobrenja izdavača. Ne smijete mijenjati, preoblikovati ili prerađivati sadržaj lista. Ovaj list je lincenciran pod Creative Commons License dostupnoj na internetskoj stranici: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

The legend of academic and profession titles Prof.: Professor Dr. sc.: Doctor of Science (PhD) Mr. sc.: Magister of Science Doc.: Docent Dipl. ing.: Master of Science (MSc)

The Editorial doesn’t always have to agree with the statements made by the authors of the published works.

Students’union news Every two years elections for the faculty students’ union representatives and the University of Zagreb students’ union representatives are being held on the University of Zagreb and also on our faculty. The elections were held on May 5 and 6, 2010. From each year of undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate studies two representatives were chosen to become members of Students’ union of the Geodetic faculty.

On the meeting of the Union which was held on September 13 2010. members of previous Union gave the leadership to newly elected members. The members were elected for the Teaching board, Faculty council and Science board. New president of the Union was also elected. Based on his experience, engagement and success, Mario Božić was unanimously elected as new president of the Students union.

We would like to use this opportunity to congratulate the new leadership on winning the elections and we wish them a lot persistence, luck and skills to achieve their initial goal; to bring closer the work of Students’ union of Geodetic faculty to each student, and especially to the youngest who are getting familiar with the new surroundings.

During the last academic year new regulations regarding the geodesy and geoinformatics undergraduate studies were voted and became official. Changes are related to the curricula and we hope that they will be positive, for students and for professors.

Geodetic faculty students’ union organized a field trip for our students. The trip included visiting Croatian hydrographical institute in Split and Observatory on Hvar. 80 students went on this trip and we can conclude that the journey was a gret mixture of gaining new knowledge and having pleasant time together. Much more from the trip to Hvar you will read in the Aprils 2011 issue.

The Union has a continuous vision of organizing trips and social events in agreement with other students who show their interest.

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Members of newly formed students’ union » Undergraduate studies Representative and deputy representative of the first year: Doris Klačar (1) and Vesna Jurić (2) Representative of the second year: Matea Hlupić (3) Representative and deputy representative of the third year: Ivan Topolovec (4) and Stipe Vranković (5) » Graduate studies Representative and deputy representative of the first year: Mario Božić (6) and Petra Dobravac (7) Representative and deputy representative of the second year: Ivan Branišelj (8) and Tanja Špodnjak (9)

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» graduate studies (old program) Representative and deputy representative: Tihana Griparić (10) and Hrvoje Mahović (11) » Postgraduate studies Representative and deputy representative: Dražen Odobašić (12) and Olga Bjelotomić (13) 4

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Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

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College news

Extracurricular activities There are many sections within the Students’ union. Sport sections are: soccer, basketball, rowing and water polo section. Students’ magazine Ekscentar has been active for many years and is very proud of its large number of reader and its large printing run of 3.000 copies. From this year there will be a new informatics section.

Members of our sport sections are achieving outstanding results on the University level. We would like to use this opportunity to invite all interested students to choose one of the given sections and join us by contacting one of our section representatives.

Informatics and photo section Hrvoje Bogner hbogner@geof.hr

Section representatives:

Ekscentar Matej Varga mvarga@geof.hr ekscentar@geof.hr

Basketball section Vanja Miletić vmiletic@geof.hr

Handball section Dino Dobrinić ddobrinic@geof.hr

Soccer section Marijo Vuljanić mvuljanic@geof.hr

Water polo section Igor Šarić isaric@geof.hr

Rowing section Frane Kalcina fkalcina@geof.hr

Geodesy and Geoinformatics Forum We would like to remind you of our students’ internet website called: Geodesy and Geoinformatics Forum, popularly called Forum.

Forum is used for socializing, discussions and information exchange along with every other content which is useful for students and geodesists in general. All topics about geodesy along with other suitable topics can be posted and are more than welcome. It was founded by the Faculty of geodesy students and primarily for the students of the Faculty of geodesy but also for other users who share interests with our profession.

It is also intended for everyone who can contribute to discussions and forum amenities.

We invite all users to continue with their active engagement; all of those who are already following us and still haven’t registered, to do so; and all of those who still don’t know about the forum to go and visit this site: http://forum.student.geof.hr As our administrators like to say, forum brought a lot of positive things. It simplifies life to its users every day and we can say that during these last six years its role for students of the Faculty of Geodesy has been irreplaceable.

Their moto is also an invitation: ‘’Build, work, communicate and enjoy!’’

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

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College news

Awards and recognitions The pride of every faculty, and that includes ours, is awards and recognitions to our students for their extraordinary engagement in the field of geodesy and geoinformatics.

In the academic year 2009./2010. our faculty students were given these awards:

Faculty award for excellence: Undergraduate studies: Ivan Puklavec, I year Ivan Racetin, II year Antonio Luketić, III year

Graduate studies: Marijan Grgić, I year Igor Tomić, II year

Dean’s award for the best students’ paper: Frane Glasinović author of paper: ‘’Implementation of GIS functionality in CAD environment using open source module FDO’’, mentor prof. dr. sc. Damir Medak.

Hrvoje Lovrić and Luka Švanderlik, authors of paper: ‘’Use of geoinformational technology in planning of electricity production from the Sun’’, mentor doc. dr. sc. Robert Župan.

Awards in stated categories were assigned on the Faculty council ceremony which was held on the Faculty Day, September 24, 2010.

Rector’s award in the field of technical sciences: Ivan Topolovec for a project work called: ‘’Analysis of the positional accuracy of triangulation, trilateration and combined 2D network of special purpose’’, mentor prof. dr. sc. Nevio Rožić.

Special rector’s award in the field of technical sciences: Hrvoje Mahović, Sandra Keran, Petra Dobravac, Damir Kontrec, Mario Božić, Albert Hrženjak, Luka Pavličić and Leonida Klarić for the organization of International geodetic students meeting in Zagreb.

Rector’s and Special rector’s awards were assigned on the University ceremony, June 18, 2010.

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Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

College news

2nd Traditional indoor soccer tournament of the Faculty of Geodesy - Geolajka The best indoor soccer players from our college gathered again on the second Faculty competition on April 10 and 11, 2010. There were 9 teams (GPS, Geodetski referentni invalidi, Lignje iz Odeona, Pingvini, Geotrip, Geozezija, Football Factory, Latifundija. Los Galacticos). Slight favorites were the last year winners and the freshmen team, Football Factory, was quite misterious, since it was made out of very good individuals who were not yet spoiled by the unbridled student life. This year, the organizers Jakov Maganić and Matej Varga got support from the Student Union of the Faculty of Geodesy which is really great.

The weather was perfect both days and 19 games took place. The winners of the second tournament is the team Los Galacticos who have

beaten the team Football Factory in the uncertain finale 3:1. The winners received gold medals and large amounts of „healthy golden liquid“ made out of hop.

The best scorer was Marijan Dešman from Lignje iz Odeona team who scored 8 goals in 3 games. The best player was Jure Bonaca from Los Galacticosa team who showed the best qualities during the tournament.

We congratulate the winners and all the other players and teams. We will also mention the supporters who were in a small number, but that is exactly why we want to mention them :) We can also announce the 3rd Geolajka that will take place during the first weekend after Easter.

Admissions degrees doctorates Undergraduate study of geodesy and geoinformatics in the academic year 2009./2010. admitted 97 students.

Three students: Filip Pavelić, Lucijo Martinić and Jurica Bogović achieved direct faculty enrolment based on achieved results on the 15th National competition of students from the construction and surveying schools from the Republic of Croatia.

Graduate study in academic year 2009./2010. admitted 80 students; 47 were admitted on geodesy course and 33 on geoinformatic course. Along with students who finished their undergraduate studies on our faculty, 12 more students came from other faculties; 6 students came from undergraduate studies in Sarajevo, 3 students came from the Faculty of science, Zagreb, Geography course, one student from the Faculty of architecture in Zagreb, one student from the Faculty of chemical engineering and technology in Zagreb and one foreign citizen from Ukraine.

In academic year 2009./2010. 18 students from the first generation of Bologna process graduated.

Adam Vinković, student of graduate studies of geoinformatics is spending his winter semester of the academic

year 2009./2010. on the Faculty of civil engineering and surveying at Technical university in München. More information can be found on: http://www.bv.tum.de/ and http://www.gug.gv.tum.de/.

It is also important to point out that in the academic year 2009./2010. 4 employees from the Faculty of geodesy were promoted to PhD by defending their doctoral thesis: • Danko Markovinović: Gravimetrical referent system of the Republic of Croatia.

• Mladen Zrinjski: Definition of scale of calibration base of the Faculty of geodesy with the application of electro optical telemeter and GPS. • Marko Šljivarić: Optimization methodology of threedimensional inter-date transformation in Croatia.

• Rinaldo Paar: Geospatial databases of objects in the highway system in the Republic of Croatia.

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

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College news

Publications 1. EKSCENTAR In 2010. two issues were published. Editorial staff is very pleased with what is done, but there is always space for improvement and finesse. Editorial staff assembled in the beginning of this academic year and we are using this opportunity to call all interested students to join us with their ideas and visions and to help us improve. Next issue is planned for April 2011.

2. GEODETSKI LIST Geodetski list, the official press of Croatian geodetic society, should also be mentioned. This magazine has been delivered to geodetic offices and companies for four times a year for the past decades. It has a long tradition and it is one of the pioneers of the geodetic magazines in the world. It publishes scientific articles from the field of geodesy, Terrestrial informational systems (ZIS), GIS, GPS and all other fields that deal with spatial data; it also publishes ideas from other fields which are important for the development of geodesy.

It publishes everything in the field of geodesy in Croatia and in the world, data from the history of geodesy and the activities of Croatian geodetic society and International society of geodesists.

Chief editor of Geodetski list is prof. dr. sc. Damir Medak.

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3. CARTOGRAPHY AND GEOINFORMATION The thirteenth number of scientific-professional-informative magazine of the Croatian cartographic society has been issued in June. It covers the fields of geodesy and geoinformatics.

The magazine is published twice a year and it is bilingual i.e. all of the texts are written both in English and in Croatian. As far as this number is concerned the first part covers scientific works.

The first scientific work deals with the modern theme of determining visibility as the factor of evaluating immovables in urban areas. The other two are concerned with the theme of unexplored cartographic treasure kept in the State archive in Zadar. The other part of the magazine presents new magistrates of science, publications, software’s, conferences etc. The work and life of dr. Mirko Tomić is described in the section Anniversaries due to his 100th birthday. As the chief editor of K&G, prof. dr. sc. Miljenko Lapaine, says mister Tomić is a living legend of Croatian geodesy, and they honor, congratulate and thank him.

4. BIOGRAPHICAL LEXICON CROATIAN CARTOGRAPHERS Biographical lexicon Croatian Cartographers was recently published by Golden marketing - Tehnicka knjiga (2009.). The editors are prof. dr. sc. Miljenko Lapaine and doc. dr. sc.

Ivka Kljajic. The lexicon includes about 2.000 people who contributed to Croatian cartography. The goal of the Croatian Cartographers project, which is being carried out at the Faculty of Geodesy of the University of Zagreb, is the acquisition of biographies of Croatian cartographers.

The term „Croatian Cartographers“ includes Croatians or people of Croatian origin who worked in the field of cartography; members of other nations and nationalities who were born in Croatia, regardless of where they lived; and foreigners who lived and worked in Croatia, contributing to cartography. This book was published on the occasion of fourteen years of work on the Croatian Cartographers project. Now it is perfectly clear that is no end to this work because Croatian cartographic heri4 tage is really great, but still insufficiently explored.

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Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

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College news

5. GEODESY IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING After a while, a new textbook was promoted on our faculty. As a longtime teacher at the Faculty of geodesy, who deals with geodesy in structural engineering, prof. dr. sc. Zdravko Kapović gathered all his knowledge and manuscripts in one and released a university textbook Geodesy in structural engineering. Geodesy in structural engineering is an interesting and demanding area, and was partially covered in the textbook written in Croatian and published in 1966. (Janković: Engineering geodesy).

The fact that many years have passed since the publication of the mentioned textbook, highlights the necessity of publishing a new textbook to cover the area of engineering geodesy. The whole active life of professor Kapović has been oriented towards the problems of constructing and controlling big infrastructural objects in the Republic of Croatia. This textbook is a logical sequence inspired by the wish to pass knowledge in this area to new generations. The critics are unanimous in their evaluation when they say that this textbook is just what the students of geodesy need and what will contribute to the experts in their practical work. The textbook covers one big, interesting area of geodesy and it represents a big reinvigoration in the field of geodesy.

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6. ELEMENTA GEOMETRIAE PRACTICAE ZEMLYOMIRJE Faculty of Geodesy in Zagreb and Croatian geodetic society in Zagreb in the end of June 2010 published Elementa Geometriae Practicae Zemlyomirje - Introduction to practical geometry / surveying edited by Miljenko Lapaine from Zagreb and Dušan Marjanović from Szeged, Hungary. So far it was practically unknown that the oldest book on surveying in Croatian was written by Matija Petar Katančić in year 1787 under the title “Pridhodna Bilixenja od Dillorednog’ Zemlyomirja”. It remained as a manuscript and is kept in the Franciscan Monastery in Budapest. It is the translation of the book “Elementa Geometriae Practicae” written in Latin by the famous Hungarian mathematician, physician and philosopher Pál Makó. The book is intended for everyone who is working wiht or is iterested in the history of schooling, especially geodetic, in Croatia, but also for experts who study geometric and geodetic terminology through history. No matter that the translation has never been published, it is the oldest geodetic book in Croatian and that is why this book is dedicated to it.

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

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Media about the IGSM The important part of organization was to inform media about our meeting, who then recognized our potential and made several reports about the organization.

President of the organization board, Hrvoje Mahović and vice president Sandra Keran gave two interviews for HRT – Croatian radio television. The reports were emitted and accompanied by statements given by professor PhD Damir Medak in ‘’Dobro jutro Hrvatska’’ (May 5, 2010) and ‘’Znanstvene vijesti’’ (May 12, 2010).

Regarding radio emitting, the news about the IGSM was broadcasted on Radio Novska and Open radio, The president of the organization board gave a statement in morning news on May 3, 2010.

The news about IGSM was also printed in Večernji list on May 2, 2010. Regarding the fact that we led some of our participants to Zadar, the local newspapers, Zadarski list, published a report and the city of Zadar web page uploaded a small gallery with photos of the event.

Besides all of this, IGSM was mentioned on the University of Zagreb web pages and also on the web page of the Faculty of Science in Zagreb.

IGSM museum To make this meeting a warm and long lasting memory, the organizers decided to make an IGSM museum on the 1st floor of our faculty where we placed the list of students who were the most responsible for the organization, souvenirs brought by participants, brochures and pamphlets which were used to seek sponsors and by which we invited student to participate in the organization process, the schedule of events, photographs of the whole event and majority of gifts received from our quests from around the world!

The gifts symbolize our guests’ home countries, and among them you can find tourist books, maps, flags and souvenirs like: puppets dressed in Bulgarian traditional clothes, coffee set from Turkey, “beer giraffe” from Slovenia, memory game with photos of Switzerland, Australian Koala bears and many others.

Photo and video The whole meeting was filmed and we also hired a few people who were taking pictures so that we could have something to remember our meeting by. Even though it is impossible to use picture or video to show all the experience and knowledge we gathered, it provides a decent view of the whole meeting. The main photographers were Ivan Tomljenović, Hrvoje Bogner and Ozren Buriša, and the main cameraman was Tomislav Mateo Klarić who made a 20 minute film about the whole meeting.

Link for pictures of IGSM: http://igsm2010.geof.hr/gallery/index.php Link for video: http://vimeo.com/12555779

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Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

IGSM news

Members of organizational board recieved a special rector’s award Regarding the amount of work implemented in the organization of the whole meeting, members of the organization board decided to write a paper about the whole IGSM project and the faculty leadership applied it on a competition for special rector’s award.

Rector recognized the work and value of the whole project and awarded members of the organization board with special rector’s award. Out of 13 different papers only 11 of them were awarded.

The ceremony was held on July 2, 2010. on the Faculty of Medicine in Zagreb. Our dean, prof. dr. sc. Stanislav Frangeš, also participated in this event. Presentation of all the awarded papers was held during the ceremony and our students also participated with a poster about the awarded project.

Introduction to IGSM 2011 IGSM 2011 will be hosted by Geomatics students at Newcastle University, United Kingdom. It will take place from the April 14 to 19, 2011.

Zagreb 2010 will prove a tough year to beat after an amazing week, but we are certainly going to try!

Participants should get their applications in early if they do not want to miss what the IGSM 2011 committee have in store!

Aside from traditional workshops, presentations and posters, there will be a return of the Geodetic Olympics, and an excursion to the surrounding countryside where we will visit the famous Hadrian’s Wall, later experiencing some Scottish tradition of Ceilidh dancing.

Participants will get the opportunity to view Geodetic techniqu-

es in action at the nearby new Tyne Tunnel project, a large-scale development, constructing a new tunnel under the river Tyne, East of Newcastle!

Take part in a treasure hunt using handheld GPS in order to explore the historic city of Newcastle upon Tyne before retiring to the award winning Albatross hostel in the centre of the city to put on your party clothes and experience the famous night life we have to offer!

To end a week of non-stop fun, there will be a Grand Ball where everyone puts on their posh clothes to dine, drink and dance the night away. So what are you waiting for? Visit our website www.igsm2011. org.uk or join our Facebook Group “IGSM 2011 – Newcastle” for more information on when to register!

Hope to see you there!

IGSM 2011 Committee, Newcastle University.

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

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ESA made first GOCE dataset available 1

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The first products based on GOCE satellite data are now available online through ESA’s Earth observation user services tools. ESA launched the satellite in March 2009 on a mission to map Earth’s gravity with unprecedented accuracy and spatial resolution.

The final gravity map and model of the geoid based on GOCE data will provide users with well-defined products that will be instrumental in advancing science and applications in a broad range of disciplines.

However, there are a number of steps that have to be taken in order to turn the raw data into suitable products for users. Raw data are downlinked from GOCE to the ground stations in Kiruna, northern Sweden, and on Svalbard, Norway. They are immediately forwarded to the Flight Operations Segment at ESA’s European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) in Darmstadt, Germany, which then links them through to the Payload Data Ground Segment at ESA’s European Space Research Institute (ESRIN) in Frascati, Italy. Through a process of calibration and validation, the data undergo an important transformation from telemetry to ‘level-1b’ data products. Level-1b products are the time series of converted, calibrated and validated measurements taken by GOCE. They consist mainly of the gravity gradients in the instrument reference system and the orbit data (satellite-to-satellite tracking observations, positions and velocity) in an Earth-fixed coordinate system.

In addition, satellite data such as the attitude of the spacecraft and other housekeeping data complete the level-1b data. These level-1b data, covering the period November 1 to 30, 2009, are available free of charge to scientific and non-commercial users, and much more will come in the following weeks and months. Subsequently, these level-1b data will be processed to level-2 through the High-level Processing Fa-

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cility (HPF). Under ESA’s control, 10 European universities and research facilities that have complementary expertise in gravity and geodesy-related science fields, have joined together and will be operating the HPF throughout GOCE’s lifetime.

The first gravity field model (level-2 data) was released at ESA’s Living Planet Symposium in Bergen, Norway, from June 28 to July 2, 2010. The final gravity map and model of the geoid will provide users with welldefined data products that will be instrumental in advancing science and applications in a broad range of disciplines, ranging from geodesy, geophysics and surveying to oceanography and sea-level research.

Figure 1. Earth gravity field (link: http://esamultimedia.esa.int/images/ goce/C71_geoid_smooth4.jpg) Figure 2. GOCE in Orbit Figure 3. GOCE will advance many fields of science Source: http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/GOCE/SEMB1EPK2AG_0.html

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

news from geodesy and geoinformatics

Biggest FIG Congress in the history full of professional highlights Sydney, Australia April 11-16, 2010

1 Congress moto: Facing Challenges - Building the Capacity The XXIV FIG Congress Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity held in Sydney, Australia and turned out to be the biggest FIG congress ever. With more than 2.200 participants from 100 countries it gathered the biggest attendance to an FIG event. The technical program with more than 1.000 offered papers out of which more than 700 were presented in Sydney was a big hit. In totally there were more than 150 technical and flash sessions, workshops and special seminars. The total number of presented papers exceeded 800.

At the congress there were four plenary sessions. In the first session that focused on the FIG achievements, 2007-2010, President Enemark

summarized the most important activities that have been taken during the last four years.

The second plenary session focused on spatially enabled so2 ciety. The third plenary session focussed on the big challenges facing surveyors and society as a whole focussing on climate change, natural disasters, urban growth, and land governance. E.g. there are five million new urban residents every month in the developing world and the sea level rise threatens hundreds of millions of people living in deltas. The cities have a key role in adaptation to climate change. In the last plenary session on technological futures the speakers included Dr. Mary O’Kane and Mr. Ed Parsons, who discussed the Google Earth and internet approaches.

Croatia also had the delegation participating on the congress (from the Faculty of Geodesy and State Geodetic Administration).

Figure 1. FIG banner Figure 2. Aboriginal welcome at the Opening Ceremony Source:

http://www.fig.net/news/fig2010/index.htm (May 25, 2010)

Edinburgh’s SELEX Galileo to Supply Atomic Clocks for 14 Galileo Satellites

INTERGEO - Conference and trade fair for geodesy, geoinformation and landmanagement Cologne, October 5-7, 2010 Conference moto: Knowledge and action for planet Earth INTERGEO is the world’s largest event and communication platform for geodesy, geoinformation and land management. It is the only event of its kind that covers the complete range of current and forward-looking products, technologies and system solutions in their entire breadth and depth. The trade fair and conference cover all the key trends that crop up along the entire value-added chain – from geo-based information surveys and data processing to integrated applications. As a result, it is the industry’s largest and most important gathering. The range of exhibits covers all aspects of surveying, GIS, remote sensing and photogrammetry as well as complementary solutions and general technologies.

It is also a platform for the very latest pioneering developments: the success of sensors that use complex systems to simplify data capture, street cars for 3D recording of neighborhoods - initial new or advanced application developments are expected in 2010, 3D applications , satellites/positioning services, the trend towards geo web solutions, particularly important in the context of INSPIRE. Figure 1. Intergeo world Figure 2. Intergeo logo

Source: http://www.intergeo. de/en/englisch/intergeo/profil. php?navid=1 (October 10, 2010)

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SELEX Galileo, an Edinburgh, Scotland company, has signed a €30 million contract with Surrey Satellite Technology LTD (SSTL) to supply PHM atomic clocks for all 14 Galileo FOC (full operational capability) satellites.

The PHM-Passive Hydrogen Maser clock is the most stable for space applications and has been tested successfully in GIOVE-B, the Galileo system’s second validation satellite, which was launched in 2008.

Swiss company Spectratime is a subcontractor on the project. The two companies are also developing the Mini MASER, a second generation product funded by ESA for the miniaturisation of the PHM. SSTL will supply the payloads for all of the planned satellites in Europe’s publicly-funded GNSS. In addition to the clocks, those include signal generators, high power TWTAs and antennas.

SELEX Galileo is part of Finnemeccanica S.p.A., a space, defense and transport conglomerate partly owned by the Italian government.

Figure 1. Galileo Satellite Figure 2. Passive Hydrogen Maser (PHM) Source: http://www.insidegnss.com/node/2221

(August 05, 2010)

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

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news from geodesy and geoinformatics

Two years in space for GIOVE-B On the April 27, 2010. ESA celebrated the completion of GIOVE-B’s second year in orbit. The satellite was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome on April 27, 2008. to help validate the technologies developed for the Galileo navigation constellation.

1 2 After two years in space, the second ‘Galileo InOrbit Validation Element’ satellite is still in perfect condition and its experimental equipment has delivered important results. Flown for the first time on a navigation satellite, the passive hydrogen maser clock has demonstrated its reliability by operating continuously for more than 400 days. The GIOVE-B maser clock has shown that it is the most stable clock ever flown in space and the technology best suited to navigation services. GIOVE-B carries a navigation signal generator that was designed to meet the specification for the Galileo signal that will be available to the public. The results of this experiment were fully consistent with expectations, achieving improved accuracy for users. The good health of GIOVE-B will allow it to provide further data, acquired either via telemetry at the Ground Control Centre in Fucino, Italy, or from the navigation signals received by a worldwide network of sensor stations. These signals are analysed at the GIOVE Processing Centre hosted in the Navigation Laboratory at ESA’s European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) in Noordwijk, the Netherlands.

GIOVE-B was built by a consortium led by EADS Astrium GmbH and is operated by Telespazio SpA. It was launched using services procured by Starsem on a Soyuz launcher.

Figure 1. Second Galileo test satellite; GIOVE-B (source: ESA) Figure 2. The Soyuz-Fregat launch vehicle carrying GIOVE-B (source: ESA) Source:

http://www.esa.int/esaNA/SEM162HMI8G_index_0.html (July 5, 2010)

GLONASS-M Satellite Launch Highlights Ambitious Promotion of Russia’s Revitalized GNSS A Proton-M carrier rocket successfully launched three GLONASS-M satellites into orbit early in the morning at September 2, 2010, MST) from the Baiknour space center in Kazakhstan. Another launch on November 30 will send three more M-type satellites into orbit, and the first GLONASS-K is scheduled to go up on December 25.The imminent completion of a full constellation by the end of the year is accompanied by a vigorous policy initiative to promote Russia’s revitalized GNSS. Moscow news media have reported that Vladimir Putin, Russian Federation prime minister and former president who got GLONASS’s revitalization started in 2001, says that the government will spend an additional 48 billion rubles ($1.6 billion) on GLONASS over the next year and a half. Russia is considering imposing an import duty of up to 25 percent on GNSS navigation equipment (read “GPS receivers”) that don’t also have GLONASS chips.

Although some sources say that there are only 43.000 GLONASS receivers currently in operation, the nation is energetically courting foreign (Nokia, Motorola, Qualcomm) and domestic manufacturers of mass-market products to incorporate the Russian technology.

The GLONASS system currently has 21 operational satellites transmitting healthy signals with another two new spacecraft in orbit as spares. Another triple launch of GLONASS-M satellites is scheduled for December as well as a prototype next-generation GLONASS-K. Figure 1. GLONASS-M satellite Figure 2. GLONASS-K satellite

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Source: http://www.insidegnss.com/node/2288 (June 28, 2010)

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Land surveyor killed in Kenya

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

A land surveyor was killed and two people needed to be treated for gunshot wounds after a fight over the ownership of of the farm. The deceased, a middleaged man was killed by a gang of armed Maasai morans, who entered the farm in an attempt to stop the sub-division of the land. Armed security personnel were deployed in the area to try and quell the skirmishes and pursue the killers said to have hailed from the neighbouring Narok County. Trouble started when the morans moved in to repulse some surveyors hired to subdivide the land. A rival group was claiming ownership of the land and had hired the surveyors to carry out the subdivision.

The attackers came from the neighboring district and used arrows. They also hacked one of the surveyors to death before police arrived. The attack had raised fear and tension in the area where clashes over the piece of land have left over 100 people dead and property worth thousand of shillings destroyed.

Source: http://www.gim-international.com/news/id5039-Surveyor_Killed_over_Disputed_Land.html (August 20, 2010)

news from geodesy and geoinformatics

Maps as Passwords

“Michibiki”,

Between super-powered hacker computers and keystroke recording malware, traditional passwords may no longer be secure enough. A computer scientist by the name of Bill Cheswick has created map based passwords that could be more secure than traditional typed in passwords.

Speaking at the New York Institute of Technology Cyber Security Conference, Cheswick described how users could memorize the exact spot on a satellite photo, with the longitude and latitude serving as the access code. By zooming down through the map to the high level of resolution, users can graphically produce a nearly unbreakable password that neither people nor viruses could track.

The key idea is that you have a data set with very deep data, and you have to drill down. You could drill down on a map of anything. Probably better if it’s a map of someplace you’ve never been, so you’re not tempted to pick your childhood home. You could have a 10 digit latitude, and a 10-digit longitude, then you have an unbrea 20-digit password.

Japan’s First QZSS Navigation Satellite,

Takes Off

Figure 1. Code lines Figure 2. Example of the coding system

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Sources: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39276642/ns/technology_ and_science-security/ (August 18, 2010) http://gislounge.com/maps-as-passwords/ (August 18, 2010)

Japan’s first quasi-zenith satellite launched successfully from the Tanegashima space center at 8:17 a.m. (Japan Sidderal Time) in the morning of September 11, 2010. The H-IIA launch vehicle released the satellite, nicknamed Michibiki, at 28 minutes and 27 seconds after liftoff.

Michibiki means to guide or lead the way, appropriate for the first entry into Japan’s satellite augmentation program that will vastly improve GNSS accuracy over Japan and the rest of East Asia. The Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is designed to maintain at least one satellite in place near zenith over Japan.

It will transmit signals that are compatible and interoperable with existing and future modernized GPS signals and a novel indoor messaging system.

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Figure 1. Orbit of the Michibiki (source: JAXA) Figure 2. QZSS logo (source: JAXA) Source: http://www.insidegnss.com/node/2316 (August 16, 2010)

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Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

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news from geodesy and geoinformatics

Loran-C Towers Bite the Dust 1.

Visualizing the BP Oil Spill An explosion on the BP operated Deepwater Horizon oil rig killed eleven crew members on April 20, 2010, sparking the greatest environmental disaster in United States history. In combination with the Texas City Refinery Explosion and the Prudohoe Bay Oil Spill, this marked the third serious incident involving BP in the United States in five years. Scientific estimates put the amount of oil that was being discharged from the broken well at above 1.470.000 US gallons per day! There are over 400 different species of animals living in the area affected by the spill. 464 sea turtles and 60 dolphins were found dead within the spill area. BP operated oil skimmers and other cleanup tools to try to remove oil from the water and Louisiana began building oil containment berms to halt the spread of oil. On July 15, 2010 BP successfully stopped the flow of oil from the wellhead, after spilling 190 million gallons of oil into the gulf over a period of 3 months.

Figure 1. Oil spill in the Gulf Figure 2. Deepwater Horizon in flames after the explosion Figure 3. The “Oil bird”

1 The LORAN system began as a radio-based navigation system during World War II and provided the Allied forces with a reliable and accurate means of navigation at sea in any weather. As a result of its effectiveness, LORAN was expanded for aircraft and merchant use with Coast Guard broadcast stations being established throughout the world.

Due to technological advancements in the last 20 years, LORAN has become an antiquated system no longer required by the armed forces, the transportation sector or the nation’s security interests and is used only by a small percentage of the population. The decision to cease transmission of the LORAN-C signal reflects the American president’s pledge to eliminate unnecessary federal programs. The Loran-C signal was active for 67 years, 8 months and 24 days.

Budget cuts and better technology sealed the fate of radio towers that have been providing navigation signals. American Congress voted to cut the Long Range Aids To Navigation (Loran-C) system in the 2010 budget after it was determined it wasn’t needed as a back up to GPS technology, a much-disputed decision among GPS experts.

On April 28, 2010, explosives felled a 400-ton, 1.357 foot tall structural steel U.S. Coast Guard Navigation Tower in Port Clarence, Alaska.

The International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) have discussed ways to provide terrestrial back up for GNSS (eLoran) in its global radionavigation plan. However, the navplan was written before the United States decision to close down Loran. According to IALA spokespersons, India and Canada have followed the U.S. Loran policy and will close down their stations. Reportedly, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) will “note” the input of IALA and include it in further discussions on e-navigation.

Source: http://www.ifitweremyhome.com/disasters/bp

2010)

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2

Figure 1. LORAN-C tower (source: www.kadiak.org) Figure 2. US Coast Guard LORAN-C team Logo (source: http://www.loran-history.info/yap/Yap.htm) Sources: http://www.gpsworld. com/gnss-system/augmentationassistance/news/loran-c-towersbite-dust-10374 (May 21, 2010) http://coastguard.dodlive.mil/ index.php/2010/02/coast-guardterminates-loran-c-broadcast/ (May 21, 2010)

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Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

(September 3,

news from geodesy and geoinformatics

Navigation satellites contend with stormy Sun As we grow used to satellite navigation in everyday life, media reports argue that a coming surge in solar activity could render satellite navigation devices useless, perhaps even frying satellites themselves. It is a fact that variations in the gigantic unshielded fusion reactor we call the Sun have effects that extend far out into the Solar System. And the solar activity follows a roughly 11-year ‘sunspot cycle’. That means the next ‘solar maximum’ – solar max for short – is due in 2013, not long after ESA launches its first four operational Galileo satellites. Galileo In-Orbit Validation (IOV) satellites will indeed go up during a period of enhanced solar activity.

But the solar max is hardly a surprise event. Astronomers counting sunspots have tracked the solar cycle for more than 250 years. All the indications are this solar max will not be especially energetic – the last solar minimum has been unusually long and deep. The Sun has various potential impacts that SatNav system designers must take account of.

The first can indeed affect satellites themselves: electromagnetic radiation and charged particles from solar flares can disrupt satellite electronics, induce potentially harmful electrostatic charging and damage onboard materials. All satellites run these risks but for satellite navigation constellations, the danger is severe. Placed at relatively high altitudes of about 22000 km in the case of Europe’s Galileo – they pass through belts of charged particles funnelled by Earth’s magnetic field.

The satellites are built with radiation-hardened components and shielding, and boast redundancy in key subsystems. Error detection and correction routines guard against charged particles randomly ‘flipping’ bits of computer memory.

Galileo satellites were designed with precise data on the radiation hazard they faced: in 2005 and 2008 a pair of test satellites, Galileo In Orbit Validation Element (GIOVE) –A and –B, were launched into the

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constellation’s future orbit. The satellites were fitted with radiation monitors, still returning data to this day.

The Sun also has a continuing influence on the outermost layers of Earth’s atmosphere, with energetic solar radiation splitting scanty air molecules to form an electrically-charged ‘ionosphere’. Radio pioneers used the ionosphere to reflect signals beyond Earth’s horizon, but for satellite navigation it is more a hindrance than a help.

Dual GNSS receivers receiving two different frequency signals can correct for most of the errors, although such receivers tend to be too bulky for in-car or personal use. Smaller GPS systems rely on a regularly-updated error estimate broadcast in the satellite signals themselves.

Benefiting from four decades of computer advances since the GPS system was designed, each Galileo receiver incorporates a sophisticated ionosphere-modelling plug-in for error estimation – GPS makes use of a simplistic 2D ‘eggshell’ ionosphere model instead.

Added certainty is given by regional overlay systems: the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) for North America and the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) for Europe, with other systems in development.

What EGNOS offers is an assurance of integrity for European users of GPS and later Galileo signals. As well as checking the correctness of satellite orbits and clocks, its pan-European network of ground stations measure small changes in the total electron content of the vertical ionosphere above them to deliver local corrections. This is vital when it comes to planned ‘safety-of-life’ uses such as civil aviation.

Source: http:/www.esa.int/esaNA/SEMCDTDODDG_galileo_0.html Figure 1. (background) Solar storms sometimes reach Earth Figure 2. Galileo constellation Figure 3. ‘Space weather’ affects satellites Figure 4. Galileo satellite Figure 5. Solar storm Figure 6. Ionosphere map Figure 7. EGNOS overlays European territory

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Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

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news from geodesy and geoinformatics

3rd authorized engineers of geodesy symposium Opatija, October 22-23, 2010.

Gis, photogrammetry and remote sensing in geodesy and geoinformatics The aim of the Symposium is to give the review of conditions and the role of photogrammetry and remote sensing in geodesy and geoinformatics. A special part includes GIS as an important link between geodesy/geoinformatics and final users. The symposium will give the review of new information and Orders from legal regulation and review of their application. Cadastral surveys make an important segment of construction today and the wish of the Chamber is to show advanced achievements with clear markers of efficiency, economy and quality control of these geodetic works. One of the topics will be the price of works in Croatia.

Source:

http://www.hkoig.hr/kongresi-simpoziji-seminari-dogadjanja-2/ (October 5, 2010)

Webshop application of permament points of geodetic basis State geodetic authorities has developed and maintained database of permament points of geodetic basis together with the appropriate web application for internet access to these permanent points. The web application that has become official, enables registered users to download location descriptions of permament points on the internet. You can access the application here: http://www.geotocke.geo-portal.hr/dgushop/. It enables the choice of location (GNSS and trigonometric) and elevation points via general map (topographic map 1:25000, cadastral district) or attribute selection (point number, name of cadastral district, revision data…), creation and download of orders (location description in .pdf format). Data on permanent points are charged for in accordance with the Order on real costs setting of state survey and real estate cadastre documentation usage (Pravilniku o određivanju visine stvarnih troškova uporabe podataka dokumentacije državne izmjere i katastra nekretnina) (NN 148/08).

Source: http://www.dgu.hr/default.asp?ID=389

(October 15, 2010)

International multidisciplinary scientific geo - conference sgem 2010, Bulgaria From June 20 to 26, 2010 in Albena at the Black Sea the 10th international multidisciplinary geo-conference – SGEM took place.

Over 250 participants from 15 countries could have participated at the presentations dealing with the ecology, geophysics, hydrology, etc. and for us as geodets the most interesting topics in sessions were: geodesy, digital cartography and GIS, geoinformatics, and photogrammetry and remote sensing.

The member of the Institute Branka Vorel participated at the conference, where she during geodesy session presented the co-authors’ work of the members from the Cadastral survey department:

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Obligatory insurance of authorized enginners of geodesy from professional responsibilities during geodetic jobs performance Croatian Chamber of authorized engineers of geodesy signed a contract with the insurance company (Contract on perennial obligatory insurance of the authorized engineers of geodesy from professional responsibilities during geodetic jobs performance) for the period from June 2010 to June 1, 2013.

It was agreed on the insurance for all engineers who are active in the chamber in the amount of insurance for basic cover and assets damage of 1.000.000,00 HRK on every adverse event. The overall aggregate limit for basic cover and assets damage amounts to 3.000.000,00 HRK for every member.

Source: http://www.hkoig.hr/obvezno-osiguranje-ovla-tenih-in-enjerageodezije-od-profesionalne-odgovornosti-u-obavljanju-geodetskih-poslova/ (October 8, 2010)

B. Vorel, B. Barišić, S. Hofer, A. Hazdovac: “CADASTRAL PLAN GEOMETRIC ACCURACY IMPROVEMENT”.

At the congress there were also presented some interesting works dealing with geodesy in service of environment protection and ecology, and usage of GIS in different industry branches.

4 employees from the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geodesy presented their works:

• Loris Redovniković: “Geodetic works on the breakthrough of the tunnel through Biokovo”, • Krešimir Babić: “Quality analysis of geodetic control for Arena Zagreb construction”, • Mario Mađer: “Monitoring of movements and deformation analysis on a protected cultural monument”, • Baldo Stančić: “Spatio-temporal databases”.

More information about the congress can be found on: http://www.sgem.org/

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

news from geodesy and geoinformatics

Croatian Geodetic Institute

united with

State Geodetic Administration!

Croatian geodetic institute (CGI) was founded in 2001 (first director was: prof. dr. sc. Nevio Rožić from 2001 to 2006, second director: prof. dr. sc. Tomislav Bašić from 2006 to 2010) according to the Law on state survey and real estate cadastre (NN 128/1999) as an institution specialized in completion of highly-professional and research and development jobs in the field of geodesy and geoinformatics which are of special interest for the Republic of Croatia, especially state survey and real estate cadastre, that arise from the Law on state survey and real estate cadastre and Law on completion of geodetic works. The institution has been the main and the only independent quality controller of geodetic products that are produced for needs of State Geodetic Administration (SGA) and state as a whole (national infrastructure of spatial data NISD) by the private geodetic sector.

On July 26, 2010, the web page of the Croatian geodetic institute, i.e. the director (www.cgi.hr), prof. dr. sc. Tomislav Bašić informed the public about the decision of the Government of Croatia to unite the CGI with the SGA as a part of the Activity plan program for the recovery of Croatian economy and so the CGI lost its legal subjectivity and SGA took over the jobs, employees, rights and obligations of the Institute and financial funds needed for the completion of those jobs.

The new public communication of the Croatian geodetic institute from September 9, 2010 signed by prof. T. Bašić brings the following:

• No member of the Government has consulted the director and asked for his opinion on the decision to cancel the Institute from July 23, 2010.

• The Government of Croatia renamed prof. Bašić, on April 1, 2010 (3 and a half months before cancellation), the director of the CGI for another 4 years time.

• The director of the Institute, prof. Bašić, thinks that in such a society of knowledge, that Croatia should be, the Institute had to survive, since it is the practice in other democratic countries and he enumerates all the projects, quality controls, programs and works the Institute has been successfully doing for years.

• Finally, in his communication, the Director asks the Government to reassess their decision on cancellation of legal subjectivity of CGI and if that doesn’t happen to keep the employees of CGI together as a part of an organizational unit of the State Geodetic Administration.

Disappointed with all that has happened and is happening to CGI and having no support from the State Geodetic Administration, the director prof.dr.sc. Tomislav Bašić on his own request has left that position and with October 1, 2010 returned to his old job as the Professor at the Faculty of Geodesy.

The whole statement which prof. dr. sc. Željko Bačić, the director of State geodetic administration, sent to our magazine Ekscentar: “According to the decision of the Croatian Government from July 23, 2010 and the proposal of the changes of the Law on state survey and real estate cadastre, on October 29, 2010 the Croatian Parliament adopted the Act that cancelled the Croatian geodetic institute as such and united it with the State geodetic administration.

Contrary to the plans and projections we had for the development of the Institute that anticipated, based on acknowledged needs, the ex-

pansion of activities to other bodies of state administration as well as on the area within the geodetic-cadastre system, the harsh reality and the decision of the Government led to the different end.

This certainly caused great damage to the geodetic-cadastre system in Croatia and the State geodetic administration has a difficult task in front, to unite these two institutions and minimize damage, which is not easy at all, but which has to be accomplished.

We have to point out that in nine years of existence the Institute has contributed a lot to the development and has brought new quality to the Croatian geodesy. The fact that it has all been acknowledged can be seen from the continuous support given to the Institute through work conditions insurance and financial funds.

Only time will show the effects of the Act, i.e. the need for such an institution. Until then, the state geodetic administration and previous members of the Croatian geodetic institute need to carry out the transition and ensure the functioning of the system. “ The President of Croatian geodetic society, Jožef Delak, on September 10, 2010, on the web page of Croatian geodetic society (http://www. hgd1952.hr/) wrote the statement in which he said that the decision of the Government to unite the Institute with the State Geodetic Administration, based on the Activity plan program of the recovery of economy, wouldn’t contribute the aim of business rationalization and better organization of the public administration. Croatian geodetic society, having done thorough analysis and acknowledging the attitude and opinion of the Government, called all competent institutions to reconsider their decision and to do the organizational step that would enable further operation of CGI in the system in such a way to keep its independence and to prevent quality decay of top experts in new conditions.

On September 9, 2010, Croatian chamber of authorized engineers of geodesy (HKOIG, http://www.hkoig.hr/) gave the public communication in which they took their stand on cancellation of the Institute.

The decision is, according to that communication, not good for the following reasons:

• high scientific-professional level of the Institute, • independent quality controller of many geodetic products of SGA and provate sector,

• active involvement in professional perfecting of experts, implemented by HKOIG, • employment of young and perspective staff, etc.

Finally, the Steering committee of HKOIG, in their statement asked the competent institutions to revise their decision and to explain to the geodetic public the reasons for the cancellation of the CGI, that they haven’t given so far and to give directions as to who will do quality control of geodetic products in the future.

Read more on:

http://www.cgi.hr/news/prekidHGI.html http://www.cgi.hr/doc/HGI_objava%20za%20javnost.pdf http://www.hgd1952.hr/?p=143#more-143 http://www.hkoig.hr/priop-enje-hkoig-o-ukidanju-hgi/

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

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The Trimble NetR9-a highly versatile, ground-breaking GNSS reference receiver for infrastructure and network applications The Trimble NetR9 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) reference receiver series consists of full-feature, top-of-the-line receivers designed to provide network operators with maximum features and functionality from a single receiver platform.

Current satellite signals tracked simultaneously: GPS: L1 C/A, L2C, L2E (Trimble method for tracking L2P), L5, GLONASS: L1 C/A and unencrypted P code, L2 C/A2 and unencrypted P code, Galileo GIOVE-A and GIOVE-B, SBAS: L1 C/A, L5 supporting WAAS, EGNOS and MSAS, L-Band OmniSTAR VBS, HP and XP. POSITIONING PERFORMANCE Code Differential GNSS Positioning: • horizontal: 0.25 m + 1 ppm RMS, • vertical: 0.50 m + 1 ppm RMS, • WAAS differential positioning accuracy: typically <5 m 3D RMS. Static GNSS Surveying Baseline <30 km: • horizontal: 3 mm + 0.1 ppm RMS, • vertical: 4 mm + 0.4 ppm RMS. Baseline >30 km: • horizontal: 4 mm + 0 ppm RMS, • vertical: 9 mm + 0 ppm RMS. Real Time Kinematic Surveying Single Baseline <30 km: • horizontal: 8 mm + 1 ppm RMS, • vertical: 15 mm + 1 ppm RMS. Networked RTK: • horizontal: 8 mm + 0.5 ppm RMS, • vertical: 15 mm + 0.5 ppm RMS, • initialization time: <10 seconds, • initialization reliability: >99.9%.

Topcon IS-201 Topcon’s ground breaking imaging station featuring TopSURV OnBoard with Roads, Image Scan, Monitor and adds Imaging functionality including iSCAN and iDRIVE technologies.With over 20 languages availble for universal usage. Integrating a long range Class 1 laser EDM and XTrac7 tracking system. SS Radio and optional optical link (RC-3) optional for one-man operation. Two digital cameras, one wide angle and one co-axial can be used to priovide live oneman operation video feed to facilitate target pointing and simple prism reacqisition.

Sokkia NET05 Featuring the industry’s most accurate sub-millimeter EDM with 0.5mm precision to reflective sheet target up to 200m. Angular accuracy of 0.5” , angle resolution of 0.1” (0.02mgon) and environmental rating of IP64 make this an ideal instrument for the highest accuracy LPS projects.

Topcon IS-201

Sokkia NET05

Angle accuracy in seconds (mgon)

1 (0.3)

0.5 (0.15)

Distance accuracy with prism in mm ± (. mm +. ppm × D) m.s.e.

2+2

0.8 + 1

Distance accuracy Reflectorless at 100 m in ± . mm m.s.e.

5

1+1

Distance range reflectorless (18% reflective Kodak grey) in m

2000

100 (Kodak white)

Auto tracking yes/ no

Y

1

Auto tracking accuracy at 100 m in ± mm

2

1”

Color Screen yes/no

Y

Y

Graphic screen yes/no

Y

Y

Internal battery life under normal use in hrs

4.5

3

Weight of instrument including battery and tribrach in kg

6.5

7.6

Camera included in instrument if yes coaxial and megapixel

Y Coaxial 3

N

Number of i/o ports and short description

7: RS-232C, USB type A, USB type mini B, CF Card, Bluetooth, SS Radio and RC-3

5: Serial, CF card, USBA, USB-B, optional Bluetooth

Trimble S8: The power to Excel The S8 Total Station family boasts Trimble’s most innovative and advanced total station technology and has firmly established itself as Trimble and KOREC’s premier Robotic Total Station. The range includes two main models with a broad base of standard inclusions and configuration options for flexibility in a wide variety of application areas.

As well as delivering unsurpassed performance and productivity in land surveying, the S8 range is also ideal for more specialised engineering applications including rail schemes and monitoring.

Trimble S8 – key features: • video-assisted robotic measurement, • visual verification with data overlay, • Trimble DR Plus for longer range and fewer setups, • specialised configuration options include 0.5” angular accuracy.

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Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

Product news

Leica Reveals Viva TS15 Robotic Imaging Total Station

FARO Introduces the Focus3D According to the announcement, Focus3D is a high-performance 3D laser scanner for detailed measurement and documentation with intuitive touch screen control that makes it as easy to operate as a digital camera. It is four times lighter and five times smaller than its predecessor and is the smallest and lightest laser scanner ever built.

Focus3D uses laser technology to produce very detailed three-dimensional images of complex environments and geometries in a few minutes. The resulting image is an assembly of millions of 3D measurement points in color which provides an exact digital reproduction of existing conditions.

Faro reports that Focus3D is suitable for documentation of large environments, quality control of components and reverse engineering.

Thanks to its millimeter-accuracy and its 976.000 measurement points/ second, the Focus3D offers the most efficient and precise method for measurement and 3D documentation of building construction, excavation volumes, façade and structural deformations, crime scenes, accident sites, product geometry, factories, process plants and more.

Lastly, Faro stated that it is entirely self-contained, meaning no additional devices, cables or laptop are needed. With its dimensions of 24x20x10 cm and a weight of 5kg, the Focus3D is so compact and mobile that users can always take it with them, wherever they go.

Source: http://www.faro.com/content.aspx?ct=uk&content=pro&item= 5&int_cid=rd.iqvolution.com (September 10, 2010)

Leica Announces Airborne LIDAR technology Leica Geosystems announces the successful flight testing of its new Point Density Multiplier technology for airborne LIDAR. This scanning system allows the use of a single laser and scanning mechanism to provide over double the data collection productivity of previous systems. The new technology will be incorporated into Leica Geosystems’ ALS series airborne LIDAR Systems.

The market constantly demands higher productivity from airborne sensing systems to reduce the equipment and labor costs associated with data collection. Dual laser scanner designs were rejected due to data consistency risks. In fact, the new technology has a higher pulse rate than two current-generation systems operating in tandem.

With a measurement rate of 500 kHz, new Leica Geosystems Airborne LIDAR technology gives industry-leading data acquisition productivity.

Source: http://www.pobonline.com/Articles/Industry_News/BNP_ GUID_9-5-2006_A_10000000000000915357 (October 10, 2010)

LIDAR “photo”

LIDAR technology Analysis

Leica Geosystems announces its new robotic Imaging Total Station, the Leica Viva TS15. This total station provides advanced imaging functionality combined with dynamic tracking capabilities for one-person surveying.

Leica Viva TS15 features the easy-touse Leica SmartWorx Viva onboard software.

Traditional robotic operation is significantly improved with imaging features through Image Assisted Surveying and Documentation. Image Assisted Surveying and Documentation Thanks to live streaming of the total station view on the robotic controller, remote points can be easily measured with the new tap, turn & measure functionality without returning to the total station. With the new Image Capture functionality users can take high-resolution images of the surveying scene or even capture any screen shown on the display at the push of a button. The exact photo documentation of site conditions helps to further optimize productivity and to minimize paper field-notes and avoid costly re-visits.

The Leica Viva TS15 models offer angle measurements of 1”, 2”, 3”, and 5” with quadruple axis compensation. In prism mode a distance of 3.500m is achieved with an accuracy of 1mm+1.5ppm on a single prism in standard measuring mode. On all surfaces users can measure up to 1.000 m and more with an accuracy of 2mm + 2ppm.

Source: http://www.leica-geosystems.com/en/Leica-Viva-TS15_86198. htm (September 13, 2010)

Topocad for survey, mapping, design and GIS Topocad is a true object orientated CAD system especially made for survey, calculation, mapping and design. It is an independent survey and design program that needs no other programs, yet it works seamlessly with other programs (from Excel to SQL databases). The design of roads, survey calculations, surface designs on which other designs such as profiles can be made are integrated and need no plug-ins. 2D and 1D adjustments become part of the drawing. The net adjustment will actually look at data and find the nets which are adjustable. It has a possibility to read and write raw data to the following file formats; Topocad, AutoCAD drawing format, AutoCAD exchange format, MicroStation design file-2D, Leica file format, Trimble file format, GeoDOS coordinate format, GeoDOS roadline format, GEO/Point coordinate file, Marit coordinate file, Point/GEO roadline, Point/GEO road profile, DRD roadline format, DRD road profile, Topocad roadline, Drd coordinate file, DRD sections, Topocad polygon point, Sokkia SDR format, Geosecma coordinate files and Generic import/ export.

A list of the Topocad modules: Topocad Base, Topocad GIS, Topocad Design, Topocad Field, Topocad database connector for ArcGIS. The actual version (October 10, 2010) of TopoCad software is R12.31.

Source: http://www.geomatika-smolcak.hr/proizvod_detalj.asp?sif=129 (October 15, 2010)

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

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Andrea Crnković and Ante Barišić

Rector’s Award STUDY summary Academic year 2008./2009.

Our colleagues Andrea Crnković and Ante Barišić earned an University Rectors Award for a study called: Optimal satellite orbit for satellite supported services on the territory of the Republic of Croatia, mentor doc. dr. sc. Željko Hećimović.

Their study elaborates of the problems of the modeling optimal satellite orbits considering the territory of Republic of Croatia and their application in designed satellite supported services. In the first, theoretical part of the study introduction of the satellite orbits and Sun Synchronized orbit is explained. Because of specific requirements for space, time, spectral and radiometric resolution of satellite acquisitions for each satellite supported service, this problem is continuously processed. Overview of the satellite orbit data format, remote sensing, the most known satellite missions and used software’s is given. Analyze of the shape and geographical position of the Republic of Croatia gave parameters for optimal satellite orbit modeling. Period of the satellite revolutions around the Earth is one of the fundamental parameter of the temporal resolution of satellite acquisition. Spatial attention is taken to optimization of this orbit parameter. Optimal satellite orbit (e.g. figure 1) for the territory of Croatia is modeled making variations of the Kepler orbit elements. On the basis of modeled satellite orbit parameters meteorological, fire and bio-vegetation satellite’s supported services for the territory of Croatia are designed. Meteorological satellite service (figure 2) is using two satellites. One meteorological satellite is periodically scanning atmospheric parameters and clouds over the territory of the Republic of Croatia in the big spatial resolution, and the other satellite is geostationary satellites that continuously monitor atmosphere over the Croatia in the lower resolution.

Fire protection service has the purpose to evaluate the threat of fire, detect fire in early stage, and provide firefighting support and judging fire damages. Because of the relatively low satellite temporal resolution, the satellite is very suitable for providing estimates of the dangers of fire and estimation of the damages. But, satellite can give optimal firefighting support when it is used in coordination with information from unmanned vehicle (figure 3 and 4). It should fill the time holes between satellite acquisitions. Third, a bio-vegetation service consists of a satellite with optimal orbit over the territory of Croatia. This service will monitor the dynamic of the bio-vegetation changes in the local habitats, in the daily time resolution. It should be basis for the development of a huge range of scientific research and economical applications.

Figure 1. Orbite of the satellite for the period of 2,7 hour Figure 2. Cromet service Figure 3. Crofire service Figure 4. Crofire service above the Croatia

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Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

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Thank you for making a financial contribution to the organization and for enabling us to organize this meeting of 155 geodesy students who came from around the world.

After this meeting, we became enriched with new experiences and knowledge which was transferred to us by our colleagues from around the world. We, future professionals in the field of Geodesy and Geoinformatics, acquire valuable, new knowledge and skills each time a meeting like this is organized. We hope that in the future we will continue our cooperation in order to preserve the tradition of going to the international meetings of geodesy students.

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The Organization Board

Immediate board consisted of: 1. Board president: Hrvoje Mahović 2. Board vice-president: Sandra Keran 3. Secretary: Petra Dobravac

IGSM organization board consists of 8 young and successful students along with 17 additional external associates from the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geodesy. Driven by experience gained on former IGSM meetings, which were organized by students of geodesy from other universities, this team decided to give its best and organize the most successful and the best IGSM ever! The immediate board made all important decisions on meetings which were held once a week. While these meetings were held, new ideas were constantly created.

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4. Design and web coordinator: Damir Kontrec 5. Social events: Mario Božić 6. Member: Albert Hrženjak 7. Member: Luka Pavličić 8. Member: Leonida Klarić

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Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

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Acknowledgements We would like to express our gratitude to everyone who participated in this complex and time consuming project and especially to: »» Our external associates for their help and dedicated work on our project: ANĐELO JAREB ANTONIJE IVANOVIĆ DARIA KOLAK DOMAGOJ PAVLIK HRVOJE BOGNER IVAN PADOVAN IVAN TOMLJENOVIĆ LUCIJA VUČIĆ MARIJAN GRGIĆ MARINO ČULJAT MARKO ORLOVIĆ NADA ĆOSIĆ OZREN BURIŠA PETRA VRLJIČAK SANJA ČARIĆ TEA BABIĆ ZORANA MARUNČIĆ »» Our dean prof. dr.sc. STANISLAV FRANGEŠ and dean for academic affairs prof. dr.sc. DAMIR MEDAK, who had enough patience to meet with us once a month and listen to our proposals and who greatly contributed to the success of IGSM with their professional advice. »» Other associates and members of faculty staff, whom we swamped with new questions and demands daily: ŠTEFICA VORIH, IVANA STARINEC and ANA SUŠEC. »» Faculty accountants: SNJEŽANA MILEC, TEODORA FIEDLER ADŽIĆ, IVAN STANEC and RUŽA ŠEŠOK.

»» To all those who contributed in the organization of this meeting with their lectures, workshops or any in other way which raised the quality of the meeting: Krešimir Babić, dipl. ing. geod. prof. dr.sc. Željko Bačić prof. dr.sc. Đuro Barković doc. dr. sc. Jelena Beban Brkić doc. dr. sc. Vlado Cetl Branko Kordić, dipl. ing. geod.

Ana Kuveždić, dipl. ing. geod. dr.sc Miljenko Lapaine Ante Marendić, dipl. ing. geod. dr.sc. Danko Markovinović Mario Miler, dipl. ing. geod. prof. dr. sc. Gorana Novaković Dražen Odobašić, dipl. ing. geod. dr. sc. Rinaldo Paar dr. sc. Vesna Poslončec Petrić Ela Vela Bagić, dipl. ing. geod. mr. sc. Vida Zadelj Martić Damir Višić Mile Šerbula dr. sc. Mladen Zrinjski dr. sc. Robert Župan

IGSM 2010 organization team thanks all students of our Faculty, who have shown their willingness to lend their Iksica to our guests and enable them to enjoy our famous cafeteria “Odeon”.

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

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Introduction to the IGSM Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 26-27

1. Introduction IGSM (International Geodetic Students Meeting) is an international meeting of students of geodesy and geodesy related studies which was originally held 23 years ago in Dutch town Delft with a sole purpose of comparing the program of geodetic faculties from around Europe. Approximately 150 students form 15 faculties and seven different states replied to an invitation of a few students from the Technical University of Delft. Today member countries from the whole world outnumber 30.

The meeting is held under the sponsorship of IGSO (International Geodetic Students Organization), whose members are the participating faculties.

Students from the Faculty of Geodesy, University in Zagreb are also members of IGSO and each year they visit meetings. This year, in May, they managed to organize the 23rd IGSM meeting successfully and students from 34 different universities came!

This project has contributed the additional students’ education, but also gave them chance to meet new people and make contacts which could be of great use some day. This is also a very precious experience that our students will remember their whole life.

For more information about the IGSM Croatia 2010 project you can visit this site: http://igsm2010. geof.hr/, there you will find all the necessary data about the meeting and the organization.

Figure 1.

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Logo of Geodetic Students Organization

2. IGSO – International Geodetic Student Organization Planning and realization of IGSM is done under the patronage of IGSO – International Geodetic Students Organization (http://www.igso. de/), a students’ organization with international character which was founded on 10th May, 1991. during the 4th IGSM in Graz (figure 1) The main goal of International Geodetic Students Organization is to gather students of geodesy, geomatic, cartography, topography, photogrammetry and remote sensing, but also from related areas like agronomy and forestry. They all come from different countries with the goal of faster and more efficient exchange of experience with students from other Universities. The official language is English; internal structure of IGSO is defined with its own statute. Our students have been members of this organization since 1996. when the 9th IGSM was held in Hannover. Since then, they have been visiting it annually.

3. History of the IGSM and candidature for 2010 host IGSM was held on Universities in almost all bigger cities around Europe, like Bonn, Graz, London, Prag, Madrid, Ljubljana, Istanbul, Dresden and others. Each year another University hosts the meeting.

21st IGSM meeting which was held in Valencia in 2008 was special for our students because they came up with the idea to host the IGSM 2010 in Croatia. Students from Belgrade had a similar idea, but after Croatian presentation with indicative costs and schedule, colleagues from Belgrade decided to give up their candidacy. This was enough for the main secretary of IGSO to make his decision and give the hosting of 23rd IGSM 2010 to students from the Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb (figure 2).

Figure 2.

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

Proclamation of Croatia as host for IGSM 2010 , in Valencia 2008th

Introduction to the IGSM Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 26-27

Figure 4.

Figure 3.

A Group photo of organizational board IGSM 2009 from Switzerland and organization board IGSM Croatia 2010

Upon returning to Zagreb, during constituting session, the organization board of IGSM Croatia 2010 was formed with student Hrvoje Mahović as the head of the board. Since then, the meetings have been held on regular intervals during which they talked about, and gave ideas for the upcoming IGSM meeting in Zagreb.

During the IGSM 2009 in Zürich, the main task for the organizational board was to tune up the last year’s costs and schedule in fine details.

Hrvoje Mahović, as the president of the IGSM 2010 organization board held a presentation in which he explained the costs and schedule for the next IGSM meeting. He defined the exact time when the meeting would be held; from 2nd till 8th May, 2010.

At the end of the IGSM, president of the Swiss organization board and main secretary of IGSO, Felix Rohrbach gave leadership of the IGSO to Hrvoje Mahović (figure 3). The president of IGSO, along with his coworkers, began to prepare actively for the forthcoming IGSM. The main goal was to present our country and our geodetic profession in the best possible way.

4. List of countries

Flags of IGSM 2010 participant countries

Applied Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden, Technische Universität München, Universität Bonn, Universität Stuttgart, 10. Denmark: Delft University of Technology, 11. Poland: AGH University of Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Cracow, Agricultural University of Cracow, Warsaw University of Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 12. Serbia: University of Belgrade, 13. Slovenia: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, 14. Spain: Universidad de Jaén, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, 15. Switzerland: ETH Zürich, 16. Turkey: İstanbul Technical University, Karadeniz Technical University, Yildiz Technical University, Yıldız Technical University, 17. United Kingdom: Newcastle University.

5. Schedule of events for IGSM Croatia 2010 Most of activities were held on the faculty, which has big number of rooms, ideal for IGSM Croatia 2010.

Program of IGSM Croatia 2010 contained of different happenings like expert lectures and workshops held by our professors, lectures and posters from foreign and domestic students. In this way, students from other countries had an opportunity to promote the achievements of geodetic surveying profession and geodesy as science. By doing this they also enabled other students to gather new knowledge and to learn about new technologies. From the given schedule (figure 5) it is quite clear that the whole week was filled not only with educative but also with fun activities like sightseeing and informal gatherings. E

Registered participants were mostly from Europe, but there were also a few from more distant countries. 125 students came from undergraduate and graduate studies, 30 from master’s studies and ex students. Participants of IGSM Croatia 2010 came from these 17 countries (figure 4) and 34 universities: 1. Albania: Polytehnic University of Tirana, 2. Australia: University of Melbourne, 3. Austria: TU Vienna, 4. Bulgaria: University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, 5. Canada: University of Calgary, 6. Czech Republic: Czech Technical University in Prague, 7. Finland: Aalto University School of Science and Technology, 8. France: Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Strasbourg, 9. Germany: Karlsruhe Institut of Technologie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Stuttgart University of Figure 5. Schedule of events for the IGSM Croatia 2010

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

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Maganić J., Varga M., (2010): Intervju: Prof. dr. sc. Damir Medak Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 28-31

Jakov Maganić, univ. bacc. ing. geod. i geoinf.

Matej Varga, univ. bacc. ing. geod. i geoinf.

► Diplomski studij, Geodetski fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Kačićeva 26, 10000 Zagreb, jmaganic@geof.hr ► Diplomski studij, Geodetski fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Kačićeva 26, 10000 Zagreb, mvarga@geof.hr

Intervju:

Prof. dr. sc. Damir Medak > prodekan za nastavu i studente

Poštovani prof. Medak zahvaljujemo Vam što ste odvojili svoje vrijeme za ovaj intervju, pitanja će biti lagana, odgovori malo teži, slično kao na ispitu. :)

Što mislite o ove godine uvedenoj državnoj maturi i njezinoj izvedbi?

• Državna matura je jako dobra stvar kojom se ujednačavaju mogućnosti pristupa visokom obrazovanju. Jedini problem su strukovne škole, jer su ispiti na državnoj maturi prilagođeni gimnazijama..

Postavlja se pitanje kako se tehnički fakulteti prema tome trebaju odnositi. U svakom slučaju, sustav državne mature je puno bolji od sustava klasifikacijskih ispita zbog toga što maturanti mogu s onim što su polagali pod istim uvjetima istodobno kandidirati na više visokih učilišta. Smanjuju se troškovi putovanja na klasifikacijske ispite, sve je transparentno, smanjuje se mogućnost zloupotreba ovlasti pri upisu.

Kako to da neki fakulteti bez obzira na državnu maturu imaju svoj razredbeni postupak sa zasebnim ispitom?

• Da, ima još fakulteta koji se toga drže. Tako je bilo i u Sloveniji, kad je prigodom uvođenja državne mature pola fakulteta imalo razredbeni postupak, pola ne, pa su kroz 3 godine fakulteti ukinuli dodatne provjere. Ako državna matura funkcionira u Norveškoj, Australiji, Sloveniji valjda će onda i kod nas. Naravno trebalo je obavijestiti sve učenike koji upisuju srednju školu na vrijeme da će za 4 – 5 godina morati polagati državnu maturu tako da se već tada mogu upisati u željenu srednju školu i okvirno izabrati fakultet.

Preddiplomski studij na Građevinskom fakultetu u Splitu i 30 upisanih. Imate li komentar?

• Ne bi smjelo biti loše, zato što je i stajalište Sveučilišta u Zagrebu da težište treba biti na diplomskom i poslijediplomskom studiju na kojemu bi se trebala stjecati naprednija stručna i znanstvena znanja.

Zapravo bi na razini Sveučilišta trebalo decentralizirati i to pogotovo „masovnije“ fakultete jer se činjenicom da „svi“ studiraju u Zagrebu opterećuju kapaciteti pojedinih fakulteta, kadrovski i prostorni. A studente u Splitu zapravo će obrazovati doktori geodezije koji su ponikli na fakultetu u Zagrebu.

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U kojoj mjeri ste zadovoljni provedbom bolonjskog procesa na našem Fakultetu? Imate li konkretne primjere po čemu je „bolonja“ bolja od bivšeg sustava studiranja te u kojim se aspektima još može poboljšati odnosno posjeduje nedostatke?

• Kako vrijeme prolazi, sve sam zadovoljniji provedbom Bolonjskog procesa. Sve više nastavnika uvodi kontinuirano praćenje studenata tijekom semestra, na diplomski studij svake godine upišemo nekoliko studenata koji su završili preddiplomski studij na nekom drugom fakultetu, interes za međunarodne razmjene je u porastu. Možda je to samo moj osobni dojam, ali čini se da je prvi “val” prilagodbe - otežane činjenicom da je prije pet godina prvu godinu preddiplomskog studija upisalo više od 220 studenata – prošao.

• Nastava na Geodetskom fakultetu desetljećima je bila “bolonjska”, naravno samo na nekim kolegijima: kolokviji uz pomoć kojih su se studenti mogli osloboditi (dijela) ispita, timski rad u malim grupama, svesrdna pomoć demonstratora, zajednička studentska praksa. Novi ritam studiranja po kojem se kolegij mora položiti u akademskoj godini u kojoj se sluša sigurno je poboljšanje u odnosu na raniji sustav, gdje je vremenski odmak od onog neposrednog kontakta studenata i nastavnika do samog ispita nerijetko bio i nekoliko godina. Sve to stavlja nove zadatke pred studente, ali i profesore, jer bi omjer uloženog (za vrijeme nastave) i traženog (na ispitu) trebao biti barem 1/1.

• Sustav je vrlo dobar i s vremenom će ustaljena pravila davati sve bolje i bolje rezultate. Važno je da se svi sudionici procesa na vrijeme upoznaju s pravilima i da ih se ne mijenja retroaktivno. Trenutačno je kritični problem nedostatak kvalitetne nastavne literature na hrvatskom jeziku, za što je potrebno dodatno potaknuti nastavnike.

Kakav je postupak i koji su razlozi promjenama programa studiranja, npr. na preddiplomskom studiju (je li on spor ili brz, efikasan i konkretan ili), hoće li ih biti još? Osim toga, kakove su rezultate polučile dosadašnje promjene u programu?

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

Maganić J., Varga M., (2010): Intervju: Prof. dr. sc. Damir Medak Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 28-31

• Sredinom 2009. godine dekan Geodetskog fakulteta formirao je posebno povjerenstvo koje je trebalo predložiti rješenja za određene probleme u prvoj polovici preddiplomskog studija. Zadatak nije bio lagan jer je izvorna verzija programa imala maksimalni zakonom dozvoljeni postotak obaveznih sadržaja. Na prijedlog nastavnika i studenata, jedan je kolegij premješten s prve na drugu godinu. Na temelju preporuka prve generacije studenata koja je završila preddiplomski studij uvedeni su CAD i statistika. Svim kolegijima koji su imali više od dva sata predavanja tjedno satnica je ujednačena, s tim da je i dio sadržaja transparentno prebačen u druge kolegije.

200 studenata. Kako bi se mogao i treba riješiti taj problem?

• Ako me pitate za rezultate, najvažnija promjena je prekidanje beskonačnog ponovnog slušanja kolegija. Pravilnikom je definirano da se kolegij može ponovno upisati samo još jednom. Interes studenata za polaganjem ispita odjednom je porastao. Ostaje još problem “taktike” pojedinih studenata da tri puta prijavljuju ispit kako bi došli do “komisije”. Vjerujemo da ćemo vrlo brzo naći rješenja koja će i takve slučajeve svesti na minimum.

Postoji li mogućnost da se upisna kvota diplomskoga studija izmjeni?

Mislite li da je geodetska struka pripremila radna mjesta za stručnjake koji završe preddiplomski studij i zašto su se do sada velika većina, ako ne i svi, kolege redovno odlučivali upisati i diplomski studij?

• Već tri godine se klasifikacijski postupak za upis na diplomski studij temelji na srednjoj težinskoj ocjeni položenih ispita s preddiplomskog studija podijeljenoj duljinom trajanja preddiplomskog studija.

Na taj način se „nagrađuju“ studenti koji su studij završili u kraćem roku, sa što boljim ocjenama. Oni koji se ne budu mogli upisati na diplomski studij geodezije i geoinformatike, moći će pokušati upisati neki drugi diplomski studij ili će tražiti posao koji odgovara njihovoj kvalifikaciji sveučilišnog prvostupnika.

• Mogućnost uvijek postoji – prije svega mora biti usklađena s kapacitetom Fakulteta. Nerealno je očekivati da upišemo 200 studenata, jer bi kvaliteta nastave u takvim uvjetima bila ispod željene razine.

Je li potrebno uvesti ispite razlike za sve one koji žele upisati diplomski studij, a nisu završili preddiplomski studij geodezije i geoinformatike?

• Kad bismo uveli razlikovne ispite, vrlo vjerojatno više ne bi bilo kandidata za diplomski studij geodezije i geoinformatike koji su završili neki drugi studij. Na diplomskom studiju treba osjetno povisiti kriterije i bez izuzetka tražiti od svih studenata koji nemaju dovoljna predznanja da ista steknu kroz dodatne aktivnosti. Ne smije se administrativnim mjerama ograničavati mogućnost nastavka diplomskog studija na drugim fakultetima (bez obzira što to neki fakulteti rade).

• Ima još nedorečenosti na razini uloge sveučilišnog prvostupnika u društvu, ne samo u našoj struci. Temeljni cilj procesa je ispravan: u kraćem roku nego ranije student postiže završnost. To nije samo statistički pokazatelj broja visokoobrazovanih građana u Hrvatskoj, nego prekid krajnje neprihvatljive prakse da je u ranijem sustavu bilo dosta studenata koji bi nakon 3-4 godine prekinuli studij i zadržali – srednju stručnu spremu.

Mogu li studenti diplomskog studija jednoga smjera, primjerice geodezije, upisivati izborne kolegije s drugoga tj. geoinformatike?

Molimo Vas da nam objasnite razliku između smjerova (geodezije i geoinformatike), u smislu stručnih poslova koje će nakon studija obavljati, na diplomskom studiju?

• Tu ne bi trebalo biti prepreka. Ako ste na istom fakultetu i u susjednoj učionici se odvija nastava iz kolegija kojeg želite, a ne možete pohađati, to nije dobro.

• Dva smjera koja trenutačno postoje na diplomskom studiju nigdje ne povlače crtu da bi se reklo da jedni smiju raditi samo GIS, a drugi samo inženjersku ili satelitsku geodeziju. Napravljena su dva usmjerenja kako bi se na diplomskom studiju kvalitetnije moglo raditi s manjim brojem studenata. Srodni studiji na sveučilištima u inozemstvu usvojili su sličnu podjelu: geomatika i geoinformatika, geodezije i GIS.

Zašto se događa da studenti diplomskog studija formalno mogu birati otprilike desetak kolegija po semestru, a svake ih se godine održi samo 2-3 stoga se ostatak studenata mora prebaciti na kolegije koje prvotno nije željelo slušati?

Što mislite tko ima ili će u budućnosti imati više posla geodeti ili geoinformatičari?

• Imat će podjednako i jedni i drugi. Govorilo se da će u zemljama koje su sredile zemljišne evidencije nestati posla za geodete. Međutim, pokazalo se da to nije tako. Geodeti trebaju geoinformatičare i obratno.

Obrađivati podatke koje niste prikupili jednostavno ne ide, a prikupljati podatke za koje ne znate čemu će služiti također. Kad sam kao mladi diplomirani inženjer geodezije došao na poslijediplomski studij geoinformatike na Tehničkom sveučilištu u Beču, jedan od mojih prvih zadataka bio je poučavanje studenata arhitekture kako se pomoću teodolita radi presjek naprijed, a drugi povezivanje dvaju brda u Alpama geodetskom mrežom. To su primjeri veze geodezije i geoinformatike.

Upisna kvota diplomskog studija ove godine je 80 studenata, a sljedeće godine bi se mogla dogoditi situacija da će na tih 80 mjesta kandidirati

• Svrha izbornih predmeta je da studenti mogu prilagoditi program svojim interesima. Da bi se kolegij na Ministarstvu znanosti, obrazovanja i športa (u daljnjem tekstu MZOŠ) uopće mogao vrednovati, na kolegij mora biti upisano minimalno 10 studenata. Stajalište je Fakulteta da se nastava ne bi trebala održati, ukoliko ima manje upisanih studenata od toga broja. Razlog tome je što kada Fakultet na MZOŠ šalje program održavanja nastave, MZOŠ kolegije na koje je upisano manje od 10 studenata jednostavno prekriži. Međutim, kada bi se studenti malo bolje organizirali moglo bi se održavati puno više kolegije od 3-4. Događa se da dva kolegija slušaju gotovo svi studenti, a na ostalih 8 se raspoređuje manjina.

Razlikuju li se diplome studenata završenog diplomskog studija, ali različitih smjerova?

• Ne, diplome su identične bez obzira da li je student završio smjer geodezija ili geoinformatika. Kvalifikacija studenta završenog diplomskog studija je jedinstvena i s njom student ne bi smio biti diskriminiran niti u jednom geodetskom poslu kojega želi raditi.

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

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Maganić J., Varga M., (2010): Intervju: Prof. dr. sc. Damir Medak Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 28-31

Rok za završetak dodiplomskog i izvanrednog studija je 30.09. 2012. godine. Što će se dogoditi onima koji do roka ne završe svoj studij tj. obrane diplomski rad?

• Isto što se dogodi s onima koji polože sve ispite na preddiplomskom studiju osim jednoga kojeg su upisivali dvaput. Točnije, biti će prisiljeni prekinuti studij bez obzira na broj preostalih, nepoloženih ispita.

Hoće li to biti rigorozno ili će se dozvoljavati pojedini ustupci za studente kojima ostane 1 ili 2 ispita?

• Rok se neće mijenjati, jer u Zakonu stoji da studij može trajati do tog roka. To su svi studenti dodiplomskoga studija na vrijeme saznali, dobili su rješenje od Geodetskog fakulteta do kada imaju vremena završiti studij.

Jedno osobno pitanje, jeste li Vi iskoristili svoju apsolventsku godinu?

• Da da, znam na što mislite, naravno da sam svoju apsolventsku godinu iskoristio. Unatrag 20 godina postoji propis da se devetsemestralni studij smije završiti u roku od 6 godina, dakle maksimalno trajanje studija bilo je za 1/3 dulje od nominalnog. Isti propis i sada je na snazi: tzv. „apsolventska godina“ je pravo na završetak studija u roku od 4/3 nominalnog trajanja studija.

Imaju li „bolonjci“ šansu koristiti apsolventsku godinu?

• Pravila su jasna: 4/3 nominalnog trajanja studija. Ako diplomski studij traje 2 godine, to znači da trebate diplomirati unutar 2 godine i 8 mjeseci.

Jeste li mišljenja da je naš Fakultet „otvoren“ prema stranim studentima i koliko ih u ovome trenutku studira ovdje? U usporedbi, koliko studenata našeg fakulteta studira ili je studiralo semestar/godinu na drugom Sveučilištu?

• Od ove godine, uz potporu Sveučilišta, krećemo s eksperimentalnom nastavom na engleskom jeziku, nažalost samo iz 2-3 kolegija.

Jezična barijera ozbiljna je prepreka boravku stranih studenata na našem Fakultetu, jer nije logično da strani student mora jednu godinu učiti hrvatski da bi jedan semestar mogao slušati nastavu na našem Fakultetu. Velika želja nam je imati 30 ECTS bodova na engleskom jeziku koje možemo ponuditi stranim studentima. S druge strane, u posljednjih 3-4 godine, po dva do tri studenta koriste međunarodne fondove za studij u inozemstvu.

Postoje li mogućnosti da naši studenti odu u inozemstvo na razmjene (u trajanju 1 mjeseca, cijelog semestra ili cijele godine, te da li naš fakultet priznaje na taj način ostvarene ECTS bodove?

• Da, apsolutno. Postoje odgovarajući obrasci (Learning Agreement) koje treba popuniti prije odlaska na međunarodnu razmjenu i nema nikakvih problema oko priznavanja ECTS bodova. Ove godine profunkcionirao je i program ERASMUS, dok je razmjena preko CEEPUS programa aktivna već 4-5 godina.

Smatrate li da je hrvatsko „geodetsko tržište rada“ spremno prihvatiti toliki broj diplomanata i pripravnika sa VŠS i VSS, a koji će završavati Geodetski fakultet?

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• Ne znam. Ne prihvaćam logiku po kojoj su javna sveučilišta u Hrvatskoj tvornice robe za “tržište rada”. Sveučilišta služe društvu tako što mlade, kreativne ljude uče samostalno i kritično razmišljati, na temelju znanstveno dokazanih činjenica. Sveučilište u Zagrebu odobrava upisne kvote u skladu s prostornim i kadrovskim kapacitetom našeg Fakulteta. Od uvođenja novih studijskih programa geodezije i geoinformatike, interes maturanata za naš studij je 300-400 kandidata na 100-115 mjesta, dakle 3:1, i to je sjajno. Na nama je da kvalitetno obrazujemo onoliko mladih ljudi koliko možemo, ne podliježući kušnji da u tom procesu povećavamo kvotu preko realnih kapaciteta. Na fakultetima, posebno tehničkim, iznimna je odgovornost, jer razvijene zapadne zemlje već sada osjećaju veliki manjak inženjera i informatičara.

Vrijedi li diploma Geodetskog fakulteta u inozemstvu?

• Diploma Geodetskog fakulteta, u smislu akademske kvalifikacije, uvijek je važila vani i to ne samo na europskom kontinentu. Dokaz toj činjenici je da su mnogi profesori našega fakulteta otišli „van“ na poslijediplomski studij, koji im je omogućio stjecanje zvanja doktora znanosti.

• Danas se sve češće u inozemstvu traži odgovarajuća licenca za obavljanje geodetskih poslova. Zakonodavstvo svake zemlje to određuje zasebno i ne može se dogoditi da netko može doći samo tako i obavljati geodetske radove. To je tako u Hrvatskoj i u bilo kojoj sređenoj državi u svijetu.

Koji bi, po Vama, bio „idealan“, a istovremeno provedivi model plaćanja studentskih školarina?

• Participacija studenata u troškovima studija, popularno “školarina”, problematična je pojava na javno financiranim sveučilištima. Ne postoji idealan model. Bio bih najsretniji da se stvarni troškovi unapređenja nastave (suvremeni geodetski instrumenti i pribor, knjige i časopisi, informatička oprema, usavršavanje nastavnika, terenska nastava, studentska praksa) plaćaju Fakultetu iz državnog proračuna, pa bismo se mogli više baviti akademskim, a manje administrativnoračunovodstvenim poslovima. Ako su najnoviji potezi Sveučilišta i Ministarstva znanosti, obrazovanja i športa na tragu postupnog ukidanja neposrednog plaćanja participacija na relaciji student-fakultet, to je dobar put.

Zbog čega se dogodio slučaj da kolege koje su u prošlosti stekle zvanje ing. geod. mogu postati ovlašteni inženjeri geodezije, a danas kolege koji završe preddiplomski studij to ne mogu? Ovdje pretpostavljamo analogiju između prijašnjeg ing. geod. i današnjeg B. Sc. • Hrvatska komora ovlaštenih inženjera u graditeljstvu (HKOIG) je osnovana puno kasnije nego što se u struci pojavilo zvanje ing. geod.

U tom je prijelaznom razdoblju tadašnjoj VŠS (višoj stručnoj spremi), uz ispunjavanje svih uvjeta omogućen ulazak u Komoru. Međutim, o kriterijima o stjecanju članstva u Komoru odlučuje sama Komora, a ne Fakultet. Tada je ulazak ing. geod. bio iznimka, a stav Komore danas je da jedino dipl. ing. geod. tj. danas magistari inženjeri geodezije i geoinformatike mogu steći ovlaštenje. Osobno mislim da bi za upis u Komoru trebao biti kriterij završenoga i preddiplomskog i diplomskog studija geodezije i geoinformatike.

Kada mladi student završi fakultet, sigurno je da posjeduje svoje vlastite interese i neke grane geodezije ga privlače više od drugih.

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

Maganić J., Varga M., (2010): Intervju: Prof. dr. sc. Damir Medak Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 28-31

Međutim, tada se suoči s problemom osiguranja egzistencije. Treba li se tada voditi vlastitim interesom i u životu raditi što ga zanima i što želi ili ipak otići u „lov“ za novcem?

IGSM 2010 Profesore, u kojoj ste mjeri i na koje načine sudjelovali u organizaciji i pripremi IGSM-a 2010?

• Poznata dilema: da li je bolje za manje novca raditi što volite ili za više novca nešto što ne volite. Većina ljudi će vjerojatno popustiti i izabrati „patnju“ koja se bolje plaća nego „užitak“ za manje novaca.

Cilj bi trebao biti kada ljudi riješe temeljna egzistencijalna pitanja po mogućnosti izabrati onaj posao kojeg više vole.

• Osobno sam, zajedno s dekanom, imao redovite sastanke s organizatorima-studentima i zajednički smo rješavali sve probleme koji su se pojavili. Sudjelovao sam prezentacijom na otvaranju i radionicom o laserskom skeniranju.

Možete li po znanju, zalaganju te općenito o mogućnostima i uvjetima studiranja usporediti studenta danas i u vrijeme kada ste Vi studirali?

Jeste li, kao student, sudjelovali na sličnim susretima studenata i jeste li očekivali i nadali se da će se jednoga dana IGSM zaista organizirati u Zagrebu?

• Vremena su se promijenila: podaci su danas dostupniji nego ikad, ali izvlačenje važnih informacija i sinteza kojom se postupno akumuliraju znanja postaje veliki izazov. Prije 25 godina imali smo na raspolaganju puno manje, ali smo to nadoknađivali zalaganjem, suradnjom i razmjenom znanja. Tada je na cijelom fakultetu studentima bilo na raspolaganju samo jedno računalo sa 64 kB memorije, a ipak su svi koji su htjeli mogli programirati; danas studenti imaju 60 računala s terabajtima memorije, internetom, pa opet, postotak onih koji programiraju nije pretjerano porastao. No, to je samo jedan, tehnički detalj. Važnije je da su studenti postali otvoreniji, kritičniji, spremniji na iznošenje svojih stavova i to treba nadalje ohrabrivati.

• Kao student sam sudjelovao na susretima studenata građevine i geodezije krajem osamdesetih: kvizovi, sportski susreti. Onda smo 1990. godine snimili fakultetskom VHS-kamerom jedan filmić i otišli u Graz – na IGSM.

Zašto nam se događa da stručnjaci iz drugih struka mogu i obavljaju poslove za koje se školuju geodeti i geoinformatičari. Npr. građevinari koji niveliraju, FER-ovci koji rade GIS? • Zato što nema monopola na znanje. Mi nismo i ne možemo biti ceh, izolirana skupina zatvorena prema “drugima”. Mnogi važni ljudi u svjetskoj povijesti bili su geodeti, jer to jest struka koja povezuje prirodu i društvo, teren i ured, tehnologiju i međuljudsku komunikaciju.

Univerzalno smo potrebni i korisni, toga trebamo biti svjesni i na to trebamo biti ponosni. Samo nas treba biti više.

U usporedbi s srodnim fakultetima u inozemstvu naš, Geodetski fakultet u u Zagrebu, stoji …

• Naš Fakultet stoji i dalje jako dobro: jedino samostalno geodetsko visoko učilište na koje se želi upisati 3-4 puta više kandidata od broja primljenih, s toliko mladih, odličnih asistenata i doktora znanosti sigurno ima perspektivu.

Evidentno je da su se, u procesu implementiranja računalne i informacijske tehnologije, u svim granama geodezije, u zadnjih 15-20 godina dogodile ogromne promjene. Kako Vi gledate na to i zamišljate li možda geodeziju u slijedećih 5, 10 ili 15 godina?

• Teško je dati odgovor na Vaše pitanje: da mi je prije samo 5 godina netko sa sigurnošću mogao reći da ćemo danas na dlanu imati detaljne karte bilo kojeg djelića svijeta, mogućnost pozicioniranja s točnošću od 1-3 m, glasovnu navigaciju, i sve to za 1 kunu dnevno, osobno ne bih vjerovao. Predviđanje budućnosti, razvoja i pristupačnosti svih tehnologija te njihove implementacije u geodeziji i geoinformatici zaista je nezahvalno. Upravo u tome leži i tajna velikog zanimanja mladih za struku. Zbog toga je tako zanimljivo imati čast predavati i istraživati na Geodetskom fakultetu.

S obzirom da ste rekli da ste i vi sudjelovali na IGSM susretima, možete li usporediti tadašnje susrete sa ovogodišnjim?

• Nažalost, nismo mogli naći VHS-medij koji bi rekao više od riječi. Kolege s TU Graz su to sjajno organizirali: smještaj, stručni, zabavni i kulturni sadržaji, sve je bilo dojmljivo.

Možete li reći kako je Fakultet (profesori, dekan, ostalo osoblje, te studenti) prihvatio održavanje ovakvog susreta i kakva je bila potpora tijekom organizacije i tijekom samoga susreta?

• Fakultet je napravio sve što se moglo (čak možda i malo više od onog što se smjelo :). Nespretno bi bilo isticati pojedince, vjerujem da ste to i sami uočili – na održanim predavanjima i radionicama treba čestitati posebice mlađim kolegicama i kolegama. Mislim da je svima, i profesorima i studentima, taj tjedan značio puno više od “razdoblja djelomičnog prekida nastave”. Što konkretno i vrijedno studenti dobivaju iz studentskih susreta ovakvoga tipa? Znanje, iskustvo, kontakte…

• Za početak je to uvijek jedan mali “kulturni šok”, jer sve predrasude o tome kako je u svim drugim zemljama i na svim drugim sveučilištima “puno bolje” najčešće padaju u vodu. Sigurno se dosta toga i nauči, opet možda malo više o međuljudskim odnosima i komunikaciji nego o struci. Kontakti ostaju dugo, dugo, i sam se sjećam da su kasniji susreti s kolegama s IGSM-a u Austriji imali važan utjecaj na moj osobni profesionalni razvoj.

Kako možete opisati samu organizaciju i realizaciju IGSM-a 2010?

• Prvo, studenti su aktivnosti započeli pravodobno. Imao sam sreću osobno vidjeti naše studente na djelu na sajmu InterGEO u Karlsruheu i, kasnije, rezultate te akcije. Sve je napravljeno uzorno, besprijekorno. Kao da su to radili već 10-15 puta.

Kojom bi ocjenom ocijenili čitavi susret i jesu li se ostvarila Vaša očekivanja?

• Ocjena je izvrstan (5). Bio je to najvažniji događaj na Geodetskom fakultetu u posljednjih 10 godina. Odjeci će se tek vidjeti. E

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

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Maganić J., Varga M., (2010): Interview: Prof. dr. sc. Damir Medak Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 32-35

Jakov Maganić, univ. bacc. ing. geod. et geoinf.

Matej Varga, univ. bacc. ing. geod. et geoinf.

► Graduate studies, Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, Kačićeva 26, 10000 Zagreb, jmaganic@geof.hr ► Graduate studies, Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, Kačićeva 26, 10000 Zagreb, mvarga@geof.hr

Interview: Prof. dr. sc. Damir Medak > vice-dean for teaching and students

What is your opinion on the new highschool leaving exam and its implementation?

• Highschool leaving exam is a very good thing that equalizes possibilities of all students to enroll into higher education facilities. The only problem that arises are vocational schools, since all parts of the exam are adjusted to the gymnasium programs. The question that occurs is what technical universities should now do. However, this type of exam is much better than any classification exam because the student has more options now and can apply to more higher education institutions. It reduces travel costs, everything is transparent, it diminishes misusage of authorities during enrolllment.

• As time goes by, I’m more and more satisfied with the Bologna process implementation. More and more professors introduces methods of following students continouslly during one term, there are more and more students enrolling to graduate studies at our faculty who finished their undergraduate studies at another faculty, the interest in international student exchange rises. Maybe it is just my opinion, but I think that the first wave of adjustment – with 220 students having enrolled 5 years ago to the first year of undergraduate studies – is through.

• The instruction at the Faculty of geodesy has been like on Bologna during decades, but only in certain courses: colloqiums helping students not to take the whole exam but only a part of it, team work in small gropus, assistant’s help, common student practice. The new studying tempo where one course should be passed in the same academic year it has been taken is certainly an improvement compared to the old system, where the time between listening to a course and taking an exam was very often a couple of years. It all puts new tasks in front of students, but also in front of professors, since the ratio between given in class and wanted on the exam should be at least 1/1.

• This system is very good and the new rules will show better and better results in time. It is very important that all participant of the process know all the rules and that they are not changed retroactively. The critical problem at the moment is lack of literature in Croatian and that is a task for professors.

How come that some faculties still have both highschool leaving exam and entrance exam?

• Yes, there are institutions that still have that extra entrence exam. The same happened in Slovenia, where a half of faculties had entrance exams and another half didn’t have them. After three years, they decided to cancel extra exams. If the highschool leaving exam functions in Norwey, Australia, Slovenia, I hope it can function in Croatia as well.

All the students entering highschool should have been informed about the exam they would be taking in 4 – 5 years so that they could have decided what school and even already what faculty to choose.

Undergraduate studies at the Faculty of civil engineering in Split and 30 students enrollled. How would you comment that?

• It should not be bad, because the stand of the University of Zagreb is that it should focus on graduate and postgraduate studies where students could acquire advanced vocational and scientific knowledge.

At the level of the University, there should be decentralisation and especially of those faculties with a large number of students. The fact that „everyone“ studies in Zagreb burdens capacities of certain faculties, both when in comes to personnel and space. Students in Split will receive education from doctors of geodesy who used to study at the faculty in Zagreb.

How satisfied are you with the Bologna process implementation at our faculty? Do you have any specific examples that show where the Bologna process is better than the old system and in what aspects can it be improved i.e. it shows imperfections?

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What is the procedure and what are the reasons for program changes at the undergraduate studies for example (is it slow or quick, effective and precise or), will there be more changes? Apart from that, what are the results of the program changes that have already been made?

• In summer 2009 the dean of the Faculty of geodesy formed special commission that should propose solutions for certain problems in the first part of the undergraduate studies. It was not an easy task, because the original version of the program had a maximum percent of allowed obligatory contents. On students’ and professors’ proposal, one of the courses was moved from the first to the second year.

As recommended by the first generation of students who finished their undergraduate studies CAD and statistics were introduced.

All courses that had more than 2 hours a week had their schedule equalized and a part of the contents was transparently transferred to other courses.

• If you ask me for results, the most important change is the end of endless relistening to a course. It was defined that a course can be reentered only once. Students’ interest for taking an exam suddenly increased. There is still a problem of the tactics of certain students who apply three times for an exam just to get to the commission. I believe that we will soon find solutions that will minimise such cases.

Do you think that the profession can offer work for experts who finished their undergraduate studies and how come that the most or even all of them decided to enroll into graduate studies?

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

Maganić J., Varga M., (2010): Interview: Prof. dr. sc. Damir Medak Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 32-35

• There are still understatements when the baccalauretes are concerned, not only in our profession. The basic goal of the process is correct: shorter term to getting a degree. It is not only a statistic number of citizens with higher education in Croatia, but the end of the unacceptable practice in the old system, where students used to cut their studies after 3-4 years keeping only their high school degree.

• If we intoduced those exams, there would probably be no more such candidates. The criteria on the graduate studies should be increased significantly and without exception ask of all the students who don’t have enough foreknowledge to acquire it through extra activities. No administrative measure should restrict the sequel of the studies at other faculties (no matter that some faculties do that).

Could you please explain the differences between directions (geodesy and geoinformatics) on graduate studies in terms of works that will be done after graduation?

Do the students on one direction, for example geodesy, of graduate studies take elective courses from another direction i.e. geoinformatics?

• These two directions of the graduate studies don’t draw a line forbidding one of them to do GIS and the other one engineer or satellite geodesy. There are two directions so that the work can be better with smaller number of students. Similar studies abroad have similar divisions: geomatics and geoinformatics, geodesy and GIS.

• There should not be any obstacles. If you are at the same faculty and there is a course you want to attend in the classroom nextdoor, and you can’t attend it, that is not good.

In your opinion, who will have more jobs offered in the future geodets or geoinformatitions?

• There won’t be much of a difference. It used to be said that there would not be any job for geodets in countries that managed their land evidence. However, it has been shown that it is not so. Geodets need geoinformatitions and vice versa. Processing data that you didn’t gather is impossible as well as gathering data you don’t know how to use. As I as a young engineer of geodesy came to postgraduate studies at the Technical university in Vienna, one of the first tasks I got was teaching architecture students how to do a frontal cut by means of theodolite, and the second one was to connect two mountains in the Alps with a geodetic network. These are the examples of connection between geodesy and geoinformatics.

The entry quota for the graduate studies this year is 80 students and next year there could be 200 candidates for this 80 places. How could and should this problem be solved?

• The classification procedure for three years already has taken the average note of the exams during undergraduate studies into account and they have been divided with the length of the studies’ duration.

In such a way, those students are rewarded who finished their undergraduate studies in shorter period with better grades. Those students who won’t be able to enroll to the graduate studies will get a chance to enroll to another graduate studies or to get a job according to their qualifications as baccalaureates.

How come that it often occurs that graduate studies students can formally choose 10 or more courses per term and that every year there are only 2-3 of them held so that they have to transfer to those courses they initially didn’t want to take?

• The purpose of elective courses is for students to adjust the program to their interests. For a course to be validated by the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports (MZOŠ), there should be at least 10 students enrolled into that course. The stand of the Faculty is that the lessons should not take place if there are less than 10 students. The reason for it is that when the Faculty sends lesson plans to MZOŠ, they cross those courses that have less than 10 students. However, if students organized themselves better, there would be more than 3-4 courses. It happens that there are two courses that all the students want to attend and a minority chooses other eight courses.

Are there differences in graduate studies students’ diplomas depending on their directions?

• No, their diplomas are identical no matter what direction the student has finished, geodesy or geoinformatics. The qualifications of the graduate students are unique and should not be discriminated at no job they would like to do.

The deadline for old system students and part-time studies is September 30, 2012. What will happen to those students who don’t graduate until then?

Is there a possibility to change the entry quota of the graduate studies?

• The same thing that happens to those who passed all the exams except one they enrolled twice on the undergraduate studies. To be more precise, they will be forced to cut studies no matter how many exams they had left to pass.

• There is always a possibility – it has to be in terms with the capacity of the Faculty. It is not realistic to expect that we enroll 200 students, because it would disable the level of quality needed for these studies.

Will that be very strict or will they still have a possibility if they will have only one or two exams left?

Is there a need for exams for those who haven’t finished undergraduate studies of geodesy and geoinformatics and who want to enroll into graduate studies?

• The deadline will not be changed, because the Law allows studying until that deadline. All the students knew that on time, they got a solution from the Faculty of geodesy with the deadline until which they have to graduate.

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

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Maganić J., Varga M., (2010): Interview: Prof. dr. sc. Damir Medak Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 32-35

One personal question, did you use your graduate year?

• Yes, yes, I know what you mean, of course I used it. If we look 20 years backwards, there is a regulation that a 9-term studies may be finished in six years, i.e. maximum duration of the study was 1/3 longer than nominal. The same regulation is effective now: the so called graduate year is the right to end your studies in time of 4/3 of your nominal studies duration.

Do the Bologna students have a chance to use their graduate?

• The rules are clear: 4/3 of the nominal studies duration. If the graduate studies last two years, it means that you need to graduate during two years and eight months.

In your opinion, is our Faculty open to foreign students and how many of them are there at the faculty at this moment? In comparison, how many of our students has spent or is now spending a term/ year at another University?

• From this year, with the support of the University, we will begin with the experimental courses in English, unfortunately in only 2-3 courses. Language barrier is a serious obstacle for the foreign students at our Faculty, because it is not logical that a foreign student must spend a year learning Croatian so that he can spend one term at our faculty. Our wish is to have 30 ECTS points in English that we could offer to foreign students. On the other hand, in the last 3-4 years, two to three students use international funds for studying abroad.

Is there a possibility for our students to participate in the exchange somewhere abroad (in duration of one month, one term or one year, and does our faculty acknowledge the ECTS points acquired in this way?

• Yes, absolutely. There are certain Learning Agreements that need to be filled before going on an exchange and there are no problems in acknowledging the ECTS points. From this year, we are also a part of the ERASMUS program, and the exchange through CEEPUS program has been active for 4-5 years already.

Do you think that the Croatian geodetic labour market is ready to accept such a big number of graduates and trainees with high and higher education who will graduate from the Faculty of geodesy?

• I don’t know. I don’t accept the logic by which all public universities in Croatia represent „goods factories“ for the labour market. The universities are here for the society and they teach young, creative individuals how to think independently and critically, on basis of scientifically proved facts. The University of Zagreb approves entrance quota in accordance with our space and personnel capacity. Since the introduction of the new study programs of geodesy and geoinformatics, the interest of the highschool students is 300-400 candidates on 100-115 places, which is great. Our job is to teach as many young people as possible, not underlying the trial to increase the quotaover real capacities in that process. At the faculties, especially technical ones, the responsibility is enormous because the developed countries already have a lack of engineers and IT specialists.

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Is our diploma accepted and valuable abroad?

• The diploma of the Faculty of geodesy, by means of academic qualifications, was always accpeted abroad and not only in Europe. The proof are many of our professors who had gone abroad on a postgraduate studies, that enabled them to get a doctor degree.

• Nowadays, it is more often asked for a certain licence to do geodetic jobs abroad. The legislation of each country defines it and it can’t happen that someone comes without licence or permissions and wants to do geodetic jobs. It is so in Croatia and in any tidy state in the world.

In your opinion, what would be the ideal and at the same time possible model of paying student fees?

• The participation of the student in the costs of the study, popular fee, is a problematic occurence at the publically financed universities. There is no ideal model. I would be the happiest person if the real costs of lessons improvement (modern geodetic instruments and equipment, books, magazines, informatic equipment, professors specialization, fieldwork, student practice) were paid to the Faculty from the state budget, so that we would be able to deal more with academic, than with administrative and accounting jobs. If the most recent moves of the University and MZOŠ are on track of gradual cutting of direct participation payment on the relation student-faculty, then it is a good way.

How come that the colleagues who in the past got a degree of the engineers of geodesy could become authorized engineers and the ones finishing undergraduate studies at the moment can’t? We suggest the analogy of engineers of geodesy and B.Sc. of today.

• Croatian chamber of authorized engineers of geodesy (HKOIG) has been founded much later than there was a title engineer of geodesy.

In the transition period everyone with higher education degree could have entered the chamber upon meeting all the criteria. However, the one who decides who can enter the Chamber is the chamber itself and not the faculty. The entrance of the engineers at that time was an exception, and the stand of the Chamber today is that only the graduates of geodesy and geoinformatics can get an authorization.

When the young student graduates, he surely has his own interests and is attracted to some branches of geodesy more than to other.

However, he then faces the problem of existence insurance. Should he then be led by his own interest and do what he wants to do in life or go after money?

• The well known dilemma: is it better to work for less money and do what you want or to earn more money and do what you don’t want to do. The majority will probably decide to suffer and earn more money than to enjoy and earn less. The aim should be to solve essential existential problems and then do what one prefers.

Could you compare students’ knowledge, work, possibilities and conditions for studying now and at the time you were a student?

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• Times changed: it is easier to get data now, but extracting essential information and synthesis that gradually accumulates knowledge has become quite a challenge. 25 years ago we had a lot less but we worked harder, cooperated and exchanged knowledge. At that time we had only one computer in the building with 64 kB memory and still everyone who wanted to make programs could do that; nowadays there are 60 computers with terabytes of memory, internet and the percentage of those who make programs has not risen a lot. It is only one technical detail. More important is that the students are now more open minded, critical, ready to express their opinions and it should be encouraged further on.

How come that the experts from other branches may and do works that the geodets and geoinformatitions are schooled for. For example, civil engineers who level, mechanical engineers who work with GIS? • It is because there is no monopoly on knowledge. We are not and cannot be a guild, an isolated group closed to other people. Many important people in world history were geodets, because it is a profession that connects nature and society, field and office, technology and interpersonal communication. We are universally necessary and useful, we should be aware and proud of that. There just needs to be more of us.

Compared to similar faculties abroad, our Faculty of geodesy in Zagreb stands…

• Our Faculty still stands very good: the only independent geodetic higher education institution, where 3-4 times more candidates want to enroll than it is accepted, with so many young, excellent assistants and doctors of science surely has a good perspective.

It is evident that it came to enormous changes in all branches of geodesy during the process of implementation of computer and information technology in the last 15-20 years. How do you see those changes and do you maybe think of geodesy in 5, 10 or 15 years?

• It is a difficult question: if only 5 years ago someone told me that we would have detailed map of every single part of the world in our hands, the possibility of positioning with precision of 1-3 m, voice navigation, and all that for only 1 HRK daily, I would not believe him.

Future predictions, development and accessibility of all technologies and their implementation in geodesy and geoinformatics is really ungrateful. That is exactly the point in which the interest of young people for this branch lies. That is why it is so interesting to have the honour to teach and make research at the Faculty of Geodesy.

IGSM 2010

together. I also participated with my presentation at the openning and with a workshop on laser scanning.

Did you, as a student, participate in similar meetings and did you expect or hope that such a meeting will take place in Zagreb one day?

• At the end of the 80s, I used to participate as a student in geodesy and civil engineering student meetings: quizes, sport events. In 1990 we recorded a short film using the faculty VHS-camera and we went to Graz – to the IGSM.

Since you told us that you had participated in IGSM meetings, could you compare those meetings with the one that has been held this year?

• Unfortunately, we couldn’t find the VHS-media that could say more than words. Our colleagues from TU Graz organized it very well: accomodation, professional, entertainment and cultural contents, everything was impressive.

Could you tell us how did the faculty (professors, dean, other staff and students) accept such a meeting taking place and how was the support during organization and the meeting itself?

• The faculty made everything possible, maybe even more than allowed :). It would be awkward to point out individuals, you must have noticed that alone – young collegues should be awarded on held lectures and workshops. I think that for both professors and students, it meant more than a week with almost no lectures taking place.

What is important and valuable that the students get from such a meeting? Knowledge, experience, contacts…

• In the beginning it is always a little cultural shock,because all prejudice that in other countries and at other universities everything functions better usually turn out to be wrong. One can certianly learn a lot, maybe more about interpersonal relations and communication than about the branch. Contacts remain for a long time, I remember that meetings with the colleagues I met on IGSM in Austria had an important impact on my personal development.

How can you describe the organization and realization of the IGSM 2010?

• First of all, the students started all the activities at the right time. I was lucky to see our students work, searching for sponsors, at the InterGEO fair in Karlsruhe, and later the results of it. Everything was made exemplary, without a single mistake. As if they had already done that 10-15 times.

Professor, how much and in what ways did you participate in organization and preparation of IGSM 2010?

How would you grade the whole event and did your expectations come true?

• I, personally, together with the dean, had regular meetings with the organizers-students and we solved all the problems that appeared

• The grade is excellent (5). It was the most important event at the Faculty of geodesy in the last ten years. The echoes will be seen. E

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Croatia 2010

Zagreb, 2. - 8. May

Introduction With great impatience and a great number of sleepless nights, we finally greeted the historic event on our faculty International Geodetic Students Meeting-IGSM. Organization board, with Hrvoje Mahović and Sandra Keran ahead, have spent more than one year preparing for this unique gathering of students from Albania, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Holland, Poland, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey and Great Britain. This year we had Canada as participating country for the first time along with some other European universities which never participated at this event.

Author: Sandra Keran Photographs: Ivan Tomljenović, Hrvoje Bogner and Ozren Buriša

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IGSM Croatia 2010 As the date of the meeting was approaching the excitement in the eyes of the organizers as well as fear whether everything would pass as planned grew from day to day. Long-term preparations were at their peak and the IGSM Croatia 2010 Organization Board composed of 8 young students from The Faculty of Geodesy in Zagreb did everything for this project to succeed. Each of the organizers was in charge of one segment of organization: Hrvoje Mahović, the Board president did the coordination and together with Sandra Keran, the Board vice president, dealt with the issues of accommodation and agenda, Petra Dobravac, the Board secretary, dealt with the issue of food, Damir Kontrec, the design and web master, did the web page, all the certificates and promotional materials, Albert Hrženjak and Luka Pavličić searched for the sponsors, Mario Božić organized parties, Leonida Klarić participated in finding sponsors.

Several weeks before the meeting preparations intensified: the team from our faculty, which would become an important part of the IGSM, gathered. After the invitation was sent over 20 students, who wanted to actively participate, applied and each of them was given a special task.

The team members were: Anđelo Jareb, Antonije Ivanović, Daria Kolak, Domagoj Pavlik, Hrvoje Bogner, Ivan Padovan, Ivan Tomljenović, Lucija Vučić, Marijan Grgić, Marino Čuljat, Marko Orlović, Nada Ćosić, Ozren Buriša, Petra Vrljičak, Sanja Čarić, Tea Babić and Zorana Marunčić, to whom we express our gratitude for volunteering which presented one unforgettable experience and new friendships to them.

As soon as the first participants came every doubt in bad organization disappeared; the guests showed their enthusiasm with the way they were welcomed but also with the faculty building which, together with the sports facility in the area, became an ideal shelter where they slept, ate, listened to the lectures and participated in workshops. Even though it rained on the day of their arrival it did not discourage them so they went sightseeing the same day based on their own interests and wishes.

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Immediate IGSM Croatia 2010 Organization Board

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A few of the IGSM Croatia 2010 host students

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IGSM Croatia 2010 participants’ registration

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Monday The official beginning of the IGSM was on the next morning. The ceremonious atmosphere filled the air but we were still not aware how special that moment was because we were only at the beginning of the week. The biggest and the most beautiful lecture-room which is the representative pattern of a faculty lecture-room was chosen for the opening of the meeting. The opening ceremony was held by the Organization Board secretary Petra Dobravac who did this important part of the protocol professionally. Her role was to present the appreciated guests and to announce the speakers as well as Zadar’s harmony-singing group, Kandelora which opened the meeting by performing the national anthem “Lijepa naša domovino” (figure 4) The first speaker was the president of the IGSM Croatia 2010 Organization Board and the IGSO general secretary, Hrvoje Mahović, the central person who governed this project (figure 6)

Hrvoje Mahović expressed his gratitude to all those who helped in the project realization, presented members of the organization board, stuff from the faculty and sponsors (figure 1).

The dean for academic affairs prof. dr. sc. Damir Medak took over the microphone after Hrvoje and his speech additionally encouraged us and raised our self-confidence which was very important at the moment.

The following speakers were: prof. dr. sc. Bojan Baletić, the Vice-Chancellor for space planning who held a short speech in the name of prof. dr. sc. Aleksa Bjeliš, the head of Zagreb University; prof. dr. sc. Željko Bačić the president of State geodetic administration who held speech in the name of Mrs. Marina Matulović Dropulić, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical Planning and Construction woman minister; Jožef Delak, dipl. ing. geod., the president of Croatian geodetic society. A letter from the Croatian Lady Prime Minister Jadranka Kosor was read and she wished us a successful and productive week.

The rest of the day passed in sightseeing in a unique geodetic way-

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Geochallenge. Namely, we divided participants into 10 groups trying to combine students from different countries in each of the groups. Each group was taken to its starting point. The group’s guide shortly explained the sights and the history of the place and set a short assignment for the group before it moved to the next point. Some of the assignments were to find the geodetic point in the circle of 30 m, to read the temperature on the thermometer, to find an important cultural monument and similar. The group moved to the next point by using the city plan with guidelines and in that way they got to know the city and its sights.

The participants were delighted by the interesting and instructive city sightseeing and as the name Geochallenge says there was a surprise at the end. When all groups gathered in front of the Croatian National Theatre the group representatives had to answer the questions concerned with what they saw or heard. The best group representative won a reward for his/her group-beer free of charge. The photographer Ivan Tomljenović took a photograph which represented us in media and on our web page.

We spent the rest of the night in K pivovari-hall where our guests enjoyed the good food and home brewed beer.

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Harmony-singing group, Kandelora which opened the meeting by performing the national anthem

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IGSM Croatia 2010 opening ceremony

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The IGSM Croatia 2010 Organization Board president, Hrvoje Mahović

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The dean for academic affairs prof. dr. sc. Damir Medak

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Tuesday The next day marked the beginning of the formal part of the program: lectures, given by our professors and assistants. The professors were: doc. dr. sc. Vlado Cetl, dr. sc. Robert Župan, prof. dr. sc. Damir Medak, doc. dr. sc. Jelena Beban-Brkić, mr. sc. Vida Zadelj Martić, Krešimir Babić, dipl. ing. geod. and Dražen Odobašić, dipl. ing. geod., whom we are grateful for participation and contribution (figure 11). Their interesting lectures greatly increased the quality of the whole IGSM! We went on a trip to Lonjsko polje and Novska in the afternoon.

After lectures we went on a two hour bus ride during which the participants were sleeping due to a dense schedule which was filled with parties but also with lectures and workshops. As we came to Lonjsko polje the participants were divided into two groups. One group saw a 20 minute long film about the importance of Lonjsko polje and the wildlife that occupies the area (figure 11) while another group went for a walk with gamekeepers who also explained the origins of environment and natural changes specific for the area (figure 12). After they finished the groups swapped and free time was used for taking photographs and relaxing.

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The participants while exploring Zagreb during Geochallenge

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The IGSM Croatia 2010 participants in front of the Croatian National Theatre

10. The participants in the beer-hall 11. Geodetic faculty professors’ lectures 12. doc. dr. sc. Jelena Beban-Brkić lectures 13. Lonjsko polje wildlife, movie presentation

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At the end of our tour we went towards Novska. Upon coming to town, the mayor of Novska, Antun Vidaković, dipl. ing. geod. greeted us in their newly opened cinema and told us something about the history of the town. He presented us The Geographical Informational System (GIS) which was recently implemented and contained spatial data from different sources united in digital spatial database (figure 16) The purpose of WEB GIS of the city of Novska is to offer its citizens, businessmen, tourist and everyone else seeking information, insight in almost every spatial data trough simple approach.

This project enables spatial orientation, positioning and physical space through the system of maps and locations based on topographic content in GIS technology. It contains regional plan of arrangement, urban plan of Novska, digital cadastral plan, digital ortho-photo plan, state agricultural plan and log of house numbers.

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The mayor wished us a successful meeting and escorted us to primary school where we had dinner: beans prepared in a hunter’s mannerspecialty of the area. Everybody enjoyed this delicacy except for Turks, who don’t eat pork because of religious reasons.

Upon coming to Zagreb we took a short break before our night out in Saloon, Zagreb night club. The quests were welcomed by Jagermeister hostesses, who placed a flower collar around everyone’s neck and by doing this, symbolised introduction into dancing atmosphere with DJ Boris Poklepović who also attended IGSM Valencia two years ago. In my opinion this was the best party and lasted all the way till morning.

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14. Participants in the nature park 15. Participants in Lonjsko polje 16. Novska GIS 17. Participants in Novska 18. In front of Novska city cinema 19. Saloon party

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Wednesday Wednesday was the day devoted to education: workshops and lectures. From early morning all classrooms were set up and prepared for workshops which were held in cooperation with our professors and assistants. We offered 4 different workshops to our participants and they were able to choose one of them. Attending workshops was optional, but if they chose to participate they were rewarded with 1 ECTS point in form of a certificate given by the University of Zagreb on the last day of the meeting.

Participants were obliged to inform their ECTS coordinator upon coming back to faculty so that he/ she could accept this point. This is also a novelty on IGSM and we are proud that we were able to realize professor Medak’s idea.

The workshops were: The geodetic instruments, Road modeling, Theory and application of terrestrial laser scanning in geodesy and OpenStreetMap- a free of charge map of the world.

However, bad weather influenced our workshops and we had to transfer instruments and other equipment inside the faculty building. This didn’t affect the quality of workshops. Groups made of 30 students were spread throughout the whole building and thanks to our workshop leader, our idea was a success.

After the lunch break participants held their lectures in the english language. I would like to point out the lecture “Studying in Belgrade” given by our colleagues from Belgrade University, Petar Lojanica, Nenad Višnjevac and Stefan Ivanović which made us laugh. Namely, the Belgrade team presented the-

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ir faculty in an unusual manner by describing everything that would be interesting to a student who would come to study in Belgrade: dorms, canteen, nightlife and sights worth seeing. In the middle of their presentation they threw rubber balls and gave us their Tourist community DVDs. At the end of presentation they asked us a question and a reward for the student who answered correctly was a book Least squares with the author’s inscription. The lecture ended in a cheerful tone by rewarding the participant who answered the question and by taking a photograph.

After the lecturers entertained audience, we continued with other lectures. Our students Petra Dobravac, Jasmina Hamzić and Marko Gojčeta got a grade in their index for an excellent lecture.

We were impatiently waiting for dinner because it was a national dinner. Every country presents its own specialties during this event. Each country had its own table in Odeon students’ mess hall and we were going from table to table and tasted offered delicacies. The Swiss brought chocolate and cheese, the Germans beer, Turkish made their homemade potato and tomato soup and Polish offered us with their best quality vodka – Żubrówka. The most interesting performance was made by Austrians, who offered us a ‘burning cookie’, a chocolate wafer or a Mozart ball on a toothpick dipped into homemade rum ‘Stroh’, which is then lit up and eaten while burning. To avoid first degree burns, the cookie must be put in mouth from above and you should close your mouth as soon as you can so that the flame would extinguish due to lack of oxygen.

We also had our own table, around which participants, as every year before, gathered and enjoyed tasting smoked ham from Drniš, cheese from Pag, walnut loaf, plum brandy and wine.

The atmosphere in Odeon reached its peak when DJ Poklepović arrived; this was the second night in a row that he entertained the participants. I can only say that I don’t see Odeon the same way as before. It’s like it’s no longer just a place where we go to eat and drink coffee. After we ate and drank everything, the party transferred to the upper part of Odeon and into the back yard. Other students from our faculty also joined us on this night.

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20. The lecture given by participants 21. Participants during lectures 22. Submiting the book 23. Burning cookie – preparation

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24. Burning cookie – Swiss specialty 25. Turkish potato and tomato soup preparation 26. Smoked ham from Drniš 27. Table with food 28. Participants in front of the biggest waterfall in Plitvice lakes

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Thursday The day we all waited for! Participants went on a trip to the most beautiful gem of Croatian heritage – the Plitvice lakes. This was one of two surprise trips and we kept that information as a secret till the moment we set on our journey.

Given the fact that we as organizers were not able to hide the excitement because of the upcoming trip and we couldn’t keep our mouths shut, the information about where we were going to go leaked out in the open so our guests’ excitement grew from day to day. We departed from Zagreb just a few minutes before 9 a.m. and after about 10 minutes we saw the same scenario as the one when we went to Lonjsko polje; everyone was tired because of the last night’s party, and they all tried to catch some sleep to compensate for the past few days of not having any.

The first impression of the national park thrilled them; it was as if they were in a fairytale which was only a figment of imagination; after the initial shock, they realized it was real and that the miracle of nature was right in front of their eyes. After a short introduction given by our

guide, we went down the paths which led straight to the lakes of beauty and rocks of untouched nature. I think that this kind of trip to nature was something we all needed after a few days spent in urban bustle, except for Lonjsko polje trip. Participants enjoyed beautiful waterfalls and in front of the biggest one, we took a small break.

We were all thrilled with the boat ride on the biggest lake Kozjak.

Despite the wind, we all truly enjoyed the view of the surrounding nature. We spent the rest of the day walking around and chatting, but on our way back we faced an unpleasant surprise: a few of our participants got lost! We immediately tried to solve this problem and thanks to modern technology, it was solved quickly. One part of board members who stayed in Zagreb had the participants’ mobile phone numbers and we found them on the second exit. This just proved our thesis that not even one day can pass without a small dose of stress, which, luckily, disappeared quickly.

After we returned to Zagreb our impressions settled because our night out was about to begin and we were to go to Boing, club on Šalata.

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29. Party at Boeing (1) 30. Party at Boeing (2)

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31. Hrvoje Mahović gives a statement 32. Sandra Keran gives a statement 33. Dinner at Baschiera 34. Night in Shamballa

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Upon coming to faculty, the press was waiting for us. We arranged shooting for the show “Znanstvene vijesti” shown once a week and containing reports from different scientific gatherings. Although IGSM is not strictly a scientific gathering, they decided to make a report about our happening. TV crew first took statements from Hrvoje and Sandra, and then from our professor Medak, who pointed put the importance and tradition of this meeting.

One of our participants, Muzaffer Can Iban from Turkey, gave a statement in which he expressed his delight with Croatia. Television crew also recorded the first part of lectures held by our participants who didn’t show a glimpse of nervousness in front of television crew, everything was happening according to the schedule.

After lunch in Odeon we went to, as we considered, the most interesting museums. Those were: Klovićevi dvori (on the world wide famous exhibition: Bodies revealed), Museum of the city of Zagreb, Natural sciences museum and the Contemporary arts museum. The participants had the right to choose which of the above mentioned museums to visit. After the visit we had a short break so they could rest a bit. They also had enough time to prepare for the final formal dinner in a restaurant Baschirea. At around 19:00 the participants began to gather in front of the faculty building and soon departed towards the restaurant with our organizers.

The dinner was made in Italian style, which meant mostly pizza and pasta. By the look of their faces everyone enjoyed it.

Because some of the participants were going home soon, they used this opportunity to give us gifts. Some of the gifts were: rose brandy from Bulgaria, Swiss relief map and brandies... The rest of the evening was spent in a pleasant chat and summary of the impressions of the previous week. This was the last night in Zagreb for those who were not going with us on trip to Zadar which was planned for Sunday morning.

After dinner we went to have some fun, this time we went to Shamballa where a pop group Magazin held its concert for our participants. Participants received a 20 kn drink voucher and they all rushed to spend it. The party continued till the early morning, but with sadness in eyes of a few because this was their last night in Zagreb.

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Saturday It was a big day, the General assembly or the final session; the host for 25th IGSM 2012 was chosen and important decisions were made. After the introductory lecture about ISPRS consortium held

by Ivana Dabanović and choosing Luka Pavličić and Damir Kontrec as official vote counters, a short movie about last years’ IGSM was screened. After that came the official part, the representation of IGSM 2009 expenses and the approximate expenses for IGSM Croatia 2010. After the approval of both financial reports, the group of students from the United Kingdom held a presentation, IGSM 2011, which is due to be held in Newcastle because they managed to win hosting a year before. They showed us their costs, happening schedule and trips they planned to perform, along with a short video. The next thing on our schedule was presentation of candidates for the IGSM 2012. During the week, two universities applied: İstanbul Technical University from Turkey and Universidad de Jaén from Spain. Both groups presented an impressive program and it was hard to decide for who to vote

for. After voting, the final decision fell on Spain; only one vote prevailed.

The Spanish team was thrilled and they continued to celebrate for the whole day.

The remaining program was dedicated to the approval of new IGSO members. The decision was made to approve members from countries which participated for the first time. The certificates of IGSM Croatia 2010 participation and gaining 1 ECTS point were given at the end.

The end of the General assembly marked the end of the meeting.

Even though we had tired expressions on our faces we didn’t want this fairytale to finish. Suddenly, with the sound of a mallet, president of the organization board and General Secretary of IGSO Hrvoje Mahović, symbolically closed the meeting. He invited the team from Newcastle to give them the mallet and the official IGSO flag, and by doing this, he symbolically gave chairmanship to England and their president Matthew Good, who had to go earlier because of the plane, so Matthias Kunz took his position for this.

Participants used this opportunity to give us gifts. Some of those amazed us, like the Slovenian bear ‘’giraffe’’, Canadian flag with message from participants and other useful and interesting gifts.

We said goodbye to one group of our participants, and the other group stayed because they decided to go on an additional trip to Zadar.

With sadness in our eyes, we waved to them from our faculty’s steps; after a week they became part of our daily routine and we couldn’t believe that the time for their departure came so soon. E

35. Hosts of IGSM 2012, Jaén, Spain

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36. Certificate of IGSM Croatia 2010 participation and gaining 1 ECTS point

40. Gift package from Poland 41. Good bye friends, see you next year!!!

37. Symbolic transfer of the mallet to English 38. Slovenian beer “giraffe”

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Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

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Varga M., Maganić J. (2010): Interview: Hrvoje Mahović, the president of the Organization board of IGSM 2010.

Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 52-55

Matej Varga, univ. bacc. ing. geod. et geoinf.

Jakov Maganić, univ. bacc. ing. geod. et geoinf.

► Graduate studies, Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, Kačićeva 26, 10000 Zagreb, mvarga@geof.hr ► Graduate studies, Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, Kačićeva 26, 10000 Zagreb, jmaganic@geof.hr

: w e i v r e t In

Hrvoje Mahovic the president of the Organization Board of IGSM 2010.

Hrvoje, before we start I would like to congratulate you and the whole organization board in the name of the Ekscentar editorial board on the exceptional organization and realization of the IGSM 2010.

How do you feel, have the impressions settled down three months after the meeting and do you even realize how important thing you have managed to make? »» Thank you for your congratulations! Firstly, I have to thank you for being our media partner who informed about IGSM regularly during the organization as well as now when we are making this special edition of Ekscentar. »» Even though three months have passed, I still have this feeling that IGSM ended yesterday and taking into consideration the amount of work after the meeting, a

lot of time had passed before I managed to stop thinking about the IGSM. :) »» I can’t tell that we are completely aware how much we managed to do, I know that we gave our best – some things turned out to be great and some should have been a bit better, but we were really glad to see that our participants and our teachers were satisfied with the whole organization.

I would like to go back to the beginning, could you tell me something about your experiences regarding the meetings of geodesy students (how many of them did you participate in) and when did the idea of organizing such meeting in Zagreb, began to emerge? »» IGSM 2008 in Valencia was the first time I ever experienced something like that. I was overwhelmed with the concept of the whole meeting, participants and the atmosphere itself. After that I participated in IGSM Switzerland and if you asked me to compare those two, I wouldn’t know which was better because each of them was good in its own way. »» Besides IGSM I also participated in ISPRS meeting in Poland last year, and that meeting was a bit different than IGSM since they emphasized workshops and lectures. To sum up, all three meetings were an extraordinary opportunity for me to meet new colleges from other faculties, to meet new nations and cultures, to gain new knowledge in the field of geodesy and to improve my English. An atmosphere and socializing on those meetings was really something special and unrepeatable.

Varga M., Maganić J. (2010): Interview: Hrvoje Mahović, the president of the Organization board of IGSM 2010.

Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 52-55

»» The idea of organizing IGSM began to emerge long time ago. The Croatian team was always numerous and noticed and therefore many encouraged us to become the organizers. Our representatives expressed their wish to become IGSM hosts when they participated in the IGSM in Bulgaria in 2007. but after they heard about the Swiss wish to become hosts they decided to let them do the organization.

Next year, we decided to candidate and our opposing team was from Belgrade. After they saw our presentation, they decided to let us be the hosts, the rest is history. :) When and how did the organization board meet and what were the initial ideas and steps in the organization of the meeting? »» Organization of the meeting began as soon as we came back from Spain and the board of fifteen members was officially constituted in November 2008. The first constitution changed when compared to the one that we have now. Working on the organization demanded a lot of time and effort and it was something only a few of us had, so after a while it became obvious who wanted to work and who didn’t.

In October 2009. we did the thorough reconstruction of the board which has existed in that form since then. With this reform organization became far better and more efficient, and we also included new, ambitious students. I should point out that without my team it would be impossible to do this job and I would like to thank them once again for the effort and time they dedicated to IGSM (which includes nights and nights of hard work and no sleep.) »» The first assignment of the board was to introduce IGSM to our professors and students because until then almost nobody knew what

IGSM was. At first, we had few minor problems, but when the faculty leadership realized that we were serious about this, we received a full support from them. We did a few public presentations so that we could familiarize students and professors with the event we were planning and a serious organization began.

Organization and preparation of the whole meeting is a huge and extremely demanding job, so I presume that it was divided into a few parts. Could you describe and explain all those parts shortly along with the problems you encountered, presuming that there were some. »» Of course, the organization was divided into a few major categories – primarily accommodation, food, trips, lectures, workshops and nights out. A special part of organization was search for sponsors.

We should not forget the fact that we began our organization in the time of great crisis and recession which came as special challenge in our search for sponsors but I can proudly say that we managed to deal with the situation more than well. »» I would like to point out that during the negotiations some institutions lied to us, tried to charge services we didn’t even use and we were even blackmailed once! We were strong and managed to obtain, even though it wasn’t always easy. :) How many students from our University of Zagreb, Faculty of geodesy participated in the whole organization? How big was the support from professors and assistants of our faculty regarding the organization or the program and the content of the meeting?

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Varga M., Maganić J. (2010): Interview: Hrvoje Mahović, the president of the Organization board of IGSM 2010.

Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 52-55

»» 25 students, who were organizers, were the main participants in the IGSM. We also invited other students to join us but they mostly participated in trips and parties instead of lectures :). I’m very glad that organizers as well as other students from our faculty had the chance to socialize with colleagues from other universities and that was one of primary goals of the IGSM. Regarding the support given by our professors I can only give praise.

I was surprised with the affability of our professors, assistants and, of course, people from registry and accounting office. We bothered them every day and they always found time to help us and make the whole organization easier. We held meetings once a moth with the dean, professor Frangeš and the dean for academic affairs professor Medak. During these meetings we presented new steps in the organization and discussed them in order to know how to solve some of the problems. These meetings were very effective and we often came up with some new ideas and solutions.

How did former meetings and experiences of colleagues who organized them influence you? »» The experiences from former IGSM meetings had a huge influence on us. We carefully observed the organization of Swiss and Spain’s meetings and based on them we conceived our IGSM – some things, which were bad, were ejected, some were changed and some novelties were introduced.

Given the fact that besides IGSM I participated in other international and worldwide meetings (ISPRS in Warsaw, NIPP and INSPIRE days in Varaždin) I carefully observed their organization and used some of their successful solutions in the organization.

Regarding your former experiences in meetings, have you introduced any novelties and if so, which would those be? »» I have managed to incorporate a few novelties to this meeting and I am especially proud of that. I think that they raised the quality of the meeting itself. For the first time ever, we had workshops held by our assistants and professors; we increased the number of lectures and engaged professors to hold lectures. This raised the IGSM to a scientific meeting of some sort. We also awarded each participant with one ECTS point and we are especially proud of that.

Besides all of this, we managed to organize private parties in the most famous bars in Zagreb and we even organized two trips. We didn’t organize sports meetings as our predecessors did, but we took our participants to the most famous Zagreb museums. I have to admit that we were very skeptical about this but in the end it was a full hit.

One of the biggest novelties was inclusion of media. We were monitored by the radio, the television and the newspapers along with the internet portals.

Could you tell us more about the number of the participants and participants themselves? »» 155 participants arrived to the meeting, among whom were 125 students and 30 seniors from Europe, Australia and Canada, who came for the first time. Until a few years ago, participants came only from Europe but now they come from other continents too.

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Did it sometimes seem that you were in a time fix or that things could go in an unpredictable and unexpected direction? What was your biggest problem during the organization? »» Mostly everything was happening as it should have, with no bigger problems. Some things were slowed down because of the slow bureaucracy (waiting for replies from some institutions), but given the fact that we began quite early with our preparations, we were able to resolve everything successfully.

The biggest problem was the accommodation, we worked on this for more than a year, during which we negotiated with every institution which owned sports hall near the faculty and wider (we contacted around 10 elementary and high schools, faculties, Ministry of education, student center, the City of Zagreb, University in Zagreb….).

Some of them refused us instantly; some of them promised to help and then refused us. One month before the meeting we managed to arrange one sports hall and we were negotiating for two more and when it seemed like everything was going to be alright, the problems started to emerge. Two weeks before the meeting, instead of having all three gyms we were left with none. I don’t even have to tell you how stressful this was because it was only 10 days till the meeting and we had nowhere to place our participants. In the end we finally managed to make an arrangement with professor Lidija Podvalej from the Faculty of food technology and biotechnology to whom I thank once more for here affability because she managed to completely empty the whole gym and give it to us.

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

Varga M., Maganić J. (2010): Interview: Hrvoje Mahović, the president of the Organization board of IGSM 2010.

Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 52-55

»» When I put it all together, I have to admit that I am satisfied. I think that we did a good job, and the most important, our guests went back to their homes satisfied! The program was rich, maybe a bit too rich, but there was no other way to show them everything we planned.

When I think about it, there are so many things to be seen and heard that we could organize one more IGSM which would be totally different from this one.

We could say that the IGSM 2010 organization board left rich heritage to future students of our faculty and you probably have something to tell them… »» Yes, I wish our students continued their trips to such meetings, and I would also like to see our faculty as a host again. Many things are already solved, the faculty is familiar with the IGSM and it would definitely be easier for them than it was for us. If this magazine comes into the hands of an ambitious student who is willing to take on organization of new IGSM, he is welcome to contact me and I will offer my advice.

You are at the end of your studying and how does the studying on our Faculty seem to be in comparison to the description and experience of studying abroad? »» I have to admit that there are many differences when we compare it to Croatia, The relationship between students and the professors is completely different at other universities, they have a closer relationship. I think that they have more opportunities to talk with their professors and assistants and that they encourage them to participate in scientific work and further training – I experienced this while being on CEEPUS student exchange in Salzburg.

Could you tell us what the most memorable and the nicest thing from the whole meeting was? »» Oh, a very difficult question. The whole IGSM was very memorable, but because I had to take care of the organization during the day, I can say that I preferred the nights out – the time which wasn’t stressful because no problems needed to be solved, :). The Saloon party (Tuesday) and the national dinner (Wednesday) were the best parties, the atmosphere reached its peak!

It seems like the participants went back to their homes satisfied.

Could you tell us what the impressions and thoughts of the participants after the meeting were? »» Judging by their facial expressions, and the results of the poll we arranged on the last day, I think that they were satisfied! The biggest objection was regarding delays – to be honest, there were some delays but only because some of the participants were slow and late. In an effort to enable everyone to participate we waited for them and that is why we were late, but there were no other bigger objections.

Many praised workshops and night times and they were all thrilled with the trip to the Plitvice lakes.

The purpose of the whole meeting is not just to party and have fun or just to get to know the Faculty, the town or the state. Are you satisfied with the program and amenities, lectures and presentations, trips and nights out?

We have a Bologna system and from students’ perspective this situation looks chaotic, but while I was talking to colleagues from other faculties they told me that their situation was the same and that they were also trying to get used to this new system. I hope that these problems will be solved one day.

What are your ambitions and plans after you finish your master study and become Master of geodesy and geoinformatics? »» Honestly, I still have no plans. The first thing I want to do is to take some rest and then I will search for a job. I know that this won’t be an easy thing to do and that the times of getting a job soon after you finish your education are over. But I have a feeling that I’ll manage. :) Do you have any hobbies? »» My main hobby is photography; I have been doing that for more than 8 years. I’m a member of Fotoklub Zagreb where I have taken different courses about photography. I exhibited my photographs on many competition exhibitions in our state and abroad and I have won a few prizes and acknowledgements.

Colleague Hrvoje, thank you very much for this interview and we’ll see each other at the bar downstairs in 5 minutes :D »» Thank you too, I’ll see you downstairs. :)

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Blitz interviews with participants Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 56-59

Blitz Interviews with participants TXOMIN HERMOSILLA GÓMEZ

UGUR COLAK

Where do you come from and in which year of studying are you?

• I represented the Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. I am a researcher at the university and I’m near the end of my doctor studies.

How many times have you participated on the IGSM? • Six times (Istanbul, Krakow, Sofia, Valencia, Zurich, Zagreb).

Can you describe us what are the main reasons why you are participating on the IGSM? • To meet with geodets from all around the world and exchange experiences.

Tell us, how did you like Croatia and can you compare University of Zagreb with the city and University that you are coming from?

• I am a fan of Croatia and Croatian people: dalmatinac sam!

Where do you come from and in which year of studying are you?

• Istanbul Technical University - Istanbul - graduated a month ago.

How many times have you participated in IGSM? • Only once - IGSM 2010 Zagreb Can you describe us what are the main reasons why you are participating in IGSM? • To meet new people from my sector and to participate in workshops

Describe us your experiences and what will you remember the most from the IGSM 2010?

Tell us, how did you like Croatia and can You compare University of Zagreb with the city and University that You are coming from?

• Plitvice Lakes, International Party, dinners, people, people and people.

• It was just awesome. There is not one thing that I did not like. If I need to compare, Istanbul is much bigger and crowded than Zagreb. However, I cannot say my university is better or worse than University of Zagreb since I was there for only a week and I do not believe that I know enough to compare them.

Describe us your experiences and what will you remember the most from the IGSM 2010?

• I had one of the best weeks in my life. I had a chance to get to know more people and everyone was very friendly and nice. The most memorable thing is that.... well, I actually cannot remember since I got so drunk during the national evening.

MARIKA BOELEN

Where do you come from and in which year of studying are you?

• I’m from Australia and have only just finished studying at the University of Melbourne - Geomatic Engineering and Science.

How many times have you participated on the IGSM? • I have participated in the IGSM twice; this year in Croatia and last year in Zurich.

Can you describe us what are the main reasons why you are participating on the IGSM? • I love the IGSM for all the different people you get to meet. Everyone from different nations can come together and you can talk about how Geodesy works in different countries and how different university courses work. It’s a fantastic and unique opportunity!

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Tell us, how did you like Croatia and can you compare University of Zagreb with the city and University that you are coming from?

• I loved Croatia. The countries scenery varies so much from east to west and north to south. It’s amazing in a country that’s so small. I have also never seen water as blue as that in the Lakes, it was amazing and a wonderful experience! The university was very different to ours; even the way the department was run was different, so I can’t really compare them.

Describe us your experiences and what will you remember the most from the IGSM 2010?

• I will remember the Lakes, the people and the parties the most. An all round fantastic time!

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

Blitz interviews with participants Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 56-59

It’s really easy to cook; therefore I decided to cook it in order to serve some hot food from Turkey. Most of the participators tried it and the comments were really determining. I think they liked it so I gave the recipe to those people who liked it most.

Tell us, how did you like Croatia and can you compare University of Zagreb with the city and University that you are coming from?

MUZAFFER IBAN CAN Where do you come from and in which year of studying are you?

• I come from Istanbul, Turkey. I am attending the Istanbul Technical University, Geomatics Engineering Department, Undergraduate Degree. I’m in the fourth year.

How many times have you participated on the IGSM? • IGSM 2010 Croatia was my first IGSM event, however I heard a lot about IGSM 2005 Istanbul event held at my university.

Can you describe us what are the main reasons why you are participating on the IGSM? • The main reasons why I am participating on IGSM are getting in touch with geodesy students throughout the world, getting to know new cultures, technical share and curiosity about Croatia. (especially about Zagreb and Dalmatian Coast) We know that you like beer, what can you say about beer that you drank in Croatia?

• Yes, I tried variety of brands of Croatian beer! I think the best one is Ožujsko beer as you prefer it so much more! Karlovačko was also good. Tomislav beer was preferable for dark beer choices!

On the national evening you were cooking traditional Turkish soup, how did other people like it?

• I cooked in the kitchen a big pot of Turkish traditional soup called “Tarhana”. It consists of tomato mark, flour and some kind of herbs.

• Zagreb is an epic and a fantastic city. The churches, streets, the heritage from older ages are really worth seeing. There is a well-organized transportation infrastructure in Zagreb that helped us reach any place we wanted. Plitvice Lakes made me want to jump into the water so much. The scenery was quite fascinating and peaceful. Slavonia district is also interesting. I saw some farm fields and natural parks over there and got the chance to see the country-side lifestyle in Croatia. I couldn’t see Zadar but had the chance to see Split and Dubrovnik by a short trip before IGSM event. Actually, I am quite sure that Croatia should be proud of having such cities and coasts in Dalmatia. It was like in a fairytale. As a contrast, Zagreb University is in the heart of the capital, therefore students can easily integrate into the city life.

The opportunity to reach the faculty by bike is also great. My faculty is in a big campus a bit out of the city center and it is impossible to use a bike here. I need to get on a bus or metro train in order to reach city center and social places; however, you can go to such places on foot without any doubt!

Describe us your experiences and what will you remember the most from the IGSM 2010?

• The memories that I’ll remember most are drinking beer in front of the sport-hall till late at night and parties in brilliant clubs. The conversations among us were quite wonderful and friendly. It helped us get so close easily and rapidly. I had not expected such a close relationship before the event began, but I can easily say that we’re now close friends that do geodetic works on the planet! Even though we live in different countries, we feel like we are next to each other. The biggest experience that I earned through IGSM 2010 event is having a big family and lots of houses throughout Croatia I can visit anytime.

Tell us, how did you like Croatia and can you compare University of Zagreb with the city and University that you are coming from?

PETAR LOJANICA Where do you come from and in which year of studying are you?

• Serbia, Belgrade, University of Belgrade, 3th year of bachelor studies.

How many times have you participated on the IGSM? • This was my first time but it didn’t hurt...

• Plitvice Lakes are the miracle of nature; I was surprised how beautiful and clean the lakes are. Zagreb has justified my expectations as the capital of Croatia. I can’t compare the whole university, but what I can compare are the buildings of faculties, your building is much modern than our in Belgrade. Interior of your faculty is very impressive, especially the toilet... :) And the way of learning math was new and interesting for me because of the professors’ modern approach. Serbia is well known for the parties, and night life, now after you’ve been to Croatia, can you compare the differences? I was satisfied with parties, first one was the best, and the others were good.

Which alcohol (especially Šljivovica) is better and stronger, Croatian or Serbian?

• I’m not drinking alcohol so I’m going to compare food. Food in the student canteen was terrific, and I wasn’t hungry, which is a great achievement of organizers. That claim has even more weight when it comes from someone who has 110 kilos!

Can you describe us what are the main reasons why you are participating on the IGSM?

Describe us your experiences and what will you remember the most from the IGSM 2010?

• Main reasons are networking, getting to know new people, fun, and having a good time...

• Greatest experience is meeting new people and staying in touch with them, especially with friends from the Ex-Yugoslavia republic.

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Blitz interviews with participants Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 56-59

RONALD SCHMIEDER

onal” nowadays and modern IT helps a lot (I think that in the beginning of the nineties Internet and Email was not easily available for everyone). The atmosphere and mood during these early meetings was characterized by the political changes in Europe, for the first time it was possible for many students from all over (Eastern) Europe to travel without restrictions wherever they wanted!! That was a wonderful experience for everyone! Maybe that was also one of the reasons why the parties lasted much longer.

Can you describe us what are the main reasons why you are participating in IGSM?

...

• I was born in Höxter, Northrine Westfalia, Germany, 07. March 1965. Since 2010 I live and work for an international Consulting Company in Leipzig: GCI – Dr. Schindler Geo Consult International GmbH & Co. KG. I studied in Braunschweig and Hannover, where I graduated in 2006. Further on, I achieved my second state examination Assessor after 2 years working in different cadastral, land consolidation, land readjustment, urban planning, land registry, land valuation and other state institutions all over Germany.

Then I worked 1 year in a cadastre office in Hesse, before starting my actual consulting job in Leipzig with GCI. You have been on almost all IGSM meetings, so can you say what changed during so many years, and can you compare this IGSM with previous?

• In the beginning the IGSM’s have been much more informal, but nevertheless also much more influenced by educational policy discussions. The organization of these meetings is more “professi-

• The main reason for me to participate at IGSM is to meet new and old friends from all over the world. I like to exchange experiences with regard to educational systems, changes in the “university lives” over the years and just to have some fun with young students.

(It hopefully helps me staying young longer). Additionally, in the year 1991, during the 4th IGSM in Graz I was one of the responsible participants for drafting the first IGSO statutes and finally one of the students who signed the agreement of founding IGSO. Now of course I’m still interested in knowing that the organization still exists and is further developing and enhancing!

• Another reason is my job. So, as I’m working as an international consultant in various Land Administration, Land Management, Cadastre, Valuation projects all over the world, having contacts in many places sometimes helps me to get professional contacts as well. But the main reason is of course having a wonderful, relaxed, interesting and funny time during one week of the year.

I suppose that you like those meetings because you are going every year, but what does your wife say about that?

• My wife has absolutely no objections, because she knows how important these IGSMs are for me. She also knows already a lot of my friends which are visiting our home in Leipzig sometimes. And finally I started to participate at IGSMs before knowing her ;-) You are coming from Germany, but how come that every time on the national evening you brought Tequila?

How many times have you participated on the IGSM? [where and when]?

• I’ve participated three times on the IGSM. My first IGSM was IGSM 2008 in Valencia, then 2009 in Zurich and the last one in Croatia in Zagreb.

Can you describe us what are the main reasons why you are participating on the IGSM?

BARBARA CZESAK Where do you come from [from which city and university] and in which year of studying are you [undergraduate student, graduate student, postgraduate].

• I come from Kraków, Poland. I study at the Agricultural University of Kraków, I’m a graduate student and it is my last year of studying. I’m doing my major in land surveying.

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• There are many reasons why I participate in IGSM. First of all, I must say that we are the best international group in the world. All IGSM meetings are quite amazing. I think that the best thing is that you can meet every year with your friends from all over the world. Not only can you learn a lot about land surveying and new technologies, but you can also exchange experiences with people from various countries. The world is so colorful and diverse even if the meeting is just in one city, you can get to know various cultures because each person represents his or her country, culture, tradition. It is great that each year so many people with the same interests from all over the world meet in one place. It is simply cool to be a member of IGSO. Also I must say that I got used to IGSM, the year without it would just not be the same.

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

Blitz interviews with participants Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 56-59

• That’s easy to explain: During my studies in Braunschweig I was a member of the Association of students of Latin America (I was working there for a while in Ecuador) and lived together in a students flat with a student from Mexico….He woke the spirit in me of having fun drinking Tequila from time to time and so, when I went for the first time to an IGSM in 1991 I had a bottle of Tequila with me and shared it with my friends. Since then it is simply a tradition and fun, hence my “equipment” improved over the years. Since there are usually no students from Mexico at IGSM, there is also no overlapping with others….

Tell us, how did you like Croatia and can you compare University of Zagreb with the city and University that you are coming from, and other universities that organized IGSM? • I enjoyed Croatia a lot! I have been to Croatia many times already, but usually to the coast (I also spent my honeymoon in Istria). It was nice to meet so many old and new friends and to see that everything was organized in a professional way. We had short ways to walk (that’s important for older people), good food and enough cultural and professional programs! But to compare it with other universities or IGSM’s is nothing that I would like to do. Every IGSM is very special and you have more or less students participating, some issues of the program you like and others not, the cities are small or bigger, the parties are longer or shorter, the food is better or worse…… So again, I enjoyed so far every visit to IGSM and didn’t regret to go there ever! Joining people is one of the main goals of IGSM and that was achieved always.

BOJAN SAVRIC Where do you come from and in which year of studying are you?

• My name is Bojan Šavrič and I am an undergraduate student at the University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering in Slovenia. I have now finished 4th year of university study program of Geodetic Engineering at university.

How many times have you participated on the IGSM? • I’ve participated two times on the IGSM. In 2009 I was in Switzerland on ETH Zürich and this year I’ve participated on the IGSM here in Zagreb.

Can you describe us what are the main reasons why you are participating on the IGSM? • IGSM is a great opportunity to meet and socialize with students from all over the world. Here you get to know students from almost the whole Europe, as well as from some more distant continents.

• It is not just fun, which is characterized by IGSM. During the meeting, a number of interesting lectures are presented by experts from the host country, as well as from other students. Every year I’m enraptured with projects presented by students, who participate.

Describe us your experiences and what will you remember the most from the IGSM 2010?

Tell us, how did you like Croatia and can You compare University of Zagreb with the city and University that You are coming from?

• I think I explained my experiences already with the answers to the other questions, but once again: the organizers did a great job and I have to admit my gratitude a thousand times again!!!

Maybe I will remember most that I met some of my old Croatian friends which I’ve known already since IGSM 2004 or so and of course the visit to the wonderful Plitvice Lakes.

• Since I live near the Croatian border, I know Croatia quite well, especially the Croatian coast. It was the first time for me to be in Zagreb and also Plitvice Lakes. Zagreb is a nice city, and I must admit that I was surprised, how Zagreb is in good order. In my opinion, Plitvice Lakes are the most beautiful park in Croatia. It shows the power of Mother Nature, who creates an incredible image of karst with water.

Are there any benefits for participants who come to these meetings? How many things can be learned during that time?

• There are many benefits from IGSM. I’m not sure if I will be able to tell all of them. First of all, I think that we are becoming more open minded and learn a lot about our countries during each IGSM. Secondly, we have a lot of fun during the meeting. Last but not least, we can learn really a lot about land surveying. There is no better opportunity to learn as during IGSM. Many students prepare presentations about their research. During presentations you can learn a lot about the new applications of geodesy. Then, there are workshops, where you can learn about new technologies or do something which really interests you. In addition talking to another person from different country may be a great opportunity to learn a lot. You can look at the field of your study in a different way.

You can see how it looks like somewhere else. What is more, you can learn a lot about the country of the meeting.

Tell us, how did you like Croatia [Zagreb, Zadar, Plitvice Lakes…] and can you compare University of Zagreb with the city and University that you are coming from?

• I liked all the trips, Plitvice was really great, I have never seen so-

• I do not know your university very well, but I like that you have your own Faculty of Geodetic Engineering. As well as we, you already have new Bologna study programs, even more, you already have some graduate students from this programs.

Describe us your experiences and what will you remember the most from the IGSM 2010?

• One week of IGSM in Zagreb was great. Like each year, organizers have done a great job, so it is difficult to expose just one thing. Maybe there are few, like: first morning at faculty, lectures about linear algebra, the national evening, Polish vodka, Plitvice Lakes and of course parties at Saloon, Boeing, Shamballa, hang out with the Australians, British, Croats, Serbs, etc.

mething like that before. I liked also sightseeing and the museums a lot. If we talk about comparing the two universities, it is impossible right now. I liked the University of Zagreb but I can’t say much more because I spent there just few days.

Describe us your experiences and what will you remember the most from the IGSM 2010?

• It is hard to say what I will remember the most from IGSM. For sure Plitvice lakes will be one of that, and also friendly Croatian people. E

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Zadelj Martić V. (2010): The singular value decomposition and applications in geodesy Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 60-62

► fakultet mr. sc. Vida Zadelj Martić ►Institute of Geomatics, Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, Kačićeva 26, 10000 Zagreb, vzadelj@geof.hr

The singular value decomposition and applications in geodesy Abstract The paper considers the singular value decomposition (SVD) of a general matrix. Some immediate applications, such as determining the spectral and Frobenius norm, rank and pseudoinverse of the matrix are described. Applications also include approximating the given matrix by a matrix of a lower rank. It is also shown how to use SVD for solving the homogeneous linear system and the least squares problem. The paper consists of three parts: 1.) The singular value decomposition, 2.) Some applications of the singular value decomposition, 3.) Applications in geodesy.

Keywords Singular value decomposition Unitary matrices Frobenius norm Spectral norm Pseudoinverse Homogeneous system of linear equations Least squares problem Rank

1. THE SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION 1.1 Basic notions and notation By m × n ( m × n) is denoted the set of m × n complex (real) matrices.

Let A∈ m × n. � Two most common vector subspaces associated with A are the range of A, ℜ(A) = {Ax: x∈

}⊆

n

m

The diagonal part of A=(a i,j ) is the diagonal matrix:

 a11   .

diag ( a11 ,..., anm ) =     amn  

,

If A is not square then diag(A) has additional zero rows or coand the kernel (null-subspace) of A: N(A) = {x: Ax = 0} ⊆

lumns. n

.

The spectral and the Frobenius norm of an m × n matrix are defined by

The range of A is spanned by the columns of A, so it is sometimes called the column space of A. If A then ℜ(A) and N(A) are appropriately defined using the vector spaces m and n.

The dimensions of ℜ(A) and N(A) are the rank and the defect of A. The spectral radius of a square matrix A, spr(A) = max{| λ|; λ∈σ(A)}, is the largest distance of an eigenvalue of A to zero. Here σ(A) is the spectrum of A which is the set of eigenvalues of A. The trace of A is the sum of its diagonal elements:

tr ( A) =

n

∑a k =1

kk

.

It can be shown that tr(A) is the sum of the eigenvalues of A.

60

A2=

spr ( A * A) ,

and A F = tr ( A * A ) = ∑ ai , j

i, j

2

,

respectively. Here A* is the hermitian transpose of A. If A is real, then A* = Aτ is just the transpose of A. The matrix A is normal if A*A = AA*. The complex (real) matrix U is unitary (orthogonal) if U*U = UU* = I. 1.2 The singular value decomposition The following theorem serves as the definition of the singular value decomposition.

Theorem 1.

Let A∈ m × n. Then there exist unitary matrices U∈ V∈ n × n, so that U* AV = Σ = diag(σ1, σ2,...,σmin{m,n} ),

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m × m

and

Zadelj Martić V. (2010): The singular value decomposition and applications in geodesy Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 60-62

where σ1 ≥ σ2 ≥ ... ≥ σmin{m,n} ≥ 0. The nonnegative numbers σ1, σ2, ... , σmin{m,n} are the singular values of A and the columns of U(V) are the left (right) singular vectors of A. Matrix Σ is uniquely determined by the matrix A. However, the matrices U and V are not unique. If the singular values are multiple, then U and V can be post-multiplied by an arbitrary block-diagonal unitary matrix, whose diagonal blocks are of appropriate dimensions.

The singular value decomposition has hundreds of applications. It is an excellent tool in matrix theory. It is often used for solving different matrix problems which arise in science, economy, engineering, medicine, and even in human sciences. Data mining, web searching, image recognition, just to mention some contemporary problems which use SVD, often of large matrices. Its widespread use is enhanced by the fact that there exist excellent, efficient and accurate methods for computing it.

There are several classes of methods, the most important are: one-sided Jacobi methods, divide and conquer (DC), differential qd (DQD) and QR methods.

We will first list several immediate consequences of this decomposition.

Let A = UΣV* be the singular value decomposition of the matrix A∈ m × n, so that: σ1 ≥ σ2 ≥ ... ≥ σr > σr+1 = ... = σp = 0, p = min{m,n}.

(ii)

N(A) = span{vr+1,...,vn},

(iv)

A=

∑σ u v I =1

* i i i

Ur = [u1, ..., ur ] ∈

Vr = [v1, ..., vr ] ∈

Σr = diag(σ1, ..., σr ) ∈

(v)

|| A ||F = σ1 + ... + σr , 2

(vi)

2

2

= σ k +1 .

Thus, the closest rank k approximation of A is obtained by using the first k singular values and vectors of A.

2. SOME APPLICATIONS OF THE SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION Here, we will address several applications.

2.1 Determining the pseudoinverse of a general matrix Here, we will consider the Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse.

Let A∈ m × n. The matrix X∈ n × m is pseudoinverse of A∈ following four conditions are fulfilled: (i)

AXA = A,

(ii)

XAX = X,

(iv)

m×n

, if the

(XA)* = XA.

where:

= U r Σ rVr* , such that,

= C − Ck

A† = VΣ+U*,

(iii) ℜ(A) = span{u1,...,ur}, r

2

The conditions (i) - (iv) ensure that the matrix X is unique. It is usually denoted by A†.

Let A = UΣV* be the singular value decomposition of A. Then the pseudoinverse A† of the matrix A is given by the expression:

Then it is easy to show that the following holds: rank(A) = r ,

A− K

rank ( K ) = k

(iii) (AX)* = AX,

Let U = [u1,...,um], V = [v1,...,vm] be the column representations (often called partitions) of U and V, respectively.

(i)

min

Σ† = diag(σ1+, ..., σ+min{m,n} ) ∈

,

m×r

n×m

,

and:

,

n×r

1  σ = σ i 0  + i

,

r×r



σ i > 0 . σ i = 0 

By using the SVD of A, it is easy to prove the following properties of A†.

2

|| A ||F = σ1.

It can also be shown that the distance (in spectral norm) of a square matrix A and the set of singular matrices of the same dimension, is equal to the smallest singular value of A.This follows from a more general result, the Ekhard, Young and Mirsky theorem.

Theorem 2.

Let A∈ m × n and let A = UΣV* be the singular value decomposition of A so that: σ1 ≥ σ2 ≥ ... ≥ σr > σr+1 = ... = σp = 0, p = min{m,n}, k

holds. If k < r = rank(A) and Ck = ∑ σ i ui vi* then: i =1

1.

(A†)† = A,

2.

(Aτ)† = (A†)τ,

3.

(A)† = (A†),

4.

rank(A) = rank(A†) = rank(AA†) = rank(A†A),

5. If A∈

m×n

with rank n, then A† = (A*A)-1A* and A†A = In,

6. If A∈

m×n

with rank m, then A† = A*(AA*)-1 and AA† = Im.

In addition, one can easily prove that AA† (A†A) is orthogonal projector onto ℜ(A) (ℜ(A*)). This fact is important when solving the overdetermined system of the linear equations Ax = b, A∈ m × n in the least squares sense.

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Zadelj Martić V. (2010): The singular value decomposition and applications in geodesy Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 60-62

2.2 Solving a homogeneous system of linear equations

β = A† y = V Σ+ U τ y.

Let A∈ m × n be the matrix of rank r. Then, solving the homogeneous system of linear equations, Ax = 0, reduces to determining the null-subspace of the matrix A. From item (ii) of immediate consequences of the SVD, one finds out that:

Such β is the solution of the least squares problem and among all solutions, it has the minimum Euclidean norm.

N(A) = span{vr+1,...,vn}.

The singular value decomposition and the pseudoinverse are taught in the courses: Analysis and processing of geodetic measurements, and Special algorithms of geodetic measurement processing at the Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb.

Using any web browser, one can find many applications of SVD in Geodesy. Such as the following presentation:

Here vr+1,...,vn are the last n-r columns of the matrix V from the SVD of A. Since V is unitary, these vectors form an orthonormal basis of the subspace N(A). Since the SVD of A can be very accurately computed, this approach for solving the homogenous linear system is most commonly used.

3. APPLICATIONS IN GEODESY

2.3 Solving the linear least squares problem Let us consider an overdetermined system:

n

∑A β J =1

ij

j

= yi ;

i = 1,..., m .

of m linear equations in n unknown coefficients β1, β2,..., βn, with m > n. In matrix form it reads: Aβ = y, where  A11 A12  A1n   β1   y1  A  β  y   21 A22  A2 n  2

   ∈�m×n , β =   ∈�n , y =  2  ∈�m.

A=                 βn   ym   Am1 Am 2 Amn 

Such a system, has usually no solution. Therefore, it is reformulated into the least squares problem, minβ || y - Aβ ||2.

Suppose that there exists n × m, matrix S, so that AS is an orthogonal projection onto ℜ(A). In that case, the solution is given by: β = Sy, because, Aβ = A(Sy) = (AS) y, is the orthogonal projection of y onto ℜ(A).

If A = U ΣV τ is the singular value decomposition of A, then the pseudoinverse A† of A, given by A† = U Σ+V τ has the property that AA† is orthogonal projector on ℜ(A). Indeed we have: AA† = U ΣV τV Σ+U τ = UPUt, where the square matrix P is obtained from Σ, by replacing the nonzero diagonal elements with ones. Matrices A and Σ have the same rank, and AA† = UPU τ is the orthogonal projector onto ℜ(A). Thus, A† is just the wanted matrix S. The final conclusion is that unknown β∈ n is given by the expression:

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Figure 1.

http://www.iag2009.com.ar/presentations

References ∙∙ G.H. Golub and C.F. VanLoan (1989): Matrix Computations, The Johns Hopkins University Press. ∙∙ V. Zadelj-Martić (1999): Parallel Algorithms for Butterfly Matrices, M.Sc. Thesis (Croatian), University of Zagreb. ∙∙ URL-1: http://www.iag2009.com.ar/presentations. ∙∙ URL-2: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_value_decomposition. E

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Boelen M.A., Bishop I., Pettit C. (2010): Selecting offshore renewable energy futures for Victoria Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 63-67

M. A. Boelen ► Dept. of Geomatics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, marika-boelen@hotmail.com I. Bishop ► Dept. of Geomatics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, i.bishop@unimelb.edu.au C. Pettit ► Spatial Information Sciences, Dept. of Primary Industries, Lincoln Square North, Carlton, Christopher.Pettit@dpi.vic.gov.au

SELECTING OFFSHORE RENEWABLE ENERGY

FUTURES FOR VICTORIA Abstract

Australia’s population is continually growing, making land more valuable and adding to energy demand. As the coast of Victoria, Australia has regular high winds, the development of offshore renewable energy is an excellent alternative to conventional energy sources. This provides an opportunity to meet growing energy needs while caring for the environment; and supporting regional communities. There are currently no offshore energy projects in Victoria. This paper investigates demand, supply, feasibility and planning of the wind and wave power options. Analytical (GIS) and visual aids (Google Earth) are used to illustrate these options and so to assist the community in making an informed decision for the renewable energy approaches suitable in Victoria.

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Off-Shore Option Keywords Renewable Energy Offshore Visualisation

Australia’s energy demand increased by 2.1% each year – and Victoria’s by 1.6% each year from 1960 to 2007 (Sustainability Victoria, 2008). The Australian Government is “… committed to ensuring 20 per cent of Australia’s electricity supply comes from renewable energy by 2020.” (Department of Climate Change, 2008). Options for renewable energy development in Australia are predominantly wind, solar and geothermal. Discussion has previously focussed almost entirely on on-shore development potentials. However, on-shore wind farms can be controversial and as land becomes more valuable the advantages of off-shore development become more apparent.

Figure 1 shows that Victoria has an extensive coastline that may provide considerable opportunities for both wind and wave generated energy. (Harries et al, 2006) say the potential of offshore renewable energy resources (RER) development “…is related to the distribution of the winds, and the strongest occur between latitudes 40° and 60°…”. The Victorian coast is predominantly between 38° and 39° south and so is well situated to maximise the use of wind related RER. This paper reviews the offshore RER potential in Victoria including demand, supply, feasibility and planning.

1.2 Global Offshore Energy

Figure 1.

Location of this research (World of Maps, 2009)

According to research analyst Gouri Nambudripad (Cleantech Group, 2008) with an investment of 500 billion British pounds, 2.000 terra Watt hours (tWh) of electrici-

ty could be produced each year from wave power.

However, the technology is still developing and is largely experimental. Developed countries have the capacity to trial wave power installations and may lead the way for long-term adoption in the developing world.

1.2.2 Wind Power The first modern commercial wind farm was installed in Denmark in 1991. Since then, wind turbines have become more powerful and economical, with offshore installation becoming increasingly popular.

The United Kingdom (with 590 mega watts) is the world leader in terms of installed offshore wind power; closely followed by Denmark (409 MW) and the Netherlands (246 MW).

Countries like China and India have also turned to offshore wind power due to their “large coastlines and vast oceanic areas, which provide excellent conditions for offshore wind power development” (Yu’an, 2009). For such developing countries, offshore power is an excellent solution as no land is required for power generating facilities; and can instead be used for housing and public services.

1.3 Economic Factors

1.2.1 Wave Power Wave power is a much more recent power generation technology than wind power technology, with energy captured by turbines that are either fixed to shore, fixed to the sea floor or float on the water’s surface (Sustainability Victoria, 2009; Harries, 2006). They are approximately three times more efficient than coal power stations, and have minimal visual and noise impacts. The first commercial wave farm was installed in Portugal in early 2008 and was closely followed by similar projects in Spain, the USA and the UK.

Offshore winds are more uniform in strength and consistency compared with the onshore environment, meaning that more electricity is generated and there is less wear on electricity generating components through varying turbine speeds (Musial and Butterfield, 2004).

The costs associated with the installation and operation of offshore renewable energy can be seen in figure 2. The graphs suggest that wave power is more economical than coal; while offshore wind power is cheaper than coal to install but more expensive to operate.

However, there are scaling issues which have to date militated against significant investment in wave power. Large scale development is currently not feasible due to the power generating capacity of wave buoys – the largest being 150 kilo watts (kW).

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Boelen M.A., Bishop I., Pettit C. (2010): Selecting offshore renewable energy futures for Victoria Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 63-67

The main advantage of offshore wind turbines is that visual and noise impacts are minimised. Wind turbines can be more powerful, while land can remain available for housing or other needs. Noise reduction technologies also don’t have to be used in the offshore environment, thus reducing the cost of individual turbines. As the depth of water increases, so does the cost of the structures. However, as land based wind technologies became more widely accepted, production and installation costs reduced significantly (Musial and Butterfield, 2004). So as costs reduce deeper water offshore wind technologies should become increasingly viable.

of the different factors. An interactive decision making system (such as a web-mapping tool like Geoscience Australia’s MapConnect; www. ga.gov.au/mapconnect) would also improve the decision making process, allowing layers to be turned on and off for comparison, although this is beyond the scope of this study.

ArcGIS (ESRI, 2009) was used for the analysis but some data the data acquired was less than ideal resolution. For example, the bathymetry data acquired had a 250 metre grid spacing, which may have smoothed some ocean features making them unidentifiable.

2.2.1 Economic Issues

2. METHOD 2.1 Energy Demand and Generation In 2008/2009, Victorians consumed nearly 63 million mega watt hours (MWh) of electricity (ABARE, 2009) meaning over 7 giga watts (GW) of energy had to be generated. In 2019/2020 – the year in which the Australian Government wishes to have 20 per cent of Australia’s electricity supply to come from RER – Victoria is predicted to consume 78 million MWh of electricity (ABARE, 2009). So to meet Australia’s renewable energy target, approximately 1.8 GW of renewable energy would need to be generated. This could be achieved through: ∙∙ approximately 720 of 5 MW wind turbines (running at 50 per cent of their maximum capacity all year round) or, ∙∙ approximately 14.900 of 0,15 MW wave buoys (running at 80 per cent of their maximum capacity all year round).

Seasonal wind speeds don’t vary much around the study area. For example in the 90-mile beach area, the weakest wind speeds occur in July (13 km/h) and the fastest in November (18,5 km/h); with an annual average wind speed of 15,6 km/h (BoM, 2010). But as energy demand varies greatly throughout the day, more power generating devices may be needed than the amount suggested here. This energy generation scenario for 2020 is planned and visualised in this paper to enable an informed debate on the renewable energy approaches suitable for Victoria.

To incorporate the economic issues into the planning process bathymetry, shipping lane, petroleum platform, wind speed and wave power data was collected.

The bathymetry data determines the feasibility of offshore RER and water depths were zoned as follows using (Musial and Butterfield’s, 2004) research: ∙∙ most suitable (0-30 metres deep), ∙∙ possibly suitable (30-50 metres deep), ∙∙ future suitability (50-200 metres deep), ∙∙ not suitable (greater than 200 metres deep).

Based on (Jeng, 2007) a 1 km exclusion buffer was created around major shipping lanes. Petroleum platforms can provide the infrastructure needed to transport the power created from wind and wave farms to the shore (Jeng, 2007). Many of these are due for decommissioning in Bass Strait, and a 2 km inclusion buffer was created around these as possibly suitable (considering also the dependence on corresponding depth information).

For wind turbines to be viable wind speeds must be over 5 m/s at 80 metres height and wave power required a level of sea wave energy over 20 KW/m2. From the available wind and wave power maps (Dewha, 2007) all the areas in this study were well above the minimum requirements and so were not included in the ArcMap layers.

2.2 Spatial Analysis

64

2.2.2 Environmental Issues

Key considerations in planning for new energy infrastructure include: ∙∙ economic issues – cost and efficiency in relation to; water depth, location of existing infrastructure, wind speed and wave power (Harries et al, 2006; Musial and Butterfield, 2004; Sustainability Victoria, 2009), ∙∙ environmental issues – positioning restrictions due to the location of endangered animals and marine national parks (ABCSE, 2004; Thorpe, 1999), ∙∙ social issues – concerns in regards to aesthetics, noise and loss of recreation areas (Sustainability Victoria, 2009; Thorpe, 1999).

These factors are all weighted equally, in this initial assessment, and can be mapped and combined using a geographic information system (GIS) in order to determine an optimum solution for offshore RER. The maps created can be used to compare suitable locations and the impacts

The environmental factors stated above were incorporated into the planning process by collecting marine national park and endangered animal location information. These areas were given a 1 km buffer and labelled as “Not Suitable”, as wind and wave farms cannot be placed in areas of environmental importance (Abcse, 2004).

Figure 2a. Average installation costs of different energy sources in Australian Dollars (Synder and Kaiser, 2009; Vining and Muetze, 2007)

Figure 2b. Average operating costs of different energy sources in Australian cents (Synder and Kaiser, 2009; Vining and Muetze, 2007)

2.2.3 Social Issues The main social issues involved with renewable energy implementation (Thorpe, 1999) are aesthetics, noise and loss of recreation areas.

Denmark requires that large-scale wind farms be at least 8 km from shore (Ladenburg and Dubgaard, 2007). This ensures that the visual im-

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Boelen M.A., Bishop I., Pettit C. (2010): Selecting offshore renewable energy futures for Victoria Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 63-67

pacts of the turbines are minimised. However, this requirement may not be practical in other countries due to the underwater topography and the current technology of offshore wind structures.

Nevertheless, an 8 km exclusion buffer was placed along Victoria’s coast. The aesthetics of wave power buoys would not be an issue as they sit only 30 metres above the water level – not visible from 8km.

2.3 Visualisation 2.3.1 Building the Wind Farm Model

Figure 3.

Place the wind turbines at the intersection of each grid line

The wind farm model was constructed from simple shapes using Google Sketchup. A single wind turbine was downloaded from the 3D Google Sketchup Warehouse. Several wind turbines were created by copy and pasting the original turbine. To work out the placement of 100 wind turbines, a 10x10 cell grid, with 600 metre spacing was used. Each wind turbine was placed at the intersection of the grid lines (figure 3), then the grid lines were deleted to prepare the model for insertion into Google Earth.

2.3.2 Building the Wave Farm Model The wave buoys in the wave farm model were constructed from simple shapes in Google Sketchup using a dimensioned buoy found at (Opt, 2009). The same method used above was used for positioning the wave power buoys.

2.3.3 Importing into Google Earth

Figure 4.

Wave power buoy made in Google Sketchup

Once the wind turbine and wave buoy models were constructed, they were positioned in Google Earth, based on the suitable areas defined using the GIS analysis, to create representations of the new seascapes.

The first step to create the wind and wave farm models in Google Earth was to import an image of the map created in the planning process by “add . image overlay”.

Importing the models into Google Earth involved adding the model as a DAE file. This was done by saving the Google Sketchup model as a DAE file, then opening it in Google Earth using “add . model”.

Finally, a cargo ship approximately 180 metres long 30 metres wide and 18 metres high was placed in the visualised environment to give the viewer a sense of scale (figure 5).

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Spatial Analysis

Figure 5a. 180x30x18 metre cargo ship – shows scale of wave buoy

As a result of the application of the data and procedures detailed in section 2.2, figure 6 was produced. It is evident that the 90 Mile Beach area (a coastal region on Victoria’s eastern coast) is the most suitable location, with shallow water (water less than 30 metres deep) and petroleum platforms in the area. Further offshore, the water around King Island and Flinders Island is also shown as suitable. However, the threatened fauna and marine national park data obtained does not cover these areas. This would reduce their suitability.

Therefore, the area in eastern Victoria along the 90 mile beach is the focus of the visualisation component of this study.

The main focus of this study was to illustrate how the transition to RER would affect the Victoria’s visual environment with an overview visualisation. Thus the spatial analysis in this study was simplified. A more complete analysis would include a view-shed analysis and would use weighted factor combinations.

3.2 Visualisation 3.2.1 Different Size Farms

Figure 5b. 180x30x18 metre cargo ship – shows scale of wind

Google Earth was the visualisation tool used in this project, primarily due to its familiarity and connectivity. The models created were easily

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Boelen M.A., Bishop I., Pettit C. (2010): Selecting offshore renewable energy futures for Victoria Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 63-67

positioned in Google Earth and once complete, were effective as a basic visualisation tool. However realism was difficult to achieve as there is a need for elevation and distance to see the extent of the RER impacts.

Other software packages could be used to achieve more realistic ground level visualisation as well.

Farms of 100, 200 and 500 wind turbines (at 100 metres height from the ocean surface to the hub) and 100 wave buoys (at 30 metres height from the ocean to the highest point) were visualised from the beach at approximately ground level, with an example shown in figure 7.

It is apparent from this visualisation that the individual wind turbines are very small and would have very limited individual impact on the aesthetics or recreational values of the coast. However, when 100 of them are seen together, particularly in conditions of high visual contrast, the effect is quite noticeable. To what extent this might have significant impact on scenic values is not known in the Australian context. European research has shown that as the number of turbines in a wind farm increases, so does the visual impact (Ladenburg and Dubgaard, 2007). However, further evaluation is necessary, especially with reference to context and comparison with the impact of alternative energy options. At 8 km noise will not be a factor.

As the wave buoys only sit 30 metres above the water and are no closer than 4 kilometres from shore, they do not create any significant visual impacts. At this distance from shore, noise will also not be a factor and recreational activities will not be impacted.

Although wave power is commercially viable, it is not yet suitable for such large-scale projects. With current technology there would not be sufficient space to accommodate the number of wave buoys needed.

For every wind turbine installed, 20 wave buoys would be needed to get the equivalent amount of power. However, smaller projects using wave energy to power remote coastal communities appear to be clearly viable.

3.2.2 Wind Power Contribution to 20% RER by 2020 Figure 8 shows three wind farms – with 100, 280 and 400 wind turbines – spread across the extent of the 90 mile beach area. From this viewpoint and at this resolution the turbines are barely noticeable. However this is not a representative view point and conclusions about impact cannot be drawn. What is clear is that there will be few points along this coast which are not within view of a large number of turbines. Coastal activities – swimming, surfing, fishing etc – are not likely to be affected, but the public response to the intrusion (even in the knowledge that this could power over 2 million homes) is problematic.

3.2.3 Local Impacts of Offshore RER Each of the wind and wave farms was positioned in the areas available derived from the spatial analysis. The most suitable area was confined to the 90 mile beach region. To help answer the question posed above about the impact of such pervasive infrastructure, further visualisations were developed from the beach; 200 metres inland from the beach (the approximate location of the 90 mile beach ocean road) and from urban centres such as Lakes Entrance; Golden Beach; Paradise Beach; and Woodside Beach.

Figure 7.

66

100 wind turbines of the 90 mile beach coast, viewed at 8km from the beach at approximately ground level at sunrise

Figure 8.

Figure 6.

Overall suitability map for the location of wind and wave farms off Victoria’s coastline with 90 Mile Beach zoom

The wind turbines were most noticeable from the beach. As the wind farms are over 8 kilometres from shore, their visibility varies depending on the weather conditions. (Bishop and Miller, 2007) found significant differences in impact levels according to haze levels and their effect on the contrast between the turbines and their background. As technologies advance, the turbines could be placed in deeper water further offshore and could have increasingly less visual impacts. Even with the cost reducing, putting turbines further from shore remains more expensive.

The point at which society will find a balance between these costs and the amenity benefit is unknown. More detailed visualisation and survey research will be needed to address these questions.

A limited evaluation was undertaken in this research. Looking at the visualisations from the 90 mile beach ocean road, there were limited views of the wind farms. The road winds along the coast, going both behind and in front of the sand dunes. There is a lot of trees and scrub on the sand dunes, blocking the view of the ocean the majority of the time.

The visualisations and Google Street View also confirmed there was limited visibility of the wind farms from urban centres. Google Street View was used as a preliminary ground - truthing tool that confirmed the view of the wind turbines would predominantly be blocked by man-made structures, topography or vegetation (figure 9). This being said, Google Street View is a static medium and therefore if this project were to go ahead, thorough ground-truthing would have to be performed by site visits.

3.2.4 Google Earth as a Visualisation Tool As an evaluation tool for the general public, Google Earth and Google Sketchup are effective, inter-operable and accessible programs.

When looked at from the beach, the wind turbines and water look quite realistic since there is nothing in the scene to take away from the overall effect: such as topography, trees, houses and animals. Various lighting conditions were also looked at in Google Earth and Google Sketchup to enhance the visualisation.

These effects act to enhance the overall visualisation, but in order to evoke a more valid emotional response from those evaluating the visua-

20% RER by 2020 – 720 wind turbines in 3 wind farms

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Figure 9.

A typical view of the beach from the 90 mile beach ocean road (Google Street View)

Boelen M.A., Bishop I., Pettit C. (2010): Selecting offshore renewable energy futures for Victoria Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 63-67

lisations, specialised modelling programs with more advanced rendering capabilities are necessary. Google Earth provides a capacity for movement of the camera but not movement of the turbine blades. This movement can also have a significant effect on people’s affective responses (Bishop and Miller, 2007). Game engines are another software option for providing interactive options in conjunction with dynamic elements in the landscape. Whatever product is being used the ideal is for a user to navigate through the virtual environment at their own pace and leisure.

There were also issues will the relative size of modelled objects in Google Earth. Although the objects were of the correct scale, they appeared to be smaller when imported to Google Earth than in comparable simulations in the literature. This may have been due to the angular field of view. In Google Earth the field of view is 60° and cannot be adjusted; whereas to give perceptual sizes similar to the typical human eye, the field of view size must be around 45°. This difference acts to make the turbines look smaller than in reality. With no field-of-view adjustment available, the only way to correct for perceived size is to somewhat increase the scale of the modelled object before importation into Google Earth.

However, this approach can alter the visibility relationship between, for example, turbines and sand dunes, trees or houses. Hence that too can be misleading. Getting scale and visibility both correct is very important to visualisation products for public consumption.

3.3 Project Extension Further exploration into visual impacts should be done through a community evaluation phase. This could involve RER planning workshops inspecting and evaluating the on-site visualisations and commenting on: ∙∙ the amenity of the farms – to help planners understand the implications of renewable energy sites from the ground level, ∙∙ the configurations of the wind farms – 100, 200 or 500 turbines in one farm, ∙∙ different renewable energy scenarios – 20, 50 or 80 per cent of energy covered by RER by 2020, ∙∙ the alternatives to renewable energy – visually, would they prefer a coal fired power station or a wind turbine, ∙∙ the broader implications of more renewable energy.

4. CONCLUSION Planning for RER can begin as a straightforward process. Selecting the correct layers and using a GIS can account for economic, environmental and social issues within one program. The offshore RER can then be visualised using a simple program like Google Earth to get initial insights into the visual effects of the development. More rigorous evaluation of public responses would require the use of software providing for greater user control over the visualisation and dynamic objects.

Although Victoria has a large per capita energy consumption, it was found that it was feasible to provide 20 per cent of total energy production with offshore renewable energy sources. Currently wind power has the capacity to supply a greater load than wave power, although wave power would be generated a higher proportion of the time. Public acceptance may be enhanced by initially supplying smaller communities with RER, then building a base to link to the State (and now national) electricity grid.

However, a large portion of Victoria’s coastline would be required to develop such resources and a significant amount of capital investment would be needed for implementation. Existing energy companies still see potential to expand the on-shore renewable capacity and are therefore not currently making any active plans for more expensive offshore installation. Moving such infrastructure offshore would therefore require financial or legislative intervention. At this stage there does not seem to be a willingness to move in this direction. Two factors might change this: (i) improved wave power technology making it a viable large scale alter-

native, or (ii) rapidly increasing density of on-shore wind farms to the point at which there is public pressure for an off-shore energy mix.

The consistently strong winds over Victoria’s oceans, international success, climate change pressure and technological advances seem to indicate that at some future date we will see offshore RER in Victoria.

References ∙∙ Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics (ABARE) (2009): “Energy in Australia”, http://www.abare.gov.au/publications_ html/energy/energy_09/auEnergy09.pdf (accessed 4 May 2009) ∙∙ Australian Business Council of Sustainable Energy (ABCSE) (2004): Dispelling the myths about wind. In: BioGeneration Magazine, pp. 8-9. ∙∙ Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) (2010): “Weather Observations Victoria”, http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/dwo/IDCJDW0300.shtml (accessed 17 Feb. 2010) ∙∙ Bishop, I., and Miller, D. (2007): Visual assessment of off-shore wind turbines: The influence of distance, contrast, movement and social variables, Renewable Energy, 32, pp.814-831. ∙∙ Cleantech Group (2008): “Ocean Power Technologies deploys Spanish wave unit”, http://cleantech.com/news/3558/ocean-power-technologies-deploys-spanish-tidal-unit (accessed 20 Oct. 2009) ∙∙ Cleantech Group (2008): “UK holds half of Europe’s wave energy potential”, http://cleantech.com/news/3879/uk-holds-half-europes-waveenergy-potential (accessed 19 Oct. 2009) ∙∙ Department of Climate Change (2008): “Australian Government’s Renewable Energy Target”, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/renewabletarget/index.html (accessed 1 May 2009) ∙∙ Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (DEWHA) (2007, 2008): “Renewable Energy Atlas of Australia”, http://www. environment.gov.au/renewable/atlas (accessed 2 Aug. 2009) ∙∙ ESRI (2009): “ESRI Products”, www.esri.com (accessed 10 Oct 2009) ∙∙ Harries, D., McHenry, M., Jennings, P., and Thomas, C. (2006): Hydro, tidal and wave energy in Australia, International Journal of Environmental Studies, 63(6), pp. 803-814. ∙∙ Jeng, D. (2007): Potential of Offshore Wind Energy in Australia, In: Offshore Technology Conference, 2007 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, U.S.A, 30 April-3 May. U.S.A. ∙∙ Ladenburg, J., and Dubgaard, A. (2007): Willingness to pay for reduced visual disamenities from offshore wind farms in Denmark, Energy Policy, vol. 35, pp. 4059-4071. ∙∙ Musial, W. and Butterfield, S. (2004): “Future for Offshore Wind Energy in the United States”, http://www.osti.gov/bridge (accessed 1 May 2009) ∙∙ Ocean Power Technologies (OPT) (2009): “Technology”, http://www. oceanpowertechnologies.com/tech.htm (accessed 10 Aug 2009) ∙∙ Sustainability Victoria (2008, 2009): “Renewable Energy Resources”, http://www.sustainability.vic.gov.au/www/html/2109-renewable-energy-resources.asp (accessed 4 May 2009) ∙∙ Synder, B., and Kaiser, M. (2009): Ecological and economic cost-benefit analysis of offshore wind energy, Renewable Energy, 34, pp. 1567-1578. ∙∙ Thorpe, T. (1999): “A Brief Review of Wave Energy”, https://staff.lauder. ac.uk/ICT/Library.nsf/0/5AC80A020BA2C07F80256D820039EEA6/$FI LE/A+brief+review+of+wave+energy+A+report+produced+for+the+D TI.pdf (accessed 27 March 2009) ∙∙ Vining, J., and Muetze, A., (2009): Economic factors and incentives for ocean wave energy conversion, IEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 45(2), pp. 547-554. ∙∙ World of Maps (2009): “online Maps of Australia”, http://www.worldofmaps.net/oceania/australia_maps.htm (accessed 27 May 2009) ∙∙ Yu’an, Z., 2009. “China commits to offshore renewable energy”, http:// www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2009-06/24/content_8316184.htm (accessed 19 Oct. 2009) E

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Czesak B. (2010): The GIS technology implementation Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 68-69

Barbara Czesak ► Agricultural University of Cracow, Poland, barbara.czesak@hotmail.com

The GIS technology implementation to the inventory of the Parish of Good Shepherd Abstract GIS is a useful tool for gathering and analysing information. Cemetery is a place where a lot of information can be found but usually there is no system that could help put all the information together. Students of Agricultural University of Krakow were asked to create a database that could make the management of the Cemetery of the Parish of Good Shepherd easier. On the basis of total station and GPS measurement, the database; containing: names, dates of death, the type of grave, the size of grave etc.; was created. Geographic Information System that came into being facilitates decision making e. g. finding place for a new grave, managing burials etc.

Keywords GIS Inventory Cemetery Database Queries

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GIS is widely recognized technology and as such it has many applications. Some of the most popular uses are: natural hazards monitoring, transport, emergency management, geology etc. The project, that I am going to describe, focuses on the implementation of the GIS technology to the inventory of the cemetery. As a participant of this enterprise I must say that it was interesting to observe the development of the idea. At the beginning there was only the task of conducting an inventory of the cemetery. The Student Geodetic Association of Agricultural University of Kraków accepted the challenge. However, after that it had to be found out how to tackle it successfully. In the end Monika Giemzik, one of the students involved in the project put forward an idea of creating a GIS. The plan was accepted by our supervisor dr. Zbigniew Siejka.

We did a research on the Internet and discovered that similar system already exists and covers all Kraków’s state cemeteries but this Internet browser was not very precise, because the graves were not measured. You can find out in which part of cemetery the grave is, but you are not able to get this spot on the map.

The first stage of the project was surveying. The object of our survey was a cemetery of the Parish of Good Shepherd. The cemetery, created in 1923, is

situated in the north part of Kraków, Poland. It covers the area of about 1 ha and it is divided in 18 parts. This study presents only the first part of the cemetery as the whole project is still in progress. In the first part of the cemetery; which was inventoried by Monika Giemzik, Maciej Adamski and Barbara Czesak; there are 121 graves and 254 people buried.

It is important to know how the cemetery is arranged and how every single grave is documented and what changes could be introduced in order to improve the management. We discovered paper documentation which consisted of: cemetery book and parish book. It is not easy to find anything in those papers quickly. It is mostly handwritten, which makes the whole thing even more difficult.

The provost has decided to introduce a new software in the parish recently. It is supposed to help manage the records of the parish. There is ‘module cemetery’ in the software. A map of cemetery (file extension bmp or jpg) can be attached in the module. There is a possibility to create a database too. The main purpose of this module is to control prolongation fees. Each grave must be prolonged every 20 or 30 years, depending on the type of grave. We decided to present the provost with our idea of ‘cemetery software’.

After getting acquainted with the cemetery and its documentation we could start with the project. Inventorying the cemetery was not an easy task. We came across many problems. First of all, each grave had to be described. It had to be decided what type of grave it is. What distinguishes the graves is a basement. If there is a basement, the grave can be called a tomb. If there is no basement, it is a ground grave. Many graves do not have basements, but they do have tombstones, so there is no conspicuous difference between these two types. Each time we could

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Czesak B. (2010): The GIS technology implementation Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 68-69

not recognize the type of the grave we had to ask the gravedigger for help.

Writing down all the names from the tombstones was sometimes also complicated. The names of the persons buried were not always clear. It happened that the writing vanished or some letters just disappeared from the tombstone. It was very difficult to guess the name in such situations. But somehow we felt like Columbus did 400 years ago. We have been discovering the history of the cemetery.

After we managed to write down all the data, an Access database was created. It consists of two tables. First table, named ‘grave’, contains attributes such as signature, part of the cemetery, type of the grave, picture; the second table ‘the dead’ features attributes such as: first name, last name, maiden name, nun/monk/priest etc. field, year of death, year of birth, gender. Probably the most interesting attribute is ‘nun/monk field’. That is why it needs to be explained. On some tombstones there is only a name and the information that the person was a nun. It is much easier to find ‘nun Mary’ if there is a possibility to put that piece of information to the query. If only the name ‘Mary’ was written, too many possible locations would be obtained.

Then the surveying was made. First of all we used GPS technology to set geodetic marks. We got 19 points. Then each grave was measured in four points and 500 picket points were captured. We used Leica TS02 for the survey. After digitalizing the points in Microstation V8, all the graves were drawn. The database containing the full information about each grave was created. All the elements were then connected in the GeoMedia software. We got a GIS which made it possible to find each grave really quickly. The picture shows the cemetery with the geodetic marks marked red and the location of the first part of the cemetery marked green.

The great work has been done. Many graves were measured and still are being measured because the project is in progress. However, the question is how the GIS can be used.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Query - burials before 1990

Figure 3.

Query - single ground graves

Figure 4.

Query - ‘Anna, died before 1960’

Location of the first part of cemetery, marked green

Here are some examples of queries that may be created in GIS since we already know that each ground grave has to be prolonged every 20 years. Here is the example of the query that makes the control over the prolongation easier. All the graves where the people are buried before 1990 are marked green.

It is also important to find out the location of the graves of the same type. The results of the query show all single ground graves.

Sometimes there is a need to find a grave of a specific person. It happens that people are looking for their relatives but they do not always have the full information. This query shows the results of the input: ‘Anna, died before 1960’.

As it can be noticed, GIS can significantly support the management of the cemetery. The information which is contained in the GIS can be easily modified and updated. Queries may be created and the results of

it can be presented graphically. But in spite of many advantages, it requires a short term introductory course for the software user.

We hope that our solution will prove to be efficient and make the management of the cemetery easier. There is still a lot to do and we have to think about solving the problems for the software used in the project which is probably too expensive for this purpose. Some open source substitutes could be applied instead. However, this is the matter of the future. Hopefully we can manage to develop and apply our ideas which will probably prove that the words of Harold Wilson: ‘ …The only human institution which rejects progress is the cemetery” will not be true any more. E

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Cetl V. (2010): NSDI in Croatia Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 70-71

doc. dr.sc.Vlado Cetl ► Institute of Applied Geodesy, Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, vcetl@geof.hr

NSDI in Croatia Abstract It is certain that Croatia is on its way to become a full EU member which, we believe, will be accomplished soon. One of the challenges for the GI community is to build NSDI according to INSPIRE. Considering the effects and significance for the public and society as a whole, improvement of the existing NSDI should be accepted as an essential prerequisite and groundwork for building the overall information infrastructure of the society. The Croatian State Geodetic Administration (SGA) recognized early that simple access to spatial data is the key prerequisite for an efficient and economically prosperous society. The need for NSDI improvement has been included as part of the Croatian e-Government infrastructure.

Keywords NSDI, legal and institutional framework, Croatia, INSPIRE

1. INTRODUCTION Croatia recognizes the need for the NSDI improvement and this task has been included as a part of the infrastructure of the Croatian e-Government (Cetl et al. 2009). In the last few years there have been different initiatives and activities concerned with NSDI and most of these were initiated by the State Geodetic Administration (SGA) which is the national mapping and cartographic agency (NMCA). NSDI connects the public sector with the national and international spatial data network and provides support to the decision-making processes carried out by the Government, citizens and private companies. A prerequisite for a fast and sustainable growth of NSDI is a well organized society of spatial data in the sense of open collaboration between public, private and academic sectors. This partnership relies on a joint vision and the process of consensus, uniting Croatian principles as well as the skills and readiness of organizations and individuals who are capable of and wiling to contribute to the NSDI.

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2. LEGAL FRAMEWORK A synergy of different initiatives and activities, mostly driven by SGA, resulted in February 2007 in a new Law on State Survey and Real Estate Cadastre (OG 16/2007). A separate chapter defines NSDI as a set of measurements, standards, specifications and services which, within the framework of establishing e-government, aim at enabling effective gathering, managing, exchange and usage of georeferenced spatial data. The Law gives definition of NSDI and metadata, content of metadata information, services, NSDI data and subjects that are obliged to participate in its establishment and maintenance, and, what is very important gives institutional framework and defines NSDI bodies and their responsibilities. It is to be stressed that at the time the Law was being prepared, the INSPIRE directive was in its final phase. Croatia is still a non EU country and is not obliged to apply INSPIRE directive at the moment. However, it was decided to use advantage that INSPIRE directive is already prepared and to use it in order to prepare information society to be ready to implement INSPIRE at the moment Croatia will join EU. As a result there is a high compatibility between the Law and the INSPIRE directive (Bačić et al. 2008). With this Law the basic NSDI framework was established which is only the first step of transposition INSPIRE into national regulations.

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Cetl V. (2010): NSDI in Croatia Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 70-71

program and e-Government and WG for establishing a business model for the NSDI. The State Geodetic Administration in the organizational structure is a coordination body, a kind of secretariat, providing continuous support in the NSDI development process, coordinating work of all NSDI bodies, and providing technical support. Its main tasks are: set-up and maintenance of the central NSDI web portal, securing communication support, public relations, services of leading projects, services of quality control, etc. This organizational structure is similar to that in countries like Germany or the Netherlands.

4. GEOPORTAL

Figure 1.

One of the tasks of the SGA is to establish and maintain a public metadata service through a geoportal. The development of the geoportal, currently containing only the data owned by the SGA, is in its final stage (figure 2).

Having a geoportal in operation means that other governmental organizations can not only use SGA data but also make their data accessible. Through SGA geoportal Croatian GIS users have access to vast quantities of spatial data that will make their everyday work much easier.

This is the first step to the establishment of a Croatian national geoportal as part of an NSDI.

NSDI Institutional structure

3. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK The Law gives institutional framework and defines NSDI bodies and their responsibilities. It distinguishes three bodies in the NSDI institutional structure (figure 1).

The supreme NSDI governing body is the NSDI Council as a political body responsible for managing the NSDI establishment. It was formed by the Government’s decision on May 31, 2007 and it consists of 15 members, representatives of: Central State Administrative Office for E-Croatia, Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of the Sea, Tourism, Transport and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, Ministry of Science, Education and Sports, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship, State Geodetic Administration, Central Bureau of Statistics, Croatian Hydrographic Institute, Croatian Geodetic Institute, Association of Geodetic-Geoinformation Specialty, Croatian Employers Association, Association of Information-Communication Specialty, and Croatian Chamber of Architects and Civil Engineers. The basic tasks of the Council are: deciding on the aims, strategies, policies and basic activities of the NSDI institutional framework, harmonizing the NSDI activities with the state policy and programmes, coordinating the planning of and using the state funds for the NSDI development securing a strong political support for the overall process of NSDI development.

On the managerial level, there is the NSDI Committee appointed by the Council consisting of three representatives from the Council, two from SGA and heads of Working Groups. Working Groups are temporary or permanent work bodies responsible for the concept and implementation aspects. Their members are representatives of the state authorities at all levels, of users and producers of spatial data, research and educational institutions, etc. These bodies are appointed or dismissed by the NSDI Committee, with approval of the NSDI Council. A prerequisite for forming a body is a clearly defined mission and a detailed execution plan. During 2008 two working groups (WGs) were created: a WG for NSDI technical standards and a WG for spatial data sharing policies. At the end of 2009 three new working groups were created: WG for building the NSDI establishment capacities, WG for linking the NSDI

Figure 2.

SGA Geoportal (www.geo-portal.hr)

5. CONCLUSION Some important steps in NSDI establishment in Croatia have already been undertaken but the future ones will also be important for the success. The Law on State Survey and the Real Estate Cadastre gives a very good legal and institutional framework. SGA’s Geoportal has been launched as a basis for national Geoportal. All this is a good basis for further development and harmonization with INSPIRE when Croatia becomes a member of the EU. References ∙∙ Bačić, Ž., Rašić, Lj., Landek, I., Malnar, N. (2008): “Building Croatian Spatial Data Infrastructure in Line with the European Standards”, Proceedings of ISPRS Commission IV Congress, Beijing, China. ∙∙ Cetl, V, Roić, M., Mastelić Ivić, S. (2009): Creation of an NSDI strategy – Case Study Croatia, International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructures Research, Vol 4. ∙∙ Official Gazette (2007): Law on State Survey and the Real Estate Cadastre, 16. E

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Ramos R.M., Lucena N.R., Quirós R.M.S. (2010): The Andalusian positioning network (RAP) Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 72-73

Raquel Medina Ramos ► Asociación de Alumnos Técnicos en Topografía, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Jaén, Universidad de Jaén, raquelillamedina@hotmail.com Nicolás Rodríguez Lucena ► Asociación de Alumnos Técnicos en Topografía, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Jaén, Universidad de Jaén, nrl00002@estudiante.ujaen.es Remedios María Sánchez Quirós ► Asociación de Alumnos Técnicos en Topografía, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Jaén, Universidad de Jaén, rmsq0001@estudiante.ujaen.es

THE ANDALUSIAN

POSITIONING NETWORK (RAP) Abstract The Andalusian Positioning Network is a 22-permanent station network which covers the Andalusian area. One of these permanent stations is located in Jaén.

The stations make a geodetic frame to surveying and cartographic applications and give a RINEX Internet Service (RAP-FTP Service) and a Real-Time Positioning Service with DGPS (RAP-RTK, RAP-RDS, RAP-GSM and RAP-IP). The distance between the stations is about 100 km over which a suitable generation of the Carrierphase and code observations correction message should be carried out.

Figure 1.

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Stations of the RAP

Keywords Renewable Energy Offshore Visualisation

The Andalusian Network Positioning, hereinafter RAP, born at the Institute of Cartography of Andalusia (ICA).

The RAP is a network of 22 permanent GPS stations that cover Andalusia evenly between stations of maximum distances of 100 km (figure 1). This network creates a geodetic reference frame only stable for Andalusia, required by the ICA for its cartographic work, but also offers a download service RINEX files (RAP-FTP service) collected by each station to post calculations process and a range of shipping services of differential corrections (RAP-RTK services, RAP-RDS, RAP and RAP-GSM-IP) to enhance real-time positioning of any user. This type of network is unique in Europe because there is no network to host all these corrections shipping systems simultaneously and when this project began there was no station in Spain that would offer corrections or type RAP RAP-GSM-IP. Observation files are created in the central of the RAP from the data sent by each of the RAP stations. Our static station (UJAE) offers post process treatment with RINEX files.

Within the structure of the network, we can distinguish two parts: the seasons and the control system.

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

Ramos R.M., Lucena N.R., Quirós R.M.S. (2010): The Andalusian positioning network (RAP) Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 72-73

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Transmission way Figure 4.

Permanent stations first class of the RAP

Figure 5.

Permanent stations second class of the RAP

Types of information

At the figure 3 there are types of information used in RAP. Besides the stations in turn we can distinguish stations of the first (figure 4) and the second level (figure 5), whose differences are the location and the availability of a greater number of accessories and services.

The number of GPS stations, when the network is fully operational, will be a total of 22 stations distributed between 9 and 13 class secondlevel stations.

The central system consists of several interconnected computers with Web server functions including accommodation of RINEX files (RAP-FTP), RTCM generator for IP services and RAP-RAP-GSM, sending the message to encode Canal- Radio South RAP-RDS service and control of RAP by Spider software (figure 2).

The only system that is not generated from the central system is the RAP-RTK for being a local corrections system.

One of the permanent stations of the network is located in Jaén. It is called UJAE because it is located at the University of Jaén, receiver and antenna are located in Domingo Savio building and the name of all stations in this network has 4 character ID. At the figure 6 there are coordinates of the UJAE network station.

Station characteristics are as follows: ∙∙ receiver GPS: LEICA GRX1200 PRO, ∙∙ antenna: LEIAT504 LEIS, ∙∙ type of construction: centered

Figure 6.

forced concrete monolith mounted cylindrical shape of 1m height and 0.3 m diameter placed on the roof of the building.

References ∙∙ URL-1: http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/obraspublicasytransportes/ redandaluzadeposicionamiento/rap/. ∙∙ URL-2: http://www.ujaen.es/serv/sertec/servicios/gps.html. E

Coordinates of UJAE

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Arroyo K., Bhattacharya P., Biljecki F., Kalpoe D., Muñoz Á., Torren P., Verlaar S., Yu H. (2010): Satellite radar observation feasibility for large infrastructure public works: A case study on the Delft train tunnel Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 74-77

Ken Arroyo Prajnaparamita Bhattacharya Filip Biljecki Dinesh Kalpoe Álvaro Muñoz Piers-Titus van der Torren Stijn Verlaar Hang Yu

► Delft University of Technology, Netherlands, kenohori@gmail.com ► Delft University of Technology, Netherlands, p.bhattacharya@student.tudelft.nl ► Delft University of Technology, Netherlands, fbiljecki@gmail.com ► Delft University of Technology, Netherlands, d.s.kalpoe@student.tudelft.nl ► Delft University of Technology, Netherlands, alvaromunoz18@gmail.com ► Delft University of Technology, Netherlands, p.t.vandertorren@student.tudelft.nl ► Delft University of Technology, Netherlands, s.h.s.verlaar@student.tudelft.nl ► Delft University of Technology, Netherlands, h.yu@student.tudelft.nl

Satellite radar obse

for large infrast works: A case study on t Abstract A very large infrastructural work is being undertaken in Delft. A tunnel is going to be constructed to replace the current rail viaduct. As in any large infrastructural work, the monitoring of the land deformations during the period of the tunnel’s construction is highly essential. In this project, one study was performed to analyse the feasibility of PSInSAR as an independent technique for monitoring of land subsidence.

The driving mechanisms for deformation were studied to find out the relations among them. Soil geophysics, hydrology, infrastructures and thermal expansion were studied in relation with deformation. Besides these, the traditional deformation monitoring methods were also studied, since they are the competitors of this technique. LiDAR, photogrammetry, tachymetry, levelling and GPS were considered in this study for the comparison with radar. The major attention has been given in this study to assessment of the geolocalisation quality of PSInSAR observations.

We have found that the accuracy and point density of PSInSAR is sufficient for deformation monitoring.

While its repeat interval might not be able to detect quick failure mechanisms, other techniques have proven to be excellent complements for this deficiency. Radar measurements are also good for validation in other fields, showing that they correlate well with thermal expansion and soil mechanics theory. Further work should be directed to improving geolocalisation and deformation models.

1. Introduction The Netherlands have one of the highest population densities in the world, which creates a constant need to improve the transportation infrastructure in the country. Currently, a very large infrastructural work is being undertaken in Delft known as Spoorzone Delft (figure 1). The most significant part of this project is a four track railway tunnel, which will replace an existing two track viaduct. There are many concerns with its construction in a highly populated area near the historic centre of the city. Tunnel building is difficult in the area, because of the presence of ancient building foundations, combined with soft unconsolidated soils and the large impact of groundwater pressure fluctuations. Proper monitoring is crucial to detect any situation that may arise, and prevent a catastrophic event. PSInSAR is a technology which has the potential to become a watchman for large projects such as this one. Radar is virtually always

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Figure 1.

Student professional magazine • Faculty of Geodesy • University of Zagreb

Overview of a part of Spoorzone

Keywords PSInSAR Radar Deformation Monitoring Spoorzone Delft

Arroyo K., Bhattacharya P., Biljecki F., Kalpoe D., Muñoz Á., Torren P., Verlaar S., Yu H. (2010): Satellite radar observation feasibility for large infrastructure public works: A case study on the Delft train tunnel Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 74-77

rvation feasibility

ructure public

he Delft train tunnel available, day and night and in all weather conditions; it is also powerfully precise, with millimetre accuracy. The objective of this project is to determine the feasibility of a satellite radar based monitoring system for large scale infrastructural public works, with the Delft train tunnel as a case study. Currently, the conventional geodetic techniques (e.g. levelling) are involved in large infrastructure projects, but the use of other independent techniques may yield great advantages. For instance, it can check the correctness of the data obtained by construction companies, providing confidence to the community with a second set of impartial measurements.

2. Theoretical research 2.1 Driving Mechanisms Delft is an old city with a long building history. Depending on the age of a construction, a corresponding foundation can be expected (i.e. shallow wooden beams or deep concrete piles). From stiffness theory, it is expected that the buildings with shallow wooden piles will be vulnerable to changes in the stress level caused by the tunnel’s construction, resulting in deformation. On the other hand, buildings with deep concrete piles are founded on a stable sand layer and will likely not be affected significantly. Soil subsidence often increases with time, even under a constant load. This phenomenon is called creep, and peat and clay are the best examples of materials which exhibit this behaviour. It causes structures founded on soft soils to show ever increasing settlement. For buildings, such settlements are particularly damaging, especially when not uniform. This may lead to cracks in buildings. Meanwhile, other materials (e.g. sand or rock) show practically no creep, except at very high stress levels. The soil in Delft is mostly composed of clay, sand and peat, which causes an ever increasing subsidence in Delft.

From previous research, it is known that there exists a high correlation between groundwater level and surface deformation. A better understanding of this relationship will help manage groundwater and analyse deformations. DSM Gist plays an important role in this because this company is extracting great amounts of groundwater which has direct influences on the groundwater level. Surface deformation is also dependent on subsurface soil composition, with peat being significantly more sensitive for compaction than other materials. Since it is composed of organic material, it oxides when in contact with air, re-

ducing in volume and producing subsidence. On those depths, where groundwater fluctuates, peat will come in contact with air.

2.2 Radar Method Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a remote sensing technique that can image the terrain and by transmitting a radar wave from an airborne or spaceborne platform and receiving its reflection from the ground (backscattering). It can image at any time of the day or the night, regardless of sun illumination and weather condition.

When the amplitude of the radar complex waveform is discarded, the technique is known as Radar Interferometry or Interferometric SAR. It is based on the subtraction of phases between two or more radar acquisitions over the same area. The capability of reaching mm level accuracy when measuring range differences in this way, along with the repetition in the satellite orbits form the basis for the monitoring of ground deformation.

Many long-term monitoring campaigns are performed in regions with excessive vegetation, snow cover, flooding, or man-induced earth movement, as is the case of the construction work being carried out in the Delft Spoorzone. All of these phenomena can degrade traditional InSAR capabilities, since success with interferometry relies on the ability to observe coherent phase measurements from scene to scene.

One solution to overcome limitations of conventional InSAR is the use of Persistent Scattering Interferometric InSAR (PSInSAR). This technique uses the same technology as traditional InSAR, but takes an additional advantage of point targets, the so-called Persistent Scatterers (PS). PS present stable reflectivity properties and coherent phase measurments over time. A persistent scatterer is much larger than the radar wavelength, but small enough not to be influenced by geometric decorrelation.

2.3 Data Lineage Along this synthesis project, crucial radar data have been provided

by DLR through the satellite TerraSAR-X, launched on June 15th 2007.

Operating in the X-band (wavelength of 31 mm and frequency of 9:6 GHz), achieves high resolution (3 metre in StripMap mode) from a polar orbit at 514 km altitude. TerraSAR-X, delivers an ascending and a descending radar image of Delft every eleven days and has been doing so since April 8, 2009, for the purpose of our project. It looks at a 30 kilometre wide area around Delft, with an incidence angle of 22.5 − 25.5° for the descending view and 38.0 − 40.5° for the ascending one.

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Arroyo K., Bhattacharya P., Biljecki F., Kalpoe D., Muñoz Á., Torren P., Verlaar S., Yu H. (2010): Satellite radar observation feasibility for large infrastructure public works: A case study on the Delft train tunnel Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 74-77

The data acquired in this way has been processed by TU Delft and the outcomes have been delivered to the Geomatics Synthesis Project team to be analysed. From these data, deformation maps (figure 2) and height maps have been obtained. Time series showing the relative motion of each point have also been extracted from the datasets.

ring have their strengths and limitations. It has been found that only methods operating at ground level are capable so far, in monitoring deformations for infrastructural works like Spoorzone. This includes levelling, tachymetry, close range photogrammetry and terrestrial laserscanning. The latter two are considered to be suitable to complement PSInSAR. 3. Detailed Analysis 3.1 Geolocalisation

Figure 2.

One of the outcomes of PSInSAR is a map displaying the deformation from April to August 2009 of PSs relative to a reference surface

2.4 Quality of Observations Opposed to a human eye, which is capable of distinguishing objects located at various angles, radar can only distinguish between objects placed at different distances from it (figure 3). Analysis of PSI results requires a visualisation tool, which allows combining radar observations and external data into a common reference system. This combination leads to the possibility of interpreting PS data with reference to physical ground features, and hence, provides an idea of the reasons for the subsidence.

2.5 Other methods for monitoring The monitoring of the Delft train tunnel involves mainly tachymetry, but also terrestrial laser scanning (phoenixstraat) and inclinometers are used. In the Delft case study area, prisms are mounted on

Figure 3.

3.2 Thermal Expansion Thermal expansion is a tendency of a material to change its size in response to a change in temperature. As a rule of thumb, we can expect that a 10° rise in temperature will cause a 10 m tall building to expand 1mm upwards. This expansion occurs both vertically and horizontally, but while the former is relatively easy to account for, the latter depends heavily on the internal structure of a building and is therefore omitted from this report.

Vertical thermal expansion is very predictable for early morning acquisitions, but unpredictable in the afternoon, due to certain factors like uneven heating in households. After the analysis it was concluded that highly coherent points are most strongly correlated with thermal expansion. Furthermore, the mean thermal expansion coefficient for buildings in Delft is found to be 12E−6K−1 . It has been concluded that it would be much better to apply the thermal expansion correction before fitting a deformation model and calculating the corresponding ensemble coherence in the PSInSAR process. The correlation between thermal expansion and radar measured deformation for points over 17 m over the ground in the descending orbit is shown in figure 4.

There is an example where points from both orbits prove to belong to a same building, by presenting the same deformation trend and very close geolocalization.

3.3 Fluctuations in Ground Water Levels

The way radar observes distance

buildings in order to make the measurements with the tachymeter faster and to have the ability for continuous monitoring of the deformation. So far, no monitoring technique has succeeded in being low cost, accurate, having a high point density and that has been fast in area coverage. All currently used techniques for deformation monito-

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To relate the PS points to real objects, the points are loaded in a GIS system and compared to reference data. For this we have used the excellent AHN2, a very accurate height model of the Netherlands, and GBKN, the Dutch big scale base map. After geometrical transformations the majority of PS can be located with an error of less than 3 m, horizontally as well as in height.

To get more insight into the position of points observed by radar relative to the actual location, cross sections of the AHN2 profile were overlaid with PS. Since the InSAR technique is capable only of measuring path differences in its Line of Sight direction, in order to properly decompose the displacement into horizontal and vertical components, measurements taken from two directions (ascending and descending interferograms) should be combined. Radar observations from TerraSAR-X in different orbit directions result in two kinds of independent measurements. The location of scattering points representing the same physical object in both datasets, would stand as a sign of a reliable measurement and a strength on the technique. There is an example where points from both orbits prove to belong to a same building, by presenting the same deformation trend and very close geolocalization.

There is a direct relation between groundwater level and surface deformation. However, because of the unavailability of groundwater level data over the same time span as the radar deformation measurements, the analysis of such influence has been performed with predicted groundwater levels. After the study, no clear correlation could be found between deformation and changes in groundwater level. It can be con-

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Arroyo K., Bhattacharya P., Biljecki F., Kalpoe D., Muñoz Á., Torren P., Verlaar S., Yu H. (2010): Satellite radar observation feasibility for large infrastructure public works: A case study on the Delft train tunnel Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 74-77

cluded that this analysis may only be helpful, if actual groundwater level measurements are considered.

3.4 Soil Subsidence PS points were classiffied using a soil map of Delft. From statistics calculated for each soil class, it was possible to conclude that the layers containing clay had a high deformation rate, while sand had a small deformation rate. It was concluded that the deformation measured with PSInSAR was consistent with the soil mechanics theory.

5. Results, Conclusions and Recommendations 5.1 Results The project has several results. The most important is that deformations can be detected with millimetre accuracy, which is satisfactory for deformation monitoring. It is seen that the point density can easily exceed 5.000 per km2 . The precision for relative position and height is better than 3 metres. Further it is required to offset the thermal expansion since thermal expansion can be in range of centimetres. The minimum detectable bias in the horizontal plane ranges from 1.6 mm east for the ascending orbit and 2.6 mm west for the descending orbit. The minimum detectable bias in the vertical direction ranges from 1.1 to 25 mm. Terrestrial Lidar or close range photogrammetry is recommended as a complement to PSInSAR for deformation monitoring.

5.2 Conclusions

Figure 4.

Correlation between thermal expansion and radar measured deformation for points over 17 meters over the ground in the descending orbit

3.5 PSInSAR and the Delft Train Tunnel A network relating the future tunnel to all surrounding points is created to monitor the relative movement between the surrounding points and the tunnel. Only the zone with a short angle to the underground infrastructure is likely to be significantly affected by the construction of the tunel.

The minimum displacement detected with PSInSAR depends on the selected direction. The so-called Minimum Detectable Bias (MDB), is found to be 1 mm in the line of sight of the satellite. For a point on the horizontal plane, 1.6 mm east-west in the ascending orbit and 2.5 mm to in descending orbit. The MDB ranges from 1 mm to 2.5 mm in the vertical direction.

The main conclusion of this project is that it is possible to monitor the Spoorzone Delft with millimetre accuracy. In case a building will tilt, it is possible to measure it with several millidegrees accurate. Further it can be concluded that the accuracy of the localisation of the points is not homogeneous. Overall points are within 3 metres accurate, while locally accuracies of about 1 metre can be achieved. Due to the property of every material to change its size in accordance with temperature, buildings expand significantly when they get warmer. The difference between a cold winter night and a warm summer day can be theoretically of 3 centimetre for the highest buildings in Delft. In order to measure proper deformation of the ground under a building, it is necessary to account for this event. PSInSAR really stands out in having a large comparable covered area over time with a very high accuracy. Still, it may be useful to use a complementary technique, especially for faster repeat rates and more control over the observed points. For this, close range photogrammetry and terrestrial Lidar could be considered, and it may be attractive to use a more proven technique such as tachymetry.

5.3 Recommendations

The business potential of this method has been studied as well, where the organisational, financial and legal aspects of the project have been analysed. Three developed business models, connected with TU Delft, have been defined: ∙∙ model A: meant for research only; this is the model in which this project was operated, ∙∙ model B: where the research is funded by TU Delft, and the product is sold through a related intermediary company, ∙∙ model C: where the project team will reach the clients and sell the products.

It is recommended that Spoorzone Delft will be monitored by PSInSAR. TU Delft should continue further research on the PSInSAR technique. In the upcoming years a quick improvement can be expected.

This research should include the following things. The geolocalisation of the points could be more accurate. Further a possibility for obtaining a better deformation model than the linear one used in this research, and finding a better filtering method. For monitoring large infrastructural works smaller than 10 km2 , it is recommended to switch from the radar operational mode StripMap to Spotlight to reach a higher PS density.

Groundwater level measurements should be obtained from the same time span as radar acquisitions, and for those depths, where groundwater fluctuates, it will be useful to analyse soil types. Further, the possibility of using thermal expansion offsets before any estimation based on radar data should be researched. Additionally, the foundation types of buildings could be obtained in order to do a spatial analysis on the relation between foundation type and deformations.

The financial analysis of the Model B is made. The project with an eight member team with the facilities expenses, costs approximately 260.000 euros. The financial advantage of this model is that the data acquisition is for scientific use, hence it is derived without any cost.

The accessibility of the data, the intellectual property rights and the personal data protection should be taken into account obeying European directives. Contracts should be signed to address all legal points such as usage of data for business purposes, its publishing on the web and the warning of detected deformations.

∙∙ URL-1: http://www.dlr.de/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-4219/8885_ read-15979/, German Aerospace Center. TerraSAR-X -Germany’s radar eye in space (July 2009). ∙∙ R. Hanssen, F. van Leijen (2007): Groundwater management and its consequences in Delft, the Netherlands as observed by Persistant Scatterer Interferometry, Delft Institute of Earth Observation and Space Systems. E

4. Business Analysis

References

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Peters S., Krisp J.M., Meng L. (2010): Education paper: Development of an international master program in cartography and geoinformatics Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 78-81

S. Peters ► Technische Universität München (TUM), Arcisstraße 21, 80333 München, stefan.peters@bv.tu-muenchen.de J.M. Krisp ► Technische Universität München (TUM), Arcisstraße 21, 80333 München, jukka.krisp@bv.tu-muenchen.de L. Meng ► Technische Universität München (TUM), Arcisstraße 21, 80333 München, liqiu.meng@bv.tu-muenchen.de

Education Paper: Development of an International Master Program in Cartography and Geoinformatics Abstract The ongoing technological development since the introduction of computerized data processing and increased access to the Internet has increasingly blurred the boundaries among the individual disciplines in the geo-sciences. As a consequence, some traditionally interdisciplinary areas, such as geoinformatics and cartography, have become particularly active or partly revitalized. In this paper we document the establishment of a new cooperative International Master Program in “Cartography and Geoinformatics”. With a cooperation of 3 technical universities, TU München, TU Dresden (Germany) and TU Wien (Austria), the program holds unique features. The program is rooted in the traditional German or Austrian Diploma program “Geodesy and Geoinformation”, but it has been progressively reshaped as interdisciplinary and non-consecutive Master program. The curriculum of “Cartography and Geoinformatics” incorporates and highlights the methods and applications in spatial data modeling, analysis and visualization of geographic information. Additionally this paper relates to the European education reform with the Bologna Declaration issued in 1999. The declaration aims at making European higher education more compatible, competitive and attractive for students from European countries and other continents.

Keywords Cartography Geoinformatics Education Master program University Reform

1. BACKGROUND & INTRODUCTION Concerning the spatial or “geo” related sciences; it seems to be a classic way to divide the corresponding education programs into a number of disciplines such as geography, geomorphology, geodesy, geology, geophysics etc. Each discipline has a clearly definable profile and a major study area dealing with the subject “Earth” such as its surface, form, size, structure, and dynamic processes. This diverse composition with its wide application field has presented a challenge for a structured, comparable education system for cartography. As David Forrest pointed out in 2003, the last four years have been a difficult period for cartographic education in the UK, with admissions suspended to one of the leading postgraduate courses and the decision to close the only dedicated undergraduate course.

In contrast to this, there has been a significant expansion of courses in Geographic Information Systems or Science (Forrest, 2003). Cartography alone seems to have a difficult stand, but in combination

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with Geoinformatics it may well be a prosperous discipline. The rapid technological development with the introduction of computers, powerful data processing algorithms and improved sharing of data, information and knowledge via the Internet, has increasingly blurred the boundaries among these individual disciplines. As a consequence, some interdisciplinary areas such as remote sensing, geoinformatics and cartography have become particularly active or revitalized (Krisp, et al., 2009).

Cartography can act as an interdisciplinary field as many of the earth related subjects involve the use of cartographic representations. The Commission on Cartographic Education of the International Cartographic Association (ICA) defined Cartography as the totality of investigation and operations - scientific, artistic and technical - which have as their aim the making of maps as well as the use of maps (ICA, 1999a). The ICA strategic plan for 2003-2011 offers a definition of cartography as: “The art, science and technology of making and using maps” or a more comprehensively, defining “Cartography as a unique facility for the creation and manipulation of visual or virtual representations of geospace – maps – to permit the exploration, analysis, understanding and communication of information about that space” (ICA, 1999b).

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Peters S., Krisp J.M., Meng L. (2010): Education paper: Development of an international master program in cartography and geoinformatics Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 78-81

information and visualize it with the help of some software modules. A Cartography is more than displaying results of a spatial analysis. It limited number of Universities and advanced technical colleges offer a does also relate to the concept of Geovisualization, which provides border specialization in cartography and GIS on top of a basic program theory, methods and tools for the visual exploration, analysis, synthesis in geography or in geodesy. Beside this, there are only a few schools speand presentation of data that contain geographic information (MacEacified on cartography and GIS worldwide, for example the cartography chren and Kraak, 2001). Additionally cartography may to some extent program at the “Institut für Kartographie” at the Dresden University of be linked with concepts of Visual Analytics (Thomas and Cook, 2005).

Technology. It constitutes one of these specific schools of cartography, As suggested by Andrienko e.a., “Visualization and interactive visual inas well as the Moscow University for Surveying and Mapping (MIGAIG) terfaces, as an effective way to provide material for human analysis and and the Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping (WTUreasoning, are essential for supporting the involvement of humans in SM) in China (Ormeling 2008). problem-solving. However, a simple combination of visualization with To keep the education and research in cartography on a very high computational analysis and modeling is not sufficient for facilitating the level in Europe, it is necessary to bundle the existing competence. An mutual reinforcement of the abilities of humans and computers. New international Master program in “Cartography and Geoinformatics” is methods are needed, and such methods can only result from a focuconceptualized, to which 3 universities, TU München, TU Dresden (Gersed cross-disciplinary research based on the achievements in the fields many), TU Wien (Austria) jointly contribute with teaching modules that of geovisualization and information visualization, human–computer are reasonably integrated into a curriculum. interaction, geographic information science, operations research, data mining and machine-learning, decision science, cognitive science, and 2. CURRENT SITUATION OF CARTOGRAPHY EDUCATION other disciplines, so that a synergy of approaches and technologies could lay a basis for a synergy between humans and computers in solving 2.1 Cartography study programs in Germancomplex decision problems.” (Andrienko et al., 2007) The growing techspeaking countries nical spectrum makes the current cartographic education a non-trivial A detailed analysis can be found in the publication of (Koch et al, task as the new emerging ideas of using data representations still have 2009) investigating the “recent developments in cartographic curricula to find the way into the current software tools and into the heads of the in German-speaking countries”, also presented in the ICA Symposium researchers, teachers and students. on Cartography for Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), Vienna, 16-17 FeThe European education reform includes the Bologna Declarabruary 2009. Figure 1 gives an overview of study programs in Germany, tion issued in 1999. The three priorities of the Bologna process are: Austria and Switzerland, where cartography can be studied or specialiIntroduction of the three - cycle system (bachelor/master/ to some zed. All together there are 38 locations. extent also the doctorate), quality assurance, recognition of qualificaThe TU Dresden is the only university in Germany where cartography tions and periods of study. Additionally the Bologna declaration aims can be studied as an independent program. 13 universities provide the at making European higher education more compatible, competitive opportunity to specialize in geoinformatics within a program in geodesy and attractive for students from European countries and other continents. The Declaration states to promote mobility by overcoming obstacles to the effective exercise of free movement with particular attention. This applies to students, as they should have access to study and training opportunities and to related services and additionally to teachers, researchers and administrative staff, with their recognition and valorization of periods spent in a European context researching, teaching and training, without prejudicing their statutory rights (European union, 1999).

Cartography education in Europe changes as the conversion to Bachelor/Master system within the ongoing Bologna process continues. Currently the number of dedicated Bachelor/Master programs in this field has been reduced. There are universities throughout the world where cartography and GIS courses are given, most of them are introductory courses just set up to give a basic Figure 1. Universities with programs containing cartography and geoinformatics idea how to deal with geospatial

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Peters S., Krisp J.M., Meng L. (2010): Education paper: Development of an international master program in cartography and geoinformatics Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 78-81

and geoinformation (GI). Two of them, the University of Salzburg and the University of Münster offer Master programs in English, whereas the one in Salzburg is an e-learning program (UNIGIS). Furthermore, ten universities offering geography programs provide specialization in GIS (Geographic Information Systems) by subdivided cartographic departments or research groups.

Beside a university program, cartography Bachelor programs are offered by five universities of applied sciences, or “Fachhochschulen (FH)”.

The Master programs provided by these universities of applied sciences are either in geoinformatics or in geoinformation. Within nine geodesy and geoinformation programs offered by universities of applied sciences, specialization in GIS is possible.

Figure 2.

Participating universities in the international master Cartography & Geoinformatics

2.2 Cartography study programs in Europe and worldwide: Beyond the borders of the German-speaking countries there are many universities worldwide where cartography and GIS courses are given, most of them are introductory courses just set up to give a basic idea how to deal with geospatial information and visualize it with the help of some software module. There are a limited number of universities and advanced technical colleges where students may specialize in cartography and GIS, on top of a basic program in Geography or in Geodesy. In Europe, university Master programs in geoinformation taught in English are offered in a couple of universities located in the UK, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden and Finland. But a program focusing on cartography is offered only at very few universities, such as the University of Moscow (MIGAIG) and outside Europe the program at WUHAN University in China. However, they are not given in English. Even in North America, many geoinformation courses have been established, but no program is dedicated to cartography.

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3. PROGRAM CONCEPT Following the successful example of a study program on Earth Oriented Space Science and Technology (ESPACE) at the Technical University Munich (TUM) and on the basis of an extensive demand analysis in German speaking region, we have conceptualized a new international non-consecutive Master program Cartography and Geoinformatics. Being coordinated at TUM where the academic degree Master of Science will be conferred, it attempts to bundle the existing competence from other universities such as Technical University of Dresden and Technical University of Vienna in Austria. The locations of the participating Universities are shown in figure 2.

One of the main objectives of this program is to maintain and to improve the high level of cartography science in Europe and to create a “spearhead” in cartography and geoinformatics by means of collaboration of three universities. Another goal is to enhance international relations and university collaborations in Europe, using the synergetic effects of three universities and combining their advantages. Furthermore, the program shall improve exchanges of students and scientists worldwide.

The program is intended to start in October 2011.

This Master program will make an optimal use of the existing education modules and human resources at the 3 cooperating universities.

With a very high concentration of scientific competence in cartography and geoinformatics, the program holds a unique feature not only in Europe, but also worldwide. It will be the first Master of Science in “Cartography and Geoinformatics” taught in English within the participating universities. The academic degree is planned to be a joint degree. The conceptual idea is a 4-semester English-language Master program which has an intake between 15 and 25 students per year. Students obtain altogether 120 ECTS credit points.

Target students are high-qualified students from all over the world especially from Asia and Europe, holding a bachelor or diploma degree in cartography or related subjects. The Master program will accept high-quality and top-level educated students to prepare them for current workforce demands while giving them a life-long career path. One important aspect is an intensive and individual supervision of the students.

Higher education at German and Austrian state universities such as TUM, TU Dresden and TU Wien is in general financed through taxes.

The tuition fee is about 500 EUR per semester. Already during their studies, some students may work as assistants for research activities or as tutors for lectures in lower semesters. Funding for the accepted students may be provided by DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) or by different foundation such as Konrad Adenauer Foundation or Heinrich Boell Foundation. Furthermore Erasmus-Mundus offers financial aid for students, scientists, guest-lectures and cooperating universities. Therefore the KTH Stockholm is mentioned as an additional cooperation partner.

Holding a Master of Science in Cartography and Geoinformatics, alumni are qualified to work in research institutions, universities or as engineers in the industry, e.g. Geoinformation field. The graduated students will be motivated to pursue a PhD in any of the cooperating universities or at research institutions.

4. PROGRAM STRUCTURE As shown in figure 3 students will absolve their first semester at the TU Munich, the second semester at TU Wien and the third semester at TU Dresden. Writing the Master thesis will be possible in any of the universities. Additionally the KTH Stockholm respectively the ITC (University of Twente, Netherlands) is a partner for Master thesis supervision. Students need to be very mobile as three universities at different locations are involved in this program.

As seen in the curriculum draft in figure 4 the first semester offers

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Peters S., Krisp J.M., Meng L. (2010): Education paper: Development of an international master program in cartography and geoinformatics Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 78-81

1. Sem.

whereby students obtain excellent job qualifications. The cooperation of the different universities intents to give the graduates an access to an international research network and an optimal start to a scientific career.

TU Munich

5. CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE EFFORTS

2. Sem.

TU Wien

3. Sem.

TU Dresden

Master’s Thesis Figure 3.

In this article we have presented the establishment of a new international Master Program in Cartography and Geoinformatics. Hence, the new international Master program in Cartography and Geoinformatics shall be regarded as a rather complementary program than a competing program to the existing Master program Geodesy and Geo-information.

This new Master program will set innovative standards in the international Cartography & Geoinformatics education and research. The technological and methodological developments in the geosciences are the driving forces to this new international Master. With its unique features, it is an innovative approach that provides excellent job opportunities.

The first principal steps for the new program are set and the general agreement as well as the industrial and research demand is given. The program is supported by the ICA - International Cartographic Association.

Munich / Wien / Dresden / KTH / ITC

References

Program structure

different learning paths, addressing both the previous know-how and the requirements of the students (harmonization of knowledge). In general, the first 2 semesters contain mainly basic and advanced courses in cartography and geoinformatics. In addition, key competences (project management, research methods) are provided. Students also obtain introductory courses in various cartographical applications. Furthermore, a Summer School for special projects is planned.

In the third semester the students have the opportunity to specialize in three concentrations: 1) mobile cartography, 2) 3D visualization, 3) field specific GIS application & case studies.

It focuses on a comprehensive education in cartography and geoinformatics: spatial information technology, mathematic principles of mapmaking, spatial data handling, theories and technologies of geovisualization and communication of spatial information.

Besides capability of performing practical and development tasks in the fields related to cartography and geoinformatics, the students are supposed to be trained for taking part in research projects and aim for continuation of their studies for the PhD degree. Another advantage is that the program focuses on both, cartography and geoinformatics,

Figure 4.

∙∙ Andrienko, G., Andrienko, N., Jankowski, P., Keim, D., Kraak, M.-J., Maceachren, A. & Wrobel, S. (2007): Geovisual analytics for spatial decision support: Setting the research agenda, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 21, 839 - 857. ∙∙ Boillot, Y. (2005): ERA Star - Outreach and Education, Report for the European Commission, RPT-ERA-002, HE Space Operations BV, Netherlands. ∙∙ European union (1999): The Bologna Declaration, Joint declaration of the European Ministers of Education. ∙∙ Forrest, D. (2003): Cartographic Education and Research in the UK, The Cartographic Journal, 40, 141-146. ∙∙ ICA (1999a): Definition of Cartography, ICA International Cartographic Association - Commission on Cartographic Education, (http:// www.msu.edu/~olsonj/overview.html). ∙∙ ICA (1999b): Definition of Cartography, ICA - A Strategic Plan for the International Cartographic Association 2003-2011, As adopted by the ICA General Assembly 2003-08-16, (http://www.icaci.org/en/ ICA_Strategic_Plan_2003-08-16.pdf). ∙∙ Krisp J. M, Peters S., Hedman K., Meng L. (2009): A Case Study of Education Reform in Earth Observation Technology and Applications, Technische Universität München, Department of Cartography, EOGC2009 Conference, Chengdu, China, 25-29 May 2009. ∙∙ Maceachren, A. & Kraak, M.-J. (2001): Research Challenges in Geovisualization, Cartography and Geoinformation Science, Volume 28, 3-12. ∙∙ Ormeling F. (2008): Mapping the Changes in Cartographic Education in the Last 50 Years, Kartographische Nachrichten 4/2008. ∙∙ Thomas, J. J. & Cook, K. (2005) Illuminating the Path: The Research and Development Agenda for Visual Analytics, National Visualization and Analytics Center, http://nvac.pnl.gov/agenda.stm. E

Curriculum draft

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Zmyslony C. (2010): Research into Brandeis CCS Angle Monitor - BCAM Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 82

Claudia Zmyslony ► Universität Bonn, Germany, slony@uni-bonn.de

The BCAM is a simple optical device which has been developed by the Brandeis University. It is principally used to monitor the geometry of large structures. At present, a lot of these devices has been installed in ATLAS and ALICE, the two mount spectrometers of Cern.

The Brandeis CCD Angle Monitor consists of an electronic camera and a pair of light sources.

The camera consists of a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) image sensor and a plano-convex lens (figure 1). The light sources of the BCAM are two red laser diodes. The configuration for a measurement needs two BCAMs which face each other. A BCAM sends two light spots to the CCD of the other BCAM. When one of them moves, the light spots on the CCD move accordingly. You need the LWDAQ (Long-Wire Data Acquisition) hard- and software for using the BCAMs . It consists of a personal computer, a driver board with a TCP/IP interface and two or more BCAMs. The BCAMs are connected over the driver board directly to a personal computer. Via Internet, the Brandeis University provides the software for free.

The BCAM has been examined in three experiments: The behavior of translational displacement is the object of this investigation. Furthermore, an inspection of the measurement procedure with differing measurement intervals takes place. At the very end, the reaction during dynamic deformation relating to other sensors is examined. A comparison is drawn between capacitive slope sensors and a lasertracker.

The results show a linear measurement procedure of the BCAM as well as the function as a reproduction scale for differing measurement intervals. Compared to the other two sensors, the BCAM shows a similar result of measurement except of a lower sensitivity.

Figure 1.

Internal structure of the BCAM

Figure 2.

The whole photo system

References ∙∙ Amelung, C. (2008): The Optical Alignment System of the ATLAS Muon Spectrometer Endcaps, ATLAS Muon, Note Revised Version at March 28 2008. ∙∙ Bensinger J., Hashemi K. (2006): High Precision Optical Instrumentation for Large Structures Position Monitoring: The BCAM System Applied to the CMS Magnet, 9th International Workshop on Accelerator Alignment September 26.-29. 2006. ∙∙ Hashemi K. (2009): BCAM User Manual, Brandeis University Boston, http://alignment. hep.brandeis.edu/Devices/BCAM/UserManual.html, BCAM drawings, reports, circuit diagrams and manuals are distributed for free under the GNU Public License, copyright Kevan Hashemi. ∙∙ Lackner, F. (2007): Design and High Precision Monitorin of Detecotr Strucutes at CERN, Thesis, Institut für Fertigungstechnik, TU Wien. ∙∙ Schlemmer, H. (1996): Grundlagen der Sensorik. Wichmann Verlag, Heidelberg.

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Ceremonial promotion of Ekscentar & IGSM 2010 Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 84-85

Ceremonial promotion of Ekscentar & IGSM 2010 March 12, 2010.

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Ceremonial promotion of Ekscentar & IGSM 2010 Ekscentar, iss. 13, pp. 84-85

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Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb Kačićeva 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

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Kratki osvrt na proteklih 14 godina Ekscentra i poziv na daljnju suradnju Sama ideja pokretanja studenskog časopisa na Geodetskom fakultetu rodila se davnih dana. Generacija studenata iz 1968. godine počela je s idejom razvijanja časopisa Rektificirano. Moramo primijetiti, vrlo zanimljiv naziv i svakako dobro poznat već i studentima prve godine studija.

Na žalost, nakon nekoliko godina časopis se ugasio. 1987. i 1988. godine studenti ponovno pokreću rad časopisa pod nazivom Novo Rektificirano. Izišla su dva broja, došle ratne godine i ugasile rad. Ideja je ostala i u godinama poslije rata. Skupina studenata 1997. godine potaknuta željom za stvaranjem i promjenom pokreću časopis koji je i danas poznat po nazivu Ekscentar. Od samih početaka časopis je bio zamišljen kao studenski, punili su ga stručni članci, sportski događaji i dostignuća, intervjui, humor, stripovi, novosti na Fakultetu i u studenskom životu. Časopis je bio u potpunosti crno-bijeli s 60-ak stranica i nakladom od 450 primjeraka. Iz godine u godinu povećavala se kvaliteta časopisa, prvenstveno kvaliteta papira i grafičke obrade. Već je tada bilo vidljivo da je prilično teško održavati ovakav časopis na životu, ponajviše zbog toga što se temelji na volji, radu, marljivost i strasti nas studenata. U svakog generacije našlo se grupica ljudi koja je s velikom voljom radila na svojoj viziji nadolazećeg broja Ekscentra. Svi studenti, svi oni čije su riječi, misli, pošalice, stručni termini izišli u dosadašnjim brojevima nose u sebi trunku ponosa jer su omogućili da se Ekscentar održi do danas. Posljednji, 12.

broj našeg časopisa bio je izazov za pomlađenu generaciju studenata i sad nakon nekoliko mjeseci možemo reći da je to bio dobar posao i da smo zadovoljni nakladom od 3.000 primjeraka. Naravno, uvijek postoji prostor za poboljšanja i nove ideje. Moramo primijetiti i priznati da se Ekscentar zadnjih godina malo uozbiljio. To je ono na čemu trebamo poraditi i nekako ga osloboditi tih okova ozbiljnosti. Tu nam treba pomoć svih vas studenata. Voljeli bismo nekako doprijeti vas i približiti vam ono što radimo i potaknuti i vas da se priključite. Svatko je dobro došao, rado ćemo prihvatiti ideje, savjete i mišljenja. U sljedećem broju želimo što više humora, pošalica, križaljki, nekih zanimljivih događaja i svega što bi vi htjeli vidjeti kad otvorite novi broj Ekscentra. Sve što želite napraviti je super, poželjno i nikako ne može biti loše. Strah da nešto što vi napravite nije dobro je neprihvatljiv jer mi želimo sve i svačiji angažman je poželjan. Posebno pozivamo mlade snage koje su tek kročile na naš faks i uhvatile ritam naših hodnika, učionica, knjižnice i menze. Niste premladi da radite s nama, dapače, svi su dobrodošli, ali najmlađima se posebno veselimo. Uz učenje, upoznajemo jednu drugu stranu studenskog djelovanja koje nije striktno vezano za predavanja, vježbe, programe, projekte, kolokvije i ispite. Naš rad je potaknut voljom za stvaranjem, kreacijom i za svakoga od nas izazov. Zanimljivo je i uživamo, pridružite nam se i vi.

Tko smo mi?

Matej Varga - glavni urednik Caveman

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Ivan Žižić - izvršni urednik Žika

Diana Bečirević - PR i urednica marketinga Kraljica

Gdje nas pronaći?

Možete nam se javiti mailom na ekscentar@geof.hr ili na mvarga@geof.hr, jmaganic@geof.hr, izizic@geof.hr i dbecirevic@geof.hr.

Zaustaviti nas na hodniku, na stepenicama, u menzi, u knjižnici ma gdje god nas vidite. Pitajte što god hoćete, mi smo tu da vas uputimo i da vas potaknemo da radite i uživate s nama. E

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