Circuit Simulation with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud (Extract)

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TINA Design Suite is a professional, powerful and affordable circuit simulator. It is a circuit designer and PCB design software package for analysing, designing, and real-time testing of analogue, digital, IBIS, VHDL, Verilog, Verilog AMS, SystemC, MCU, and mixed electronic circuits and their PCB layouts.

This book comes with a free licence of TINACloud for 1 years including all example files in this book.

Elektor International Media BV www.elektor.com

Circuit Simulation with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud

• Dogan Ibrahim

In this book, top-selling Elektor author, Prof. Dr. Dogan Ibrahim aims to teach the design and analysis of electrical and electronic circuits and develop PCB boards using both TINA and TINACloud. The book is aimed at electrical/electronic engineers, undergraduate electronic/electrical engineering students at technical colleges and universities, postgraduate and research students, teachers, and hobbyists. Many tested and working simulation examples are provided covering most fields of analogue and digital electrical/electronic engineering. These include AC and DC circuits, diodes, zener diodes, transistor circuits, operational amplifiers, ladder diagrams, 3-phase circuits, mutual inductance, rectifier circuits, oscillators, active and passive filter circuits, digital logic, VHDL, MCUs, switch-mode power supplies, PCB design, Fourier series, and spectrum. Readers do not need to have any programming experience unless they wish to simulate complex MCU circuits.

Prof. Dr. Dogan Ibrahim has a BSc, Hons. degree in Electronic Engineering, an MSc degree in Automatic Control Engineering, and a PhD degree in Digital Signal Processing.

Dogan has worked in many industrial organizations before he returned to academic life. He is the author of over 70 technical books and has published over 200 technical articles on electronics, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and related fields.

Circuit Simulation

with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud

with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud

Circuit Simulation

Dogan Ibrahim

Circuit Simulation with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud ● Dogan Ibrahim

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an Elektor Publication

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This is an Elektor Publication. Elektor is the media brand of

Elektor International Media B.V. 78 York Street London W1H 1DP, UK Phone: (+44) (0)20 7692 8344 © Elektor International Media BV 2022 First published in the United Kingdom 2022

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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any material form, including

photocopying, or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication, without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1P 9HE. Applications for the copyright holder's written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers. The publishers have used their best efforts in ensuring the correctness of the information contained in this book. They do not assume, and hereby disclaim, any liability to any party for any loss or damage caused by errors or omissions in this book, whether such errors or omissions result from negligence, accident or any other cause.

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

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ISBN: 978-3-89576-471-4

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EISBN: 978-3-89576-472-1

Catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Prepress production: DMC ¦ dave@daverid.com Printed in the Netherlands by Ipskamp

TINA and TINACloud are trademarks of DesignSoft www.designsoftware.com

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Elektor is part of EIM, the world's leading source of essential technical information and electronics products for pro engineers, electronics designers, and the companies seeking to engage them. Each day, our international team develops and delivers high-quality content - via a variety of media channels (e.g., magazines, video, digital media, and social media) in several languages - relating to electronics design and DIY electronics. www.elektor.com

● Preface

● Preface Electronic circuit simulation is very important in all branches of electrical and electronic engineering. Circuit developers can test their designs in a virtual environment before actually building them with real parts which means fewer prototypes and saves time, effort and cost. Students can put into practise the theory they have learned in their lectures, and this gives them the chance to apply the theory to real-world experiments. Circuit theory is a core subject and is the fundamental part of all electrical and electronic engineering courses. In conventional engineering laboratory experiments, it is necessary to purchase electronic components and instruments and use them to build circuits, and then carry out experiments using these circuits. Usually, it may be costly and sometimes difficult to obtain the components required for an experiment, especially during the development cycle.

TINA is a professional integrated computer simulation program including schematic circuit design, analogue, digital, VHDL, Verilog, Verilog A, Verilog AMS, SystemC and MCU circuit simulation, PCB design, filter design, RF circuit design, microcontroller system design, equation editor, logic design, and many more useful electronic design and simulation tools.

Digital circuits that are given in Schematic form, VHDL, Verilog, or mixed can also be exported and downloaded to an FPGA. The TINA software package has been developed by DesignSoft (www.tina.com). One of the best features of TINA is that a simulated circuit can easily be implemented on a PCB with auto-placement and auto-routing capabilities. Users can also use the Gerber plotting and CNC drilling options of TINA to learn, design, and implement a prototype of their projects.

TINACloud is the cloud-based, fully compatible version of TINA that runs on your browser.

You can analyse & design analogue, digital, VHDL, Verilog, Verilog A, Verilog AMS, SystemC MCU, and mixed electronic circuits including SMPS, RF, communication, and optoelectronic circuits using TINACloud. The software runs on most operating systems, including Windows, macOS, Linux, tablets, smartphones, smart TVs, and so on. The main advantage of TINACloud is that it is ideal for hybrid working: in addition to the office, it can be used at home, on the go, or in the classroom. The software includes unique features for educators, especially in distance education. TINACloud has special operating modes for training and examination. In these modes, under TINACloud’s control, students solve problems assigned by their teacher. The solution format can be selected from a list, calculated numerically, or given in a symbolic form. If students cannot solve the problem, he/she can turn to the multilevel Advisor. The package includes all tools needed to produce educational materials.

This feature is especially useful for distance education.

You can subscribe to TINACloud for a fraction of the price of TINA. If you purchase a licence for the downloadable TINA program, you receive a special bundle of TINACloud with all new private licences of downloadable TINA (this was true at the time of writing this book).

This book is about learning to design and analyse electronic circuits and PCB using both TINA and TINACloud. The book is aimed at electrical/electronic engineers, students, teachers, and hobbyists. Many tested simulation examples are given in the book. Readers do not need to have any computer programming skills unless they are simulating complex MCU circuits.

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Circuit Simulation with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud

All simulation projects used in the book are available as files on the website of the book.

Please note that these files are organised in chapter order. Readers can use these circuits for learning. They may also be modified for use in your own applications.

This book comes with a free licence of TINACloud for 1 year including all example files.

I hope you enjoy reading the book and learn how to use TINA in your next electrical/ electronic design project.

Prof. Dogan Ibrahim

●4

● Table of Contents

● Table of Contents ● Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Chapter 1 ● Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

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Why simulation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Electronic simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 SPICE modelling of electronic circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 The TINA program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1.4.1

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Schematic capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

1.4.2

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Live 3D Breadboard Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

1.4.3

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PCB design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

1.4.4

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Electrical Rules Check (ERC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

1.4.5

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Schematic Symbol Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

1.4.6

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Library Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

1.4.7

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IBIS model support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

1.4.8

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Parameter Extractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

1.4.9

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Text and Equation Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

1.4.10

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DC analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1.4.11

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Transient analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1.4.12

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Auto convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1.4.13

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Transient noise analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1.4.14

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Fourier analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1.4.15

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Digital simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1.4.16

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HDL simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1.4.17

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Microcontroller (MCU) simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1.4.18

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Flowchart Editor and Debugger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1.4.19

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AC analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.4.20

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Network analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.4.21

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Linear AC Noise analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.4.22

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Symbolic analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.4.23

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Monte-Carlo and worst-case analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.4.24

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Design Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.4.25

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Optimisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

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Circuit Simulation with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud 1.4.26

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Post-processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

1.4.27

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Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

1.4.28

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Interactive mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

1.4.29

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Virtual instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

1.4.30

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Real-time Test & Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

1.4.31

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Training and Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

1.4.32

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Mechatronics Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Chapter 2 ● TINA Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

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Overview . . . . . . . . . . . .

Version features . . . . . . .

Options . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Supplementary hardware .

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24 24 27 27

2.4.1 ● LabXplorer: Multifunction Instrument for Education and Training with local and remote measurement capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Chapter 3 ● TINA Installation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

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Hardware and software requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Installing the hardware key (dongle) version of TINA . .

Authorisation of the software protected version of TINA

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29 29 36 37

Chapter 4 ● Getting Started – Simulating Simple Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.1 ● The Schematic Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2 ● Simulation 1 – Series and parallel resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.3 ● Simulation 2 – Resistor – capacitor circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.4 ● Simulation 3 – Resistor – inductor-capacitor circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.5 ● Simulation 4 – Power consumption – using a power meter . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.6 ● Simulation 5 – Voltage across components – using voltmeters . . . . . . . . .

4.7 ● Simulation 6 – Current through components using Ampere Meters . . . . . .

4.8 ● Simulation 7 – Impedance measurement using the Impedance Meter . . . .

4.9 ● Simulation 8 – Resistance measurement using the Ohmmeter . . . . . . . . .

4.10 ● Simulation 9 – Plotting voltage across components using an Oscilloscope component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.11 ● Simulation 10 – Measuring frequency using a frequency meter . . . . . . . .

4.12 ● Simulation 11 – AC circuit analysis I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.13 ● Simulation 12 – AC circuit analysis II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.14 ● Simulation 13 – AC circuit analysis III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.15 ● Simulation 14 – Thevenin’s Theorem - AC circuit analysis . . . . . . . . . . .

4.16 ● Simulation 15 – Norton’s Theorem - AC circuit analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.17 ● 3-Phase circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

●6

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38 39 49 61 67 69 70 71 73

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4.17.1

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Simulation 16 – 3 phase star connected circuit analysis with resistive load 93

4.17.2

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Simulation 17 – 3 phase star connected circuit analysis with resistive and

● Table of Contents inductive load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 4.18

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Mutual inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

4.18.1

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Simulation 18 – Mutual inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Chapter 5 ● Diode Circuit Design and Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 5.1 ● Simulation 1 – Simple diode circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.2 ● Simulation 2 – Half-wave rectifier circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3 ● Simulation 3 – Half-wave rectifier circuit with transformer . . . . . . . . . . .

5.4 ● Simulation 4 – Full-wave rectifier circuit with center-tapped transformer .

5.5 ● Simulation 5 – Full-wave bridge rectifier circuit with transformer . . . . . . .

5.6 ● Simulation 6 – Diode clamper circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.7 ● Simulation 7 – Zener diode characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.8 ● Simulation 8 – Zener diode voltage regulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.9 ● Simulation 9 – Zener diode symmetrical voltage limiter . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.10 ● Simulation 10 – Voltage tripler circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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102 103 104 105 107 109 110 112 113 114

Chapter 6 ● Transistor Circuit Design and Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 6.1 ● Simulation 1 – Bipolar transistor characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 6.2 ● Simulation 2 – Common emitter transistor amplifier - Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 6.3 ● Simulation 3 – Common emitter transistor amplifier - Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 6.4 ● Simulation 4 – Multi-stage common emitter transistor amplifier – Using subcircuits in TINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 6.5 ● The Netlist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 6.6 ● Simulation 5 – BJT transistor Colpitts oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 6.7 ● Transistor as a two port network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 6.7.1

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Transistor h parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

6.8 ● Simulation 6 – JFET transistor common source amplifier .

6.9 ● Simulation 7 – JFET transistor characteristic curves . . . .

6.10 ● Simulation 8 – BJT Transistor switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.11 ● Thyristors and triacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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142 146 147 149

6.11.1

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Simulation 9 – Thyristor phase control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

6.11.2

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Simulation 10 – Triac phase control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

6.12

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Audio power amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

6.12.1

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Simulation 11 – Class AB audio power amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Chapter 7 ● Operational Amplifier Circuit Design and Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 7.1 7.2

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Key characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Operational amplifier circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

7.2.1

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Inverting amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

7.2.1

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Inverting amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

7.2.2

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Non-inverting amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

7.2.3

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Voltage follower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

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Circuit Simulation with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud

7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7

7.2.4

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Voltage adder amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

7.2.5

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Voltage subtractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

7.2.6

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Voltage integrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

7.2.7

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Voltage differentiator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

7.2.8

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Current to voltage converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

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Simulation 1 – Inverting amplifier . . . . . . . .

Simulation 2 – Summing amplifier . . . . . . . .

Simulation 3 – Voltage integrating amplifier .

Simulation 4 – Half-wave rectifier circuit . . . .

The Design Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.7.1 7.8

7.9

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171 174 175 176 178

Simulation 5 – Example design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Optimisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

7.8.1

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Simulation 6 – Example design - AC circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

7.8.2

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Simulation 7 – Example design - DC circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

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Sinusoidal oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

7.9.1

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Simulation 8 – Phase shift oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

7.9.2

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Simulation 9 – The Wien Bridge oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

7.9.3

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Simulation 10 – The Colpitts oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

7.10

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Square wave generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

7.10.1

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Simulation 11 – Operational amplifier square wave generator . . . . . . . . 194

7.10.2

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Simulation 12 – 555 integrated circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Chapter 8 ● Filter Circuit Design and Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6

● ● ● ● ● ●

TINA filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Simulation 1 – Designing a 2nd order low-pass active filter . . .

Simulation 2 – Designing a higher-order low-pass active filter .

Simulation 3 – Designing a high-pass active filter . . . . . . . . . .

Simulation 4 – Designing a band-pass active filter . . . . . . . . .

Simulation 5 – Designing a low-pass passive filter . . . . . . . . .

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199 201 206 207 209 210

Chapter 9 ● Digital Logic Circuit Design and Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 9.1 ● Digital logic simulation using TINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 9.2 ● Simulation 1 – Simple AND gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 9.3 ● Simulation 2 – Half adder using gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 9.4 ● Simulation 3 – 2-bit synchronous counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 9.5 ● Simulation 4 – 7-segment LED display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 9.6 ● Simulation 5 – 4-bit binary counter with logic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 9.7 ● Simulation 6 – 4-bit decade counter with 7-segment display . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 9.8 ● Simulation 7 – 8-bit decade counter with two 7-segment displays . . . . . . . . . . 220 9.9 ● Simulation 8 – 4-bit decade counter and 7-segment display – Using a 4-bit Data Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

●8

● Table of Contents 9.10 9.11

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Simulation 9 – Creating a full adder – using a MACRO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Using Hardware Description Languages (HDLs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

9.11.1

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Using VHDL simulation in TINA to analyse digital circuits . . . . . . . . . . . 226

9.11.2

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Simulation 10 – Half adder circuit - VHDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

9.11.3

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Simulation 11 – Counter circuit - VHDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

9.11.4

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The VHDL Debugger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

9.12

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Using Verilog simulation in TINA to analyse digital circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

Chapter 10 ● Logic Design Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Chapter 11 ● Simulating Microcontrollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 11.1 11.2

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Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Using the Flowchart editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

11.2.1

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Simulation 1 – Alternately flashing 2 LEDs – PIC series microcontroller . . 246

11.2.2 ● Simulation 2 – 4-bit Up/Down counter with hex display – PIC series microcontroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 11.2.3 11.3

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Flowchart debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Using assembly programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

11.3.1

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Simulation 3 – Counter – PIC series microcontroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

11.3.2

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Modifying the asm code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

11.3.3

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Debugging the ASM code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

11.4

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Using C programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

11.4.1

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Simulation 4 – Counter – ATTINY13 microcontroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

11.4.2

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Simulation 5 – Traffic lights – ATTINY13 microcontroller . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

11.4.3

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Simulation 6 – LCD counter – Arduino Uno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

11.4.4

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Simulation 7 – Traffic light sequencer– PIC microcontroller . . . . . . . . . . 266

11.4.5

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Simulation 8 – Flashing light– STM32 microcontroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

11.5

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Memory devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

11.5.1

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Simulation 9 – 2-bit x 2-bit digital multiplier – ROM memory . . . . . . . . . 272

11.5.2 275

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Simulation 10 – 4-bit binary counter with two hex displays – ROM memory .

Chapter 12 ● Ladder Logic Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4

● ● ● ●

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Simulation 1 – Ladder logic with a light and motor . . .

Ladder logic components as digital logic components .

Latching circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.4.1

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278 278 279 281

Simulation 2 – Latching motor circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

●9

Circuit Simulation with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud 12.4.2

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Simulation 3 – Forward/reverse motor control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

12.4.3

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Simulation 4 – Conveyor belt controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

Chapter 13 ● Switching-Mode Power Supply Circuits (SMPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 13.1 13.2

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Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Simulation 1 – TPS61031 SMPS circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

Chapter 14 ● Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 14.1 14.2

● ●

14.2.1

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Bipolar transistor multivibrator circuit project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

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The design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

14.2.2

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Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

14.2.3

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Check footprint names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

14.2.4

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Stress analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

14.2.5

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Save your schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

14.2.6

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Start TINA PCB program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

14.2.7

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Gerber file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

14.2.8

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GCode NC drill file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

14.2.9

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PCB information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

14.2.10

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Component list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

14.2.11

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Netlist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

Chapter 15 ● PCB Design Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7

● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Creating Buses in the Schematic Editor and the PCB Designer of TINA .

Multiple units in the same package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Power supply of logic components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Repeating circuit blocks (using the Copy Macro function) . . . . . . . . . .

Creating a Two-Layer, Double-Sided, Surface-Mount Technology Board Creating PCB components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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307 307 310 313 316 320 325

Chapter 16 ● Making Schematic Symbols and Footprints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

● ● ● ● 16.5 ● 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Using the IC wizard in Schematic Symbol editor .

Using the Footprint editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

● 10

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328 328 332 335

IC Wizard in the Footprint Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

16.5.1 16.6 16.7

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Example design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

Adding Public PCB Footprints to TINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Adding Public 3D Footprint models to TINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

● Table of Contents Chapter 17 ● Using TINACloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5

● ● ● ● ●

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Starting to use TINACloud . . .

Example simulation . . . . . . . .

Example PCB design . . . . . . .

Sharing your TINA schematic .

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348 349 350 355 357

Chapter 18 ● Other Useful Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 18.1

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Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

18.2 ● 3D Breadboard . . . . . . . . .

18.3 ● Stress (Smoke) analysis . . .

18.4 ● Electric Rules Check (ERC) .

18.5 ● Serial monitor . . . . . . . . .

18.6 ● Component explorer . . . . .

18.7 ● Find component . . . . . . . .

18.8 ● Protect circuit . . . . . . . . . .

18.9 ● Export . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18.10 ● Import . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18.11 ● Fourier series . . . . . . . . .

18.12 ● Fourier spectrum . . . . . . .

18.13 ● Noise analysis . . . . . . . . .

18.14 ● Power dissipation analysis .

18.15 ● Interpreter . . . . . . . . . . .

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359 360 362 362 362 363 364 365 365 365 367 367 369 370

18.15.1

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Example 1 – RLC circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

18.15.2

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Example 2 – DC circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

18.15.3

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Example 3 – AC circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

18.15.4

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Evaluating Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

18.15.5

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Solving linear system of equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

18.15.6

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Drawing diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

18.15.7

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Bode diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

18.15.8

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Signal definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

18.15.9

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Supported functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

18.16 18.17 18.18

● ● ●

DC Temperature analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 The parameter extractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Finite State Machine Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

Chapter 19 ● The Library Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 Chapter 20 ● Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 20.1 20.2

● ●

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Programming FPGA Boards with Schematic Design Entry using TINA – Example 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

● 11

Circuit Simulation with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud 20.3 ●

20.4 ● 20.5 ● 20.6 ● 20.7 ● VHDL 20.8 ● VHDL

Programming FPGA Boards with Schematic Design Entry using TINA – Example 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Programming FPGA Boards in VHDL with TINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 Programming FPGA Boards in Verilog with TINACloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Storing the program in non-volatile memory of Basys 3 board . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Seconds counter on the 7-segment 4-digit Basys 3 FPGA board using TINA with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Pushbutton counter on the 7-segment 4-digit Basys 3 FPGA board using TINA with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

Chapter 21 ● Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4

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TINA website . . . .

TINA-TI . . . . . . . .

Other useful links .

TINA Help files . . .

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● Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 ● Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

● 12

Chapter 1 ● Introduction

Chapter 1 ● Introduction 1.1

●

Why simulation?

In short, because using simulation avoids wasting time and money in product design.

Traditionally, electronic circuits were designed on paper and were verified by building prototypes. This is a very time-consuming and expensive process. Today the first step is always to use computer programs for design and then testing the result in a virtual environment, which is much simpler and cost-effective than actually building prototypes.

This is also applicable to engineering education. It is well known that one of the major differences of engineering courses from many other courses is that the engineering courses are highly dependent on laboratory work, and laboratories are very important parts of every engineering course. Students learn the complex engineering theories in classes and then apply these theories in practice by carrying out experiments in laboratories. This is true for all engineering courses, whether it’s chemical, mechanical or electronic engineering, etc. For example, electronic engineering students learn about the architecture and programming of microcontrollers in class. They then carry out experiments in laboratories using real microcontroller hardware and programming tools, such as assemblers, compilers, debuggers, and so on.

Although real laboratory experiments are very useful, they have some associated problems: •

• • •

• •

The purchase of real electronic components and instruments can be costly. A large number of the same instruments are usually required for a class of students - this can be very costly The characteristics of electronic components and equipment can change with aging and temperature It is not always easy to find the required components and students may have to wait for long times before they can develop and test their projects Real components can be easily damaged by improper use, for example by applying large voltages, or by passing large currents through them, or by short-circuiting.

Students can get an electric shock in laboratories by not following safety regulations.

Thus, an instructor must always be present in a laboratory to make sure students connect the components correctly and follow the safety rules Real laboratory instruments usually need calibration from time to time and this can be costly and inconvenient Students studying in distant education courses may not be able to attend laboratories.

This was also the case during the recent Covid-19 pandemic

Computer simulation is an alternative to carrying out experiments using real hardware. A simulator is a computer program used to predict the behaviour of a real circuit. Software models (e.g. Spice models) of real components and virtual instruments are used in a simulation. Typically, students run a simulator program and pick the required components and virtual instruments from a software library. For example, the value of a resistor can be changed with the click of a button. They then join the components and instruments using the provided software tools. The simulation process is activated and the A.C. and D.C,

● 13

Circuit Simulation with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud

transient, noise responses, Fourier spectrum, and numerous other responses of the circuit can be easily tabulated, plotted, or recorded.

Although simulation is an alternative and invaluable tool in designing and developing electronic circuits, it has the following advantages and disadvantages: • • • • • • •

•

1.2

Any component, whatever the cost, can be modelled and simulated using a simulator.

Virtual instruments are computer programs and thus there are no cost issues Simulation does not usually take into consideration the component tolerances, aging, or temperature effects. Users may think that all components are ideal at all times Virtual instruments and components used in a simulation can not be damaged by wrongly connecting or by applying large voltages or currents Simulation results may not be accurate at very high frequencies. For example, concepts like the skin effect are not normally considered in high-frequency simulations There are no calibration processes associated with virtual instruments. They are available at all times and operate with the same specifications Simulation allows measurements of internal currents and voltages that in many cases can be near impossible to make using real components Simulation can easily be used in distant education courses. Students can be supplied with copies of the simulator program, or they can be given access codes to use a simulator over the web (e.g. TINACloud). Experiments can then be carried at home and at times convenient to them Simulation programs constantly evolve as new components are introduced by manufacturers. This requires software updates from time to time

●

Electronic simulation

The history of electronic simulation dates back to the 1970s. Before the availability of personal computers, electronic simulation was carried out in analog form using operational amplifiers and passive components. This type of simulation was very limited, was not accurate, and was mainly used in analysing automatic control systems.

One of the earliest simulation programs was the SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis), designed to simulate analog electronic circuits. Another circuit simulation program, CANCER was developed by Ronald Rohrer of U.C. Berkeley in the late 1960s.

Although CANCER was improved in the early 1970s, it was rewritten and renamed SPICE version 1 after Rohrer left Berkeley. SPICE version 2 was then released as a public domain computer simulation program by professor Donald Pederson of Berkeley.

Version 3 of SPICE was released again as a public domain program in March of 1985.

This version was written in FORTRAN which was the most commonly used programming language at the time.

Most professional electronic simulation programs nowadays are based on SPICE circuit modelling techniques. It is, therefore, worthwhile to look at the SPICE modelling very briefly as a matter of completeness. There are many sources of information such as books,

● 14

Chapter 1 ● Introduction

tutorials, examples, etc. on using SPICE. Interested readers should refer to the Internet for further detailed information.

1.3

●

SPICE modelling of electronic circuits

SPICE is an interpreted language consisting of a source file and an interpreter. SPICE source files are commonly referred to as netlists. In a netlist, we define nodes and the connections of components to these nodes.

As an example, consider the simple resistive circuit shown in Figure 1.1 (File: sim1).

Figure 1.1 Example circuit

There are 4 nodes in the circuit. Node 0 is the ground, node 1 is the junction of R3 and R4, node 2 is the junction of R1, R2, and R3, and node 3 is the junction of the battery and R1.

The netlist for this circuit is shown in Figure 1.2. sim1 (TINA Netlist Editor format) ************************************** **

This file was created by TINA

**

www.tina.com

** **

**

(c) DesignSoft, Inc.

**

**

www.designsoftware.com

**

************************************** .TEMP 27 .TRAN 1P 1U V1

3 0 5

R4

0 1 470

R3

2 1 2.2K

R2

0 2 3.9K

R1

3 2 1K

.END

Figure 1.2 Netlist of the circuit

● 15

Circuit Simulation with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud

The netlist can be read as follows: V1 is connected between nodes 3 and 0 and its value is 5, R4 is connected between nodes 0 and 1 and its value is 470, R3 is connected between nodes 2 and 1 and its value is 2.2k, R2 is connected between nodes 0 and 2 and its value is 3.9k, and finally R1 is connected between nodes 3 and 2 and its value is 1k. The list is terminated with END. 1.4

●

The TINA program

There are many commercially available professional circuit simulators on the market. Some educational establishments or private individuals also offer simulators free of charge that can be downloaded from the Internet. Some popular currently available circuit simulators are TINA, Altium, Proteus, PSPICE, SiMetrix, CircuitLab, LTspice, Multisim, Micro-Cap, PLECS and CircuitLogix.

TINA is a professional integrated computer simulation program including schematic circuit design, analogue and digital circuit simulation, Hardware Description Language, VHDL, Verilog, Verilog A, Verilog AMS, SystemC, PCB design, filter design, RF circuit design, microcontroller system design, equation editor, logic design, and other useful electronic design and simulation tools. The TINA software package has been developed by DesignSoft (www.tina.com). The latest version of TINA is v12.1, which is distributed in several forms to meet the needs of various individuals and companies. TINA v12 is available in both 64-bit and 32-bit editions. If you purchase TINA, both versions are provided. The 64-bit version finally resolves the memory issues you may have experienced with larger projects.

A unique feature of TINA permits you to bring your circuit to life with the optional USBcontrolled LabXplorer hardware that turns your computer into a powerful, multifunction T&M instrument. With LabExplorer, you can carry out remote measurements which is great for distance education.

TINA is distributed in two major versions – Standard and Design Suite. TINA Standard includes circuit simulation only, while TINA Design Suite also includes an advanced PCB designer. This fully integrated layout module has all the features you need for advanced PCB design, including Multilayer flexible PCBs with split power planes, powerful autoplacement & auto-routing, rip-up and reroute, manual follow-me trace placement, DRC, forward and back annotation, pin and gate swapping, keep-in and keep-out areas, thermal relief, fanout, plane layers, Gerber file output and much more. TINA and TINA Design Suite also have different editions tailored to customer needs. Some HDL languages and the Mechatronics extension are optional. Both the Standard and the Design Suite versions are provided in 64-bit and 32-bit editions.

TINA is also available online with the name TINACloud which can be accessed with a web browser at any time, anywhere provided there is Internet access.

Some features of the TINA Design Suite are summarised below:

● 16

Chapter 1 ● Introduction

1.4.1

●

Schematic capture

Circuit diagrams are entered using an easy-to-use schematic editor. Component symbols chosen from the Component bar are positioned, moved, rotated, and/or mirrored on the screen by the mouse. TINA’s semiconductor catalog allows the user to select components from a user-extendible library. An advanced rubber wire tool is provided allowing easy modification of the schematic diagrams. You can open any number of circuit files or subcircuits, cut, copy and paste circuit segments from one circuit into another, and, of course, analyze any of the currently open circuits. TINA gives you tools to enhance your schematic by adding graphics elements such as lines, arcs, arrows, frames around the schematic, and title blocks. You can also draw non-orthogonal (diagonal) components such as bridges and 3-phase networks 1.4.2

●

Live 3D Breadboard Tool

You can take your design for a solder-less breadboard (sometimes called a whiteboard) and automatically build a life-like 3D picture of the breadboard. Now when you run TINA in interactive mode, virtual components such as switches, LEDs, instruments, etc. become live and will function with satisfying realism. Students will use the Live 3D Breadboard tool to prepare and document eye-catching lab experiments.

1.4.3

●

PCB design

TINA Standard includes only circuit simulation, while TINA Design Suite includes TINA’s advanced PCB designer. This fully integrated layout module has all the features you need for advanced PCB design, including Multilayer PCB’s with split power planes, powerful autoplacement & auto-routing, rip-up and reroute, manual and follow-me trace placement, DRC, forward and back annotation, pin and gate swapping, keep-in and keep-out areas, thermal relief, fanout, plane layers, bus & differential drawing tools, circuit block copying, 3D view from any angle, and much more. With TINA Design Suite you can prepare a PCB in at least two ways: using the G-Code control files to make in-house prototypes with milling machines using the G-Code control files provided by TINA, or sending Gerber files to PCB manufacturers.

1.4.4

●

Electrical Rules Check (ERC)

The ERC will examine the circuit for questionable connections between components and display the results in the Electrical Rules Check window. ERC is invoked automatically, so missing connections will be brought to your attention before the analysis begins.

● 17

Circuit Simulation with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud

1.4.5

●

Schematic Symbol Editor

In TINA, you can simplify a schematic by turning portions of it into a subcircuit. In addition, you can create new TINA components from any Spice subcircuit, whether created by yourself, downloaded from the Internet, or obtained from a manufacturer CD. TINA automatically represents these subcircuits as a rectangular block on your schematic, but you can create any shape you like with TINA’s Schematic Symbol Editor 1.4.6

●

Library Manager

TINA has large libraries containing Spice- and S-parameter models provided by semiconductor manufacturers such as Analog Devices, Texas Instruments, National Semiconductor, and others. You can add more models to these libraries or create your Spice- and S-parameter library using TINA’s Library Manager (LM).

1.4.7

●

IBIS model support

IBIS (Input/Output Buffer Information Specification) is a method to provide modelling information about the input/output buffers of integrated circuits. The good thing about IBIS models is that they are often available even for devices where complete device models are not available from manufacturers. One of the most popular uses of IBIS models is Signal Integrity Analysis, including impedance matching and more. TINA currently supports the most widely used IBIS 4.2 version. In TINA you can convert IBIS models to Spice macros and then use them in any circuits. You can also complete simplified digital device models e.g. MCUs with IBIS models to better describe their analogue behavior. The use of IBIS models in detail is described in the user manual.

1.4.8

●

Parameter Extractor

Using TINA’s Parameter Extractor you can also create component models that more closely represent actual real-world devices by converting measurement or catalog data into model parameters.

1.4.9

●

Text and Equation Editor

TINA includes a Text and Equation Editor for annotating schematics, calculations, includes graphic output, and measurement results. It is an invaluable aid to teachers preparing problems and examples. You can also create popup texts which are displayed when the cursor is moved above their title. The circuit diagrams and the calculated or measured results can be printed or saved to files in standard Windows BMP, JPG, WMF, and CFG format. These output files can be processed by several well-known software packages (Microsoft Word, Corel Draw, etc.). Netlists can be exported and imported in Pspice format and also drive popular PCB packages such as ORCAD, Altium, TANGO, PCAD, PROTEL, and REDAC. In the industrial version, you can also export schematic diagrams to Altium in a format that ORCAD can also import.

● 18

Chapter 1 ● Introduction

1.4.10

●

DC analysis

DC analysis calculates the DC operating point and the transfer characteristic of analog circuits. The user can display the calculated and/ or measured nodal voltages at any node by selecting the node with the cursor. For digital circuits, the program solves the logic state equation and displays the results at each node step-by-step.

1.4.11

●

Transient analysis

In the transient and mixed-mode of TINA, you can calculate the circuit response to the input waveforms that can be selected from several options (pulse, unit step, sinusoidal, triangular wave, square wave, general trapezoidal waveform, WAV file, white noise, and user-defined excitation) and parameterised as required. For digital circuits, programmable clocks and digital signal generators are available. Power dissipation end efficiency calculations are also included 1.4.12

●

Auto convergence

Convergence that is obtaining a solution is one of the most complicated tasks in circuit simulation due to the strongly nonlinear nature of electronic circuits. Although TINA is one of the best converging simulator software on the market, sometimes manual parameter settings might be needed to achieve convergence. Several analysis parameter sets are available to be used in case of convergence problems. In TINA v12 and later versions, these parameter sets are automatically applied in case of need and the user can also add more settings.

1.4.13

●

Transient noise analysis

Noise effects are usually simulated with linear AC noise analysis which is also available in TINA. However, when noise influences system behaviour in a nonlinear way, linear noise analysis is no more satisfactory, and transient noise analysis that is a simulation in the time domain is necessary. A few examples: • • •

Analysis of systems with a low signal-to-noise ratio Noise analysis of oscillator circuits Analysis of noise effects in digital circuits

The voltage and current generators of TINA include a parameterisable white noise signal, and application circuits are available to generate other typical noise signals, making transient noise analysis possible.

1.4.14

●

Fourier analysis

In addition to the calculation and display of the response, the coefficients of the Fourier series, the harmonic distortion for periodic signals, and the Fourier spectrum of non-periodic signals can also be calculated.

● 19

Circuit Simulation with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud

1.4.15

●

Digital simulation

TINA includes a very fast and powerful simulator for digital circuits. You can trace circuit operation step-by-step, forward and backward, or view the complete time diagram in a special logic analyser window. In addition to logic gates, there are ICs and other digital parts from TINA’s large component library.

1.4.16

●

HDL simulation

TINA includes all major analog, digital and mixed Hardware Description Languages (HDL): VHDL, Verilog, Verilog A, Verilog AMS, and SystemC to verify designs in analogue, digital and mixed-signal analogue-digital environments. Your circuits can contain editable HDL blocks from the libraries of TINA and Xilinx or other HDL components created by yourself or downloaded from the Internet. TINA compiles HDL into highly efficient machine code for speed optimisation. You can freely combine HDL and Spice macros and the schematic components of TINA. Also, you can edit the VHDL, Verilog, Verilog A&AMS source of HDL components then simulate and see the result instantly. With the built-in HDL debugger you can execute VHDL, Verilog, Verilog A&AMS components step-by-step, add breakpoints, watchpoints, display variable information, etc. With the SystemC source components, you can edit and compile using MS Visual C and then add to TINA as high-performance compiled components.

1.4.17

●

Microcontroller (MCU) simulation

TINA includes a wide range of microcontrollers (PIC, AVR, Arduino, 8051, HCS, STM, ARM, TI-Tiva, TI-Sitara, Infineon-XMC, Raspberry Pi) which you can test, debug and run interactively. The built-in MCU assembler allows you to modify your assembler code and see the result promptly. You can also program and debug MCUs in C, using external C compilers including the MPLAB-XC compilers. In TINA v12 and later versions, more than 1400 MCU models are available for simulation and PCB design.

1.4.18

●

Flowchart Editor and Debugger

Writing MCU assembly code is often a hard and tedious task. You can simplify software development and gain more time to design the electronics hardware if, instead of manual coding, you use TINA’s Flowchart editor and debugger to generate and debug the MCU code. This easy-to-use tool works with symbols and flow control lines with which you can represent the algorithm you want. TINA also supports other code generators, the free-ofcharge XMC code generation platform DAVE from Infineon Technologies and the FLOWCODE graphical programming language from Matrix Technology Solutions Limited.

● 20

Chapter 1 ● Introduction

1.4.19

●

AC analysis

The AC analysis calculates, complex voltage, current, impedance, and power can be calculated. In addition, Nyquist and Bode diagrams of the amplitude, phase, and group delay characteristics of analog circuits can be plotted. You can also draw the complex phasor diagram. For non-linear networks, the operating point linearisation is done automatically.

1.4.20

●

Network analysis

Network analysis determines the two-port parameters of networks (S, Z, Y, H). This is especially useful if you work with RF circuits. Results can be displayed in Smith, Polar, or other diagrams. The network analysis is carried out with the help of TINA’s network analyser.

The RF models of the circuit elements can be defined as SPICE subcircuits (SPICE macros) which contain parasitic components (inductors, capacitors), or as an S-parameter model defined by its S (frequency) function. S functions are normally provided by component manufacturers (based on their measurements) and can be downloaded from the Internet and inserted into TINA either manually or by using the library manager 1.4.21

●

Linear AC Noise analysis

Noise analysis determines the noise spectrum concerning input or output. The noise power and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can also be calculated.

1.4.22

●

Symbolic analysis

This produces the transfer function and the closed-form expression of the response of analog linear networks in DC, AC, and transient modes. The exact solution, calculated through the symbolic analysis, can also be plotted and compared to the numerically calculated or measured results. The built-in interpreter can evaluate and plot arbitrary functions.

1.4.23

●

Monte-Carlo and worst-case analysis

Tolerances can be assigned to the circuit elements for use in Monte-Carlo and/or worstcase analyses. The results can be obtained statistically, and their expected means, standard deviations, and yields can also be calculated.

1.4.24

●

Design Tool

This powerful tool works with the design equations of your circuit to ensure that the specified inputs result in the specified output response. The tool offers you a solution engine that you can use to solve repetitively and accurately for various scenarios. The calculated component values are automatically set in place in the companion TINA schematic and you can check the result by simulation. This feature is also very useful for semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturers to provide application circuits along with the design procedure.

● 21

Circuit Simulation with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud

1.4.25

●

Optimisation

TINA’S enhanced optimisation tool can tweak one or more unknown circuit parameters to achieve a predefined target response. The target circuit response (voltage, current, impedance, or power) must be monitored by meters. For example, you can specify several working point DC voltages or AC transfer function parameters and have TINA determine the values of the selected components.

1.4.26

●

Post-processor

Another great new tool of TINA is its post-processor. With the post-processor, you can add new curves of virtually any node and component voltage or current to existing diagrams.

In addition, you can post-process existing curves by adding or subtracting curves, or by applying mathematical functions to them. You can also draw trajectories; i.e., draw any voltage or current as a function of another voltage or current.

1.4.27

●

Presentation

With TINA you can make quality documents incorporating Bode plots, Nyquist, Phasor, Polar and Smith diagrams, transient responses, digital waveforms, and other data using linear or logarithmic scales. You can also customise presentations easily using TINA’s advanced drawing tools and can print your plots directly from TINA, cut and pasting them into your favourite word processing package, or export them to popular standard formats.

Customisation includes complete control over texts, axes, and plot style; e.g., setting line width and colour, fonts in all sizes and colour, and automatic or manual scaling for each axis. In TINA v12 and later versions, the cursor display is integrated into the diagram window and it is possible to display all curves under the cursor.

1.4.28

●

Interactive mode

When everything is in order, the ultimate test of your circuit is to try it in a real-life situation using its interactive controls (such as keypads and switches) and watching its displays and other indicators. You can carry out such a test using TINA’s interactive mode. You can not only play with the controls but can also change component values while the analysis is in progress. In addition, you can assign hotkeys to component values and switches to change them simply by pressing a key. You will immediately see the effect of the change. You can also test MCU applications in TINA’s interactive mode. You can not only run and test them using the several lifelike interactive controls e.g keyboards, but you can also debug them while the MCU executes ASM code step-by-step, and displays the register contents and TINA’s outputs in each step. If necessary, you can modify the ASM code on the fly and test your circuit again without using any other tool.

● 22

Chapter 1 ● Introduction

1.4.29

●

Virtual instruments

In addition to standard analysis presentations such as Bode and Nyquist plots, TINA can present its simulation results on a wide range of high-tech virtual instruments. For example, you can simulate the time response of your circuit using a virtual square wave generator and a virtual oscilloscope. Using TINA’s virtual instruments is a good way to prepare for the use of real test and measurement equipment. Of course, it is important to remember that the measurement results obtained with virtual instruments are still simulated. TINA also includes virtual instruments (to be found under the Meters component tab) for Efficiency, Average values, and Frequency.

1.4.30

●

Real-time Test & Measurements

TINA can go beyond simulation when supplementary hardware is installed on the host computer. With this hardware, TINA’s powerful tools can make real-time measurements on real circuits and display the results on its virtual instruments.

1.4.31

●

Training and Examination

TINA has special operating modes for training and examination. In these modes, under TINA’s control, the students solve problems assigned by the teacher. The solution format depends on the types of problems: they can be selected from a list, calculated numerically, or given in a symbolic form. The interpreter providing several solution tools can also be used for problem-solving. If the student cannot solve the problem, he/she can turn to the multilevel Advisor. The package includes all the tools needed to produce educational materials. A collection of examples and problems worked out by teachers is also part of the package. Another special educational function of TINA is the software or hardware simulation of circuit faults to practice troubleshooting. Using TINA, you can transform existing PC classrooms into contemporary electronics training labs at a low cost.

1.4.32

●

Mechatronics Extension

With this optional add-on package, you can create and simulate multidisciplinary designs including electronics, 3D mechanics, and control engineering. You can place light sources, light sensors, motors, and actuators in TINA’s mechanical window and connect their counterparts in analog and digital mixed electronic circuits. You can control the mechanics from the electronics part of TINA even with complex software written in C or assembly language and then compile and execute the code in the MCUs while running the electronic and 3D mechanical simulation simultaneously.

● 23

Circuit Simulation with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud

Chapter 2 ● TINA Versions 2.1

●

Overview

TINA is distributed in two major versions: TINA and Design Suite. The difference is TINA includes simulation only, while Design Suite includes a PCB designer. In addition to these versions, there is the web-based TINACloud.

The following versions and features are available: • • • • • • •

Industrial Educational Classic Student Basic Basic Plus TINACloud

A detailed comparison of all the versions is available at the following website: https://www.tina.com/version-comparison/ 2.2

●

Version features

Brief descriptions of the various versions are given below: Industrial: This is the most detailed version and includes all features and utilities of TINA. Educational: It has most features of the Industrial version but the following features are not included: • • • • • • • • • •

Transient noise analysis Power dissipation and efficiency calculation IBIS model import and analysis Auto converge Automatic solution of convergence problems Steady State Solver (SMPS analysis) S-block wizard Separated nonlinear controlling components Nonlinear controlled source wizard Stress (Smoke) Analysis Verilog, Verilog-A, Verilog-AMS maximum 1000 lines

● 24

Chapter 2 ● TINA Versions

Classic: It has the same features as the Educational version above, except the following features are not included: • • • • • • • • •

Hierarchical and Team Design with Version Control Parameter Extractor/Model Maker RF models given by S-parameters Included number of components and models is 25,000 Full Scaled Smith Diagram Network Analyser Analog and digital data acquisition Real-time (hardware) fault simulation Experiment modules

Student: Has the same features as the Classic Edition, except the following features are not included: • • • • • • •

Global parameters HDL extension (Verilog, Verilog A & AMS, SystemC) Number of pads limited to 100 Max. number of external nodes and nodes in macros limited to 100 VHDL simulation maximum 5000 lines Teacher utilities for problem construction Class and student evaluation

Basic: Has the same features as the Classic Edition, except the following features are not included: • • •

Number of pads limited to 100 Max. number of external nodes and nodes in macros limited to 200 Training and Examination Mode

Basic Plus: Has the same features as the Classic Edition, except the following features are not included: • •

Number of pads limited to 800 Max. number of external nodes and nodes in macros limited to 800

TINACloud: This is the web-based version that is accessed from a web browser. TINACloud has the following versions: TINACloud Industrial, TINACloud Educational, TINACloud Classic, TINACloud Basic, and TINACloud Student.

● 25

Circuit Simulation with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud

TinaCloud Industrial: This version is the same as the Industrial version but the following features are missing: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Integrated Schematic Symbol Editor Component Toolbar Editor Hierarchical and Team Design with Version Control IBIS model import and analysis Steady State Solver (SMPS analysis) S-block wizard Separated nonlinear controlling components Nonlinear controlled source wizard Analysis directly from Netlist Multiple Axes Pole-Zero Diagram Drawing tools to enhance diagrams MathCAD and Excel export XY Recorder Multimeter Network Analyser Logic Analyser Digital Signal Generator Real-time (hardware) fault simulation

TinaCloud Classic: Has the same features as the TinaCloud Industrial, but the following features are not included: • • • • • • •

Transient Noise Analysis Power dissipation and efficiency calculation Auto converge Automatic solution of convergence problems RF models given by S-parameters Number of components and models 25,000 Verilog, Verilog-A, Verilog-AMS max 1000 lines Stress (smoke) analysis

TinaCloud Educational: Has the same features as the TinaCloud Industrial, but the following features are not included: • •

Power dissipation Stress (smoke analysis)

● 26

Chapter 2 ● TINA Versions

TinaCloud Basic: Has the same features as the TinaCloud Classic, but the following features are not included: • • • • •

Global parameters HDL extension (Verilog, Verilog A & AMS, SystemC) Number of pads 200 Max. number of external nodes and nodes in macros 200 Verilog, Verilog-A, and Verilog-AMS

TinaCloud Student: Has the same features as the TinaCloud Basic, but the following features are not included •

Number of pads limited to 100

2.3

●

Options

The following options are available: • •

2.4

HDL Extension: Extends the default VHDL hardware description language in TINA with Verilog, Verilog A, VerilogAMS, and SystemC. Mechatronics Extension add-on package: Create and stimulate multidisciplinary designs simultaneously including electronics, 3Dmechanics, and control engineering.

●

Supplementary hardware

The optional LabXplorer hardware is available with TINA, with its details given in the next section.

2.4.1

●

LabXplorer: Multifunction Instrument for Education and Training with local and remote

measurement capabilities

LabXplorer (Figure 2.1) turns your desktop, laptop, tablet, or smartphone into a powerful, multifunction test and measurement instrument for a wide range of applications.

Instruments, whatever you need, are at your fingertips. LabXplorer provides a multimeter, oscilloscope, spectrum analyser, logic analyser, programmable analogue, and digital signal generator, impedance analyser, and also measures the characteristics of passive electronic components and semiconductor devices.

● 27

Circuit Simulation with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud

Figure 2.1 LabXplorer hardware

LabXplorer can be used with its virtual instruments both stand-alone or remotely through the Internet or LAN. It also supports the TINA circuit simulation program and its cloud-based version TINACloud for comparison of simulation and measurements as a unique tool for circuit development, troubleshooting, and the study of analog and digital electronics.

In remote mode, Labexplorer’s virtual instruments run on most OSs and computers, including PCs, Macs, thin clients, tablets, smartphones, smart TVs, and e-book readers. You can use LabXplorer anywhere in the world that has internet access. LabXplorer comes with various, remotely programmable, plug-in analogue, digital, and mixed circuit experiment boards.

● 28

● Index

● Index Symbols 7-segment 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 412, 415, 428 555 196, 197 A ABCD parameters 136, 138 AC analysis 21, 54, 80, 82, 85, 160, 367, 378 AC transfer characteristics 54, 55, 64, 353 Amplitude 50, 57, 75, 103, 104, 106, 107, 109, 141, 203, 351, 378, 379, 381 Arduino 20, 246, 263, 264, 265, 266 ASM 22, 247, 254, 255, 259, 262 ATTINY13 258, 261 Auto convergence 19 Autoroute 301, 305, 309, 318, 319, 356 B band-pass 209 BCD 217, 219, 220, 221, 275, 415, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422 Bipolar transistor 118, 147, 293 Bode diagram 203, 367, 378 Breadboard 17, 359 Bus Tracks 309 Butterworth 201, 206, 207, 209, 210 C Colpitts oscillator 132, 133, 192 Common emitter transistor amplifier 119, 125 Common mode rejection 162 Component explorer 362 Conveyor belt 284 Copy Macro 316, 319 C programming 257, 258, 263, 266 Current to voltage converter 169, 170 D DC analysis 19, 122, 123, 145, 158, 382 Debugger 20, 233, 252, 256 Digital logic circuits 212

● 437

Circuit Simulation with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud

E Electrical Rules Check 17 Equation Editor 18, 55, 56, 58 F Find component 363 Finite State Machine 384 Flowchart Editor 20 Footprint editor 335 Footprint name 295, 296 Fourier analysis 19 Fourier spectrum 14, 19, 65, 66, 123, 367 Frequency meter 78, 79 Frequency Spectrum 65 G GCode 302 H Half-wave 103, 104, 115, 176 HDL Debugger 233 HDL simulation 20 high-pass active filter 207 h parameters 136, 138, 139, 140 I IBIS 18, 24, 26, 365 Impedance Meter 71, 72, 87, 91 Input step analysis 290 Interactive Mode 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76, 79 Interpreter 46, 47, 48, 58, 59, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 432 Interpreter window 58, 59, 378 Inverting amplifier 163, 171 J JFET transistor 142, 146

● 438

● Index

L LabExplorer 16 LabXplorer 16, 27, 28, 432 Ladder logic 278, 279 Latching circuit 281 Line voltage 93 Load step analysis 291 low-pass 183, 201, 205, 206, 207, 210 M Macro Pins 128, 223, 224 MCU code debugger 252 Multimeter 26, 43, 122 N Netlist 15, 26, 131, 132, 304, 365 Network Analyser 25, 26 Noise analysis 19, 21, 367, 369 Non-inverting amplifier 163, 164 O Ohmmeter 73, 74 P parameter extractor 382 Phase shift oscillator 187 Phase voltage 93 PIC microcontroller 253, 266, 268, 307 Power dissipation 19, 24, 26, 362, 369, 370 Power Meter 68 Pre_Q 231, 232, 234, 235 Protect circuit 364 R RC circuit 49, 53, 61

● 439

Circuit Simulation with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud

S S-block 24, 26 Schematic Editor 38, 230, 307, 379 Serial monitor 362 Signal definition 379 signal-to-noise ratio 19, 21, 368 smoothing capacitor 108, 109 SMPS 3, 24, 26, 286, 288, 289, 290, 291, 348, 436 SPICE 14, 15, 21, 305, 387, 388 stress analysis 293, 360 Symbolic analysis 21 T Thevenin’s Theorem 86 Thyristor 149 Toggle Breakpoint 233, 234, 257 Transient analysis 19, 46, 57, 63, 290, 354, 369, 370 Transient noise analysis 19, 24 triac 151, 152 V Verilog 3, 16, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 225, 233, 235, 236, 237, 348, 391, 395, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 414, 436 Virtual instruments 14, 23 virtual Multimeter 43 virtual Voltmeter 44 Voltage adder amplifier 165, 166 Voltage differentiator 168, 169 Voltage follower 164, 165 Voltage integrator 167, 168 Voltage Pin 43, 44, 51, 62 Voltage subtractor 166 X Xilinx FPGA 226, 235 Y Y parameters 136, 137 Z Z parameters 136

● 440

books books

books

TINA Design Suite is a professional, powerful and affordable circuit simulator. It is a circuit designer and PCB design software package for analysing, designing, and real-time testing of analogue, digital, IBIS, VHDL, Verilog, Verilog AMS, SystemC, MCU, and mixed electronic circuits and their PCB layouts.

This book comes with a free licence of TINACloud for 1 years including all example files in this book.

Elektor International Media BV www.elektor.com

Circuit Simulation with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud

• Dogan Ibrahim

In this book, top-selling Elektor author, Prof. Dr. Dogan Ibrahim aims to teach the design and analysis of electrical and electronic circuits and develop PCB boards using both TINA and TINACloud. The book is aimed at electrical/electronic engineers, undergraduate electronic/electrical engineering students at technical colleges and universities, postgraduate and research students, teachers, and hobbyists. Many tested and working simulation examples are provided covering most fields of analogue and digital electrical/electronic engineering. These include AC and DC circuits, diodes, zener diodes, transistor circuits, operational amplifiers, ladder diagrams, 3-phase circuits, mutual inductance, rectifier circuits, oscillators, active and passive filter circuits, digital logic, VHDL, MCUs, switch-mode power supplies, PCB design, Fourier series, and spectrum. Readers do not need to have any programming experience unless they wish to simulate complex MCU circuits.

Prof. Dr. Dogan Ibrahim has a BSc, Hons. degree in Electronic Engineering, an MSc degree in Automatic Control Engineering, and a PhD degree in Digital Signal Processing.

Dogan has worked in many industrial organizations before he returned to academic life. He is the author of over 70 technical books and has published over 200 technical articles on electronics, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and related fields.

Circuit Simulation

with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud

with TINA Design Suite & TINACloud

Circuit Simulation

Dogan Ibrahim