Not A Portfolio [Concise]

not a portfolio

this is not a portfolio to whom it may concern this is not a portfolio.

This is not a portfolio in its departure from conventional design exercises which begin with a supposedly

complete reading of a context (which can never fully be

read), identification of issues (that can never be enitrely perceived) and end with the proposal of a design (that

attempts an absolute fix for issues larger than a project, a semester, or sometimes a lifetime).

Instead, it chronicles a lateral reading of urbanity through a diverse set of manifestations- from the almost rural to the synthetic suburb.

Committed to problem posing more than problem solving, it attempts the reading of landscapes, only

to speculate new languages for reading. It identifies

issues in order to spotlight them, well aware that such identification is partial and temporal. It also puts forth design; almost always as an act of co-productionundertaken as an initiator of continued discourse .. and not conclusive solutions.

Ehsan

Ann Arbor, 2025

\0 chronology content and

01

fluid aspirations natore, bangladesh

02

detroit reparations michigan, united states

03

negotiating thresholds dhaka, bangladesh

04

cartography misc. locations

05

06

07

08

teaching dhaka, bangladesh

research texas, united states

engagement são paulo brazil

impressions misc. locations

T I M E L I N E

Calcutta is Capital of Bengal (1772)

Mughal Empire British Colony

R

1757

O 1960

R

formed through the Town Improvement Act of 1953 to undertake development programmes in the central cities of Dhaka & Narayanganj.

H

The Municipality Ordinance (1977) urban area requisities, local governance sturcture and municipality entitlements and responsibilities defined.

Bangladesh has also been racing to drive urbanism away from its major cities- prompting a series of decentralization intiatives. These moves often

1982

G

invite the overlap between urbanity and unique

N

geographic territories- threatening the latter.

depression of the country where a municipality is

I

fast developing, in spite of its population beginning

N

One such condition is found in the largest marshy

1991

Bangladesh National Building Code (1993) first detailed building code with guidelines for building typologies, utilities and infrastructure.

2007 2006 2009

N

to plateau.

the consequences of its concretizing model

A

Singra Municipality is not only contending with

building on 1977, a detailed outline of local governance across all settlement scales, particularly secondary urban areas.

Detailed Area Plan (2022) citywide planning guideline for dhaka with elaborate codes for infrastructure, building guidelines, utilities, etc.

of urbanism- best encountered in the erratic behavior of its many receding water bodies.

Furthermore, it must now determine what models and mechanisms of development it will adopt

Local Government Act (2009)

L

City

Much like other economically developing nations,

1971 1970 1975

P

The Secondary

for its future- in the face of a population soon to decline, and a climate that is fast deteriorating.

R

Dhaka Improvement Trust (1956)

British Colony East Pakistan

I

1945 1947

I

S

T

O

T

R

power and polity?

Mughal Empire

Y

at the intersection of geography, governance,

Bengal Sultanate

1576

EMPIRE

COLONY

UNELECTED

2024 ELECTED

GOVERNANCE

East Pakistan Bangladesh

E

secondary urban centers of the developing world-

Mourya + Pala + Gupta Dynasty

1227

Dhaka is Capital of Bengal (1670)

What aspirations inform the development of

Dravidian Settlers

Y

BCE CE

T

01 aspirations

1000

graduate thesis

Water Index

A Fluid

Fluidity (and water) manifests in various ways

Landscape

in Bangladesh- from coastal surges and seven

summer

hundred rivers forming the backbone of the land, to the vast expanses of marshy depressions that inform sensitive cycles of submersion and subsidence.

This is a study of the largest wetland of Bangladesh

monsoon

autumn

River Network of Bangladesh

late autumn

winter

NDWI Map of Western Bangladesh showing Singra.

spring

01

water as everyday

water as ritual

water as synthetic

a semi-permanent coexistence

absorbing contextual abundance of

an imposition of permanence in a

with the land, informed by cyclic

water into culture and faith. Using

fluid landscape of impermanence-

transformations in materiality,

water as a purifying medium as well as

inviting negligence, othering and

occupation and ways of life.

a metaphysical contained for renewal.

ultimately, killing the water.

লালী মািঝ মাছ িবে তা fisherman

ুদই বন্ধ ু

We say the Beel (Marsh) is our pride, and we market our fish claiming it is from these বািড় যাওয়া aquatic landscapes.

গৃreality, হবধ ূ fishery has radically shifted to In cultures within ponds in the city and the once famous fish from the Cholon Beel and the Atrai River is all but gone!

You want reform? Start there.

শ্রীকান্ত িবনায়ক ু ল জান্নাত কাউি লর councilor

লালী

The children in my ward are faced with daily challenges to cross the river (and মািঝ canal) to reach school. This is further worsened with seasonal waterlogging মাছ িবে which spreadsতা pollutants, deterring school going children.

ুদই বন্ধ ু

I have been advocating for a bridge to improve connectivity for our children but..

বািড় যাওয়া

To no avail.

গৃহবধ ূ

শ্রীকান্ত trader

িবনায়ক

The Hindu Community of Singra has a long standing of engaging with craftsু tradition জান্নাত ল particularly terracotta tiles.

কাউিare now লরcheaper to import from These factories than to buy from local artisans. লালী

The craft is all but dead.

মািঝ মাছ িবে তা ুদই বন্ধ ু বািড় যাওয়া

02

The Earthen Commons

Once sustained by crafting terracotta tiles from post-monsoon soil, Singra’s earthen traditions are fading. The Earthen Commons revives this landbased craft through a community cooperative and center, reconnecting people with the marshy terrain they shaped.

Monsoon

Full-scale terracotta production reduces significantly. The craft center becomes a training center for the artform of terracotta. The cooperative shares its findings and recommendations on soil quality, pollution and encroachment.

Late Autumn

As the water recedes quickly from the marsh, craftspersons and fishermen begin collecting nutrient-rich topsoil from the freshly drained land.

Another group documents the quality of soil.

Spring

The Earthen Commons hosts an annual festival where various terracotta crafts are sold in temporary stalls situated in the receding banks of the river. These stalls are an invitation to celebrate this ancient craft, prompting awareness of the threats posed to it. As water returns, the stalls recede, celebrating temporality.

03

02 reparation graduate

The University of Michigan’s Center for Innovation (UMCI) is a proposal in the heart of downtown Detroit that envisions the University’s mandate to drive innovation in technology. However, in the absence of acknowledging legacies of sociospatial inequalities that have been prevalent in the city, it is prone to perpetrating the same harms as past endeavors in the city such as freeways ripping through African-American neighborhoods.

Counter

This project posits the UMCI as an act of

Premise

dispersion- of functions, that also allow opportunities and resources to percolate beyond the downtown district and into neighborhoods that have little to no access to them.

This is done through distributing proposed training, experimental and educational functions throughout downtown and adding mixed-use, housing-oriented spaces into the scope of the project.

In the third tier, the UMCI morphs into a campus more than a concept- one that can be interacted with through a series of prototypical neighborhood spaces that allow the UMCI to become an instrument of repair embedded into communities that still contend with historic traces of disinvestment.

site plan 2.5 mi

income education redlining districts

Innovation without Repair In the same manner as highways that once ripped through neighborhoods, innovation without repair is likely to repeat historic socio-spatial harms 04

Dispersing the

In acknowledging the inevitability of the UMCI

UMCI Campus

campus, this project addresses its program instead and proposes additional functions and amenities that disperse the campus from one concentrated building to a series of spaces that disperse throughout downtown Detroit and finally, into surrounding neighborhoods.

Neighborhood Functions

Excerpts from the project illustrated here outline the neighborhood spaces introduced as a satellite to the UMCI. This includes urban gardens that double as cafes for neighborhoods to convene.

In revisiting the notion of the cyber cafeneighborhood kiosks for reading- powered by the University of Michigan Library resources- create more effective interfaces with the university and its mandate for innovation.

Through neighborhood + technology connectivity models, these spaces prototypical and minimal spaces are meant to disperse innovation into neighborhoods most affected by socio-spatial inequalities.

Urban Gardens + Neighborhood Cafes, Detroit

Dispersing the UMCI Begins with server spaces extending beyond the currently proposed campusgrowing into ancillary structures and neighborhood cafes.

05

03 thresholds

undergraduate thesis

Point Landscape Furniture Fixture

Thresholds in Dhaka’s built fabric separate binaries such as private-public and formal-informal actors. This thesis explores thresholds and the life that evolves around them. By examining these boundaries at three scales, notional interventions are suggested to provoke discourse on urban spatial thresholds.

Line Terrain Elevation Surface

Point

Suggestive, undefined points in a space can create divisions by setting criteria between two seemingly homogeneous areas. In public spaces, this is achieved through urban furniture, fixtures, or

Line Wall Door Curb

natural elements like vegetation.

Line

Linear thresholds, often walls, define clear lines of separation but can also appear as doorways or curbs.

Plane

Planar thresholds add a third, liminal space, creating a more gradual transition between two areas compared to linear thresholds.

Volume

Volumetric thresholds, commonly found between indoor-outdoor or private-public spaces, add a further layer of transition by introducing intermediate volumes.

Plane Path Volume Scale Balcony

water node

staggered street

raised plinth

gateway

water station

boundary wall

shop front

corner recess

06

Informality Along

Location +

Thresholds

Structure

Permanent

stationary

Vendors

at single site

Lot Boundary

+

Sidewalk

permanent

Empty Lot

structure

Semi Permanent

temporary

Vendors

at single site

Lot Boundary

+

Sidewalk

removable

Curb

structure

Semi-Mobile

moving

Vendors

between sites

Sidewalk

+

Public Place Node

light mobile structure

Road

constant Mobile

motion

Vendors

+

Sidewalk

light mobile

Road

structure

Thresholds in a Public Place

a walled off cemetery

gateway to a monument

separated by a fence

breached to create

plurality of space

site plan

a park in a

625’

cemetery

07

Negotiating Thresholds

01

02

03

04

Intervention

Volume as

The vision of the city authorities to complement

Site Plan

Threshold

the spirit of the monument and retain the sanctity

Legend

01. Graveyard (existing) 02. Mosque (existing + expansion)

of the cemetery with a museum and library, are in

03. Museum (existing + expansion)

direct conflict with people’s need for recreational

04. Martyred Intellectuals’ Monument (existing)

spaces. These considerations informed a design

05. Library (proposed)

intervention that caters to both the intended and

06. Nursery (redesigned)

actual uses of this space.

07. Promenade (proposed) site plan 400’ 05

06

07

section aa’ 800’

08

Library as Remembrance

section aa’ 50’

admin the library of courtyard

remembrance is an invitation to resume intellectual practices as the backbone of nation building

stack area

- practices that were

reading rooms

deliberately vanquished at this very site at the dawn of the

ramp to

nation’s birth.

monument public courtyard

library @ - 15’0” 70’

09

04 projection as politics cartography

44° 20’ 48” N 85° 24’ 37” W NAD 1983 StatePlane Michigan Central FIPS 2112

Maps Are

Maps have never been neutral tools. The Mercator

Never Neutral

projection famously inflated northern and southern landmasses while compressing the equatorial belt, rendering colonized countries visually smaller and politically diminished. Greenland appeared the size of Africa, despite being fourteen times smaller; visual distortion reinforced geopolitical hierarchies.

Trade-Offs In Projection

Every projection is a compromise. The Gall– Peters preserves relative land area but elongates continents; the Mollweide balances area with a pleasing oval form yet distorts shapes; Buckminster Fuller’s Dymaxion interrupts continuity to minimize distortion but sacrifices intuitive geography. Each is a negotiation among land area, proportion, and the perceived distances between places.

A Granular Consequence

At the city scale, projection choice becomes even more consequential. Chicago aligns best with

WGS 1984 Web Mercator

Illinois State Plane East; switching to Illinois West,

NAD 1927 Illinois West FIPS 1202

Michigan South, or Indiana West introduces small

NAD 1927 Illinois East FIPS 1201

but measurable shifts. Apply global projections like Mercator or Cylindrical Equidistant, and distortions become significant, undermining precision mapping.

NAD 1927 Indiana West FIPS 1302

chicago, il

NAD 1983 Michigan South FIPS 2113 Equidistant Cylindrical Cylindrical Equal Area

10 mi

Mercator Gall Peters Cylindrical Equal Area Mollweide Sinusoidal

projection as politics 5,000 mi

Goode Homolosine Winkel Tripel Polyconic Berghaus Star AAG Adams Square II Fuller

10

04 red remnants cartography

42° 38’ 46” N 83° 17’ 33” W NAD 1983 StatePlane Michigan South FIPS 2113

redlining Redlining

In the mid-20th century, Pontiac, Michigan, was subject to redlining; a discriminatory housing policy where banks and federal agencies marked

& african american population

predominantly Black neighborhoods as highrisk for investment. These redlined zones were systematically denied mortgages and insurance,

2 mi

d

c

b

a

o

100 - 1000

pax

$50K

100 - 1000

pax

inhibiting homeownership, neighborhood stability, and generational wealth among residents of color.

Enduring Scars

Though redlining was outlawed in 1968, its spatial scars remain visible. Pontiac’s formerly redlined areas still suffer from underinvestment, lower property values, and aging infrastructure. These zones often overlap with today’s census tracts that exhibit higher poverty rates and lower median household incomes, underscoring the enduring legacy of racialized disinvestment.

Pontiac

Pontiac’s current median household income is

Today

significantly below the state average, and its

income

demographic is majority Black and Latino. This

& african

correlation between past exclusionary policies

american

and present socioeconomic conditions illustrates

population

how structural racism continues to shape urban outcomes across generations.

2 mi

$100K

$75K

red remnants 1 mi a b c d o redlining districts

75K 12K median income = 2 persons african american

11

04 dhaka in anatomy cartography

23° 45’ 52” N

ancient fort

90° 23’ 20” E Gulshan 303 Bangladesh Transverse Mercator

enclave

Riverine

Dhaka is shaped by centuries of geographic and

Inceptions

political shifts. Its history precedes Mughal riverine outposts with shophouses and bazaars. British rule

regimental 1750’

exapnded the city with rail lines and maidans, then embraced Modernist planning as East Pakistan’s capital. After 1971, as Bangladesh’s capital, rapid urbanization followed, with private housing markets filling floodplains and transforming Dhaka into a dense, concrete expanse.

riverfront

This history created diverse urban fabrics: Mughal shophouses and Islamic public gardens, Urban

colonial-era regimental housing blocks, and

Form

post-independence model towns racing to facilitate an exponential population boom. Informal

campus

districts emerged as a parallel, revealing persistent inequalities. Today’s urban form is, however, increasingly static; trading communal intimacy for regularized isolation.

Future Trajectories

Despite this, sites like the Parliament complex

institution

stand as pauses amid relentless growth. As Dhaka’s population surges and history is paved over, the future demands preservation, reform, and creative reuse to ensure the city remains livable and historically legible.

threshold 1750’

the evolution of dhaka 1600

1750

1850

1960

1980

1990

2002

2017

8 mi

12

05 expansion of teacher student center teaching

Project

The Teacher-Student Center (TSC) of Since its

Brief

design by Greek architect Doxiadis in 1960, this landmark has outgrown its capacity and is in need of expansion to offer expanded and upgraded facilities. Students are required to design an expansion to the TSC, addressing a complex set of programs. Special emphasis is desired on a strong conceptual approach and professional-level design quality

Learning Outcomes

Study and Analyze existing precedents in order to formulate strategies for expansion Conceptualize and express design ideas Identify and articulate different design considerations: formal, functional and structural Formulate design solutions based on both technical and socio-cultural contexts Generate architectural and technical drawings equivalent to construction working drawings.

Site Image

Existing complex with potential expansion site > Source: Nakib Shah Alam

Student Work

Ashfak Ullah Chowdhury >> Campus Aerial Perspective

13

05 school of architecture teaching

Project Brief

The Design of an Architecture School is premised

SITE

around hands-on training and requires a proposal that facilitates architectural pedagogy at the intersection of science and the arts. Through the careful organization of modular learning spaces and supporting functions, students are required to envision a campus that stages an atmosphere of learning and reflection in various modalities.

Special attention is desired towards spaces of informal encounters, congregation, conversation and ultimately, reflection in an educational complex that fosters a deeper appreciation for the built

site plan 300’

environment.

Learning Outcomes

Learn about organizing multiple modular functions

Site

challenges students to create a sanctuary of

of a school into a unified whole.

learning at the heart of urban congestion and

Demonstrate understanding of relationship

chaos.

between space requirements, circulation, basic structural system and site surroundings and develop formal expression of functions.

Develop understanding on how the essence of a program guides to develop uniqueness in design.

Respond to site forces and address the challenges of site constraints through design.

Nestled in a compact urban setting, the site

Student Work

Kafil Uddin > Massing + Form Generation Axonometric Site View

Massing

Zoning

Tilt

Access

Roof

Complex 14

06 property ecologies research

Brief

Property Ecologies traces the evolution of property practices in Houston Texas. The research, illustrated through models and drawings, was exhibited in ‘Big, Hot, Sticky’ hosted by the Architecture Center Houston in June 2024.

Karankawa 500 CE

The Karankawa People of Galveston Bay moved seasonally to gather food. They practiced

Severance 1919 CE

The Law of Relinquishment allowed Texan landowners to separate surface and mineral rights,

resource-sharing without property boundaries.

in response to the rush for mining oil. Earlier laws

Despite initial cooperation with settlers, conflict

had granted mineral rights to landowners, later

over land led to their near extinction by the 1820s,

refined to enable leasing and sales of mineral-rich

marking the beginning of static property practices

estates.

in the region.

Subdivision Land Grants 1823 CE

From 1823, land grants facilitated the settlement

1920 CE

As the single family home gained mass popularity, subdivisions further introduced new property

of Texas, with ranchers and farmers receiving

conventions in Texas. An almost synthetic

expansive plots for agriculture. Stephen F.

landscape comprising extensive levees imposed

Austin led 300 families. Mexican restrictions on

homogeneous housing schemes onto a variety of

emigration fueled Texas’ eventual annexation in

contexts.

1845.

Wind Energy Plantation

As plantations expanded in Texas, slavery

1830 CE

grew. Settler estates quickly expanded into

leader by 2006. Recent debates on wind estate

vast plantations to form new property fabrics

severance, akin to mineral rights, culminated

predominantly cultivating sugar and cotton. Earlier

in a 2023 court ruling permitting wind rights

laws had granted mineral rights to landowners,

separation.

later refined to enable leasing and sales of mineralrich estates.

1999 CE

Texas’ 1999 Renewable Portfolio Standard sparked its wind energy industry, making it the U.S.

Indigenous

Land Grants

Plantation

Severance

Subdivision

Energy

15

Comunidade Pantanal

imminent displacement. As part of the University of Michigan’s Public Design Corps, students collaborated with ongoing efforts of local community partners to complement their struggles and resistances in the face of this

Travel Funding

Provost Office

Articulação Vila Andrade

Paulo threatens entire communities facing

Students

An urban renewal project in the South of São

União dos Movimentos por Moradia

LabJUTA, UABC

Premise

Centro Gaspar Garcia de Direitos Humanos Peabiru Trabalhos Comunitários e Ambientais

07 public design corps engagement

forthcoming disruption in the fabric of the city.

Local Partners

One Unpacking

University

Students begin by collecting and unpacking Fieldwork

official documents, maps, proposals and laws that help better understand but also illustrate for local

communities with updated maps and statistical data. Scoping, field observation and community consultation further illustrate present conditions as a parallel to the project proposal

Local Partners

University

Students help local partners organize a community gathering event. Multiple communities come

with a co-produced manifesto and students return from São Paulo to create open source platforms for disseminating updated maps and data for all.

Open Source Maps + Data

various actions of resistance. The gathering ends

Social Media

persons and stakeholders provide updates on

Activism

together to share mutual struggles and technical Mobilization

Sharing

Encontro Dissemination

Advocacy

Three

Diocese Santo Amaro

data with ground realities to provide local

Digital Dissemination

Fieldwork

Once in São Paulo, students verify government

Central de Movimentos Populares Brasil (CMP)

Two

Manifesto

South of the city.

Defensoria Pública do Estado de São Paulo

Jurubatuba, a 2014 urban renewal proposal in the

Federal University of São Paulo (UNEFSP)

stakeholders, the consequences of the PIU Arco

field visits -

engaging the community

6

AIU

setting up a gathering

CLARA AURORA favela

1 9 7 6 ano 37

área

2 5 famílias

Localização RUA CLARA AURORA CAMPO LIMPO, CAMPO LIMPO Zoneamento lutas_resistencias_no_sul ZEIS 1 Propriedade da Terra MUNICIPAL Macrozona Macrozona de Estruturação e Qualificação Urbana Macroárea Macroárea de Estruturação Metropolitana Risco -

Interlagos

lutas_resistencias_no_sul The 4th Meeting of Favelas and Occupations in the Southern Periphery of São Paulo ended with the reading of the manifesto letter and the delivery of certificates to the participants. With great gratitude for the beautiful work and generosity behind the organization - thanks to Mara and Sheila from UMM and Cintia from Peabiru -, until the next call, the 5th Meeting!

2w See Translation

01. urban renewal

02. countermapping

disseminating findings

03. grounding realities

community engagement

04. dissemination

resolution - collective

16

08 impressions

>

miscellaneous

^ Volume Ahmedabad, India (2019) Staging > Dhaka, Bangladesh (2019)

17

09 acknowledgment project

Aspirations 2024 graduate

Master of Urban Design, University of Michigan Graduate Thesis. Duration: 16 Weeks In Singra, Bangladesh.

Advisors: María Arquero de Alarcón, Jessica Fayne

School of Architecture 2022 teaching

Department of Architecture, BRAC University Year Two Level Two. Duration: 5 Weeks Co-Instructors: Atiqur Rahman, S M Kaikobad, Gourab Kundu

Fieldwork Collaborators: Huraera Jabeen, PhD,

Contributions as Lecturer: Design Theory Lecture,

Singra Municipality, Binayak Chakraborty, Srikanta

Demonstration and Review

Acharya Peripheral Reparation 2024 graduate

Master of Urban Design, University of Michigan Urban Design Studio. Duration: 16 Weeks In Detroit, Michigan, United States

Centralities 2024 engagement

Master of Urban Design, University of Michigan Public Design Corps. Duration: 6 Weeks In São Paulo, Brazil Instructor: Maria Arquero de Alarcón

Instructors: Cyrus Penarroyo

Local Partners: UNIÃO, Centro Gaspar Garcia de

Collaborators: Cameron Blakely, Akshita Mandhyan

Direitos Humanos, Defensoria Pública do Estado de São Paulo, Peabiru Trabalhos Comunitários e

Threshold 2020 undergraduate

Bachelor of Architecture, BRAC University

Ambientais, Articulação Vila Andrade, Comunidade

Year Four Level One. Duration: 12 Weeks

Pantanal

In Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Peers: Tabita Aitonean, Jasmine Paulk, Natalia Boldt,

Instructors: Prof. Fuad Hassan Mallick, Iftekhar

Mariam Reyes, Yi-Chien Kuo, Jess Chen, Stephanie

Ahmed, PhD, Khondaker Hasibul Kabir, Abul Fazal

Dutan, Yesha Malaviya, Akshita Mandhyan, Angie

Mahmudun Nabi, Mohammad Zillur Rahman

Perez, Chun Wang, Aaron Johnson

Gratitude: Huraera Jabeen, PhD, Rahul Mehrotra

Contribution: Public Consultation, Research, Graphic Production, Photography, Documentation,

Expansion of

Department of Architecture, BRAC University

TSC

Year Five Level One, Duration: 12 Weeks

2021

Co-Instructors: Prof. Fuad Hassan Mallick, PhD,

teaching

Ehsan Khan, Mohammad Faruk, Naim Ahmed Kibria, Mohammad Habib Reza Contributions as Teaching Assistant: Instruction, Review and Project Documentation

Website Design.

09 references research

Property

Taubman College, University of Michigan

Ecologies

Exhibition: Big, Hot, Sticky by Maggie Tsang / Rice

2024 research

Architecture Organizer: Architecture Center Houston Research Team: Gabriel Cuéllar, Athar Mufreh, Saylor Allen Contributions: Literature Review, Exhibition Text, Illustration, Model Making

bibliography

Alexander, Alan. “The Texas Wind Estate: Wind as a Natural Resource and a Severable Property Interest.” University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 44.2, University of Michigan Law Library, 2011, pp. 429-, doi:10.36646/mjlr.44.2.texas.

Cantrell, Gregg. Stephen F. Austin, Empresario of Texas. Yale University Press, 1999.

Ricklis, Robert A. The Karankawa Indians of Texas

Discourse

And finally, a note of gratitude to my students -

2023

who remain my greatest source of both learning

kafil uddin

and inspiration..

an Ecological Study of Cultural Tradition and Change. 1st ed., University of Texas Press, 1996.

Wilkinson, Alfred Ernest and Richardson, Julian Andrew. Law of Oil and Natural Gas; a Hand Book of the Statutes of Texas and the Decisions of Its Courts Relating to Oil and Natural Gas, the Organization and Operation of Oil and Gas Companies, and the Ownership and Transfer of Mineral Rights. E. L. Steck, 1915

18