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ENERGY TOWER IN THE PARK

A STORY OF INEQUALITY & A TALE OF TWO GRIDS NYCHA LA GUARDIA HOUSING, LOWER EAST SIDE / NEW YORK, NY FALL 2020: STUDIO V - GORDON KIPPING

US FISH & WILDLIFE

PHASE II DESIGN-BUILD RFP SUBMISSION SAMPLE PROJECT / NEW JERSEY ARCHITECTURE IN FORMATION (AIF)

METLIFE COMPETITION

METALS IN CONSTRUCTION MAGAZINE MIDTOWN EAST / NEW YORK, NY EYP ARCHITECTURE & ENGINEERING

CLIMATIC PUBLICATIONS

INSIGHTS ON SUSTAINABILITY, CLIMATE, AND THE ANTHROPOCENE NEW YORK, NY ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL RESEARCH

BROOME STREET DEVELOPMENT LUXURY HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL TOWER LOWER EAST SIDE / NEW YORK, NY DATTNER ARCHITECTS

ENTERRA

POWERS AVE. DESIGN-BUILD RFP SUBMISSION MOTT HAVEN / BRONX, NY ARCHITECTURE IN FORMATION (AIF)

1CITY 1AMSTERDAM

CUNY REDEVELOPMENT RFP SUBMISSION LINCOLN SQUARE / NEW YORK, NY ARCHITECTURE IN FORMATION (AIF)

MISCELLANEOUS

WOODWORKING, MODELS & DRAWINGS NEW YORK, NY / FLORENCE, ITALY ACADEMIC, PROFESSIONAL, AND PERSONAL WORK

ENERGY TOWER IN THE PARK A STORY OF INEQUALITY & A TALE OF TWO GRIDS NYCHA LA GUARDIA HOUSING, MANHATTAN / NEW YORK, NY PROJECT INFORMATION: WORK TYPE: COURSE: DATE COMPLETED: PROFESSOR:

ACADEMIC / COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY ARCH 4005 - ADVANCED STUDIO V FALL 2020 GORDON KIPPING

PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

ENERGY TOWER IN THE PARK CREATES AN ARCHITECTURAL ACTIVISM THAT SEEKS TO MITIGATE ISSUES OF INCOME INEQUALITY, CLIMATE VULNERABILITY, AND SOCIAL VULNERABILITY. IT ACHIEVES THIS THROUGH BUILDING ALTERATIONS THAT MAKE THE BUILDING NET-POSITIVE WHILE ALSO MOBILIZING AN UNEMPLOYED WORKFORCE TO PARTICIPATE IN THE EMERGING ECONOMY OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY, BUT DOING IT IN A WAY THAT PROMOTES THE MOST VULNERABLE POPULATIONS FIRST.

BY MAPPING ENERGY CONSUMPTION ACROSS SCALES, IT IS CLEAR THAT NEW YORK CITY IS NOT ONLY ONE OF THE LEADING CONTRIBUTORS TO CLIMATE CHANGE, BUT ALSO AMONG THE MOST SOCIALLY AND ECONOMICALLY UNEQUAL CITIES IN THE WORLD. IN NEW YORK CITY, 71% OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IS FROM BUILDINGS AND MOST OF THAT CONSUMPTION IS FROM THE RESIDENTIAL SECTOR.

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BY CREATING A COMPOSITE MAP THAT OVERLAPS INCOME INEQUALITY, SOCIAL VULNERABILITY, AND CLIMATE VULNERABILITY, MID-RISE PUBLIC HOUSING APARTMENT BUILDINGS WERE IDENTIFIED AS THE BEST TARGETS OF INTERVENTION. FOCUSING SPECIFICALLY ON THE LA GUARDIA HOUSING COMPLEX IN THE LOWER EAST SIDE AS THE LARGEST PUBLIC HOUSING CLUSTER, THE PROPOSAL REPLACES THE CRUMBING RED BRICK FAÇADE, POOR INSULATION, AND BLACK METAL GATES WITH A TERRACOTTA PANEL FAÇADE, MODULAR CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER (CLT) BALCONIES, PRIVATE WINTER GARDENS, A PUBLIC GREENHOUSE, PUBLIC EVENT SPACE, AND A WATER TANK FOR IRRIGATION. THE PROJECT REDUCES SOLAR HEAT GAIN, INCREASES AIR CIRCULATION, AND CREATES A NET-POSITIVE BUILDING THAT IS CONNECTED TO A MICROGRID THAT SENDS SURPLUS ENERGY BACK INTO THE MACROGRID OF CON EDISON TO CREATE EXPENDABLE INCOME FOR RESIDENTS. THE MICROGRID HAS ITS OWN ENERGY STORAGE BANK THAT WOULD WORK IN ISLAND MODE AND PROVIDE POWER DURING STORMS. WHILE IT IS RELATIVELY EASY TO CONCEIVE OF SUSTAINABLE SINGLE-FAMILY HOMES, WORKING WITH TALL BUILDINGS WITHOUT HORIZONTAL REAL ESTATE REQUIRES A RETHINKING OF THE WAY WE TYPICALLY SEE RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGY. TO ACHIEVE THIS, VERTICAL SOLAR FARMS, VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINES, AND INLINE HYDROPOWER TURBINES WERE EMPLOYED. THIS HYBRID MODEL IS ALSO ADVANTAGEOUS BECAUSE IT IS NOT SOLELY DEPENDENT ON ANY ONE RESOURCE, BECAUSE EACH SOURCE IS DEPENDENT ON SPECIFIC WEATHER CONDITIONS. THIS WILL MAKE THE BUILDING MORE RESILIENT TO CLIMATE BUT ALSO PROVIDE A NEW IDENTITY FOR PUBLIC HOUSING.

US FISH & WILDLIFE PHASE II DESIGN-BUILD RFP SUBMISSION SAMPLE PROJECT / NEW JERSEY PROJECT INFORMATION: WORK TYPE: CLIENT: DATE COMPLETED: ROLE:

PROFESSIONAL / ARCHITECTURE IN FORMATION U.S. DEPT. OF THE INTERIOR / RAAD CONSTRUCTION GROUP MARCH 2022 PROJECT MANAGER / PROJECT ARCHITECT

PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

AS A HYPOTHETICAL SAMPLE PROJECT, THE PROPOSED HEADQUARTERS AND VISITOR CENTER OFFERS A VISION FOR A FUTURE NEW JERSEY PUBLIC FACILITY FOR THE US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICES. THE 75-ACRE SITE CONSISTS OF THE VISITOR CENTER TO THE NORTH WITH ACCESS TO HIKING TRAILS AND OPTIMAL VIEWS TO THE LANDSCAPE BEYOND. THE PARKING AREA IS TO THE SOUTH, SEPARATED BY THE VISITOR CENTER WITH DENSE TREES AND LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS TO IMMERSE THE VISITORS IN THE EXTERIOR ENVIRONMENT.

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GIVEN THE CURRENT CLIMATE OF GLOBAL WARMING, THIS VISITOR CENTER IS DESIGNED TO BE CARBON NEUTRAL WITH A TWOSTORY SPLIT BUTTERFLY ROOF. THE LARGE OVERHANG INCORPORATES PASSIVE HEATING AND COOLING TECHNIQUES, FACILITATES NATURAL VENTILATION, AND CAPTURES RAINWATER IN A STORAGE COLLECTION SYSTEM. IN NEW JERSEY, PREVAILING WINDS ARE FROM THE SOUTHWEST IN THE SUMMER AND NORTHWEST IN THE WINTER. WITH THE BUILDING ORIENTED ALONG THE EASTWEST AXIS, OPERABLE WINDOWS UTILIZE THE SOUTHWEST BREEZES DURING THE SUMMER TO PASSIVELY COOL THE INTERIOR, WHEREAS THE LARGE STONE MASONRY ON THE WEST FACADE BLOCKS THE COOL WINDS IN THE WINTER TO REDUCE DRAFTS AND HEAT LOSS. LIKEWISE ON THE SOUTH FACADE, THE LARGE OVERHANG BLOCKS THE HIGH-ANGLE SUMMER SUN TO REDUCE SOLAR HEAT GAIN, WHILE ALLOWING THE LOW-ANGLE WINTER SUN TO PENETRATE THE GLAZING FOR PASSIVE HEATING. THE EXPOSED CONCRETE FINISH ON THE FIRST FLOOR NOT ONLY PERFORMS WELL IN HIGH TRAFFIC AREAS LIKE THE PUBLIC CORRIDOR LOOP AND THE EXHIBITION HALL, BUT ALSO ACTS AS A THERMAL MASS FOR STORING HEAT DURING THE DAY AND RELEASING IT DURING THE NIGHT. THE PROJECT WILL UTILIZE A GEOTHERMAL GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP SYSTEM AND USE MATERIALS INDIGENOUS TO NEW JERSEY, SUCH AS STONE AND WOOD. THE PARKING LOT WILL USE PERVIOUS PAVING, BIOSWALES, AND A PROTECTIVE PARKING STRUCTURE WITH PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS TO REDUCE HEAT ISLAND EFFECT, RETAIN STORM WATER RUN-OFF, AND GENERATE RENEWABLE ENERGY. BY SEPARATING THE PARKING WITH DENSE VEGETATION, THE PEDESTRIAN ACCESS PATHS TO THE VISITOR CENTER NOT ONLY MAINTAINS THE BUILDING’S IMMERSION IN NATURE, BUT ALSO SUPPORTS ACTIVE DESIGN BY INCREASING THE WALKING DISTANCE FROM THE PARKING LOT TO THE BUILDING. AS SPECIFIED IN THE PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS, THE BUILDING WILL BE COMPRISED OF PUBLIC AREAS ON THE FIRST FLOOR (BOOKSTORE, A GIFT SHOP, EXHIBITION SPACES, LARGE MULTIPURPOSE ROOM) AND THE PRIVATE HEADQUARTERS AREAS ON THE SECOND FLOOR (PRIVATE OFFICES, COLLABORATIVE WORK ROOMS, SUPPORT SPACES). THE PROGRAM WAS ORGANIZED INTO DIFFERENT ZONES TO FACILITATE PUBLIC RECEPTION, EASE OF CIRCULATION, STAFF OPERATIONS, AND ACCESS CONTROL. THE PUBLIC CORRIDOR LOOP NOT ONLY PROVIDES EASY CIRCULATION THROUGH HIGH TRAFFIC AREAS, BUT ALSO IMMERSES THE PUBLIC IN NATURE WITH PANORAMIC VIEWS THROUGH FLOOR-TO-CEILING. LIKEWISE, THE CONTINUITY OF MATERIALS ON WALLS, CEILINGS, AND FLOORS VISUALLY CONNECTS THE INTERIOR WITH THE EXTERIOR, THEREBY ENTICING THE PUBLIC TO EXPLORE THE VISITOR CENTER AND THE OUTDOORS OF THE GARDEN STATE.

120 SF 120 SF

48 SF

447 SF

60 SF

180 SF

GENERAL TELECOM TRASH / ROOM RECYCLING STORAGE ROOM

MECHANICAL / ELECTRICAL ROOM

48 SF

120 SF

SHOWER JANITOR / LOCKER CLOSET ROOM

SUPPORT AREAS

100 SF

120 SF

(BASEMENT)

3,000 SF 100 SF

STORAGE SPACE 8 SF COAT CLOSET

STORAGE BUILDING

80 SF

48 SF 80 SF

80 SF

STAFF REST-ROOMS

JANITOR CLOSET

SEPARATE STAFF ENTRY

18 SF

VESTIBULE STAFF AREA

18 SF

100 SF

240 SF

RECEPTION KITCHENETTE / BREAKROOM / SEATING AREA

500 SF

200 SF

MECHANICAL ROOM

GENERAL STORAGE

LAW ENFORC. ST. CL.

54 SF

18 SF 64 SF

120 SF

150 SF

100 SF 120 SF

50 SF 54 SF

WORKROOM

100 SF

80 SF

SUPERVISOR OFFICES

150 SF 100 SF

100 SF

50 SF

SUPPLY CLOSET 16 80 SF SF SECURE STAFF STORAGE RESTCLOSET ROOMS

54 SF

50 SF FILE AREA

100 SF

54 SF

120 SF

100 SF

100 SF

140 SF

LIBRARY

LAW ENFORC. OFFICES

STAFF OFFICES

MANAGER'S OFFICE

360 SF

FAX / VOLUNT. PRINTER / WORK MAIL ROOM ROOM

CONFERENCE ROOM

ADMIN / OFFICES

(2ND FLOOR)

PARKING / KIOSK PUBLIC STAFF ENTRY / RESTRICTED ACCESS

24 SF COAT CL. / GENERAL STORAGE

1,000 SF

MAIN ENTRY

CARPENTER SHOP

220 SF

64 SF

465 SF

VESTIBULE

LOBBY

144 SF INFORMATION DESK

VISITOR CENTER

144 SF VIDEO ALCOVE

24 SF VISITOR LOBBY SEATING

220 SF PUBLIC RESTROOMS

VENDING

BOOKSTORE STORAGE CLOSET

100 SF

100 SF

24 SF

JANITOR CLOSET

10 SF BROCHURE DISPLAY

64 SF

80 SF

48 SF

375 SF

80 SF

BOOKSTORE / COUNTER / DISPLAYS

AFTER HOURS RESTROOM

INVENTORY FRIENDS / SHOWROOM BOOKSTORE OFFICE

RETAIL AREA PUBLIC CORRIDOR CIRCULATION LOOP

80 SF EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS CLOSET 80 SF

930 SF 3,100 SF MAINTENANGE SHOP

MAINTENANCE BUILDING

EXHIBIT HALL

EXHIBIT HALL

279 SF

320 SF

EXHIBIT SPACE

WILDLIFE OBSERVATION AREA

900 SF MEETING ROOM

MEETING ROOM

80 SF

AV EQUIP. CLOSET

180 SF

80 SF

96 SF

PODIUM FORUM AREA

CHAIR / TABLE STORAGE CLOSET

AV PROJECTION ROOM

(1ST FLOOR)

METLIFE COMPETITION METALS IN CONSTRUCTION MAGAZINE MIDTOWN EAST / NEW YORK, NY PROJECT INFORMATION: WORK TYPE: CLIENT: DATE COMPLETED: ROLE:

PROFESSIONAL / EYP ARCHITECTURE & ENGINEERING METALS IN CONSTRUCTION MAGAZINE 2016 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNER

PROJECT DESCRIPTION: THE MANDATE OF THE COMPETITION WAS TO REIMAGINE 200 PARK AVENUE (FORMERLY THE PAN AM BUILDING, NOW THE METLIFE BUILDING) WITH A RESOURCE-CONSERVING, ECO-FRIENDLY ENCLOSURE, THAT CREATES A HIGHLY EFFICIENT ENVELOPE. THE VISION FOR RECLADDING 200 PARK AVENUE MUST ENHANCE THE BUILDING’S LIGHTNESS AND TRANSPARENCY SOUGHT BY TODAY’S OFFICE WORKFORCE, WHILE PRESERVING THE BUILDING’S HERITAGE.

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THERE ARE THREE MAIN ALTERATIONS TO REINVENT THE METLIFE BUILDING: (1) EXISTING WINDOW MODULES WERE REPLACED TO REDUCE SOLAR HEAT GAIN AND CREATE A LESS MONOLITHIC AESTHETIC; (2) A NEW GLASS VEIL WAS ADDED TO THE PERIMETER OF THE FACADE TO REDUCE SOLAR HEAT GAIN, MAINTAIN A THERMAL BUFFER, AND HARVEST DAYLIGHT; AND (3) A SOLAR CHIMNEY WAS ADDED TO THE ROOF TO INDUCE CONVECTION AND VENTILATE THE BUILDING.

CLIMATIC PUBLICATIONS

INSIGHTS ON SUSTAINABILITY, CLIMATE, AND THE ANTHROPOCENE NEW YORK, NY ACADEMIC PUBLICATION INFORMATION: WORK TYPE: COURSE / FIRM: DATE COMPLETED: AFFILIATIONS:

ACADEMIC RESEARCH ARCH 4402 - HISTORY & THEORY FALL 2020 - SUMMER 2021 ANDRES JAQUE

PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATION INFORMATION: WORK TYPE: COURSE / FIRM: DATE COMPLETED: AFFILIATIONS:

ROFESSIONAL RESEARCH ARCH 4402 - HISTORY & THEORY / DATTNER ARCHITECTS 2018 - 2024 SUSTAINABLE PRACTICE GROUP

PUBLICATION DESCRIPTION:

MY ACADEMIC PUBLICATIONS INVESTIGATE ISSUES ON CLIMATE CHANGE, SUSTAINABILITY, AND THE ANTHROPOCENE. THEY SPAN A DIVERSE SET OF TOPICS, INCLUDING THE THERMOHELIODON DEVICE, A TOOL USED TO SIMULATE SUNLIGHT AND HEAT CONDITIONS IN ARCHITECTURAL SPACES ACROSS REGIONAL CONDITION; THE SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTIONS OF “GOOD” AND “BAD” NATURES OF FRESH KILLS, A LADNFILL TURNED FOREST IN STATEN ISLAND; AND TRASH PEAKS, A HYPOTHETICAL PROJECT ON SEOUL’S WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES.

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MY PROFESSIONAL RESEARCH HAS BEEN DONE UNDER SEVERAL SUBCOMMITTEES OF THE SUSTAINABLE PRACTICE GROUP. IN THE INDOOR HEALTH SUBCOMMITTEE, I PROPOSED ALTERNATIVE PRODUCT SPECIFCATIONS FOR COMMONLY USED BUILDING MATERIALS, SUCH AS GYPSUM WALL BOARD, WALL COVERINGS, AND FINISH FLOORING. IN THE RENEWABLES SUBCOMMITTEE, I RESEARCHED THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SMART GRIDS AND SMART METERS IN NEW YORK CITY’S ELECTRICAL GRID, FOCUSING ON THEIR POTENTIAL TO REDUCE CARBON EMISSIONS AND IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY. IN THE MATERIALS SUBCOMMITTEE, I DELVE INTO MATERIAL REUSE INFRASTRUCTURE, COMPILING RESOURCES AND CASE STUDIES THAT SUPPORT DESIGN FOR DECONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES, WHICH AIM TO MINIMIZE CONSTRUCTION WASTE BY FACILITATING THE DISASSEMBLY AND REUSE OF BUILDING COMPONENTS. THROUGH THESE DIVERSE PROJECTS, I SEEK TO ADVANCE SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PRACTICES AND CONTRIBUTE TO THE GLOBAL CONVERSATION ON CLIMATE RESILIENCE.

THE THERMOHELIODON DEVICE: the human and bioclimatic design Like many European architects of the post-WWII modernist era, Victor and Aladar Olgyay emigrated to the United States from Hungary in 1947 and dedicated themselves to solving problems of automation, suburbanization, and data acquisition.1 However, environmental performance was lacking in the hastily built residences in the newly developed suburbs that led to summer overheating.2 As a result, two divergent methodologies emerged to control the interior environment: mechanical ventilation (site independency) and architectural regionalism (site dependency). Meteorological sciences were also shifting from ground-level to sky-level data acquisition that was facilitated by weather balloons, airplanes, and other aerial devices.3 Climate was increasingly being understood as dynamic, quantifiable, predictable, and periodic, whereas architecture was dedicated to creating an interior environment of uniformity, stasis, and control based on human thermal comfort zones.

advantageous ones to produce a stable interior” by following the methodology of The Bioclimatic Approach.6 This approach consisted of four simple steps: (1) analyze climate data, (2) evaluate human thermal comfort, (3) develop techniques to mitigate climate and thermal comfort, and (4) design a synthesized architectural response that uses those techniques.7 The Olgyays used this approach for achieve thermal comfort at the scale of both single building designs and prototypes for large suburban masterplans for each climatic region.

However, this ideal of thermo-stability was rooted in the 1950s idea that climatic fluctuations were disruptive, ignoring the fact that variability could be desirable or even pleasurable.8 There were also other problems that were not accounted for, including microclimate differences, relative humidity, rain, snow, glare, air quality, unpredictable weather conditions, and non-human comfort.

The Thermoheliodon successfully sped up the research process between Victor and Aladar Olgyay sympathized with the growing distrust of homogeneous climate and architecture, but physical models are reductive representations and buildings that were reproduced on a large scale and equally applied to every complications occur with extreme reductions in scale. climate.4 Therefore, they dedicated their research to developing architectural design techniques that adapted to the various climate zones throughout the Moreover, Bauhaus principles were deeply rooted in their “Functionalist US. They created a dynamic data-driven device, the Thermoheliodon. It was Architecture,” one of several regional branches of European Modernism.9 Their an elaborate domed apparatus that included environmental simulation devices climatic analysis suggests a design method that is unconcerned with aesthetic to emulate real-world conditions of sun, wind, and temperature of any given issues, yet when they provide precedents, architectural technologies, and site.5 The key aim of the Thermoheliodon was to “create a climate-balanced built solutions, their aesthetic style is clearly derived from Modernism. There building which resisted adversarial environmental factors while amplifying is an apparent disconnect between their analysis and their aesthetics. Their

footnotes:

1. Daniel A. Barber, “The Termoheliodon: Climatic Architecture at the End of Calculation.” A/R/P/A Journal, issue. 01, last modified May 15, 2014, http://www.arpajournal.net/thermoheliodon/ 2. Lisa Moffitt, “Victor and Aladár Olgyay’s Thermoheliodon: Controlling Climate to Reduce Climate Control.” Arq: Architectural Research Quarterly, vol. 23, no. 3, (September 2019): 256.

3. Lisa Moffitt, “Victor and Aladár Olgyay’s Thermoheliodon: Controlling Climate to Reduce Climate Control,” 259.

4. Daniel A. Barber, “The Nature of the Image: Olgyay and Olgyay’s Architectural-Climatic Diagrams in the 1950s.” Public Culture, vol. 1, no. 29 (January 2017): 141.

5. Olgyay, Victor. Design with Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015): 180.

6. Lisa Moffitt, “Victor and Aladár Olgyay’s Thermoheliodon: Controlling Climate to Reduce Climate Control.” 260.

7. Olgyay, Victor. Design with Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism, 14.

8. Daniel A. Barber, “The Nature of the Image: Olgyay and Olgyay’s Architectural-Climatic Diagrams in the 1950s.” 141.

9. Olgyay, Aladar. The Works of Architects Olgyay + Olgyay. (New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1952): 8.

10. Olgyay, Victor. Design with Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism, 180.

influence was limited by a pervasive concern that technology and analysis must not interfere with an architect’s expressive voice. Moreover, the masterplans developed for suburban communities are seemingly just as homogeneous as the ones created by developers. Except for overall building orientation and form, the communities include the same decreased lot sizes, increased paving, and tree removal as standard suburban housing complexes.

While the Thermoheliodon device was an incomplete experiment, it has offered multi-scalar interpretations of the relationship between humans, buildings, and their environment that have led to unintended outcomes that contribute to sustainable discourse today. For example, digital simulation tools, like Ecotect Analysis, would not exist without first creating a physical simulation of the same environment. While the Thermoheliodon was intended to be used only for architectural design purposes, the device was frequently used by aerodynamics, fluid mechanics, and meteorology departments at Princeton University, thereby expanding the roles and responsibilities of an architect to include other engineering disciplines.10 Furthermore, climate change was not a factor in societal awareness in the 1950s, but the principles of bioclimatic design remain relevant for architects today who need to consider energy usage, carbon emissions, LEED credits, and Passive House techniques. While Victor and Aladar Olgyay placed human comfort at the center, their concepts can be easily applied to non-human environments and the urgency of our current climate crisis. We must not only design with, but also for climate.

bibliography Barber, Daniel A. “The Nature of the Image: Olgyay and Olgyay’s Architectural-Climatic Diagrams in the 1950s.” Public Culture, vol. 1, no. 29 (January 2017): pp. 129–164.

Barber, Daniel A. “The Termoheliodon: Climatic Architecture at the End of Calculation.” A/R/P/A Journal, issue. 01, last modified May 15, 2014, http://www.arpajournal.net/thermoheliodon/ Leatherbarrow, David, and Richard Wesley. “Performance and Style in the Work of Olgyay and Olgyay.” Arq: Architectural Research Quarterly, vol. 18, no. 2 (September 2014): pp. 167-176.

Moffitt, Lisa. “Victor and Aladár Olgyay’s Thermoheliodon: Controlling Climate to Reduce Climate Control.” Arq: Architectural Research Quarterly, vol. 23, no. 3, (September 2019): pp. 255–266.

Olgyay, Aladar. The Works of Architects Olgyay + Olgyay. New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1952.

Olgyay, Victor. Design with Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism. New and Expanded Edition ed., Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015.

GOOD OR BAD NATURES: CONTROL AND THE PICTURESQUE LESSONS OF A HIDEOUS FOREST In The Lessons of a Hideous Forest, William Logan is an arborist who discovered that Fresh Kills Landfill, now turned hideous forest, was not designed to look good, but rather repair the damage done by modern society. Western cultures have created a reductively aesthetic concept of nature as good or bad. “Bad” natures are ugly, cannot be controlled, are poisonous to humans, and attract pests, weeds, and other unvalued species, whereas “good” natures are picturesque, can be controlled, can be consumed by humans, and house valued animals. However, we must “change our thinking: Ask not just what these landscapes look like, but also what they are doing.” 1

VITAL DECOMPOSITION Moreover, in Vital Decomposition: Soil Practitioners & Life Politics, Kristina Lyons focuses on the cultivation of life amidst death, violence, and chemical warfare. The polluted soil literally and figuratively embodies the war on drugs.

This creates a clear causal relationship between humans and soil. She also makes an interesting and clear distinction between the research conducted with Soil Scientists (“studying up”) and Rural Communities (“studying down”).4 Soil Scientists work in the safety of an urban laboratory with stated-funded resources that ally with capitalist industries, whereas Rural Communities operate within the immediate militarization of glyphosate using experimental approaches to transform and resist the workings of the State and the Soil Scientists. But, is there a way that the Soil Scientists and the Rural Communities can work together?

While Kristina Lyons has in many ways acted as a liaison between the two, this dialectic division must be bridged comprehensively throughout regions affected by aerial fumigation. This difference between specialized expertise and the local community is not unlike the challenges that architects face. Architecture and soil scientists must do more than keep the local community at arm’s length.

This begs the question: Who is benefiting from the valuation of architecture or a 3 They are “entering into another logic not to destroy, but instead to recover.” plant species? Our thinking must transition from how we can know more to how Here, reparations do not consist of unfulfilled monetary compensation from we can know differently. Whether working as an arborist, an anthropologist, or bureaucratic denial, but rather by the regeneration of farmland back into a an architect, we are habituated to think one way or the other – black or white, right or wrong, good or bad, beautiful or ugly. We must unlearn conditioned forest. colonial practices of pro- or anti- in favor of alter- and trans-.

Through the process of phoenix regeneration, trees grow, fall, decay, drip acid water, and regrow. Meanwhile, the vines suffocate everything on site to facilitate this regeneration. Likewise, weeds grow as a result of disturbed topsoil so that they can nurture the soil for other species to grow. Therefore, the intent of Fresh Kills is not to be spectacular or “look good,” but to “stay alive, year by year, century by century, until at last it had recycled even the nylon stocking.”2 While it is not clear if this has the potential to speed up the recycling process of organic and manufacturing material, the use of native and invasive plant species certainly has the potential to recover lands overcome by landfills.

footnotes:

CHEMICAL WARFARE AND PRACTICES OF JUSTICE Similarly in Chemical Warfare in Colombia, Kristina Lyons renders visible the territory as a victim of the country’s social armed conflict by reconstructing the socio-environmental memory of the war. Through this research, she discovers that Colombian farmers who are victims of militarized aerial fumigation have become aware that they have also mistreated the soils, trees, and water sources through monocultural farming techniques that degrade soils and lead to deforestation for new farmland.

1. William Logan, “The Lesson of a Hideous Forest,” The New York Times, July 20, 2019.

2. William Logan, “The Lesson of a Hideous Forest,” 2019.

3. Kristina Lyons, “Chemical Warfare in Colombia: Evidentiary Ecologies and Senti-actuando Practices of Justice,” Social Studies of Science, vol. 78, no. 3 (2020): 422.

4. Kristina Lyons, Vital Decomposition: Soil Practitioners & Life Politics, (London: Duke University Press), 6.

bibliography Logan, William. “The Lessons of a Hideous Forest.” The New York Times, July, 20, 2019.

Lyons, Kristina. “Chemical Warfare in Colombia: Evidentiary Ecologies and Senti-actuando Practices of Justice.” Social Studies of Science, vol. 48, no. 3, (2018): 414-437.

Lyons, Kristina. Vital Decomposition: Soil Practitioners & Life Politics. London: Duke University Press, 2020.

TRASH PEAKS: MONUMENTALITY AND WASTE MANAGEMENT Producing 37,843 tons of daily waste, Seoul’s waste management systems have historically been heavily reliant on landfills.1 For the 2017 Seoul Biennale, Design Earth provided an alternative solution to Seoul’s waste management: Trash Peaks. The installation consisted of three artifacts: a carpet, a folding screen, and 3D-printed ceramic tableware. The carpet was an infographic diagram of waste streams for each project. The silk folding screen is a cultural object in Korea known as irworobongdo, literally meaning “painting of the sun, moon, and the five peaks.” 2, 3 Traditionally set behind the king’s throne, the irworobongdo folding screen is a symbolic motif in royalty where the sun and moon symbolize the king and queen, while the five peaks denote a mythical place.4 The images on the screen invite a re-evaluation of the landscape and its relationship to waste. Each of the six projects were also 3D-printed into ceramics: salt-and-pepper shakers, bowls, a teapot, teacups, and chopsticks.

These elements were the tableware for a tea ceremony where visitors could discuss the projects. While massive monuments are used to convey the scale of trash, transforming each monument into a miniature object allows the projects to manifest ideas that the naked eye otherwise struggles to comprehend at a larger scale.

However, the design of each monument is only perceived holistically in section.

From the outside, they are merely pure, abstract forms that inhabitants know are municipal waste facilities but are still hidden from the processes that occur inside. This contradiction is furthered by the way the monuments are disguised by natural peaks or buried underground. The peaks physically hide half of the volume of waste, thereby perpetuating the problem of visibility. While visualizing the outside volumes of monumental waste facilities will make visible where waste is processed, this is not enough public awareness to change the Trash Peaks engages geography to reveal “aesthetic and political concerns behaviors of consumers and the consequences of urban life. for architecture and urbanism.” 7 For example, Towering Construction wraps concrete, steel, and wood waste around Mount Namsan as an ode to the original Tatlin’s Tower that was to be 1,312 ft (400 m) high.8 Although never built, it was to be a symbol of modernity after the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917.9 This reference speaks to the monumental accumulation of trash that humans have acquired since the advent of modernity. Literally, there is enough trash to build Tatlin’s Tower. These monuments not only serve as a reminder of the fraught relationship between humans and the world, but now they also perform in an age of increased urban density and worldwide implementation of technology. Their proposals are “as fantastic as they are improbable.”10 Instead of insisting that garbage be kept out of sight, Trash Peaks is a series of Prompting architectural dreams and nightmares of monumentality, Design six speculative projects that make waste visible, thus creating public awareness Earth illustrates an apocalyptic vision of the future that will result if daily habits of waste’s ecological impact: (1) The Plastisphere, (2) The E-Fungi Volcano, (3) and building infrastructure are not changed.11 The Janus Incinerator, (4) Towering Construction, (5) Leachate Cenotaph, (6) Methane Aviary.5 While each landform focuses on landfilling, recycling, burning, In an era of the Anthropocene, Design Earth argues that a monument will re-using, and reducing waste, they also transform a historical monument. Such symbolize an increasingly troubled relationship with the Earth and human historic references include: Peter Cook’s Graz Art Museum, Ancient Pyramids, activity. 12 Agreed, design must describe the invisible world hidden within Tatlin’s Tower, Boulee’s Cenotaph for Newton, and Cedric Price’s Aviary. the layers of the earth and make visible the process of waste management.

footnotes:

Design Earth appropriated existing cultural symbols and rituals to unsettle preconceived notions of infrastructure and environmental practices to produce new solutions in the context of the Anthropocene.6 In other words, by using symbols of modernity that are characterized by a lack of ornamentation and dominance of pure geometric forms, Design Earth critically transforms these structures of heroism and mastery into a new symbol of post-modern waste management, a monument to awareness.

1. Rania Ghosn and El Hadi Jazairy, “Trash Peaks: A Terrarium of the Anthropocene,” Architectural Design, vol. 90, no. 1 (January 2020): 34.

2. Rania Ghosn and El Hadi Jazairy, “Trash Peaks: A Terrarium of the Anthropocene,” 34.

3. Rebecca M. Brown and Deborah S. Hutton, A Companion to Asian Art and Architecture, (United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2011), 355.

4. Rebecca M. Brown and Deborah S. Hutton, A Companion to Asian Art and Architecture, 356.

5. Rania Ghosn and El Hadi Jazairy, “Trash Peaks: A Terrarium of the Anthropocene,” 34 -37.

6. Rania Ghosn and El Hadi Jazairy, “Trash Peaks: A Terrarium of the Anthropocene,” 33.

7. Rania Ghosn and El Hadi Jazairy, “Design Earth: About.” accessed October 10, 2020, https://www.design-earth.org/about/ 8. Norbert Lynton, Tatlin’s Tower: Monument to Revolution (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 30-31.

9. Lynton, Tatlin’s Tower: Monument to Revolution, 32.

10. Peder Anker and Nina Edwards, “Anthropocene Architecture: Design Earth’s Geostories,” The Avery Review, vol. 29, no. 1 (February 2018): 5.

11. Peder Anker and Nina Edwards, “Anthropocene Architecture: Design Earth’s Geostories,” 5.

12. Rania Ghosn and El Hadi Jazairy, “Trash Peaks: A Terrarium of the Anthropocene,” 33.

bibliography Anker, Peder and Nina Edwards, “Anthropocene Architecture: Design Earth’s Geostories,” The Avery Review, vol. 29, no. 1, (February 2018): pp. 1-8.

Brown, Rebecca M. and Deborah S. Hutton, A Companion to Asian Art and Architecture, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2011.

Ghosn, Rania and El Hadi Jazairy, “Trash Peaks: A Terrarium of the Anthropocene,” Architectural Design, vol. 90, no. 1, (January 2020): pp.

32-37.

Ghosn, Rania and El Hadi Jazairy, “Geographies of Trash,” Journal of Architectural Education, vol. 68, no. 1, (March 2014): 68-81.

Ghosn, Rania and El Hadi Jazairy, “Design Earth: About.” Accessed October 10, 2020. https://www.design-earth.org/about/ Ghosn, Rania and El Hadi Jazairy, “Design Earth: Exhibit.” Accessed October 10, 2020. https://www.design-earth.org/exhibitions/trash-peaks/ Ghosn, Rania and El Hadi Jazairy, “Design Earth: Project.” Accessed October 10, 2020. https://www.design-earth.org/projects/trash-peaks/ Governor’s Island. “The Hills.” Accessed November 15, 2020. https://www.govisland.com/the-park Lynton, Norbert, Tatlin’s Tower: Monument to Revolution, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.

Wall, Ed, “Les Paysagistes: Expanding, Producing, Contested Fields of Landscape.” Architectural Design, vol. 90, no. 1, (January 2020): pp.

6-13.

SMART GRIDS AND BATTERY MANAGEMNT SYSTEMS: ENERGY AND CO2 REDUCTIONS INTRODUCTION A smart grid can significantly reduce wasted energy, mitigate the risk of blackouts, enhance monitoring capabilities, and support the development of renewable resources. It’s projected that a smart grid could lower CO2 emissions by approximately 18% by 2030.

In the current energy landscape, generators known as “peakers” play a crucial role. These are used to maintain grid reliability but operate only a few days each year. New York City, for instance, has about 16 peaker plants, primarily located near the waterfront. These plants activate during the hottest days or when there are malfunctions in transmission lines or upstate power plants.

Despite their infrequent use, peakers are costly and contribute to increased carbon emissions. Most of these plants are over 50 years old, with some operating on particularly polluting fuels such as oil, kerosene, and natural gas. Besides emitting carbon dioxide, which contributes to global warming, these plants release harmful pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and fine particulate matter, exacerbating respiratory issues, like asthma. Peakers are predominantly situated in communities of color in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens, which are also facing other health risks like heat vulnerability.

used for no more than a few hundred hours each year. This setup is designed to handle extreme demand scenarios and prevent worst-case situations.

The New York Independent System Operator (NYISO) manages electricity flow across the state’s grid and interacts with neighboring grids. NYISO continuously calculates power needs and identifies the most cost-effective plants to meet those needs. Every five minutes, a computer system adjusts plant outputs to ensure sufficient electricity without overloading transmission lines. An imbalanced system can damage equipment and cause power failures. Peak demand typically occurs around 5 p.m. during most of the year, coinciding with the evening rush hour as people return home, and usage spikes due to activities like cooking and using electronics. In the summer, peak demand shifts to around 3 p.m. due to increased air conditioner usage.

Transitioning to a smart grid model would involve generating and distributing more power locally, reducing the energy lost during transmission from large, central generating stations. Currently, about 5 percent of energy is lost in transit, with losses increasing during peak times. A smart grid offers numerous strategies to cut down on energy consumption and carbon emissions. These include decreasing fossil fuel use, boosting renewable energy usage, and addressing the dynamic nature of energy supply and demand. Given the intermittent availability of wind The infrastructure required to support these plants is used only 10% of the time, and solar power, energy storage solutions are essential for balancing supply and yet consumers bear the associated costs. A report in 2020 estimated that New demand. The smart grid aims to better align energy supply with consumption Yorkers spend $450 million annually to operate the city’s peaker plants, which are using a dynamic and responsive approach.

Image: https://www.ny.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/WhitePaperREVMarch2016.pdf

Image: https://www.nyiso.com/power-trends

SMART GRID ASSETS The smart grid is not a single technology or device, but rather a system of key assets, consisting of Primary and Enabling Assets.

Primary Assets are the smart grid’s assets that are actively controlled to effect change in the grid’s operating conditions.

These include: • Demand Response (DR) - communications and controls for end-use devices and systems to reduce their demand for electricity at certain times • Distributed Generation (DG) - small engine or turbine generator sets, wind turbines, and solar electric systems connected at the distribution level • Distributed Storage (DS) - batteries, flywheels, super-conducting magnetic storage, and other electric and thermal storage technologies connected at the distribution level • Distribution / Feeder Automation (DA / FA) - expansion of communication in substations and into the feeders, such as remotely actuated switches for reconfiguring the network, advanced protective relays, zonal control capabilities, dynamic capacitator bank controllers, and condition-based transformer-management systems.

• Transmission visualization and control over vast areas Enabling Assets are the sensing, software, and information infrastructure required to coordinate the operation of the primary assets to respond to grid conditions. These include: • Wide-area communication networks, servers, gateways, etc.

• Smart Meters • Support shorter metering intervals (5 min or less rather than the monthly interval) • Two-way communications (i.e. control a smart thermostat or appliance) • Instantaneously read voltage, current, and power metrics • Offer remote connect/disconnect functionality • Energy Management Control Systems and Networks • Consumer information interfaces and support tools • Utility systems and billing systems • Cyber Security technologies for secure communication for all levels of operation

Image: The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefit

ACTUAL CARBON REDUCTION FROM SMART GRIDS While some of the objectives of implementing a smart grid include reducing operating costs, making the network more reliable, and gathering data, the main objective of the smart grid is reducing energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions by using these assets that increase efficiency and help manage power loads. The actual carbon reduction from smart grids depends on several factors, including the technologies deployed, the energy mix in the grid, consumer participation in demand response programs, and government policies supporting renewable energy and efficiency.

Quantifying the exact carbon reduction from smart grids is challenging, but studies indicate significant potential impacts.

For instance, the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that smart grid technologies could cut global CO2 emissions by up to 2.03 gigatons by 2050. In a 2010 study, the U.S. Department of Energy estimated a reduction in electrical energy consumption and CO2 emissions to be 12% in direct savings and 6% in indirect savings in 2030.

These corresponded to a 5% direct and 2% indirect reduction of total energy consumption and CO2 emissions (including electricity) in the U.S. in 2030. Thus, a smart grid is not anticipated to be the primary mechanism for achieving national energy and carbon savings. However, it is capable of providing a substantial contribution to the electricity sector. The following estimates are based on the annual electricity supplied to the U.S. grid and the associated CO2 emissions in 2030, as forecasted by the U.S. Energy Information Agency. They represent the percentage reductions of an average U.S. generating plant. Read more on this study summarized below or the full report here: The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefit

Image: https://www.nyiso.com/power-trends

Direct Reductions are achieved through mechanisms that directly affect electricity and CO2 emissions via smart grid technologies. These include energy savings in end-user consumption and reduced generation requirements.

A. Conservation Effect of Consumer Information and Feedback Systems: 3% Energy & CO2 Reduction Technology, such as Con Ed’s Smart Meter, provides feedback to consumers, making them aware of their energy consumption. Based on this feedback, consumers can modify their behaviors in response to information and price signals. For example, consumers can shift their electricity use to off-peak hours when renewable energy is more plentiful and cheaper. This also reduces peak demand. Feedback is most effective and most widely used by customers when it includes frequency, specificity, and influential variables. This section is expanded on in the section regarding Con Edison’s Smart Meters.

B. Joint Marketing of Energy Efficiency and Demand Response Programs: 1% Energy & CO2 Reduction Combining the marketing of these two often disparate sectors would inform customers of utility programs and education materials. For example, consumers are often confused between energy efficiency and demand response. The education of these two factors will result in reduced administrative costs, increased energy efficiency, and quicker demand response when the programs are administered together. This combination would improve each of their effectiveness and eliminate confusion between the two. This cost savings could, in turn, be reinvested back into the grid and energy efficiency programs.

C. Deployment of Diagnostic in Residential and Small / Medium Commercial Buildings: 3% Energy & CO2 Reduction Automated energy management systems include automated fault detection and diagnostics, automated commissioning, enabled energy usage based on price-based controls, and coordination and integration with other systems. This would result in efficiency savings from equipment performance diagnostics for HVAC and lighting systems. Large commercial and industrial buildings are excluded from this calculation because they generally already have automated management systems, pay a staff member to monitor energy use, and achieve similar energy savings as that proposed by a smart grid.

Indirect Reductions are derived by converting cost savings in energy and capacity into their energy and carbon equivalents through investments in energy efficiency. These savings are reinvested in further efficiency and renewable resources, indirectly contributing to emissions reductions.

D. Measurement and Verification for Efficiency Programs: 1.5% Energy & CO2 Reduction The development of software-based analytic tools would leverage the smart grid’s metering and communication abilities to expand the sample size of data collected, retrieve higher quality and more detailed data, and increase the duration of measurement and verification efforts.

E. Shifting Load to More Efficient Generation: 0.04% Energy and CO2 Reduction The estimation of reductions in energy and CO2 emissions is highly unpredictable due to the types of power plants that provide base, intermediate, peak load, and on-demand power. This accounts for the energy and emissions savings of these power plants using more efficient power generation, controlling demand response, and using distributed storage, like batteries.

F. Support Additional Electric Vehicles (EVs) / Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles (PHEVs): 3% Energy & CO2 Reduction This accounts for the reduction in fuel and emissions from using electric-powered Light Duty Vehicles (LDVs), such as cars, vans, SUVs, and light trucks, enabled by smart charging. It is much more efficient to generate electricity with a power plant and transfer that energy into an on-board battery in an EV than to burn gasoline in a low-efficiency car engine. The charging of batteries in EVs is an additional electrical load that must be accommodated in the electrical grid, but the smart grid and smart charging technologies would enable the charging period of EVs to occur during off-peak times. v G. Conservation Voltage Reduction and Advanced Voltage Control: 2% Energy and CO2 Reduction The smart grid can reduce electrical distribution losses and end-use energy consumption by optimizing distribution voltage. Voltage drops occur during peak energy demands due to resistance in electrical conductors. When current flows through these conductors, some of the electrical energy is converted into heat, resulting in a decrease in voltage. The higher the load, the more current flows through the feeder, and the higher the voltage drop. Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) simply requires adding a voltage sensor at the end of the feeder that will regulate how much voltage is needed at the head of the feeder to maintain minimum voltage levels.

The following list (A-H) is an expansion on the nine direct and indirect reduction mechanisms used to save energy and carbon emissions: Image: The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefit

H. Support Penetration of Solar Generation and Wind Generation: 5.02% Energy and CO2 Reduction Advanced voltage controls and feeder automation manage the reverse power flow of energy made from renewable technology, such as wind and solar.

This assumes a 20% of the energy consumed will be provided by renewable technology, also known as a Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) based on state 2030 policies. These systems store excess energy generated during low demand periods in batteries and release it during peak demand, reducing the need for fossil fuel backup power.

ASSUMPTIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NYC The energy and emission reduction estimates above assume full deployment (100% penetration) of smart grid technologies; 20% implementation of renewable resources, demand responses, and battery storage technology; addition of Electric Vehicles; and reduction in voltage loss in transmission and distribution lines at a national scale for the U.S. The study did not take into consideration environmental impacts on air and water quality, land use, and end users relying on natural gas. By comparison, New York State’s climate policies committed to 70% implementation of renewable resources, well above the 20% assumed in this study.

Although New York’s sustainability commitments are ambitious, the Climate Action Council has developed an extensive Scoping Plan to achieve these goals. For example, the DEC will draft and circulate regulations to meet GHG emissions limits sometime in 2024. Every four years, the DEC will publish a report on the status of GHG reductions and every five years the Climate Action Council will update the Scoping Plan to meet New York’s energy goals. While smart grids alone won’t solve the climate crisis, they are crucial for transitioning to a low-carbon energy system and can significantly reduce emissions when combined with other clean energy initiatives.

Image: New York’ Scoping Plan (Climate Leadership & Community Protection Act)

VOLTAGE DROP ALONG A FEEDER AT PEAK MINIMUM LOADS

Image: https://www.nyiso.com/power-trends

resources • • • • • • •

Image: The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefit

How New York City Gets Its Electricity - The New York Times (nytimes.com) New York says goodbye to 6 dirty power plants and hello to working with communities | Grist Where Does New York City Get Its Electricity? [A Byte Out of the Big Apple] (thomasnet.com) How New York’s Electrical Grid Stifles Clean Energy in N.Y.C. - The New York Times (nytimes.com) The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefit Scoping Plan - New York’s Climate Leadership & Community Protection Act (ny.gov) https://www.ny.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/WhitePaperREVMarch2016.pdf

SMART GRIDS AND BATTERY MANAGEMNT SYSTEMS: END USE IMPACT AND BENEFITS INTRODUCTION Con Edison, one of the leading energy companies in the United States, has made significant strides in modernizing its infrastructure by implementing smart meters. This modernization effort includes the installation of 4.8 million smart meters, marking it as the largest capital project in Con Edison’s history with an investment of $1.285 billion. Con Edison is recognized as the second-largest solar developer in the United States. Their investments in smart meters and smart grid technologies have earned them the Smart Energy Innovation Award from the Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative in the 2021 Best Practices Awards.

The implementation of smart meters by Con Edison represents a major step forward in the utility industry, combining technological advancement with environmental responsibility and customer engagement. Con Edison estimates that the smart meters will help reduce carbon emissions equivalent to how much 56,000 vehicles produce in a year. Smart meters are essential for predicting demand response and maintaining sustained energy levels. They reduce uncertainty regarding consumer behavior and energy response.

CONSUMER BENEFITS OF SMART METERS These systems also provide consumers with detailed feedback on their energy usage, making them more aware of their consumption patterns.

This awareness enables consumers to modify their behaviors in response to information and price signals. For instance, they can shift their electricity use to off-peak hours when renewable energy is more available and less expensive, thereby reducing peak demand.

WHAT IS A SMART METER A smart meter is a digital device that communicates between your residence or business and Con Edison over a secure wireless network using extremely low-frequency radio signals, which are significantly lower than those produced by everyday devices like cell phones and Wi-Fi routers.

The meter transmits data to access points on utility poles, which then relay your usage information to Con Edison.

Feedback is most effective and widely utilized by customers when it incorporates actual usage data, is provided in hourly updates or less, encourages energy-saving goals, allows for making informed choices, provides feedback over a year or more, gives advice on specific appliance usage patterns, and compares past usage to similar households. These factors create a feedback system that is not only informative, but also influential in promoting energy conservation behaviors among consumers.

Furthermore, customers can participate in incentive programs that reward them for reducing energy usage during peak times, such as hot summer days.

Image: Con Edison Staten Island Smart Meter Installation

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND SMART METERS Traditional meters and automated meters record total energy consumption, which is collected on a monthly basis. In contrast, smart meters record and transmit energy consumption data throughout the day via a secure wireless network. This regular transmission provides access to detailed daily energy use information and helping to conserve energy and save money. Smart meters also alert Con Ed immediately about problems in your area, enabling faster power restoration. While smart meters alert Con Ed to most outages, customers are still encouraged to report issues to ensure prompt resolution.

Image: Con Edison Staten Island Smart Meter Installation

USING CON EDISON’S SMART METERS Once the smart meter is installed, it takes about two weeks for detailed energy usage information to appear on a customer’s account dashboard. According to their website, users must have a registered Con Edison account to view and download their data.

CON EDISON SMART GAS DETECTORS CON EDISON SMART GAS DETECTORS Likewise, Con Edison is enhancing safety and reliability for natural gas Likewise, Con Edison is enhancing safety and reliability for natural gas customers customers with the introduction of smart gas detectors. Aimed at improving with the introduction of smart gas detectors. Aimed at improving safety in safety in residential and commercial settings, smart gas detectors have residential and commercial settings, smart gas detectors have automatic and automatic and audible alerts that automatically contact Con Edison when a gas audible alerts that automatically contact Con Edison when a gas leak is detected leak is detected and will emit a beep when it detects the odor of gas, alerting and will emit a beep when it detects the odor of gas, alerting occupants to the occupants to the presence of a leak. Installing smart gas detectors in homes presence of a leak. Installing smart gas detectors in homes and businesses is and businesses is a proactive measure to enhance safety. These devices are a proactive measure to enhance safety. These devices are typically placed in typically placed in areas where gas appliances are located, such as kitchens areas where gas appliances are located, such as kitchens and utility rooms. and utility rooms.

For residential customers, Con Ed provides billing and usage data where customers can view and compare monthly bills, track energy usage in various ways, see near-real-time usage, and receive customized energy savings tips and recommendations. Commercial and complex billing customers, features include tracking energy use trends, receiving efficiency program recommendations, viewing weather and temperature trends, and sharing energy usage data with Smart gas detectors represent a significant advancement in ensuring the safety third parties. of natural gas users. By providing automatic alerts to Con Edison and audible warnings to building occupants, these devices help to quickly address potential gas leaks, reducing the risk of accidents. Architects and property managers should consider the integration of smart gas detectors in building designs and renovations to enhance safety for all occupants.

New York City passed Local Law 154 in 2021 that banned any fuel that emits 25 kilograms or more of carbon dioxide per million British Thermal Units (BTUs) of energy, including natural gas. While NYC is transitioning from natural gas to electric heating solutions and kitchen appliances, it is still important to implement safety measures, like smart gas detectors, for customers who face challenges due to the complexity and cost involved in retrofitting.

Smart gas detectors represent a significant advancement in ensuring the safety of natural gas users. By providing automatic alerts to Con Edison and audible warnings to building occupants, these devices help to quickly address potential gas leaks, reducing the risk of accidents. Architects and property managers should consider the integration of smart gas detectors in building designs and renovations to enhance safety for all occupants.

Images: Smart Meter Features and Benefits | Con Edison

New York City passed Local Law 154 in 2021 that banned any fuel that emits 25 kilograms or more of carbon dioxide per million British Thermal Units (BTUs) of energy, including natural gas. While NYC is transitioning from natural gas to electric heating solutions and kitchen appliances, it is still important to implement safety measures, like smart gas detectors, for customers who face challenges due to the complexity and cost involved in retrofitting.

OPTING OUT OF SMART METERS Residential customers can opt out of having a smart meter installed, but Con Ed will then send a meter reader to their home, which incurs a monthly fee of $9.50. Customers must allow Con Ed and its contractors access to meters for reading, testing, inspecting, and replacing as necessary. Failure to provide access may result in a $100 no-access fee each month. Con Edison may install an automated meter-reading device or smart meter if access is not provided on four consecutive bimonthly meter-reading dates.

For more detailed information about Con Edison’s smart meter program, their website offers several resources. These include FAQs, benefits of smart meters, installation information, and a dashboard to monitor energy usage. Additionally, there are links to the outage map and details on using private generation energy sources.

Images: Devices Notify Con Edison of Possible Gas Leak

resources Images: Smart Meter Features and Benefits | Con Edison

• • • • • •

All About Con Edison Smart Meters | Con Edison Con Edison Outage Map Smart Meters Dashboard | Con Edison 2021 Best Practices Awards | Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative Climate Change Resilience Plan Devices Notify Con Edison of Possible Gas Leak | Con Edison

DESIGN FOR DECONSTRUCTION: MATERIAL REUSE INFRASTRUCTURE

Figure 2.8 Pneum atic de-nail station w ith the “ Nail Kicker” (w w w.nailkicker.com )

MAIN CHALLENGES A key aspect of deconstruction is the reduction in the variety of materials used.

This involves selecting materials that are not only feasible for recovery but also worth the effort. By limiting the number of different materials, it becomes easier to sort and recycle components. Similarly, using fewer and larger elements in the construction can significantly cut down on the number of components that need to be managed during deconstruction. This approach extends to fasteners, advocating for fewer, stronger fasteners and preferring mechanical fasteners over sealants and adhesives, which are harder to separate and recycle.

L ES S O N S FRO M T H E FI EL D

INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN FOR DECONSTRUCTION Deconstruction in architecture emphasizes the disassembly of buildings in a manner that facilitates the reuse and recycling of materials. The strategies for effective deconstruction prioritize clarity and simplicity in design, aiming to reduce building complexity. By focusing on straightforward, uncomplicated designs, the process of dismantling becomes more efficient, minimizing the labor and time required. Design for Deconstruction (DfD) principles use strategies to responsibly manage end-of-life building materials by capturing and reusing them, thereby minimizing the consumption of raw materials. The ultimate goal of DfD is to reduce the environmental impact by reusing materials from buildings undergoing renovation or demolition. This approach promotes the reuse of these materials in new construction projects or recycling them into new products, contributing to a closed-loop cycle of resource use, which contrasts with the traditional linear model of extraction, use, and landfilling.

MARKETPLACES FOR REUSED MATERIALS US-based marketplaces like Rheaply.com, Doorsunhinged.com, and organizations such as the Center for Reuse and the Austin Materials Marketplace play a crucial role in the distribution of reusable construction materials. These platforms connect builders, designers, and developers with reclaimed materials, facilitating a more sustainable approach to construction. The legislative support in cities like San Antonio, highlighted by resources such as Big Reuse, showcases how local policies can bolster these efforts.

D ES I G N FO R D I S A S S EM B LY

Connections between building elements are another critical consideration.

Simplifying these connections and making them visible and accessible can greatly enhance the ease of disassembly. Additionally, separating building layers or systems and disentangling utilities from the main structure allow for more straightforward deconstruction. This method ensures that valuable materials and systems can be recovered intact and reused, thereby reducing waste.

Image: A Guide to Design for Disassembly

Image: Design for Desconstruction - Material Extraction new construction.

Figure 2.6 Rem oving joists from sheathing w ith custom m ade pry barsFigure 2.9 Reclaim ed old grow th lum ber, denailed and planed, ready for

DECONSTRUCTION STRATEGIES: • Maximize clarity and simplicity • Minimize building complexity • Minimize different types of materials ○ Use materials worth or feasible for recovery • Minimize number of components (fewer, larger elements) • Minimize number of fasteners (fewer, stronger fasteners) • Use mechanical fasteners in lieu of sealants and adhesives • Simplify connections • Make connections visible/accessible • Separate building layers or systems • Disentangle utilities from structure • Use materials worth recovering • Minimize toxic materials • Minimize composite materials • Use of modular building components/assemblies • Provide access to components/assemblies (windows, etc) • Provide access or tie-offs for work at height • Accessible information: • Construction drawings & details • Identification of materials and components • Structural properties • Consider building system relationships, efficiency, and articulation • Consider independent (self-supporting) assemblies

Figure 2.7 Rem oving studs from sheathing using the Drive-By m ethod

15

International marketplaces also contribute significantly to the global effort of material reuse. By studying successful models abroad, cities and organizations can learn best practices and implement effective strategies locally. The scalability of these platforms is crucial, requiring efficient logistics, robust networks, and supportive policies to expand their reach and impact.

Specifying reused materials in projects involves overcoming challenges related to quality assurance, certification, and performance standards. Architects and builders must rethink traditional specifications to accommodate the variability and Accessible information, including detailed construction drawings and clear uniqueness of reclaimed materials. identification of materials and components, is vital for successful deconstruction.

Understanding structural properties and considering the relationships between different building systems can enhance efficiency and articulation during the deconstruction process. Finally, standardized, independent, self-supporting assemblies should be considered to facilitate easier dismantling without compromising the integrity of other building parts.

Image: Rotor Deconstruction - Reuse of Building Materials

One of the main challenges in reuse and material distribution is the current treatment and destination of construction waste. Typically, construction waste ends up in landfills, but facilities are increasingly adopting recycling practices to divert waste from these sites. In the NYC area, materials are stored in various locations, often coordinated through platforms and organizations dedicated to material reuse. These facilities treat construction waste by sorting, processing, and preparing it for reuse or recycling, although the efficiency and effectiveness of these processes can vary.

Image: Rotor Deconstruction - Reuse of Building Materials

CASE STUDIES (CHARTWELL SCHOOL) A case study of the Chartwell School in Seaside, California, illustrates the practical application of these principles. The school is designed to meet LEED Platinum standards and features a layout that accommodates future adaptability. The design includes removable non-structural partitions and over-designed shear walls to allow for future changes. By incorporating extensive daylighting, energy efficiency measures, and a photovoltaic system, the school serves as a model for sustainable development and high-performance educational environments.

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Image: Chartwell School - Campus

d cut with a biscuit plate jointer. The boards are pproximately 1/8” apart with a trim head stainless etween ew andinstalled through the clip to secure the boards. A lip could be engineered specifically for siding. The down ell ween the boards suggests a rain screen approach to stal oak assembly.

The disadvantage of this detail is that it erior 5.11 cutting into the edge of the board, a continuImage: Design for likely Desconstruction -Figure Mechanical Fasteners instead of Adhesives Figure 5.12 was not Figure 5.10 ve to reduce labor cost, and this reduces the recovery wever, the boards to some extent. appears

DfD concepts are paired with reclaimed materials, promoting reuse now and in the future. Salvaged Douglas fir paneling was installed using extruded aluminum reglets instead of nails. A large retaining wall supporting the play area One option (see figure 5.12 and 5.12-B) is a thin is constructed from dry-stacked modular blocks, forgroove futureof asalvage or Clips metal clip thatallowing fits into the T& G profile. come with already engaged the clip, so reconfiguration. This LEED Platinum often building usesscrews photovoltaics to inachieve reasonably rapid. A mock-up demonzero-energy consumption and collects installation rainwatercould in anbeonsite cistern as its main strated that this was quite a secure means of fastening, and water source, ensuring the school is fully day-lit and requires virtually notheelectric could be readily removed by working in opposite direction from installation. The downside of this technique is lighting.

D ES I G N FO R D I S A S S EM B LY

Figure 5.12-B

The small, 650 square-foot classrooms are designed with non-structural partitions for flexibility, allowing classrooms to be doubled in size. Roof and window details permit removal without affecting surrounding finishes, and roof-truss connection details use bolts instead of numerous nails for ease of disassembly. An exposed utility raceway runs the length of the classroom building, ensuring accessibility for future changes.

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development and use at a pilot project level appears wine ed e. for this detail. The wood shown in this mockin fig- from a deconstructed bridge deck and supovered dTerra to Mai. the secead second exterior cladding attachment option is shown a slot5.11. It conceptually uses a fastener system currated for decks, the Eb-Ty fastener. It is a football buse visible d seat polyethylene fastener that fits into slots in the edge of

Figure 5.10

D ES I G N FO R D I S A S S EM B LY

The project involved extensive research, resulting in a published case study on e thickness ofDesign the clip provides a thin gap between for Deconstruction (DfD) funded by an EPA research grant. Designed ds where they overlap, allowing ventilation and on a 24-inch module, the wood-frame walls, windows, and doors, along with f the siding. This gap, however, also has a down moduletheTJL trusses and structural insulated panels (SIPs) for the roof, high fire risk48-inch zones, including Chartwell site, which isachieved surround byover undeveloped oak a 30%coastal reduction in wood use. This design also improved the his gap reduces the fire resistance of the exterior thermal performance of the envelopes. Roof heights were optimized to minimize o minimize any added risk of fire, the detail was not wood waste, and all framing he actual construction for the school.

However,lumber was FSC-certified. metal

On the interior of the Multi-Use room at Chartwell School wood paneling is used as a wall finish to provide a durable and attractive surface. The wood is Douglas FirImage: Chartwell School - The Cistern recovered from the old barracks at Fort Ord shown being Image: Chartwell School - Multi-Purposedeconstructed Building in Chapter 2, and supplied by Pacific Heritage Wood Supply. Like the wood siding, this material maintains its value very well after recovery if it is reasonably free from defects. It is difficult to find new lumber asequal in quality and with the richness of color as the old growth vertical grain fir recovered from these buildings.

Traditionally this material was installed as tongue and groove, being nailed at a 45 degree angle through the tongue to conceal the fastener. When removing this material, the thin tongue section inevitably breaks at the fastener, making it very difficult to salvage. A number of alternate attachment methods were examined for use at Chartwell School.

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The Chartwell project centered on five key ideas: creating an optimal learning environment with exceptional daylighting, views, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort; integrating sustainable design strategies into the students’ education by using the site as a teaching tool with natural drainage and native and food-producing plants; inspiring the community about sustainable design to generate support and private funding; achieving net-zero electricity use through exceptional efficiency and photovoltaic (PV) capacity; and accomplishing these goals with a modest cost premium.

hat is really needed is a something like the metal hat held the salvaged wood together in the wine something non-invasive and easily removable. ite a bit of experimentation, the clip shown in figwas tested. It has a double bend, one bend to and hold the bottom of a siding board, and the secd to secure the top edge. By using a hex head emoval at a future date is more reliable than a slotthat could strip out. A mock-up demonstrated clip was surprisingly secure. If the small tab visible ront of the siding was not desirable, it could seat mall groove on the bottom of the siding.

Reducing the carbon footprint was another key goal. All concrete used a highslag mix, reducing embodied carbon by 45%. The team calculated total embodied carbon for all major building materials and performed an ATHENA Life Cycle Analysis to minimize material impacts. This work, along with LEED Platinum documentation, was funded by a Kresge Foundation Green Building Planning grant. Reclaimed wood was extensively used for interior and exterior siding and trim, and over 90% of demolition and construction waste was recycled.

Image: Chartwell School - The Stage and Library that, like the siding profiles discussed above, a fair amount of material is lost in planer shaving converting lumber to the T& G profile and the tongue and groove may not be Onto thefurther interior of the Multi-Use room at Chartwell desired for some unknown future reuse, leading woodof paneling is used as a wall finish to provide a loss of material. Also, when compared toSchool the speed a durable and attractive surface. The wood is Douglas Fir nail gun, the clips are fairly labor intensive increasing cost.

resources

from the old barracks at Fort Ord shown being • recovered Design for Deconstruction Manual deconstructed in Chapter 2, and supplied by Pacific Heri• tage Wood Chartwell Ten siding, this material Supply.| AIA LikeTop the wood maintains its value very well after recovery if it is reasonably • free from A Guide to Design for Disassembly | ArchDaily defects. It is difficult to find new lumber ase• qual inDesign quality for and Deconstruction: with the richness of Sustainable color as the oldarchitecture transformation (parametric-architecture.com) growth vertical grain fir recovered from these buildings.

• Traditionally The simplicity of Liu Jiakun’s work - The Architectural Review (architectural-review.com) this material was installed as tongue and • groove,Rotor – Reuse of building beingDeconstruction nailed at a 45 degree angle through the materials made easy (rotordc.com) tongue to conceal the fastener. When removing this mate• rial, the Rotor - Brussels | Rotor (rotordb.org) thin tongue section inevitably breaks at the fastener, making it very difficult to salvage. A number of alternate attachment methods were examined for use at Chartwell School.

BROOME STREET DEVELPMENT LUXURY HIGH-RISE RESIDENTAL TOWER LOWER EAST SIDE / NEW YORK, NY PROJECT INFORMATION: WORK TYPE: CLIENT: DATE COMPLETED: ROLE:

PROFESSIONAL / DATTNER ARCHITECTS GOTHAM DEVELOPMENT GROUP / CHINESE-AMERICAN PLANNING COUNCIL AUGFUST 2020 PROJECT ARCHITECT

PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

BROOME STREET DEVELOPMENT IS COMPRISED OF TWO MIXED-USE HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS (SUFFOLK AND NORFOLK) LOCATED JUST ACROSS FROM ESSEX CROSSING IN THE LOWER EAST SIDE. TOGETHER, THE PROJECT CONSISTS OF 460,000 TOTAL SQUARE FEET THAT WILL CONTAIN 495 UNITS OF MARKET RATE, AFFORDABLE, AND SENIOR HOUSING. THE SUFFOLK BUILDING PROVIDES 378 MIXED MARKET RATE AND AFFORDABLE UNITS, RANGING FROM MICRO-UNITS TO 3-BEDROOM UNITS IN A 30-STORY TOWER. THE NORFOLK BUILDING PROVIDES 115 AFFORDABLE APARTMENTS EXCLUSIVELY FOR SENIORS IN A 16-STORY BUILDING. AMENITIES INCLUDE A FULL FLOOR SUITE WITH A COMMUNITY ROOM, LOUNGE, GAME ROOM, YOGA/ACTIVITY ROOM, A SOCIAL SERVICES OFFICE, AND SEVERAL OUTDOOR ROOF TERRACES, INCLUDING A ROOFTOP POOL. CONSIDERING THE INTRODUCTION OF TWO LARGE BUILDINGS IN A NEIGHBORHOOD HISTORICALLY DOMINATED BY 6-STORY WALK-UP TENEMENTS, THE BUILDING MASSING WAS DESIGNED TO EXPRESS THIS HISTORY BY STACKING 6-STORY VOLUMES THAT ARE FURTHER SUBDIVIDED INTO 3-STORY GROUPINGS. NEARBY IS THE LARGEST CLUSTER OF NYCHA PUBLIC HOUSING PROJECTS IN MANHATTAN ALL DESIGNED FROM THE “TOWER-IN-THE-PARK” TYPOLOGY. THIS PROJECT IS SENSITIVE TO THE LOCAL CONTEXT BY BREAKING DOWN ITS MONUMENTALITY WHILE PROVIDING A PUBLIC HOUSING ALTERNATIVE FOR LOWINCOME AND SENIOR RESIDENTS.

PD SD DD CD CA

IN ADDITION TO PROVIDING MIXED-INCOME HOUSING, BROOME STREET DEVELOPMENT ALSO ACCOMMODATES LOCAL CULTURAL HERITAGE ORGANIZATIONS. ON THE FIRST, SECOND, AND THIRD FLOOR OF THE SUFFOLK BUILDING BASE, THE CHINESE-AMERICAN PLANNING COUNCIL WILL HAVE THEIR NEW HEADQUARTERS. AS THE ORGANIZATION’S NEW CENTRAL OFFICE, THEY WILL PROVIDE EDUCATIONAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT SERVICES FOR CHINESE-AMERICAN, IMMIGRANT, AND LOW-INCOME COMMUNITIES IN NEW YORK CITY. IN GENERAL, THE COMMUNITY FACILITY PROGRAMMING WILL INCLUDE OFFICES, YOUTH SERVICES, WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT TRAINING, AND A LARGE MULTI-PURPOSE SPACE FOR EVENTS AND COMMUNITY GATHERINGS. ON THE FIRST FLOOR OF THE NORFOLK BUILDING, A NEW WORSHIP SPACE FOR THE BETH HAMEDRASH HAGODOL SYNAGOGUE WE BE INCORPORATED, A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION FOR THE JEWISH COMMUNITY AFTER A FIRE DESTROYED THE ORIGINAL SYNAGOGUE ON THIS SITE. IN ADDITION TO BEING A PLACE OF WORSHIP, THIS CULTURAL HERITAGE CENTER WILL FACILITATE RESEARCH, EDUCATION, AND PUBLIC COMMUNITY EVENTS.

ENTERRA

POWERS AVE DESIGN-BUILD RFP SUBMISSION MOTT HAVEN / BRONX, NY PROJECT INFORMATION: WORK TYPE: CLIENT: DATE COMPLETED: ROLE:

PROFESSIONAL / ARCHITECTURE IN FORMATION NYC HPD / RAAD CONSTRUCTION GROUP / BRONXWORKS NOVEMBER 2022 PROJECT MANAGER / PROJECT ARCHITECT

PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

LOCATED AT 351 POWERS AVENUE IN THE BRONX, ENTERRA IS A 6-STORY PASSIVE HOUSE BUILDING, WITH AN ICONIC TERRACOTTA FAÇADE. READING AS A DISTINCT OBJECT, ENTERRA IS ENVISIONED AS A BEACON OF HOPE AND PROGRESS FOR THE NEIGHBORHOOD. THE BUILDING SITS ON A 175’ LONG, 54’ WIDE, MID-BLOCK, SET BACK 15’ FROM THE STREET. THE 1ST FLOOR IS SET DOWN FROM THE STREET LEVEL BY 5’ AMID A DENSE SWATH OF NATIVE PLANTS THAT HELP REDUCE HEAT ISLAND EFFECT. BELOW THAT, THE BUILDING ACCOMMODATES BELOW-GRADE PARKING FOR 31 SPACES THAT WILL MAINLY SERVE STAFF OF THE ADJACENT PS-65 MOTHER HALE ACADEMY ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. IN TOTAL, THERE WILL BE 57 UNITS OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING, OF WHICH 30% WILL BE SUPPORTIVE FOR FORMERLY HOMELESS PEOPLE, COMPRISED OF 20 EFFICIENCY STUDIOS, 19 ONE BEDROOMS, AND 18 TWO BEDROOMS. THE RESIDENTIAL FLOORS ARE DESIGNED FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF HPD COMPLIANCE, ACTIVE DESIGN GUIDELINES, AND QUALITY HOUSING STANDARDS. THE INTERIOR CORRIDORS ARE A GENEROUS 5’ IN WIDTH, AND NATURALLY LIT WITH WINDOWS AT THE END OF EACH CORRIDOR AND ON BOTH SIDES OF THE VERTICAL CIRCULATION CORE. THE ELEVATORS AND STAIRS ARE CENTRALLY LOCATED, WITH SCISSOR-STAIRS STACKED DIRECTLY BEHIND THE ELEVATORS. BY USING LIGHTING, BOLD COLORS, SUPER GRAPHICS, AND WINDOWS AT EACH LANDING, THE EGRESS STAIRS ARE TRANSFORMED INTO A HEALTHY, SAFE, AND ENJOYABLE EXPERIENCE.

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RESIDENTIAL AMENITIES OF THE BUILDING INCLUDE A COOLING CENTER, INDOOR AND OUTDOOR RECREATION SPACES, A GARDEN, OCCUPIABLE ROOF, LAUNDRY ROOM, BICYCLE STORAGE, AND SOCIAL SERVICES OFFICE. A LOUNGE AND RECREATION SPACE ON THE SECOND FLOOR ALSO OPENS DIRECTLY ONTO A LARGE COURTYARD THAT SITS ON THE ROOF OF THE COMMUNITY FACILITY. THE INDOOR RECREATION ROOM IS A HIGHLY FLEXIBLE AREA FOR A VARIETY OF ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING GAMES, YOGA, EVENTS, A COOLING CENTER IN THE EVENT OF A POWER OUTAGE RUN BY A BACKUP POWER SOURCE. THE REAR COURTYARD, DEDICATED TO RESIDENTIAL USE, FOLLOWS THE SLOPE OF THE PARKING RAMP BELOW, AND CREATES A SERIES OF SMALLER, INTIMATE SPACES. LAUNDRY FACILITIES ON THE GROUND FLOOR HAVE DIRECT VISUAL ACCESS TO THE REAR YARD WHERE PARENTS CAN KEEP AN EYE ON PLAYING CHILDREN WHILE DOING FAMILY CHORES. LOCATED ON THE GROUND FLOOR, WOOSAA WELLNESS OCCUPIES THE COMMUNITY FACILITY SPACE AND THE ADJACENT EXTERIOR COURTYARD, WHICH IS ENTERED OFF THE STREET THROUGH A ROLLING GATE. RATHER THAN CREATING JAIL-LIKE FENCES THAT SEGREGATE COMMUNITY OF COLOR, THIS ROLLING GATE BECOMES AN ELEMENT OF PRIDE AND EMPOWERMENT BY INCORPORATING INSPIRING TEXT FROM BOTH WOOSAA WELLNESS’ MISSION STATEMENT AND QUOTES OF PROMINENT LOCALS. WOOSAA WELLNESS IS A NON-FOR-PROFIT ORGANIZATION THAT IS DEDICATED TO TRANSFORMING THE LIVES OF AT-RISK AND FORMERLY INCARCERATED YOUTH. THE SHARED VISION OF WOOSAA WELLNESS AND ENTERRA REINFORCE A COMMITMENT TO SOCIAL RESILIENCE AND TO BE A BEACON OF HOPE FOR AT-RISK AND INCARCERATED YOUTH. THIS PROJECT PROVIDES YOUNG ADULTS WHO ARE TRANSFORMING THEIR LIVES AND REENTERING SOCIETY WITH DIGNITY A CHANCE TO POSITIVELY IMPACT THEIR COMMUNITIES. ENTERRA AS A WHOLE IS DESIGNED TO PROMOTE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND EMOTIONAL RESILIENCE FOR COMMUNITIES OF COLOR.

ZONING SECTION

0' 2'

4'

8'

16'

PROPERTY LINE

30' - 0"

54' - 0"

REAR YARD SETBACK

15' - 0"

ZONING PLAN

0' 4' 8'

16'

1.0

RESIDENTIAL (QUALITY HOUSING)

4TH FLOOR 27' - 0"

3RD FLOOR 17' - 8"

RESIDENTIAL (QUALITY HOUSING) 6 STORIES TOTAL

2ND FLOOR 8' - 4" GRADE 0' - 0"

CELLAR -17' - 0"

FRONT YARD

15' FRONT YARD SETBACK REQ. FROM SKY EXPOSURE PLANE ZONING OPT. 2 (SEE SECTION)

PROPERTY LINE

15' - 0"

1ST FLOOR -5' - 0"

SETBACK

PARKING (31 SPOTS)

171' - 0"

99' - 0"

COMMUNITY FACILITY

45' - 0" MAX BASE HEIGHT

3' - 11 19/32"

5TH FLOOR 36' - 4"

54' - 0"

55' - 0" MAX HEIGHT ABOVE GRADE

REAR YARD

6TH FLOOR 45' - 8"

30' - 0"

3.7

32' REAR YARD SETBACK

SKY EXPOSURE PLANE (ZONING OPT.) ROOF 55' - 0"

SETBACK

0' 4' 8'

16'

32'

ROOF 55' - 0" 6TH FLOOR 45' - 8" 5TH FLOOR 36' - 4" 4TH FLOOR 27' - 0" 3RD FLOOR 17' - 8" 2ND FLOOR 8' - 4" GRADE 0' - 0" EAST ELEVATION

0' 4' 8'

16'

1ST FLOOR -5' - 0" 32'

ROOF 55' - 0" 6TH FLOOR 45' - 8" 5TH FLOOR 36' - 4" 4TH FLOOR 27' - 0" 3RD FLOOR 17' - 8" 2ND FLOOR 8' - 4" GRADE 0' - 0" 1ST FLOOR -5' - 0" SOUTH SOUTH SOUTH ELEVATION ELEVATION ELEVATION

NORTH ELEVATION

0' 4' 8'

NORTH NORTH ELEVATION ELEVATION 16' 32'

0' 4' 0' 8' 4' 8' 16' 16'

CELLAR -17' - 0" 32' 32'

ROOF 55' - 0"

ROOF ROOF 55' -55' 0" - 0"

6TH FLOOR 45' - 8"

6TH6TH FLOOR FLOOR 45' -45' 8" - 8"

5TH FLOOR 36' - 4"

5TH5TH FLOOR FLOOR 36' -36' 4" - 4"

4TH FLOOR 27' - 0"

4TH4TH FLOOR FLOOR 27' -27' 0" - 0"

3RD FLOOR 17' - 8"

3RD3RD FLOOR FLOOR 17' -17' 8" - 8"

2ND FLOOR 8' - 4"

2ND2ND FLOOR FLOOR 8' - 8' 4" - 4"

GRADE 0' - 0" 1ST FLOOR -5' - 0"

GRADE GRADE 0' - 0' 0" - 0" 1ST1ST FLOOR FLOOR -5' --5' 0" - 0"

ROOM ROOMSCHEDULE SCHEDULEBY BYLEVEL LEVEL

ROOM ROOMSCHEDULE SCHEDULE RM RM ##

VEL

NAME NAME

ROOM SCHEDULE

AREA

RM #

NAME

311 SF 311 SF 690 SF 690 SF 516 SF 516 SF 516 SF 516 SF 690 SF 690 SF 311 SF 311 SF 1024 SF 50 SF 230 SF 70 SF 70 SF 7511 SF

5TH FLOOR 100 100 RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL LOBBY LOBBY 5A 101 101 EFF. PKG PKG RM RM 5B 102 102 EFF. STAIR STAIR A/B A/B 5C BR 103 103 2BIKE BIKE ROOM ROOM 5D 2 BR 104 104 LAUNDRY LAUNDRY 5E BR 105 105 1SUPPORTIVE SUPPORTIVE HOUSING HOUSING OFFICE OFFICE 106 106 1UNISEX UNISEX 5F BR 107 107 1PARKING PARKING ENTRANCE ENTRANCE 5G BR 108 108 1COMMUNITY COMMUNITY FACILITY FACILITY 5H BR 110 110 2ELEVATOR ELEVATOR 11 5J BR 111 111 ELEVATOR ELEVATOR 2 2 5K 2 BR 5L EFF. 5M EFF. 2ND 2ND FLOOR FLOOR 500 CORRIDOR 2A2A EFF. EFF. 501 REFUSE 2B2B EFF. EFF. 502 STAIR A/B 2C2C 2 BR 2 BR 510 ELEVATOR 1 2D2D 2 BR 2 BR 511 2 2E2E ELEVATOR 1 BR 1 BR

2F2F 1 BR 1 BR 2G2G 1 BR 1 BR 6TH2H FLOOR 2H EFF. EFF. 2J2J EFF. EFF. EFF. 6A 200 200 EFF. CORRIDOR CORRIDOR 6B 201 201 REFUSE REFUSE 6C 2 BR 202 202 2STAIR STAIR A/B A/B 6D BR 203 203 1COMMUNITY COMMUNITY ROOM ROOM / COOLING / COOLING 6E BR CENTER CENTER 6F 1 BR 204 204 RECREATION RECREATION SPACE SPACE 6G 1 BR 210 210 ELEVATOR ELEVATOR 11 6H BR 211 211 1ELEVATOR ELEVATOR 22

6J 2 BR 6K 2 BR 6L EFF. 6M EFF. 600 CORRIDOR 601 REFUSE 602 STAIR A/B 610 ELEVATOR 1 CELLAR FLOOR PLAN 611 ELEVATOR 2

ROOF 700 701 702 703 704 705 710 711

VESTIBULE REFUSE STAIR A/B EMR MECHANICAL OCCUPIED ROOF ELEVATOR 1 ELEVATOR 2

1449 1449 SFSF 311 SF 51 51 SFSF 311 SF 605 605 SFSF 690 SF 418 418 SFSF 690 SF 217 217 SFSF 516 SF 661 661 SFSF 63 63 SFSF 516 SF 1166 1166 SFSF 516 SF 4448 4448 SFSF 516 SF 71 71 SFSF 690 SF 71 71 SFSF 690 SF 9220 9220 SF SF 311 SF

311 SF 1024 SF 311 311 SFSF 50 SF 311 311 SFSF 230 SF 690 690 SFSF 70 SF 690 690 SFSF 70 SF 516 516 SFSF 7511 SF 516 516 SFSF

516 516 SFSF 316 316 SFSF 316 316 SFSF 311 SF 918 918 SFSF 311 SF 50 50 SF SF 690 SF 230 230 SF SF 690 SF 1458 1458 SFSF 516 SF

516 SF

1545 1545 SFSF 516 SF 7070 SFSF 516 SF 7070 SFSF 690 SF 8521 8521 SFSF

690 SF 311 SF 311 SF 1024 SF 50 SF 230 SF 70 SF 70 SF 7511 SF

RM RM ##

NAME NAME

3RD 3RD FLOOR FLOOR 3A3A EFF. EFF. 3B3B EFF. EFF. 3C3C 2 BR 2 BR 3D3D 2 BR 2 BR 3E3E 1 BR 1 BR 3F3F 1 BR 1 BR 3G3G 1 BR 1 BR 3H3H 1 BR 1 BR 3J3J 2 BR 2 BR 3K3K 2 BR 2 BR RM # NAME 3L3L EFF. EFF. 3M3M EFF. EFF. 2ND FLOOR 300 300 CORRIDOR CORRIDOR 301 301 2A REFUSE REFUSE EFF. 302 302 2B STAIR STAIR A/B A/B EFF. 2H 310 310 ELEVATOR ELEVATOR 1EFF. 1 2J 311 311 ELEVATOR ELEVATOR 2EFF. 2

ROOM ROOMSCHEDULE SCHEDULE AREA AREA

RM RM ##

311 311 SFSF 311 311 SFSF 690 690 SFSF 690 690 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 690 690 SFSF 690 690 SFSF AREA COUNT 311 311 SFSF 311 311 SFSF 1024 1024 SFSF 311 SF 1 5050 SFSF 311 SF 230 1 230 SFSF 316 SF 1 7070 SFSF 316 SF 1 7070 SFSF 1254 SF 7511 4 7511 SFSF

ROOM SCHEDULE - EFF. UNITS

4TH 4TH FLOOR FLOOR 3RD FLOOR 4A4A 3A EFF. EFF. EFF. 4B4B 3B EFF. EFF. EFF. 4C4C 3L 2 BR 2 BR EFF. 4D4D 3M 2 BR 2 BR EFF. 4E4E 1 BR 1 BR 4F4F 1 BR 1 BR 4G4G 1 BR 1 BR 4TH FLOOR 4H4H 1 BR 1 BR 4A2 BR EFF. 4J4J 2 BR EFF. 4K4K 4B 2 BR 2 BR EFF. 4L4L 4L EFF. EFF. EFF. 4M4M 4M EFF. EFF. 400 400 CORRIDOR CORRIDOR 401 401 REFUSE REFUSE 402 402 STAIR STAIR A/B A/B 5TH FLOOR 410 410 5A ELEVATOR ELEVATOR 1EFF. 1 411 411 5B ELEVATOR ELEVATOR 2EFF. 2

5L 5M

311 311 SFSF 1 311 311 SFSF 1 690 690 SFSF 1 690 690 SFSF 1 516 516 SFSF 4 516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 311 SF 690 1 690 SFSF 311 SF 690 1 690 SFSF 311 SF 311 1 311 SFSF 311 SF 311 1 311 SFSF 1246 SF 1024 4 1024 SFSF 5050 SFSF 230 230 SFSF 7070 SFSF 311 SF 1 70 70 SF SF 311 SF 1 7511 7511 SF SF 311 SF 1

311 SF 311 SF 311 SF 311 SF 1246 SF

EFF. EFF.

6TH FLOOR 6A 6B 6L 6M

311 SF 1246 SF

EFF. EFF. EFF. EFF.

311 SF 311 SF 311 SF 311 SF 1246 SF 6238 SF

1 4

1 1 1 1 4 20

NAME NAME

5TH 5TH FLOOR FLOOR 5A5A EFF. EFF. 5B5B EFF. EFF. 5C5C 2 BR 2 BR 5D5D 2 BR 2 BR 5E5E 1 BR 1 BR 5F5F 1 BR 1 BR 5G5G 1 BR 1 BR 5H5H 1 BR 1 BR 5J5J 2 BR 2 BR 5K5K 2 BR 2 BR RM # NAME 5L5L EFF. EFF. 5M5M EFF. EFF. 2ND FLOOR 500 500 CORRIDOR CORRIDOR 501 5012E REFUSE REFUSE 1 BR 1 BR 502 502 2F STAIR STAIR A/B A/B 2G 11BR 510 510 ELEVATOR ELEVATOR 1 511 511 ELEVATOR ELEVATOR 22

311 311 SFSF

RM RM ##

NAME NAME

2ND 2ND FLOOR FLOOR 2A2A EFF. EFF. 2B2B EFF. EFF. 2H2H EFF. EFF. 2J2J EFF. EFF.

690 690 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 690 690 SFSF 690 690 SFSF AREA COUNT 311 311 SFSF 311 311 SFSF 1024 1024 SFSF 516 SF 5050 1SFSF 516 SF 230 1SFSF 230 516 SF 7070 1SFSF 1547 SF 7070 3SFSF 7511 7511 SFSF

3RD FLOOR 6TH 6TH FLOOR FLOOR 3E 6A6A 3F EFF. EFF. 6B6B 3G EFF. EFF. 6C6C 3H 2 BR 2 BR

1 BR 1 BR 1 BR 1 BR

6D6D 2 BR 2 BR 6E6E 1 BR 1 BR 6F6F 1 BR 1 BR 4TH FLOOR 6G6G 1 BR 1 BR 4E 1 BR 6H6H 1 BR 1 BR 4F 2 BR 1 BR 6J6J 2 BR 4G 1 BR 6K6K 2 BR 2 BR 1 BR 6L6L 4H EFF. EFF. 6M6M EFF. EFF. 600 600 CORRIDOR CORRIDOR 5THREFUSE FLOOR 601 601 REFUSE 602 6025E STAIR STAIR A/B A/B 1 BR 610 610 5F ELEVATOR ELEVATOR 1 11BR 611 6115G ELEVATOR ELEVATOR 2 12BR

5H

1 BR

ROOF ROOF 700 700 VESTIBULE VESTIBULE 6TH FLOOR 701 701 REFUSE REFUSE 6E 1 BR 702 702 STAIR STAIR A/B A/B 6F 1 BR 703 703 EMR EMR 1 BR 704 7046G MECHANICAL MECHANICAL 1ROOF BR 705 7056H OCCUPIED OCCUPIED ROOF 710 710 ELEVATOR ELEVATOR 11 711 711 ELEVATOR ELEVATOR 22

516 SF 516 SF 516 SF 516 SF 2063 SF

1 311 311 1SFSF 311 311 1SFSF 690 690 1SFSF 690 690 4SFSF

516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 516 SF 1 516 516 SFSF 516 SF 690 1SFSF 690 516 SF 690 1 690 SFSF 516 SF 311 1SFSF 311 2063 SF 311 4 311 SFSF 1024 1024 SFSF 5050 SFSF 230 516 SF 230 1SFSF 516 SF 7070 1SFSF 70 70 516 SF 1SFSF 7511 7511 516 SF 1SFSF

2063 SF

4

368 368 SFSF 5151 SFSF

516 SF 1 240 240 SFSF 516 SF 1 442 442 SFSF 516 SF 517 1 517 SFSF 516 SF 4446 1SFSF 4446 2063 SF 7171 4SFSF 9798 SF 7119 71 SFSF

3RD 3RD FLOOR FLOOR 3A3A EFF. EFF. 3B3B EFF. EFF. 3L3L EFF. EFF. RM # NAME 3M3M EFF. EFF.

AREA AREA

COUNT COUNT

311 311 SFSF 311 311 SFSF 316 316 SFSF 316 316 SFSF 1254 1254 SFSF

11 11 11 11 44

311 311 SFSFUNITS 11 ROOM SCEDULE - 2 BR

2ND FLOOR 2C 4TH 4TH FLOOR FLOOR2 BR 2D 2EFF. BR 4A4A EFF. 4B4B 4L4L

EFF. EFF. EFF. EFF.

3RD4M FLOOR 4M EFF. EFF. 3C 2 BR 3D 2 BR 5TH 5TH FLOOR FLOOR2 BR 3J 5A5A EFF. 3K 2EFF. BR 5B5B 5L5L 5M5M

EFF. EFF. EFF. EFF. EFF. EFF.

4TH FLOOR 4C 2 BR 4D 2 BR 6TH 6TH FLOOR FLOOR 4J6A6A 2EFF. BR EFF. 4K 2EFF. BR 6B6B EFF. 6L6L 6M6M

5TH FLOOR 5C 5D 5J 5K

6TH FLOOR 6C 6D 6J 6K

EFF. EFF. EFF. EFF.

2 BR 2 BR 2 BR 2 BR

311 311 SFSF 11 311 311 SFSF 11 COUNT 311 311 SFSF 11 1246 1246 SFSF 44

AREA

690 SF 690 SF 311 311 SFSF 1379 SF 311 311 SFSF

1 11 1 21 1

690 SF 690 SF 311 311 SFSF 690 SF 311 311 SFSF 2759 SF

14 4 1 1 11 1 41 1

690 SF 690 SF 690 SF 311 311 SFSF 690 SF 311 311 SFSF 2759 SF 311 311 SFSF

1 1 11 1 11 1 41 1

690 SF 690 SF 690 SF 2759 SF

12020 1 1 1 4

690 SF 690 SF 690 SF 690 SF 2759 SF 12414 SF

1 1 1 1 4 18

311 311 SFSF 311 311 SFSF 1246 1246 SFSF 690 SF

311 311 SFSF 311 311 SFSF 1246 1246 SFSF

311 311 SFSF 1246 1246 SFSF 690 SF 6238 6238 SFSF

2 BR 2 BR 2 BR 2 BR

11 11

11 11 44

11 44

16'

2 BR UNITS

1 BR UNITS

ACCESSORY

2 BR UNITS CIRCULATION ACCESSORY

COMMUNITY FACILITY

UP

STORAGE 516 NSF

RESIDENTIAL

CIRCULATION

MECHANICAL 1932 NSF

UP

EL. 1

13 SPOTS

COMMUNITY FACILITY

NOTE: AREAS SHOWN ON PLANS AND ROOM SCHEDULES ARE NET SQUARE FOOTAGE. 2 SPOTS

PARKING 9457 NSF

NOTE: AREAS SHOWN ON PLANS AND ROOM SCHEDULES ARE NET SQUARE FOOTAGE.

RESIDENTIAL

EL. 2

NAME NAME

AREA AREA

3RD 3RD FLOOR FLOOR 3E3E 1 BR 1 BR 3F3F 1 BR 1 BR 3G3G 1 BR 1 BR 3H3H 1 BR 1 BR

4TH 4TH FLOOR FLOOR 4E4E 1 BR 1 BR 4F4F 1 BR 1 BR 4G4G 1 BR 1 BR 4H4H 1 BR 1 BR

5TH 5TH FLOOR FLOOR 5E5E 1 BR 1 BR 5F5F 1 BR 1 BR 5G5G 1 BR 1 BR 5H5H 1 BR 1 BR

6TH 6TH FLOOR FLOOR 6E6E 1 BR 1 BR 6F6F 1 BR 1 BR 6G6G 1 BR 1 BR 6H6H 1 BR 1 BR

COUNT COUNT

516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 1547 1547 SFSF

11 11 11 33

516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 2063 2063 SFSF

11 11 11 11 44

516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 2063 2063 SFSF

11 11 11 11 44

516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 2063 2063 SFSF

11 11 11 11 44

516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 2063 2063 SFSF 9798 9798 SFSF

11 11 11 11 44 1919

RM RM ##

NAME NAME

AREA AREA

2ND 2ND FLOOR FLOOR 2C2C 2 BR 2 BR 2D2D 2 BR 2 BR

3RD 3RD FLOOR FLOOR 3C3C 2 BR 2 BR 3D3D 2 BR 2 BR 3J3J 2 BR 2 BR 3K3K 2 BR 2 BR

4TH 4TH FLOOR FLOOR 4C4C 2 BR 2 BR 4D4D 2 BR 2 BR 4J4J 2 BR 2 BR 4K4K 2 BR 2 BR

5TH 5TH FLOOR FLOOR 5C5C 2 BR 2 BR 5D5D 2 BR 2 BR 5J5J 2 BR 2 BR 5K5K 2 BR 2 BR

6TH 6TH FLOOR FLOOR 6C6C 2 BR 2 BR 6D6D 2 BR 2 BR 6J6J 2 BR 2 BR 6K6K 2 BR 2 BR

COUNT COUNT

690 690 SFSF 690 690 SFSF 1379 1379 SFSF

11 11 22

690 690 SFSF 690 690 SFSF 690 690 SFSF 690 690 SFSF 2759 2759 SFSF

11 11 11 11 44

690 690 SFSF 690 690 SFSF 690 690 SFSF 690 690 SFSF 2759 2759 SFSF

11 11 11 11 44

690 690 SFSF 690 690 SFSF 690 690 SFSF 690 690 SFSF 2759 2759 SFSF

11 11 11 11 44

690 690 SFSF 1 1 690 690 SFSF 1 1 690 690 SFSF 1 1 690 690 SFSF 1 1 2759 2759 SFSF 4 4 12414 12414 SFSF 1818

PROGRAM PROGRAMLEGEND LEGEND

EFF. EFF.UNITS UNITS 1 1BR BRUNITS UNITS 2 2BR BRUNITS UNITS ACCESSORY ACCESSORY

S1

32'

EFF. UNITS 1 BR UNITS

REFUSE 199 NSF

RM RM ##

2ND 2ND FLOOR FLOOR 2E2E 1 BR 1 BR 2F2F 1 BR 1 BR 2G2G 1 BR 1 BR

CIRCULATION CIRCULATION

EFF. UNITS

STAIR A/B

ROOM ROOMSCEDULE SCEDULE- 2 - 2BR BRUNITS UNITS

ROOM ROOMSCHEDULE SCHEDULE- 1 - 1BR BRUNITS UNITS

6206 6206 SFSF 67686 67686 SFSF

PROGRAM LEGEND PROGRAM LEGEND

31 SPOTS TOTAL (2 ACCESSIBLE)

CELLAR FLOOR

AREA AREA

ROOM SCHEDULE - 1 BR UNITS

4 SPOTS

MECHANICAL 436 NSF

ROOM ROOMSCHEDULE SCHEDULE- EFF. - EFF.UNITS UNITS

311 311 SFSF TYPE ROOM SCHEDULE BY UNIT 690 690 SFSF

0' 4' 8'

368 SF 51 SF UP 240 SF 442 SF 517 SF 4446 SF 71 SF 71 SF 6206 SF 67686 SF

3 SPOTS

9 SPOTS

DETENTION TANK 711 NSF

199 199 SFSF 301 301 SFSF 436 436 SFSF 1932 1932 SFSF 516 516 SFSF 711 711 SFSF 9457 9457 SFSF 7171 SFSF 7171 SFSF 13694 13694 SFSF

AREA

1ST 1ST FLOOR FLOOR

311 SF 311 SF 690 SF 690 SF 516 SF 516 SF 516 SF 516 SF 690 SF 690 SF 311 SF 311 SF 1024 SF 50 SF 230 SF 70 SF 70 SF 7511 SF

ROOM ROOMSCHEDULE SCHEDULE AREA AREA

CELLAR CELLAR 001 001 REFUSE REFUSE 002 002 STAIR STAIR A/B A/B 003 003 MECHANICAL MECHANICAL 004 004 MECHANICAL MECHANICAL 005 005 STORAGE STORAGE 006 006 DETENTION DETENTION TANK TANK 007 007 PARKING PARKING 010 010 ELEVATOR ELEVATOR 11 011 011 ELEVATOR ELEVATOR 22

ROOM ROOMSCHEDULE SCHEDULEBY BYUNIT UNITTYPE TYPE

SECTION KEY PLAN

S2

S3

COMMUNITY COMMUNITYFACILITY FACILITY S4

RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL 0' 4' 8'

16'

NOTE: NOTE: AREAS AREAS SHOWN SHOWN ON ON PLANS PLANS AND AND ROOM ROOM SCHEDULES SCHEDULES ARE ARE NET NET SQUARE SQUARE FOOTAGE. FOOTAGE.

32'

4TH FLOOR PLAN (TYP. FLRS 3-6)

0' 4' 8'

16'

ROOF FLOOR PLAN

32'

0' 4' 8'

16'

32'

P

PROGRAM LEGEND

EFF. UNITS 1 BR UNITS 2 BR UNITS ACCESSORY 2 BR 4K

EFF. 4L

EFF. 4M

EFF. 4A

EFF. 4B

2 BR 4C

690 SF

311 SF

311 SF

311 SF

311 SF

690 SF

CIRCULATION COMMUNITY FACILITY RESIDENTIAL

EL. 1

STAIR A/B

COMMUNITY PLANTERS

OCCUPIED ROOF 4446 NSF

DN

REFUSE

NOTE: AREAS SHOWN ON PLANS AND ROOM SCHEDULES ARE NET SQUARE FOOTAGE.

DN

STAIR A/B

EL. 2

EL. 1

REFUSE

CORRIDOR 1024 NSF

N P A

EL. 2 EMR 442 NSF

VESTIBULE 368 NSF

MECHANICAL 517 NSF

COMMUNITY PLANTERS

2 BR 4J

1 BR 4H

1 BR 4G

1 BR 4F

1 BR 4E

2 BR 4D

690 SF

2ND FLOOR PLAN

516 SF

516 SF

516 SF

516 SF

690 SF

PV ARRAY ABOVE

0' 4' 8'

16'

TRELLIS ABVE

32' PROGRAM LEGEND

TYPCICAL FLOOR (3-6)

ROOF PLAN RECREATION SPACE

EFF. UNITS 1 BR UNITS

DN

TERRACED LANDSCAPE

2 BR UNITS ACCESSORY CIRCULATION

UP

COMMUNITY FACILITY OUTDOOR GYM

COMMUNITY ROOM / COOLING CETNER 1458 NSF

STAIR A/B

EFF. 2A

PING PONG

311 SF

2ND FLOOR PLAN CL. REFUSE

KITCHENETTE CL.

2C

311 SF

0' 4' 8'

EL. 2

NOTE: AREAS SHOWN ON PLANS AND ROOM SCHEDULES 2 ARE BR NET SQUARE FOOTAGE.

16'

690 SF PLAN GROUND FLOOR

32'

CL.

CL.

EFF. UNITS

CORRIDOR 918 NSF

MOVIE THEATER

DN

0' 4' 8'

1 BR UNITS TERRACED LANDSCAPE

STORAGE

2 BR UNITS ACCESSORY

P OFFICE

OFFICE OFFICE

OFFICE

TERRACED LANDSCAPE

COMMUNITY FACILITY 4448 NSF

UP

OUTDOOR GYM

316 SF

316 SF

CL.

690 SF

CL. T. VES

CORRIDOR 918 NSF

MOVIE THEATER

EL. 1

EL. 2

FILING CL.

TABLE

EFF. 2H

1 BR 2G

1 BR 2F

316 SF

316 SF

516 SF

516 SF

ELOW PY B CANO

1 BR 2E

2 BR 2D

516 SF

690 SF

DN

DN

DN

DN

SECOND FLOOR

DN

GROUND FLOOR

15

EFF. 2J

VESTIBULE

PARKING ENTRANCE

15

SUNKEN PLAZA

30x48

UNISEX

D

BIKE ROOM 418 NSF

DN

CONF. RM

SUPPORTIVE HOUSING OFFICE 661 NSF

UNISEX

W W W W D

DN BREAK RM

CL.

30x48

WAITING AREA

LAUNDRY FOLDING 217 NSF

RESIDENTIAL LOBBY 1449 NSF

RECEPTION

WORK RM

OFFICE

KITCHENETTE

RECEPTION

WORK RM STORAGE

PKG RM

OPEN OFFICE

UP

CL.

516 SF

516 SF

EL. 2

UP

CL.

516 SF

STAIR A/B

NOTE: AREAS SHOWN ON PLANS AND ROOM SCHEDULES

2 ARE BR NET SQUARE FOOTAGE. 2C 2D

REC\EPTION

REFUSE

KITCHENETTE

EL. 1

1 BR 2E

OUTDOOR GYM OPEN OFFICE (35 DESKS)

MAILBOXES

PING PONG

EFF. EFF. 1 BR 2A 1 BR 2B LOW Y BE 2G 311 SF 2F 311 SF CANOP

RESIDENTIAL

WAITING AREA

STAIR A/B

EFF. 2H

IER COP

COMMUNITY FACILITY

EFF. 2J

32'

FILING CL.

CIRCULATION

UP

COMMUNITY ROOM / COOLING CETNER 1458 NSF

16'

PROGRAM LEGEND

BATHROOMS

RECREATION SPACE

CL.

EL. 1

RESIDENTIAL

EFF. 2B

DN

DN

SECURITY GATE

BIKE RACK

BIKE RACK

POWERS AVENUE

DN

N P A

PROGRAM LEGEND TYPICAL 1BR UNIT ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN ANALYSIS PLANS

0' 1' 2'

EFF. UNITS

24" REF.

1 BR UNITS

13' - 0"

30" RANGE

CL. 13 SF

QUEEN 64X80

LR/DA 178 SF

690 SF

TUB 30X60 LAV 30X48

LAV 30X48 WC 48X66 TUB 30X60

EFF. 4B 311 SF

WC 48X66

9' - 6"

LAV 30X48

RESIDENTIAL NOTE: AREAS SHOWN ON PLANS AND ROOM SCHEDULES ARE NET SQUARE FOOTAGE.

EFF. 4B 311 SF

3' - 0"

CL. CL.8 SF 8 SF

15' - 0" CL. 2' - 0"

8 SF

ALL BATHROOMS ARE ADAPTABLE AND COMPLY WITH NYC BC CH.11 ACCESSIBILITY & NYC BC APPENDIX P

4' - 0"

ALL BATHROOMS ARE 30" RANGE AND COMPLY 24" REF. ADAPTABLE WITH NYC BC CH.11 ACCESSIBILITY & NYC BC APPENDIX P

3' - 0"

4' - 0" 4' - 0"

CL. 6 SF

CL. 8 SF

4' - 0"

TUB 30X60

2 BR 4C

ARE NET SQUARE FOOTAGE.

NOTE: AREAS SHOWN ON 24" SINK W/CIRCULATION PLANS AND ROOM SCHEDULES 30" BASE CABINET ARE NET SQUARE FOOTAGE. COMMUNITY FACILITY

12' - 6"

LR/SA/DA 162 SF

QUEEN 64X80

EFF. UNITS PROGRAM LEGEND EFF. UNITS 1 BR UNITS 15' - 0" EFF. UNITS 1 BR UNITS 2 BR UNITS 1 BR UNITS 2 BR UNITS ACCESSORY 2 BR UNITS ACCESSORY CIRCULATION PROGRAM LEGEND ACCESSORY CIRCULATION COMMUNITY FACILITY EFF. UNITS CIRCULATION COMMUNITY FACILITY RESIDENTIAL 1 BR UNITS COMMUNITY FACILITY RESIDENTIAL NOTE: AREAS SHOWN ON2 BR UNITS RESIDENTIAL PLANS AND ROOM SCHEDULES NOTE: AREAS SHOWN ON ARE NET SQUARE FOOTAGE. ACCESSORY PLANS AND ROOM SCHEDULES

QUEEN 64X80

13' - 0"

11' - 0"

121 SF

2' - 6"

2' - 0"

ALL BATHROOMS ARE 30" WS ADAPTABLE AND COMPLY WITH NYC BC CH.11 ACCESSIBILITY & NYC BC APPENDIX P

CL. 13 SFBR

30" WS

WC 48X66

BR 3' - 0" 2' -12' 6"- 6" 117 SF LR/SA/DA 162 SF

30" WS

CL. 8 SF

3' - 0"

24" SINK W/ 30" BASE CABINET

2' - 6"

21' - 6"

311 SF

4' - 0"

EFF. 4B

CL. 6 SF

3' - 0"

4' - 0"

3' - 0"

13' - 0"

2' - 6"

TUB 30X60

24" SINK W/ 30" BASE CABINET

21' - 6"

30" RANGE

24" SINK W/ 30" BASE CABINET

8'

30" WS

12' - 6"

QUEEN 64X80

CL. 13 SF

30" RANGE

13' - 0" 13' - 0"

LR/DA 170 SF24" REF.

11' - 0"

NOTE: AREAS SHOWN ON PLANS AND ROOM SCHEDULES ARE NET SQUARE FOOTAGE. QUEEN 64X80

CL. 8 SF

24" REF.

TUB 30X60

QUEEN 64X80

CL. 8 SF

LAV 30X48

12' - 6"

12' - 0"

11' - 0" 30" WS

LR/SA/DA 162 SF

RESIDENTIAL

TAB M

AND URBAN ANALYSIS PLANSLEGEND PROGRAM 4'ARCHITECTURAL 8' 8' 2' - 0"

516 SF

COMMUNITY FACILITY

BR 111 SF

1 BR 4E

LAV 30X48

24" REF.

CL. 8 SF

4' - 0"

CIRCULATION

12' - 6"

WC 48X66

3' - 0"

ADAPTABLE AND COMPLY WITH 2 BR UNITS NYC BC CH.11 ACCESSIBILITY & ACCESSORY NYC BC APPENDIX P

311 SF

PROGRAM LEGEND

0' 1' 2' 4'

6 SF

EFF. 4B

15' - 0"

3 51 P OW ER S AV E , B R O N X , N Y 10 4 8 4

1 BR ALL UNITS BATHROOMS ARE

CL. 8 SF

4' - 0"

N OV EM B ER 18 , 2 0 2 2 PA G E 2 9 0 O F 14 4

QUEEN 64X80

3' - 0"

LAV 30X48

8'

TYPICAL EFFICIENCY UNIT N O V E M B E R 1 8 , 2 0 2 2 WC 48X66 P A G E 2CL. 9 2 O F 14 4 0' 1' 2' 4'

2' - 6"

3 51 P OW ER S AV E , B R O N X , N Y 10 4 8 4

13' - 0"

15' - 0"

EFF. UNITS

24" SINK W/ 30" BASE CABINET

NOTE: AREAS S PLANS AND RO ARE NET SQUA

12' - 6"

PROGRAM LEGEND

3' - 0"

9' - 6"

8'

RESIDE

LR/DA 178 SF

ALL BATHROOMS ARE ADAPTABLE AND COMPLY WITH NYC BC CH.11 ACCESSIBILITY & 9' - 6"NYC BC APPENDIX P

0' 1' 2' 4' UNIT TYPICAL EFFICIENCY 1BR UNIT 0' 1' 2' 13' - 6" 9' - 0" 2' - 0"

WC 48X66

2 BR UN

COMMU

11' - 0"

CL. 8 SF

311 SF

LR/SA/DA 162 SF

30" WS

15' - 0" TYPICAL 2BR UNIT

1 BR UN

8'

CIRCUL

TUB 30X60

4' - 0"

EFF. 4B

4'

ACCESS

12' - 6"

4' - 0"

CL. 8 SF

3' - 0"

2' - 0"

30" RANGE

21' - 6"

CL. 8 SF TUB 30X60

LAV 30X48

4'

CL. 13 SF

24" SINK W/ QUEEN 64X80 30" BASE CABINET

0' 1' 2'

3' - 0"

2' - 6"

BR 121 SF

13' - 0"

13' - 0"

EFF. 4B

WC 48X66

0' 1' 2'

24" REF.

RESIDENTIAL

3' - 0"

311 SF

ALL BATHROOMS ARE ADAPTABLE AND COMPLY WITH NYC BC CH.11 ACCESSIBILITY & NYC BC APPENDIX P

CL. 8 SF

4' - 0"

LAV 30X48

ACCESSORY

EFF. UN

30" WS

516 SF

COMMUNITY FACILITY

QUEEN 64X80

CL. 6 SF

TUB 30X60

NOTE: AREAS SHOWN ON PLANS AND ROOM SCHEDULES ARE NET SQUARE FOOTAGE.

4' - 0"

30" WS

21' - 6"

TUB 30X60

CAL EFFICIENCY UNIT

2 BR UNITS

QUEEN 64X80

LR/SA/DA 162 SF

30" RANGE

1 BR 4E

CIRCULATION

11' - 0"

21' - 6"

30" WS

LR/SA/DA 162 SF

2' - 6"

12' - 6"

30" RANGE

24" SINK W/ 30" BASE CABINET

WC 48X66

CIRCULATION PROGRAM LEGEND ALL BATHROOMS ARE ADAPTABLE AND COMPLY WITH FACILITY COMMUNITY EFF. UNITS NYC BC CH.11 ACCESSIBILITY & LAV 30X48 RESIDENTIAL NYC BC APPENDIX P 1 BR UNITS

13' - 0"

24" REF.

ACCESSORY

8'

NOTE: AREAS SHOWN ON PLANS AND ROOM SCHEDULES ARE NET SQUARE FOOTAGE.

11' - 0"

30" RANGE

ALL BATHROOMS ARE ADAPTABLE AND COMPLY WITH NYC BC CH.11 ACCESSIBILITY & NYC BC APPENDIX P

4'

12' - 6"

24" REF.

24" SINK W/ 30" BASE CABINET

0' 1' 2'

PROGRAM

8'

TYPICAL EFFICIENCY UNIT

2 BR UNITS

TYPICAL EFFICIENCY UNIT

4'

30' - 0"

54' - 0"

REAR YARD SETBACK

15' - 0"

30' - 0"

SECTION 1

SETBACK

0' 2'

4'

8'

54' - 0"

REAR YARD SETBACK

16'

15' - 0"

SKY EXPOSURE PLANE (ZONING OPT.) ROOF 55' - 0"

SKY EXPOSURE PLANE (ZONING OPT.) ROOF 55' - 0"

3.7

16'

5TH FLOOR 36' - 4"

4TH FLOOR 27' - 0"

3RD FLOOR 17' - 8"

2ND FLOOR 8' - 4"

5TH FLOOR 36' - 4"

4TH FLOOR 27' - 0"

3RD FLOOR 17' - 8"

2ND FLOOR 8' - 4"

GRADE 0' - 0"

GRADE 0' - 0"

1ST FLOOR -5' - 0"

1ST FLOOR -5' - 0"

CELLAR -17' - 0"

CELLAR -17' - 0"

15' - 0"

30' - 0"

SECTION 3

SETBACK

6TH FLOOR 45' - 8"

45' - 0" MAX BASE HEIGHT

55' - 0" MAX HEIGHT ABOVE GRADE

6TH FLOOR 45' - 8"

0' 2'

4'

8'

54' - 0"

REAR YARD SETBACK

16'

15' - 0"

SECTION 4

SETBACK

0' 2'

4'

PROPERTY LINE

PROPERTY LINE

SKY EXPOSURE PLANE (ZONING OPT.) ROOF 55' - 0"

SKY EXPOSURE PLANE (ZONING OPT.) ROOF 55' - 0"

1.0

1.0

5TH FLOOR 36' - 4"

4TH FLOOR 27' - 0"

3RD FLOOR 17' - 8"

3.7

8' - 0"

GRADE 0' - 0"

MIN. HT

2ND FLOOR 8' - 4"

1ST FLOOR -5' - 0"

5TH FLOOR 36' - 4"

4TH FLOOR 27' - 0"

3RD FLOOR 17' - 8"

2ND FLOOR 8' - 4" GRADE 0' - 0"

1:8 PARKING SLOPE

7.0 MAX CELLAR -17' - 0"

6TH FLOOR 45' - 8"

45' - 0" MAX BASE HEIGHT

6TH FLOOR 45' - 8"

55' - 0" MAX HEIGHT ABOVE GRADE

45' - 0" MAX BASE HEIGHT

3.7

55' - 0" MAX HEIGHT ABOVE GRADE

8'

1.0

45' - 0" MAX BASE HEIGHT

55' - 0" MAX HEIGHT ABOVE GRADE

54' - 0"

4'

PROPERTY LINE

3.7

30' - 0"

0' 2'

PROPERTY LINE

1.0

REAR YARD SETBACK

SECTION 2

SETBACK

1.0

PARKING RAMP SLOPE

1ST FLOOR -5' - 0"

CELLAR -17' - 0"

8'

16'

1CITY 1AMSTERDAM CUNY REDEVELOPMENT RFP SUBMISSION LINCOLN SQUARE / NEW YORK, NY PROJECT INFORMATION: WORK TYPE: CLIENT: DATE COMPLETED: ROLE:

PROFESSIONAL / ARCHITECTURE IN FORMATION CUNY / RADSON DEVELOPMENT MARCH 2023 PROJECT MANAGER / PROJECT ARCHITECT

PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

1 CITY IS A UNIQUE LEED GOLD REDEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL FOR CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK’S ONE AMSTERDAM SITE. OCCUPYING ALMOST HALF OF A CITY BLOCK, 1 CITY SITS ON A MASSIVE SITE THAT IS 375’ LONG BY 200’ WIDE ALONG AMSTERDAM AVENUE BETWEEN 59TH AND 60TH STREET IN LINCOLN SQUARE. ENVISIONED AS A HUB OF ACTIVITY AND LEARNING, 1 CITY IS A 40-STORY RESIDENTIAL TOWER ON TOP OF AN ACADEMIC BASE, WHERE CUNY WILL FILL THE MAJORITY OF THE BUILDING’S BASE, OCCUPYING THE CELLAR THROUGH THE SIXTH FLOOR. MARKED BY ECONOMIC INEQUALITY AND AN UNPRECEDENTED HOUSING CRISIS, 1 CITY WILL BE AN IMPACTFUL NEW DEVELOPMENT WITH 491 UNITS OF DESPERATELY NEEDED 100% AFFORDABLE WORKFORCE HOUSING, CONSISTING OF 62 STUDIOS, 256 ONEBEDROOMS, 133 TWO-BEDROOMS, AND 40 THREE-BEDROOMS. ALONG 59TH STREET, A LARGE SINGLE-POINT ENTRY TO THE CUNY ACADEMIC FACILITY, BOTH CEREMONIAL AND EFFICIENT, IS PLACED MIDBLOCK AND TAPERS EAST TO WELCOME COMMUTERS ARRIVING FROM COLUMBUS CIRCLE. AMSTERDAM AVENUE, A LARGE SUNKEN PUBLIC PLAZA IS LOCATED OUTSIDE 1 TABLE, A LARGE FLEXIBLE FOOD HALL. ALONG 60TH STREET, THE RESIDENTIAL ENTRANCE IS PLACED BESIDE SEVERAL OTHER MID-RISE AND HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL TOWERS. THE MULTI-HEIGHT RESIDENTIAL TOWER ABOVE THE CUNY BASE IS BROKEN UP INTO FIVE VERTICAL SEGMENTS AND THREE HORIZONTAL SEGMENTS TO CAPTURE PREMIUM VIEWS AND ACCESS TO SUNLIGHT. TOWARDS THE NORTHEAST ARE EXCELLENT VIEWS OF CENTRAL PARK AND TOWARDS THE SOUTHWEST ARE WATERFRONT VIEWS OF THE HUDSON RIVER.

PD SD

DD CD CA

WHEN ENTERING CUNY, THERE IS A DRAMATIC 7-STORY DAYLIT ATRIUM THAT TERRACES FROM THE LIBRARY IN THE CELLAR TO THE ACADEMIC BLOCK ABOVE CONNECTED WITH A CEREMONIAL STAIR. THE ATRIUM PROVIDES AN OPTIMAL SOCIAL EXPERIENCE THAT PROVIDES ACCESS TO DAYLIGHT, INTUITIVE CIRCULATION, AND COMMUNAL INTERACTION. BY MAXIMIZING LIGHT AND AIR IN THE CENTER OF A MASSIVE FACILITY, THE ATRIUM REDUCES DEPENDANCE ON ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING, ENCOURAGES PEOPLE TO TAKE STAIRS, AND PROVIDES A WAYFINDING DEVICE FOR STUDENTS, FACULTY, STAFF, AND VISITORS. CUNY’S PROGRAM INCLUDES SEVERAL CLASSROOMS, OFFICES, STUDENT ACTIVITIES, ACADEMIC SUPPORT, A LIBRARY, LARGE EVENT SPACE, AND PRIVATE OUTDOOR TERRACE. THE RESIDENTIAL FLOORS ABOVE ARE DESIGNED FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF HPD COMPLIANCE, ACTIVE DESIGN GUIDELINES, AND QUALITY HOUSING STANDARDS. THE INTERIOR CORRIDORS ARE A GENEROUS 5’ IN WIDTH, AND NATURALLY LIT WITH WINDOWS AT THE END OF EACH CORRIDOR AND AT INTERMITTENT LOUNGE SPACES AT THE OUTSIDE CORNER OF EACH TOWER SEGMENT. RESIDENTIAL AMENITIES INCLUDE COWORKING SPACES, COOLING CENTERS, BIKE STORAGE, INDOOR AND OUTDOOR RECREATION SPACES, OUTDOOR TERRACES, A COMMUNITY GARDEN, LAUNDRY ROOM, DAY CARE FACILITY, CHILDREN’S PLAY AREA, AND GYM. ON THE ROOF OF THE PODIUM, THERE IS A PARK-SIZED TERRACE OVER 32,000 SQUARE FEET FOR RESIDENTIAL USE. THE WEST PART OF THE TERRACE 7TH FLOOR TERRACE IS DEDICATED TO OUTDOOR LOUNGE SPACES, BBQ GRILLS, DINING, AND AN OUTDOOR EVENT SPACE. THE SOUTHERN PORTION IS FOR OUTDOOR FITNESS EQUIPMENT THAT IS AN EXTENSION OF THE INDOOR GYM. THE NORTH SIDE IS EXCLUSIVELY FOR OUTDOOR MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT. IN ADDITION TO THE PARK-SIZED TERRACE ON THE 7TH FLOOR, THE RESIDENTIAL TOWER INCLUDES SMALLER, MORE INTIMATE TERRACES WITH DEDICATED USES ON THE 23RD, 31ST, 35TH, AND 38TH FLOOR.

MISCELLANEOUS

WOODWORKING, MODELS & DRAWINGS NEW YORK, NY / FLORENCE, ITALY FURNITURE DESIGN: WORK TYPE: LOCATION: ROLE:

WOODWORKING: WORK TYPE: LOCATION:

MODEL MAKING: WORK TYPE: LOCATION:

HAND DRAWINGS: WORK TYPE: LOCATION:

ARTWORK: WORK TYPE: LOCATION:

PD SD DD CD CA

PROFESSIONAL / DOBAN ARCHITECTURE / THINK FABRICATE BROOKLYN, NY PROJECT ARCHITECT / THINK FABRICATE LIAISON

PROFESSIONAL / PERSONAL BROOKLYN, NY

ACADEMIC / SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY SYRACUSE, NY

ACADEMIC / SYRACUSE STUDY ABROAD FLORENCE, ROME, VICENZA, VENICE, ITALY

PERSONAL NEW YORK, NY

PROJECTS INCLUDED IN THIS SECTION VARY IN TYPE OF WORK (ACADEMIC, PROFESSIONAL, AND PERSONAL), MODEL MAKING METHODS (HANDMADE, WOODSHOP MACHINES, AND DIGITAL FABRICATION), MATERIALS USED (PAPER PRODUCTS, WOOD, PLASTICS, FOAM, AND METALS), REPRESENTATIONS TECHNIQUES (ABSTRACT, REALISTIC, REPRESENTATIONAL, AND DIAGRAMMATIC), SCALES (SMALL SCALE, MOCK-UPS, AND FULL SCALE), AND DISCIPLINES (ARCHITECTURE, ENGINEERING, LANDSCAPE, WOODWORKING, FURNITURE DESIGN, AND PRODUCT DESIGN). THE INTENT OF THIS WORK IS TO SHOW THE BREADTH, VARIETY, AND OBSESSION WITH MAKING ACROSS DISCIPLINES.