Renewable polymers and polymer-metal oxide composites: synthesis, properties, and applications sajja

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RenewablePolymersandPolymer-MetalOxide Composites:Synthesis,Properties,and ApplicationsSajjadHaider

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RenewablePolymersand Polymer-MetalOxideComposites

TheMetalOxidesBookSeriesEditedby GhenadiiKorotcenkov

ForthcomingTitles

l PalladiumOxidesMaterialProperties,SynthesisandProcessingMethods,andApplications,Alexander M.Samoylov,VasilyN.Popov,9780128192238

l MetalOxidesforNon-volatileMemory,PanagiotisDimitrakis,IliaValov,StefanTappertzhofen, 9780128146293

l MetalOxideNanostructuredPhosphors,H.Nagabhushana,DarukaPrasad,S.C.Sharma,9780128118528

l NanostructuredZincOxide,KamlendraAwasthi,9780128189009

l MultifunctionalPiezoelectricOxideNanostructures,Sang-JaeKim,NagamalleswaraRaoAlluri,Yuvasree Purusothaman,9780128193327

l TransparentConductiveOxides,MirelaPetrutaSuchea,PetronelaPascariu,EmmanouelKoudoumas, 9780128206317

l MetalOxide-BasedNanofibersandTheirApplications,VincenzoEsposito,DeboraMarani,9780128206294

l Metal-OxidesforBiomedicalandBiosensorApplications,KunalMondal,9780128230336

l MetalOxide-CarbonHybridMaterials,MuhammadAkram,RafaqatHussain,FaheemK.Butt, 9780128226940

l MetalOxide-BasedHeterostructures,NaveenKumar,BernabeMariSoucase,9780323852418

l MetalOxidesandRelatedSolidsforElectrocatalyticWaterSplitting,JunleiQi,9780323857352

l AdvancesinMetalOxidesandTheirCompositesforEmergingApplications,SagarDelekar,9780323857055

l MetallicGlassesandTheirOxidation,XinyunWang,MaoZhang,9780323909976

l SolutionMethodsforMetalOxideNanostructures,RajaramS.Mane,VijaykumarJadhav,Abdullah M.Al-Enizi,9780128243534

l MetalOxideDefects,VijayKumar,SudiptaSom,VishalSharma,HendrikSwart,9780323855884

l RenewablePolymersandPolymer-MetalOxideComposites,SajjadHaider,AdnanHaider,9780323851558

l MetalOxidesforOptoelectronicsandOptics-BasedMedicalApplications,SureshSagadevan,JibanPodder, FaruqMohammad,9780323858243

l GrapheneOxide-MetalOxideandOtherGrapheneOxide-BasedCompositesinPhotocatalysisand Electrocatalysis,JiaguoYu,LiuyangZhang,PanyongKuang,9780128245262

PublishedTitles

l MetalOxidesinNanocomposite-BasedElectrochemicalSensorsforToxicChemicals,AlagarsamyPandikumar,PerumalRameshkumar,9780128207277

l MetalOxide-BasedNanostructuredElectrocatalystsforFuelCells,Electrolyzers,andMetal-AirBatteries, TekoNapporn,YaoviHolade,9780128184967

l TitaniumDioxide(TiO2)andItsApplications,LeonardoPalmisano,FrancescoParrino,9780128199602

l SolutionProcessedMetalOxideThinFilmsforElectronicApplications,ZhengCui,9780128149300

l MetalOxidePowderTechnologies,YarubAl-Douri,9780128175057

l ColloidalMetalOxideNanoparticles,SabuThomas,AnuTresaSunny,PrajithaV,9780128133576

l CeriumOxide,SalvatoreScire,LeonardoPalmisano,9780128156612

l TinOxideMaterials,MarceloOrnaghiOrlandi,9780128159248

l MetalOxideGlassNanocomposites,SanjibBhattacharya,9780128174586

l GasSensorsBasedonConductingMetalOxides,NicolaeBarsan,KlausSchierbaum,9780128112243

l MetalOxidesinEnergyTechnologies,YupingWu,9780128111673

l MetalOxideNanostructures,DanielaNunes,LidiaSantos,AnaPimentel,PedroBarquinha,LuisPereira, ElviraFortunato,RodrigoMartins,9780128115121

l GalliumOxide,StephenPearton,FanRen,MichaelMastro,9780128145210

l MetalOxide-BasedPhotocatalysis,AdrianaZaleska-Medynska,9780128116340

l MetalOxidesinHeterogeneousCatalysis,JacquesC.Vedrine,9780128116319

l Magnetic,Ferroelectric,andMultiferroicMetalOxides,BiljanaStojanovic,9780128111802

l IronOxideNanoparticlesforBiomedicalApplications,SophieLaurent,MortezaMahmoudi,9780081019252

l TheFutureofSemiconductorOxidesinNext-GenerationSolarCells,MonicaLira-Cantu,9780128111659

l MetalOxide-BasedThinFilmStructures,NiniPryds,VincenzoEsposito,9780128111666

l MetalOxidesinSupercapacitors,DeepakDubal,PedroGomez-Romero,9780128111697

l TransitionMetalOxideThinFilm-BasedChromogenicsandDevices,PandurangAshrit,9780081018996

SeriesEditor

GhenadiiKorotcenkov

Editedby

SajjadHaider

AdnanHaider DepartmentofBiologicalSciences, NationalUniversityofMedicalSciences, Rawalpindi,Punjab,Pakistan

Elsevier

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Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem, withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,further informationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchas theCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

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Notices

Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroaden ourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecome necessary.

Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingand usinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformation ormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhom theyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.

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1Compositematerials:Concept,recentadvancements, andapplications1

Md.SazedulIslam,Md.Shahruzzaman,M.NuruzzamanKhan, Md.MinhajulIslam,SumayaFarhanaKabir,AbulK.Mallik, MohammedMizanurRahman,andPapiaHaque

Md.SaddamHossainandMd.MominulIslam

3Traditionalandrecentlyadvancedsyntheticroutesofthemetal oxidematerials79

AtiyaFatima,MazharUlIslam,andMd.WasiAhmad

4Designandsynthesisofmetaloxide–polymercomposites101

GulcihanGuzelKayaandHuseyinDeveci

5Medicalapplicationsofpolymer/functionalizednanoparticle compositesystems,renewablepolymers,andpolymer–metal oxidecomposites129

MuhammadUmarAslamKhan,MohsinAliRaza,SajjadHaider, SaqlainA.Shah,MuhammadArshed,SaifulIzwanAbdRazak, andAdnanHaider

6Polymer-MoS2-metaloxidecomposite:Aneco-friendlymaterial forwastewatertreatment165

SelvarajMohanaRoopanandMohammadAhmedKhan

7Metaloxide-conductingpolymer-basedcompositeelectrodes forenergystorageapplications195

MohsinAliRaza,ZaeemUrRehman,MuhammadGulraizTanvir, andMuhammadFaheemMaqsood

5Metaloxide/polymermaterialsforsupercapacitor

6Comparisonofdifferentmetaloxide/polymer-based

8Synthesisandpropertiesofpercolativemetaloxide-polymer composites253

SrikantaMoharana,BibhutiB.Sahu,RozalinNayak, andRamNareshMahaling

9Polymer-metaloxidecompositeassensors283

ManuelPalencia,JorgeA.Ramı´rez-Rinco´n, andDiegoF.Restrepo-Holguı´n

10Productionofbio-cellulosefromrenewableresources: Propertiesandapplications307

MazharUl-Islam,ShaukatKhan,AtiyaFatima,Md.WasiAhmad, MohdShariqKhan,SalmanUlIslam,SehrishManan,and MuhammadWajidUllah

4Applicationofbacterialcellulose

11Polymer-metaloxidecompositesfromrenewableresources foragriculturalandenvironmentalapplications341 ManuelPalencia,AndresOta´lora,andArturoEspinosa-Duque

NasrullahShah,WajidAliKhan,TouseefRehan,DongLin, HalilTetik,andSajjadHaider

13Recentadvancesinrenewablepolymer/metaloxidesystems usedfortissueengineering395

RawaizKhan,SajjadHaider,SaifulIzwanAbdRazak,AdnanHaider, MuhammadUmarAslamKhan,MatUzirWahit,NausheenBukhari, andAshfaqAhmad

14Lignin-metaloxidecompositeforphotocatalysisand photovoltaics447

FarzanaYeasmin,RifatAraMasud,AdibH.Chisty,Md.ArifHossain, AbulK.Mallik,andMohammedMizanurRahman

Contributors

AshfaqAhmad DepartmentofChemistry,CollegeofScience,KingSaudUniversity Riyadh,Riyadh,SaudiArabia

Md.WasiAhmad DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,CollegeofEngineering, DhofarUniversity,Salalah,SultanateofOman

MuhammadArshed NanoscienceandTechnologyDepartment(NS&TD),National CenterforPhysics,Islamabad,Pakistan

NausheenBukhari MohammadCollegeofMedicine,Peshawar,Pakistan

AdibH.Chisty DepartmentofAppliedChemistryandChemicalEngineering, FacultyofEngineeringandTechnology,UniversityofDhaka,Dhaka,Bangladesh

HuseyinDeveci DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,KonyaTechnicalUniversity, Konya,Turkey

ArturoEspinosa-Duque ResearchGroupinSciencewithTechnological Applications(GI-CAT),DepartmentofChemistry,UniversidaddelValle;Mindtech ResearchGroup(Mindtech-RG),Mindtechs.a.s.,Cali,Colombia

AtiyaFatima DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,CollegeofEngineering,Dhofar University,Salalah,SultanateofOman

GulcihanGuzelKaya DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,KonyaTechnical University,Konya,Turkey

AdnanHaider DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,NationalUniversityofMedical Sciences,Rawalpindi,Punjab,Pakistan

SajjadHaider DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,CollegeofEngineering,King SaudUniversity,Riyadh,SaudiArabia

PapiaHaque DepartmentofAppliedChemistryandChemicalEngineering,Faculty ofEngineeringandTechnology,UniversityofDhaka,Dhaka,Bangladesh

Md.ArifHossain DepartmentofChemistry,FacultyofScience,DhakaUniversityof Engineering&Technology,Gazipur,Bangladesh

Md.SaddamHossain DepartmentofChemistry,KhulnaUniversityofEngineering andTechnology,Khulna,Bangladesh

MazharUlIslam DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,CollegeofEngineering, DhofarUniversity,Salalah,SultanateofOman

Md.MinhajulIslam DepartmentofAppliedChemistryandChemicalEngineering, FacultyofEngineeringandTechnology,UniversityofDhaka,Dhaka,Bangladesh

Md.MominulIslam DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofDhaka,Dhaka, Bangladesh

Md.SazedulIslam DepartmentofAppliedChemistryandChemicalEngineering, FacultyofEngineeringandTechnology,UniversityofDhaka,Dhaka,Bangladesh

SumayaFarhanaKabir DepartmentofAppliedChemistryandChemical Engineering,FacultyofEngineeringandTechnology,UniversityofDhaka,Dhaka, Bangladesh

M.NuruzzamanKhan DepartmentofAppliedChemistryandChemical Engineering,FacultyofEngineeringandTechnology,UniversityofDhaka,Dhaka, Bangladesh

MohammadAhmedKhan SchoolofChemicalEngineering,VelloreInstituteof Technology,Vellore,Tamilnadu,India

MohdShariqKhan DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,CollegeofEngineering, DhofarUniversity,Salalah,SultanateofOman

MuhammadUmarAslamKhan DepartmentofPolymerEngineeringand Technology,UniversityofthePunjab,Lahore,Pakistan;BioInspiredDevice andTissueEngineeringResearchGroup,SchoolofBiomedicalEngineering andHealthSciences,FacultyofEngineering,UniversitiTeknologiMalaysia, Skudai,Johor,Malaysia;InstituteforPersonalizedMedicine,Schoolof BiomedicalEngineering,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity,Shanghai,China; NanoscienceandTechnologyDepartment(NS&TD),NationalCenterforPhysics, Islamabad,Pakistan;CentreforAdvancedCompositeMaterials,UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia,Skudai,Johor,Malaysia

RawaizKhan DepartmentofPolymerEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,School ofChemicalandEnergy,UniversitiTeknologiMalaysia,JohorBahru;BioInspired DeviceandTissueEngineeringResearchGroup,SchoolofBiomedicalEngineering andHealthSciences,FacultyofEngineering,UniversitiTeknologiMalaysia,Skudai, Johor,Malaysia

ShaukatKhan DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,CollegeofEngineering, DhofarUniversity,Salalah,SultanateofOman;SchoolofChemicalEngineering, YeungnamUniversity,Gyeongsan,SouthKorea

WajidAliKhan DepartmentofChemistry,AbdulWaliKhanUniversityMardan, Mardan,KP,Pakistan

DongLin DepartmentofIndustrialandManufacturingSystemsEngineering,Kansas StateUniversity,Manhattan,KS,UnitedStates

RamNareshMahaling LaboratoryofPolymericandMaterialsChemistry,Schoolof Chemistry,SambalpurUniversity,Odisha,India

AbulK.Mallik DepartmentofAppliedChemistryandChemicalEngineering, FacultyofEngineeringandTechnology,UniversityofDhaka,Dhaka,Bangladesh

SehrishManan DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,HuazhongUniversityof ScienceandTechnology,Wuhan,PRChina

MuhammadFaheemMaqsood InstituteofMetallurgyandMaterialsEngineering, UniversityofthePunjab,Lahore,Pakistan

RifatAraMasud DepartmentofAppliedChemistryandChemicalEngineering, FacultyofEngineeringandTechnology,BangabandhuSheikhMujiburRahman Science&TechnologyUniversity,Gopalganj,Bangladesh

SrikantaMoharana SchoolofAppliedSciences,CenturionUniversityof TechnologyandManagement,Odisha,India

RozalinNayak LaboratoryofPolymericandMaterialsChemistry,Schoolof Chemistry,SambalpurUniversity,Odisha,India

AndresOta ´ lora ResearchGroupinSciencewithTechnologicalApplications (GI-CAT),DepartmentofChemistry,UniversidaddelValle;MindtechResearch Group(Mindtech-RG),Mindtechs.a.s.,Cali,Colombia

ManuelPalencia ResearchGroupinSciencewithTechnologicalApplications (GI-CAT),DepartmentofChemistry,UniversidaddelValle;MindtechResearch Group(Mindtech-RG),Mindtechs.a.s.,Cali,Colombia

MohammedMizanurRahman DepartmentofAppliedChemistryandChemical Engineering,FacultyofEngineeringandTechnology,UniversityofDhaka,Dhaka, Bangladesh

JorgeA.Ramı´rez-Rinco ´ n ResearchGroupinSciencewithTechnological Applications(GI-CAT),DepartmentofChemistry,UniversidaddelValle,Cali, Colombia

MohsinAliRaza InstituteofMetallurgyandMaterialsEngineering,Universityofthe Punjab,Lahore,Pakistan

SaifulIzwanAbdRazak BioInspiredDeviceandTissueEngineeringResearch Group,SchoolofBiomedicalEngineeringandHealthSciences,Facultyof Engineering;CentreforAdvancedCompositeMaterials,UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia,Skudai,Johor,Malaysia

TouseefRehan DepartmentofBiochemistry,ShaheedBenazirBhuttoWomen University,Peshawar,KP,Pakistan

ZaeemUrRehman InstituteofMetallurgyandMaterialsEngineering,Universityof thePunjab,Lahore,Pakistan

DiegoF.Restrepo-Holguı ´ n ResearchGroupinSciencewithTechnological Applications(GI-CAT),DepartmentofChemistry,UniversidaddelValle,Cali, Colombia

SelvarajMohanaRoopan ChemistryofHeterocycles&NaturalResearch Laboratory,DepartmentofChemistry,SchoolofAdvancesSciences,VelloreInstitute ofTechnology,Vellore,Tamilnadu,India

BibhutiB.Sahu DepartmentofPhysics,VeerSurendraSaiUniversityof Technology,Odisha,India

NasrullahShah DepartmentofIndustrialandManufacturingSystemsEngineering, KansasStateUniversity,Manhattan,KS,UnitedStates;DepartmentofChemistry, AbdulWaliKhanUniversityMardan,Mardan,KP,Pakistan

SaqlainA.Shah MaterialsScienceLab,DepartmentofPhysics,FormanChristian College(University),Lahore,Pakistan

Md.Shahruzzaman DepartmentofAppliedChemistryandChemicalEngineering, FacultyofEngineeringandTechnology,UniversityofDhaka,Dhaka,Bangladesh

MuhammadGulraizTanvir InstituteofMetallurgyandMaterialsEngineering, UniversityofthePunjab,Lahore,Pakistan

HalilTetik DepartmentofIndustrialandManufacturingSystemsEngineering, KansasStateUniversity,Manhattan,KS,UnitedStates

SalmanUlIslam SchoolofLifeSciences,CollegeofNaturalSciences,Kyungpook NationalUniversity,Daegu,RepublicofKorea

MazharUl-Islam DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,CollegeofEngineering, DhofarUniversity,Salalah,SultanateofOman

MuhammadWajidUllah DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,Huazhong UniversityofScienceandTechnology,Wuhan,PRChina

MatUzirWahit DepartmentofPolymerEngineering,FacultyofEngineering, SchoolofChemicalandEnergy,UniversitiTeknologiMalaysia,JohorBahru;Centre forAdvancedCompositeMaterials,UniversitiTeknologiMalaysia,Skudai,Johor, Malaysia

FarzanaYeasmin DepartmentofAppliedChemistryandChemicalEngineering, FacultyofEngineeringandTechnology,BangabandhuSheikhMujiburRahman Science&TechnologyUniversity,Gopalganj,Bangladesh

Editor’sbiographies

Dr.SajjadHaider isanassociateprofessoratthe DepartmentofChemicalEngineeringatKingSaud UniversityinRiyadh,SaudiArabia.Hereceived hisMScdegreein1999andMPhildegreein2004 fromtheInstituteofChemicalSciences,University ofPeshawar,KPK,Pakistan,andhisPhDdegreein 2009fromtheDepartmentofPolymerScienceand Engineering,KyungpookNationalUniversity, Taegu,SouthKorea.Hisresearchfocuseson electrospunnanofibers,biopolymercomposites,and polymerhydrogelstodevelopscaffoldsfortissue regenerationanddrugdelivery,andmetaloxidesparticlesforwatertreatmentapplication.

Dr.AdnanHaider isanassistantprofessoratthe DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,NationalUniversityofMedicalSciences(NUMS),Pakistan.Heholds anMScdegreefromKohatUniversityofScienceand Technology,Pakistan,andMSleadingtoPhDdegree fromKyungpookNationalUniversity,Taegu,South Korea.Dr.Haidercompletedpostdoctoratefrom YeungnamUniversityinSouthKorea.Hisresearch focusesonelectrospunnanofibers,biopolymercomposites,andpolymerhydrogelstodevelopscaffolds fortissueregeneration,drugdelivery,andwatertreatmentapplications.

Serieseditorbiography

GhenadiiKorotcenkov receivedhisPhDinphysics andtechnologyofsemiconductormaterialsand devicesin1976andhisDoctorofSciencedegree (Doc.Hab.)inphysicsofsemiconductorsand dielectricsin1990.Hehasmorethan45yearsof experienceasateacherandscientificresearcher. Foralongtime,hewasaleaderofthegassensor groupandthemanagerofvariousnationalandinternationalscientificandengineeringprojectscarried outintheLaboratoryofMicro-andOptoelectronics, TechnicalUniversityofMoldova,Chisinau,Moldova.During2007–08,hewasaninvitedscientist atKoreaInstituteofEnergyResearch(Daejeon). Afterthis,until2017,Dr.G.Korotcenkovhadbeen aresearchprofessorintheSchoolofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringatGwangjuInstituteofScienceandTechnology(GIST),Korea. Currently,heisachiefscientificresearcheratMoldovaStateUniversity,Chisinau, Moldova.Startingfrom1995,hehasbeenworkingonmaterialsciences,focusing onmetaloxidefilmdepositionandcharacterization,surfacescience,thermoelectric conversion,anddesignofphysicalandchemicalsensors,includingthin-filmgas sensors.

Korotcenkovistheauthororeditorof39booksandspecialissues,includingthe 11-volume“ChemicalSensors”seriespublishedbyMomentumPress,15-volume “ChemicalSensors”seriespublishedbytheHarbinInstituteofTechnologyPress, China;3-volume“PorousSilicon:FromFormationtoApplication”issuepublished byCRCPress;2-volume“HandbookofGasSensorMaterials”publishedbySpringer; and3-volume“HandbookofHumidityMeasurements”publishedbyCRCPress.Currently,heisthebookserieseditorof“MetalOxides”publishedbyElsevier.

Korotcenkovistheauthororcoauthorofmorethan650scientificpublications, including31reviewpapers,38bookchapters,andmorethan200peer-reviewedarticlespublishedinscientificjournals(h-factor ¼ 41(WebofScience),h ¼ 42(Scopus), andh ¼ 56(Googlescholarcitation)).Heholds18patentstohiscredit.Hehaspresentedmorethan250reportsinvariousnationalandinternationalconferences,including17invitedtalks.Asacochairoramemberofprogram,scientificandsteering committees,Korotcenkovparticipatedinmorethan30internationalscientificconferences.Dr.G.Korotcenkovisamemberofeditorialboardsoffiveinternational

scientificjournals.Hisnameandactivitieshavebeenlistedbymanybiographicalpublications,including Who’sWho.HisresearchactivitiesarehonoredbytheHonorary DiplomaoftheGovernmentoftheRepublicofMoldova(2020);AwardoftheAcademyofSciencesofMoldova(2019);AwardoftheSupremeCouncilofScienceand AdvancedTechnologyoftheRepublicofMoldova(2004);thePrizeofthePresidents oftheUkrainian,Belarus,andMoldovanAcademiesofSciences(2003);Senior ResearchExcellenceAwardofTechnicalUniversityofMoldova(2001,2003,and 2005);andtheNationalYouthPrizeoftheRepublicofMoldovainthefieldofscience andtechnology(1980);amongothers.Korotcenkovalsoreceivedafellowshipfrom theInternationalResearchExchangeBoard(IREX,UnitedStates,1998),BrainKorea 21Program(2008–12),andBrainPoolProgram(Korea,2015–17).

Prefacetotheseries

Synthesis,study,andapplicationofmetaloxidesarethemostrapidlyprogressing areasofscienceandtechnology.MetaloxidesareoneofthemostubiquitouscompoundgroupsonEarthandareavailableinalargevarietyofchemicalcompositions, atomicstructures,andcrystallineshapes.Inaddition,theyareknowntopossess uniquefunctionalitiesthatareabsentorinferiorinothersolidmaterials.Inparticular, metaloxidesrepresentanassortedandappealingclassofmaterials,exhibitingafull spectrumofelectronicproperties—frominsulatingtosemiconducting,metallic,and superconducting.Moreover,almostalltheknowneffects,includingsuperconductivity,thermoelectriceffects,photoelectricaleffects,luminescence,andmagnetism,can beobservedinmetaloxides.Therefore,metaloxideshaveemergedasanimportant classofmultifunctionalmaterialswitharichcollectionofproperties,whichhavegreat potentialfornumerousdeviceapplications.Availabilityofawidevarietyofmetal oxideswithdifferentelectrophysical,optical,andchemicalcharacteristics,theirhigh thermalandtemporalstabilities,andtheirabilitytofunctioninharshenvironments makethemhighlysuitablematerialsfordesigningtransparentelectrodes,highmobilitytransistors,gassensors,actuators,acousticaltransducers,photovoltaicand photonicdevices,photo-andheterogeneouscatalysts,solid-statecoolers,highfrequencyandmicromechanicaldevices,energyharvestingandstoragedevices, andnonvolatilememories,amongothersintheelectronics,energy,andhealthsectors. Inthesedevices,metaloxidescanbesuccessfullyusedassensingoractivelayers, substrates,electrodes,promoters,structuremodifiers,membranes,orfibers,i.e.,they canbeusedasactiveandpassivecomponents.

Amongotheradvantagesofmetaloxidesaretheirlowfabricationcostandrobustnessinpracticalapplications.Furthermore,metaloxidescanbepreparedinvarious formssuchasceramics,thickfilms,andthinfilms.Atthatforthinfilmdepositioncan beuseddepositiontechniquesthatarecompatiblewithstandardmicroelectronic technology.Thisfactorisveryimportantforlarge-scaleproduction,becausethe microelectronicapproachensureslowcostformassproduction,offersthepossibility ofmanufacturingdevicesonachip,andguaranteesgoodreproducibility.Various metaloxidenanostructuresincludingnanowires,nanotubes,nanofibers,core–shell structures,andhollownanostructurescanalsobesynthesized.Asitisknown,thefield ofmetal-oxidenanostructuredmorphologies(e.g.,nanowires,nanorods,nanotubes, etc.)hasbecomeoneofthemostactiveresearchareaswithinthenanoscience community.

Theabilitytobothcreateavarietyofmetaloxide-basedcompositesandsynthesize variousmulticomponentcompoundssignificantlyexpandstherangeofpropertiesthat metaloxide-basedmaterialscanoffer,makingthematrulyversatilemultifunctional materialforwidespreaduse.Asitisknown,smallchangesintheirchemical

compositionandatomicstructurecanresultinaspectacularvariationinpropertiesand behaviorofmetaloxides.Currentadvancesinsynthesizingandcharacterizingtechniquesrevealnumerousnewfunctionsofmetaloxides.

Takingintoaccounttheimportanceofmetaloxidesforprogressinmicroelectronics,optoelectronics,photonics,energyconversion,sensor,andcatalysis,alargenumberofbooksdevotedtothisclassofmaterialshavebeenpublished.However,one shouldnotethatsomebooksfromthislistaretoogeneral,somearecollectionsofvariousoriginalworkswithoutanygeneralizations,andyetotherswerepublishedmany yearsago.However,duringthepastdecade,greatprogresshasbeenmadeonthesynthesisaswellasonthestructural,physical,andchemicalcharacterizationandapplicationofmetaloxidesinvariousdevices,andalargenumberofpapershavebeen publishedonmetaloxides.Inaddition,tillnow,manyimportanttopicsrelatedto thestudyandapplicationofmetaloxideshavenotbeendiscussed.Toremedythesituationinthisarea,wedecidedtogeneralizeandsystematizetheresultsofresearchin thisdirectionandtopublishaseriesofbooksdevotedtometaloxides.

Theproposedbookseries“MetalOxides”isthefirstofitskinddevotedexclusively tometaloxides.Webelievethatcombiningbooksonmetaloxidesinaseriescould helpreadersinsearchingtherequiredinformationonthesubject.Inparticular,we hopethatthebooksfromourseries,withitsclearspecializationbycontent,willprovideinterdisciplinarydiscussionforvariousoxidematerialswithawiderangeof topics,frommaterialsynthesisanddepositiontocharacterizations,processing,and thentodevicefabricationsandapplications.Thisbookserieswaspreparedbyateam ofhighlyqualifiedexperts,whichguaranteesitshighquality.

Ihopethatourbookswillbeusefulandeasytonavigate.Ialsohopethatreaders willconsiderthis“MetalOxides”bookseriesanencyclopediaofmetaloxidesthat enablestounderstandthepresentstatusofmetaloxides,toestimatetheroleof multifunctionalmetaloxidesindesignofadvanceddevices,andthenbasedon observedknowledgetoformulatenewgoalsforfurtherresearch.

Thisbookseriesisintendedforscientistsandresearchers,workingorplanningto workinthefieldofmaterialsrelatedtometaloxides,i.e.,scientistsandresearchers whoseactivitiesarerelatedtoelectronics,optoelectronics,energy,catalysis,sensors, electricalengineering,ceramics,biomedicaldesigns,etc.Ibelievethatthebookseries willalsobeinterestingforpracticingengineersorprojectmanagersinindustriesand nationallaboratoriesinvolvedindesigningmetaloxide-baseddevices,helpingthem withtheprocessandinselectingoptimalmetaloxideforspecificapplications.With manyreferencestothevastresourceofrecentlypublishedliteratureonthesubject, thisbookserieswillbeservingasasignificantandinsightfulsourceofvaluableinformation,providingscientistsandengineerswithnewinsightsforunderstandingand improvingexistingmetaloxide-baseddevicesandfordesigningnewmetaloxidebasedmaterialswithnewandunexpectedproperties.

Ibelievethatthebookserieswouldbeveryhelpfulforuniversitystudents,post docs,andprofessors.Thestructureofthesebooksoffersabasisforcoursesinthefield ofmaterialsciences,chemicalengineering,electronics,electricalengineering,optoelectronics,energytechnologies,environmentalcontrolandmanyothers.Graduate studentswouldalsofindthebookseriesveryusefulintheirresearchand

understandingthesynthesisofmetaloxidesandthestudyandapplicationsofthese multifunctionalmaterialsinvariousdevices.Wearesurethateachoftheseaudiences willfindinformationusefulfortheiractivity.

Finally,Ithankallcontributingauthorsandbookeditorsinvolvedinthecreationof thesebooks.Iamthankfulthattheyagreedtoparticipateinthisprojectandfortheir effortsinthepreparationofthesebooks.Withouttheirparticipation,thisproject wouldhavenotbeenpossible.IalsoexpressmygratitudetoElsevierforgivingus theopportunitytopublishthisseries.Iespeciallythanktheteamattheeditorialoffice atElsevierfortheirpatienceduringthedevelopmentofthisprojectandforencouragingusduringthevariousstagesofpreparation.

GhenadiiKorotcenkov

Compositematerials:Concept, recentadvancements, andapplications

1

Md.SazedulIslam,Md.Shahruzzaman,M.NuruzzamanKhan, Md.MinhajulIslam,SumayaFarhanaKabir,AbulK.Mallik, MohammedMizanurRahman,andPapiaHaque DepartmentofAppliedChemistryandChemicalEngineering,FacultyofEngineering andTechnology,UniversityofDhaka,Dhaka,Bangladesh

1Introduction

1.1Composites

Compositenaturallyexistsintheformofwoodwherelongcellulosefibersareheld togetherbylignin.ManmadecompositesofmudandstrawformakinghousebyEgyptianorMesopotamianhadreportedbackon1500BCE.

Inmoderntechnology,compositematerialshademergedinthemidofthetwentiethcenturyasoneofthepromisingclassesofengineeringmaterials.Composite materialsaresoughtfromthenecessityoflightweightstructureswithsufficient high-temperaturestrength,stiffness,andtoughness.Inmodernage,applicationsof compositesarefoundinalmosteverysectorfromaerospace,marine,andautomotive areastobiomedicalimplants [1].

Ingeneral,compositeisamultiphasematerialthathasuniqueanddifferentpropertiesinbulkcomparedtothepropertiesofanyofitscomponentmaterials [1,2].The componentphasescanbeminimumoftwotoafewinnumbersinanycomposites.The onecomponentmustbethematrix,whichisaprimaryorcontinuousphase,andit holdstheotheroneormorecomponentswithinittogivethefinalshapeofthecomposite.Oneormorecomponentsremaindispersedinthematrixandseparatedfromthe matrixbydistinctinterface.Thematrixphaseisusuallyductile,andthedispersed phaseisthemainreinforcingagentincomposites.Onecomponentbyvolumeisusuallyretainedhigherthanthatoftheotheronetotailoradesirablepropertyinacomposite.However,whenthematrixmaterialissame,thepropertiesofcompositesare largelyinfluencedbyrelativevolume,size,andshape,andbydispersionpatternofthe reinforcingagents [3].

Compositesareclassifiedeitherbasedonthetypeofmatrixmaterialsorbased ontheformofreinforcingmaterials.Consideringthematrixmaterial,composites canbelikemetalmatrixcomposites(MMCs),ceramicmatrixcomposites(CMCs), andpolymermatrixcomposites(PMCs).Onthebasisofreinforcingmaterials,compositesareclassifiedasparticulatecompositesandfibrouscomposites.

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