RADARREMOTE SENSING ApplicationsandChallenges
Editedby
PRASHANTK.SRIVASTAVA
RemoteSensingLaboratory,InstituteofEnvironmentand SustainableDevelopment,BanarasHinduUniversity,India
DILEEPKUMARGUPTA
RemoteSensingLaboratory,InstituteofEnvironmentand SustainableDevelopment,BanarasHinduUniversity,India
TANVIRISLAM
NASAJetPropulsionLaboratory,Pasadena,California,UnitedStates
DAWEIHAN
ProfessorofHydroinformatics,DepartmentofCivilEngineering, UniversityofBristol,UnitedKingdom
RAJENDRAPRASAD
Professor,DepartmentofPhysics,IndianInstituteofTechnology (BanarasHinduUniversity),Varanasi,India
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SECTION1Basisofradarremotesensing1
1.IntroductiontoRADARremotesensing3 DileepKumarGupta,ShivenduPrashar,SartajvirSingh,PrashantK.Srivastavaand RajendraPrasad
1. BriefhistoryofRADARremotesensing3
2. OpticalversusRADARremotesensing4
3. FundamentalsofRADAR6
4. TypesofRADAR11
5. OperationalfrequenciesofRADAR14
6. Backscattermechanisms16
7. Radarimagecharacteristics20
8. Applicationofmicrowave-basedremotesensing21 References 24
2.MicrowavecomponentsanddevicesforRADARsystems29
filters37
5. Absorbers 38
6. Microwavesources40
7. Modeconverter42
8. Networkanalyzer44
9. Someotherimportantmicrowavecomponents45 10. Summary
3.Theoryofmonostaticandbistaticradarsystems49
SurajA.Yadav,DileepKumarGupta,RajendraPrasad,JyotiSharmaand PrashantK.Srivastava
1. Introduction 49
2. Bistaticandmonostaticradarsystemconfiguration50
3. Radarequation51
4. Radarcross-sectionperunitarea/scatteringcoefficientsystemandmeasurement concepts 53
5. Measurementprocedures57
6. Procedureofbistaticspecularscatterometermeasurementanditscalibrationover naturalterrain58
7. Summary 62 References 62
4.Reviewofmicrowavefundamentalsanditsapplications65
ShivenduPrashar,UmeshKumarTiwariandSartajvirSingh
1. Introduction 65
2. Theoryofradiativetransfer67
3. Electromagneticinteractionwithdiscreteobjects70
4. Interactionwithinhomogeneousmedia76
5. Interactionwithasmoothsurface77
6. Interactionwithroughsurfaces80
7. Microwaveinteractionwithnaturalsurfaces81
5.Comparative floodareaanalysisbasedonchangedetectionand binarizationmethodsusingSentinel-1syntheticapertureradardata93 BikashRanjanParida,ArvindChandraPandey,SouravKumarand GauravTripathi
1. Introduction
2. Studyarea
3. Materialsandmethods97
4.
5.
6.SubsurfacefeatureidentificationusingLBandSyntheticAperture Radar(SAR)dataoverJaisalmer,India109
Monika,HimanshuGovilandShashiKumar
1. Introduction
2. Studyarea
3. Dataused
4. Methodology114
5. Result
6. Conclusion
7.Terrestrialwaterbudgetthroughradarremotesensing123
J.Indu,AkhileshS.Nair,AnkitaPradhan,RohitMangla,SoorajKrishnan, KaushlendraVermaandVinayakHuggannavar
1. Introduction 123
2. Precipitationfromradarremotesensing125
3. Soilmoisturefromradarremotesensing129
4. Waterlevelsfromradaraltimetry138
5. Summaryandconclusions139 Acknowledgments139
8.Applicationofsyntheticapertureradarremotesensinginforestry149
ArjunG.Koppad,SyedaSarfinandAnupKumarDas
1. Introduction 149
2. Polarimetricmatrixgeneration156
3. Polarimetricspeckle filtering156
4. Orientationanglecorrection156
5. Polarimetricdecomposition157
6. Terraincorrection159
7. Polarimetricclassification160
8. Summaryand finalremarks172 References 173
9.ClassificationofRadardatausingBayesianoptimizedtwo-dimensional ConvolutionalNeuralNetwork175
AchalaShakya,MantoshBiswasandMaheshPal
1. Introduction 175
2. Background 176
3. Datasetandgrounddatacollection179
4. Datasetpreparationforclassification179
5. Methodology181
6. Resultsanddiscussion182
7. Conclusion 184 Acknowledgment184 References 185
10.Modelingandsimulationofsyntheticapertureradardatasetfor retrievalofsoilsurfaceparameters187
SayyadShafiyoddinandAjitKumar
1. Introduction 187
2. Studyareaandcollectionof fielddata189
3. Collectionandprocessingofsatellitedata190
4. Soilmoisturemodeling193
5. Resultsanddiscussion196
6. Conclusion 199 References 200
11.Floodinundationmappingfromsyntheticapertureradarandoptical datausingsupportvectormachine:acasestudyfromKopiliRiverbasin duringCycloneAmphan203
PrasadBalasahebWale,ThotaSivasankar,VarunNarayanMishraandRatnaSanyal
1. Introduction 203
2. Studyarea 206
3. Materialandmethods207
4. Resultanddiscussion210
5. Conclusion 216 References 216
12.PerformanceassessmentofphasedarraytypeL-bandSyntheticAperture RadarandLandsat-8usedinimageclassification219
SwatiSuman,PrashantK.Srivastava,GeorgeP.Petropoulos,RamAvtar, RajendraPrasad,SudhirKumarSingh,S.K.Mustak,IoannisN.Faraslisand DileepKumarGupta
1. Introduction 219
filteringmethodsusingpolarimetricSentinel-1Adata245
VarunNarayanMishraandThotaSivasankar
14.Emergingtechniquesofpolarimetricinterferometricsyntheticaperture radarforscattering-basedcharacterization259
BhanuPrakashandShashiKumar
1. Introduction
2. Syntheticapertureradarpolarimetry261 3. Polarimetricdecomposition263
4. Polarizationorientationangle269
5. Probabilitydistributions270
6. Polarimetricsyntheticapertureradarinterferometry271
7. Polarimetricsyntheticapertureradarinterferometrycoherence-baseddecomposition274
8. Polarimetricsyntheticapertureradarinterferometrydecorrelation-baseddecomposition model
15.Advancedmethodforradarremotesensing:circularlypolarized syntheticapertureradar287
JosaphatTetukoSriSumantyo
1. Introduction
2. Circularlypolarizedscatteringforremotesensing289
3. Specificationofcircularpolarizedsyntheticapertureradarformicrosatellite295
4. Radio-frequencysystemofcircularpolarizedsyntheticapertureradar299
5. Flighttestandimages303
16.Aprocessingchainforestimatingcropbiophysicalparametersusing temporalSentinel-1syntheticapertureradardataincloudcomputing framework309
DipankarMandal,VineetKumar,JuanM.Lopez-Sanchez,Y.S.Rao,HeatherMcNairn, AvikBhattacharyaandScottMitchell
1. Introduction
17.Fuzzylogicfortheretrievalofkidneybeancropgrowthvariablesusing ground-basedscatterometermeasurements327
DileepKumarGupta,RajendraPrasad,PradeepKumarandPrashantK.Srivastava
1. Introduction
2. Methodandobservations329
3. Fuzzyinferencesystem331
4.
18.Monitoringtropicalpeatlandssubsidencebytime-seriesinterferometric syntheticapertureradar(InSAR)technique341
DehaAgusUmarhadi,RamAvtar,PankajKumar,AliP.Yunus, TonniAgustionoKurniawan,AliKharrazi,MamoruIshikawaandWirastutiWidyatmanti
1. Introduction 341
2. Interferometrysyntheticapertureradarfortropicalpeatlands342
3. Casestudy:Sintang,Indonesia345
4. Summary 352 Acknowledgments353
19.TowardaNorthAmericancontinentalwetlandmapfromspace:wetland classificationusingsatelliteimageryandmachinelearningalgorithms onGoogleEarthEngine357
MasoudMahdianpari,BrianBrisco,BahramSalehi,JeanGranger, FaribaMohammadimanesh,MeganLangandSouleymaneToure
1. Introduction
2. Wetlandclassificationsystems359
3. Wetland fielddata362
4. Remotesensingdata363
5. Cloudcomputingplatformsandmachinelearningalgorithms365
6. WetlandclassificationresultsforCanada366
7. Conclusion
20.ChallengesinRadarremotesensing377
PrashantK.Srivastava,RajendraPrasad,SumitChaudharyKumar,SurajA.Yadav, JyotiSharma,SwatiSuman,VarshaPandey,RishabhSinghand DileepKumarGupta
1.
21.ThestudyofIndianSpaceResearchOrganization ’sKu-bandbased scatterometersatellite(SCATSAT-1)inagriculture:applications andchallenges389
RavneetKaur,ReetKamalTiwari,RamanMaini,SartajvirSinghand VishakhaSood
1. Introduction
2. BackgroundofSCATSAT-1391
3. Applicationsinagriculture393
4. Summaryandconclusions398 Acknowledgments400
22.Radarremotesensingofsoilmoisture:fundamentals,challenges&way-out405 HariShankerSrivastavaandParulPatel
1. Introduction405
2. EffectoftargetparametersonSARsensitivitytowardsoilmoisture407
3. AddressingtheeffectoftargetparametersonSARsensitivitytowardsoilmoisture410
4. EffectofthesensorparametersonSARsensitivitytowardsoilmoisture416
5. Toidentifysensitivepolarimetricparametersderivedfromfullyandhybridpolarimetric SARforsoilmoisture427
6. Addressingthevariouschallengesinvolvedingroundtruthplanningandground truthdatacollectionforradarremotesensingofsoilmoisture432
7. Addressingthechallengesinvolvedindevelopmentofasoilmoistureretrieval modelusingradarremotesensing435
8. AddressingchallengesinvolvedinSARdataprocessingduetoahugedatavolume440
9. Addressingtheissueofintervalandscaleofasoilmoisturemap441
Contributors
RamAvtar
GraduateSchoolofEnvironmentalScience,FacultyofEnvironmentalEarthScience,Hokkaido University,Sapporo,Japan;InstitutefortheAdvancedStudyofSustainability,UnitedNations University(UNU-IAS),ShibuyaCity,Tokyo,Japan
AvikBhattacharya
MicrowaveRemoteSensingLab,CentreofStudiesinResourcesEngineering,IndianInstituteof TechnologyBombay,Mumbai,Maharashtra,India
MantoshBiswas
ComputerEngineeringDepartment,NationalInstituteofTechnology,Kurukshetra,Haryana, India
BrianBrisco
TheCanadaCentreforMappingandEarthObservation,Ottawa,ON,Canada
SumitChaudharyKumar
IndianInstituteofRemoteSensing,Dehradun,Uttarakhand,India
AnupKumarDas
SpaceApplicationCentre,Ahmedabad,Gujarat,India
IoannisN.Faraslis
DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofThessaly,Thessaly,Greece
HimanshuGovil
DepartmentofAppliedGeology,NationalInstituteofTechnology,Raipur,Chhattisgarh,India
JeanGranger C-CORE,St.John’s,NL,Canada
DileepKumarGupta
RemoteSensingLaboratory,InstituteofEnvironmentandSustainableDevelopment,Banaras HinduUniversity,Varanasi,UttarPradesh,India;DepartmentofPhysics,IndianInstituteof Technology,BanarasHinduUniversity,Varanasi,UttarPradesh,India
VinayakHuggannavar
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,InterdisciplinaryCentreforClimateStudies,IndianInstituteof TechnologyBombay,Powai,Maharashtra,India
J.Indu
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,InterdisciplinaryCentreforClimateStudies,IndianInstituteof TechnologyBombay,Powai,Maharashtra,India
MamoruIshikawa
GraduateSchoolofEnvironmentalScience,FacultyofEnvironmentalEarthScience,Hokkaido University,Sapporo,Japan;FacultyofEnvironmentalEarthScience,HokkaidoUniversity, Sapporo,Japan
RavneetKaur
ApexInstituteofTechnology,DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering,Chandigarh University,Gharuan,Punjab,India;DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering,Punjabi University,Patiala,Punjab,India
AliKharrazi
AdvancedSystemsAnalysisGroup,InternationalInstituteforAppliedSystemsAnalysis, Laxenburg,Austria;Euro-MediterraneanCenterforClimateChange,Ca’ FoscariUniversityof Venice,Venice,Italy;FacultyofGlobalStudies,AkitaInternationalUniversity,Akita,Japan
ArjunG.Koppad
DepartmentofNaturalResourceManagement(NRM),CollegeofForestry,UASDharwad, Karnataka,India
SoorajKrishnan
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,InterdisciplinaryCentreforClimateStudies,IndianInstituteof TechnologyBombay,Powai,Maharashtra,India
AjitKumar
MicrowaveandImagingSpectroscopyResearchLaboratory,MilliyaArts,Science,and ManagementScienceCollege,Beed,Maharashtra,India
PankajKumar
NaturalResourcesandEcosystemServices,InstituteforGlobalEnvironmentalStrategies, Hayama,Kanagawa,Japan
PradeepKumar
SchoolofEnvironmentalSciences,JawaharlalNehruUniversity,NewDelhi,India
ShashiKumar
PhotogrammetryandRemoteSensingDepartment,IndianInstituteofRemoteSensing,Indian SpaceResearchOrganisation,Dehradun,Uttarakhand,India
SouravKumar
DepartmentofGeoinformatics,SchoolofNaturalResourceManagement,CentralUniversityof Jharkhand,Ranchi,Jharkhand,India
VikramKumar
DepartmentofElectronicsandCommunicationEngineering,NationalInstituteofTechnology, Patna,Bihar,India
VineetKumar
DepartmentofWaterResources,DelftUniversityofTechnology,Delft,theNetherlands
TonniAgustionoKurniawan
FacultyofSocialWork,Health,andNursing,Ravensburg-WeingartenUniversityofApplied Sciences,Weingarten,Germany;CollegeoftheEnvironmentandEcology,XiamenUniversity, Xiamen,PRChina
MeganLang
U.S.FishandWildlifeService,NationalWetlandsInventory,FallsChurch,VA,UnitedStates
JuanM.Lopez-Sanchez
InstituteforComputerResearch,UniversityofAlicante,Alicante,Spain
MasoudMahdianpari
C-CORE,St.John’s,NL,Canada;DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering, MemorialUniversityofNewfoundland,St.John’s,NL,Canada
RamanMaini
DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering,PunjabiUniversity,Patiala,Punjab,India
DipankarMandal
MicrowaveRemoteSensingLab,CentreofStudiesinResourcesEngineering,IndianInstituteof TechnologyBombay,Mumbai,Maharashtra,India;DepartmentofAgronomy,KansasState University,Manhattan,KS,UnitedStates
RohitMangla
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,InterdisciplinaryCentreforClimateStudies,IndianInstituteof TechnologyBombay,Powai,Maharashtra,India
HeatherMcNairn
OttawaResearchandDevelopmentCentre,AgricultureandAgri-FoodCanada,Ottawa,ON, Canada
VarunNarayanMishra
CentreforClimateChangeandWaterResearch,SureshGyanViharUniversity,Jaipur, Rajasthan,India
ScottMitchell
GeomaticsandLandscapeEcologyLaboratory,CarletonUniversity,Ottawa,ON,Canada
FaribaMohammadimanesh
C-CORE,St.John’s,NL,Canada
Monika
DepartmentofAppliedGeology,NationalInstituteofTechnology,Raipur,Chhattisgarh,India
S.K.Mustak
DepartmentofGeography,CentralUniversityofPunjab,Bathinda,Punjab,India
AkhileshS.Nair
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,InterdisciplinaryCentreforClimateStudies,IndianInstituteof TechnologyBombay,Powai,Maharashtra,India
MaheshPal
CivilEngineeringDepartment,NationalInstituteofTechnology,Kurukshetra,Haryana,India
ArvindChandraPandey
DepartmentofGeoinformatics,SchoolofNaturalResourceManagement,CentralUniversityof Jharkhand,Ranchi,Jharkhand,India
VarshaPandey
RemoteSensingLaboratory,InstituteofEnvironmentandSustainableDevelopment,Banaras HinduUniversity,Varanasi,UttarPradesh,India
BikashRanjanParida
DepartmentofGeoinformatics,SchoolofNaturalResourceManagement,CentralUniversityof Jharkhand,Ranchi,Jharkhand,India
ParulPatel
SpaceApplicationsCentre(SAC),ISRO,Ahmedabad,Gujarat,India
GeorgeP.Petropoulos
DepartmentofGeography,HarokopioUniversityofAthens,Kallithea,Athens,Greece
AnkitaPradhan
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,InterdisciplinaryCentreforClimateStudies,IndianInstituteof TechnologyBombay,Powai,Maharashtra,India
BhanuPrakash
PhotogrammetryandRemoteSensingDepartment,IndianInstituteofRemoteSensing,Indian SpaceResearchOrganisation,Dehradun,Uttarakhand,India
RajendraPrasad
DepartmentofPhysics,IndianInstituteofTechnology,BanarasHinduUniversity,Varanasi, UttarPradesh,India
ShivenduPrashar
ChitkaraUniversitySchoolofEngineeringandTechnology,ChitkaraUniversity,Solan, HimachalPradesh,India;DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology, Ropar,Punjab,India;CentralScientificInstrumentsOrganization,Chandigarh,India
Y.S.Rao
MicrowaveRemoteSensingLab,CentreofStudiesinResourcesEngineering,IndianInstituteof TechnologyBombay,Mumbai,Maharashtra,India
BahramSalehi
EnvironmentalResourcesEngineering,CollegeofEnvironmentalScienceandForestry,State UniversityofNewYork,NewYork,NY,UnitedStates
RatnaSanyal
ComputerScienceandEngineeringArea,NIITUniversity,Neemrana,Rajasthan,India
SyedaSar fin
NISARProject,DepartmentofNRM,CollegeofForestry,UASDharwad,Karnataka,India
SayyadSha fiyoddin
MicrowaveandImagingSpectroscopyResearchLaboratory,MilliyaArts,Science,and ManagementScienceCollege,Beed,Maharashtra,India
AchalaShakya
ComputerEngineeringDepartment,NationalInstituteofTechnology,Kurukshetra,Haryana, India
HariShankerSrivastava
IndianInstituteofRemoteSensing(IIRS),IndianSpaceResearchOrganisation(ISRO), Dehradun,Uttarakhand,India
JyotiSharma
DepartmentofPhysics,IndianInstituteofTechnology,BanarasHinduUniversity,Varanasi, UttarPradesh,India
SartajvirSingh
ChitkaraUniversitySchoolofEngineeringandTechnology,ChitkaraUniversity,Solan, HimachalPradesh,India;DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology, Ropar,Punjab,India
SudhirKumarSingh
KBCAOS,UniversityofAllahabad,Allahabad,UttarPradesh,India
RishabhSingh
RemoteSensingLaboratory,InstituteofEnvironmentandSustainableDevelopment,Banaras HinduUniversity,Varanasi,UttarPradesh,India
ThotaSivasankar
GeographicInformationSystems(GIS)Area,NIITUniversity,Neemrana,Rajasthan,India
VishakhaSood
AiotronicsAutomation,Palampur,HimachalPradesh,India
JosaphatTetukoSriSumantyo
CenterforEnvironmentalRemoteSensing,ChibaUniversity,Chiba,Japan;FakultasTeknik, UniversitasSebelasMaret,Solo,Indonesia
PrashantK.Srivastava
RemoteSensingLaboratory,InstituteofEnvironmentandSustainableDevelopment,Banaras HinduUniversity,Varanasi,UttarPradesh,India;InstituteofEnvironmentandSustainable Development,BanarasHinduUniversity,Varanasi,UttarPradesh,India
SwatiSuman
RemoteSensingLaboratory,InstituteofEnvironmentandSustainableDevelopment,Banaras HinduUniversity,Varanasi,UttarPradesh,India
ReetKamalTiwari
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Ropar,Punjab,India
UmeshKumarTiwari
CentralScientifi cInstrumentsOrganization,Solan,Chandigarh,India
SouleymaneToure
EnvironmentalResourcesEngineering,CollegeofEnvironmentalScienceandForestry,State UniversityofNewYork,NewYork,NY,UnitedStates
GauravTripathi
DepartmentofGeoinformatics,SchoolofNaturalResourceManagement,CentralUniversityof Jharkhand,Ranchi,Jharkhand,India
DehaAgusUmarhadi
GraduateSchoolofEnvironmentalScience,FacultyofEnvironmentalEarthScience,Hokkaido University,Sapporo,Japan
KaushlendraVerma
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,InterdisciplinaryCentreforClimateStudies,IndianInstituteof TechnologyBombay,Powai,Maharashtra,India
PrasadBalasahebWale
GeographicInformationSystems(GIS)Area,NIITUniversity,Neemrana,Rajasthan,India
WirastutiWidyatmanti
DepartmentofGeographicInformationScience,FacultyofGeography,UniversitasGadjah Mada,Yogyakarta,Indonesia
SurajA.Yadav
DepartmentofPhysics,IndianInstituteofTechnology,BanarasHinduUniversity,Varanasi, UttarPradesh,India
AliP.Yunus
DepartmentofEarthandEnvironmentalScience,IndianInstituteofScienceEducationand ResearchMohali,Mohali,India;CenterforClimateChangeAdaptation,NationalInstitutefor EnvironmentalStudies,Tsukuba,Japan
Foreword
Themicrowaveregionoftheelectromagneticspectrumhassomespecialproperties forremotesensing.Thewavelengthrangeofmicrowaveradiationis1mto1mm.Microwavesareabletopenetrateclouds,dust,andraintosomeextent.Remotesensingat microwavefrequenciesgathersusefulinformationabouttheearth’satmosphere,land, andoceansunderalmostallweatherconditionsatanytime.
Electromagneticradiation(EMR)generatedbythesunisnotrequiredinradar remotesensing.ItgeneratesitsownEMRthatistransmittedtotheterrain.Radarremote sensingispopularforearthobservationsinthescientificcommunityusingdifferenttypes ofradargeometrysuchasmonostatic,bistatic,andmultistatic.Experimentalinvestigationsandtheirapplicationsforbackscattering(monostatic)measurementsofthenatural terrainhavebeenperformedusingsyntheticapertureradar(SAR)onboard,groundbased,airborne,andspaceborneplatformsincludingRADARASAT,AdvancedLand ObservingSatellite(ALOS)PhasedArraytypeL-bandSyntheticApertureRadar (PALSAR),ERS-1and2,ENVISAT,RISAT,Sentinel,andTERRASAR-X.
SARdataareusefulforretrievingmanygeophysicalparameters,oceanvariables,and meteorologicvariables.MonostaticSARimagerycontainsinformationonlyinbackscatteredsignalsfromtheterrain.BistaticandmultistaticSARsystemsareusefulforgeneratingthree-dimensionalimagesoftheterrain.InformationgatheredbySARfrom differentazimuthalandelevationanglesismorevaluablethanonlybackscatteredinformation.Consequently,itisinterestingtoincreaseinformationaboutthedifferenttypes ofradargeometryinradarremotesensingforpotentialapplications.
Therefore,theprimaryaimofthisbookistoadvanceknowledgeaboutthescientific understanding,developments,andapplicationsofradarremotesensingindifferentradar geometriessuchasmonostatic,bistatic,andmultistatic.Inessence,abookneedstobe compiledthatisdevotedtocollectingdevelopmentsinandrigorousapplicationsofradar remotesensingusingdifferentradargeometriesandplatformsatdifferentscalesincluding local,regional,andglobal. RadarRemoteSensing:ApplicationandChallenges includesbroad coverageforearth’sobservation.Bylinkingtheentiresystem,thisbookisthe firsthandbookpromotingthesynergisticandmultidisciplinaryactivitiesinandchallengestothe earth’sobservationusingdifferenttypesofradargeometryandplatformsamongscientists anduserswhoworkinthe fieldofradarremotesensingfortheearth’sobservation.
Thebookwasmadepossiblebecauseofextensiveandvaluablecontributionsfrom interdisciplinaryexpertsfromacrosstheworldinthe fieldofradarremotesensingand applications.Thebookisdividedintofoursections,inwhichSectionIcontainsthebasics ofradarremotesensing,SectionIIdetailsconventionalmethodsforradarremotesensing,
SectionIIIprovidesadvancedmethodsforradarremotesensing,andSectionIVprovides futurechallengestoradarremotesensing.
Chapter1providesabriefoverviewofmicrowaveremotesensingandreviewsits differentapplications. Chapter2 providesessentialcomponentsofthemicrowavesystem thatarenecessarytodesignamicrowaveradarmeasurementsystem.Thesecondsection ofthebookcontainschaptersrelatedtooptical/infraredmethods. Chapter3 ofthis sectionprovidesthedetailsaboutdifferentradarbandsandconfigurationsusedforvarious applications. Chapter4 dealswithbasicphenomenaandparametersrelatedtowavepropagationandinteractionswithdistinctmediaandobjects.
SectionIIstartswith Chapter5,revealingthesignificanceofcomparingandanalyzing differentpolarizationsfor floodmappingandassessment. Chapter6 providestechniques foridentifyingsubsurfacefeaturesusingSARdata. Chapter7 discussesvariousradar remotesensingtechniquesthataidinmonitoringtheterrestrialwaterbudgetelements usingtheIntegratedMultisatelliteRetrievalsproductofGlobalPrecipitationMeasurementconstellationsatellites. Chapter8 ofthissectionprovidesanoverviewofSAR forforestmonitoringusingL-bandfrequency.In Chapter9,theauthorsprovidedetailed informationaboutmachinelearningtechniquesforSARimageclassification.InChapter 10,themodelingandretrievalofsoilsurfaceparametersbasedonmicrowaveremote sensingarediscussedusingSARdatasets.InChapter11,thefusionofSARdatawith opticaldatasetsisreviewedtostudythe floodsituationinaKopiliriverbasin.Chapter 12providesadetailedaccountofartificialintelligencetechniquessuchaskernel-based supportvectormachineandartificialneuralnetworksforaclassificationandperformance assessmentofLandsat-8andALOS-2PALSAR,whereasChapter13examinesthe effectivenessofvarious filteringmethodstosuppressspecklesindual-polarization Sentinel1ASARimages.
SectionIIIofthebookstartswithChapter14,whichprovidesanoverviewof differentconceptsandtechniquesrelatedtotargetcharacterizationusingSARremote sensing.Chapter15explainsthescatteringcharacteristicsofC-bandcircularlypolarized SAR.InChapter16,thecloudcomputingpotentialsoftheGoogleEarthEngineare demonstratedasaunifiedprocessingpipelineforwatercloudmodelinversion.Chapter 17exploresthepotentialofbackscatteringandfuzzylogicalgorithmstoretrievekidney beancropgrowthvariablesusingground-basedmultiangular,multitemporal,anddualpolarizedbistaticscatterometerdata.Chapter18reviewsstudiesthatusedtraditionaland time-seriesInSARtechniquestomappeatsubsidenceinthetropicalregion,whereas Chapter19providesstate-of-the-artsatelliteremotesensingforwetlandclassification.
SectionIVstartswith Chapter20,whichhighlightsvariouschallengesinvolvedinthe radarremotesensingofsoilmoisture. Chapter21 providesasystematicreviewofthe applications,challenges,andfuturerequirementsofSCATSAT-1overland-coverapplications.Thisstudyisessentialtounderstandvegetationdynamicswithactivemicrowave
sensorsandexplorethepotentialapplicationsofSCATSAT-1inemerging fields.Thelast chapterdealswiththechallengesandfutureprospectsofradarremotesensing.
Webelievethatthisbookmaybereadbypeoplewithacommoninterestinradar remotesensinginground-basedscatterometersandSARsystems,airbornescatterometers andSARsystems,andspacebornescatterometersandSARsystemsatdifferentfrequenciesandpolarizationswithmonostatic,bistatic,andmultistaticgeometry.This bookisalsousefulforreadersfromotherdiversebackgroundslikeearthandenvironmental,meteorologicalsciences,etc.
Lastbutnottheleast,theeditorsaregratefultoallcontributingauthorsandanonymousreviewersfortheirtime,talent,andenergiesandforadheringtoastricttimeline; andtothestaffatAcademicPress,Elsevier,fortheirpatienceandsupportthroughout.
LosAngeles,UnitedStates DaweiHan
Bristol,UnitedKingdom
RajendraPrasad Varanasi,India
PrashantK.Srivastava
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