https://ebookmass.com/product/metal-oxides-foroptoelectronics-and-optics-based-medical-applications-
Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) ready for you
Download now and discover formats that fit your needs...
Advances in Metal Oxides and Their Composites for Emerging Applications Sagar D. Delekar
https://ebookmass.com/product/advances-in-metal-oxides-and-theircomposites-for-emerging-applications-sagar-d-delekar/
ebookmass.com
Gallium Oxide: Technology, Devices and Applications (Metal Oxides) Stephen Pearton (Editor)
https://ebookmass.com/product/gallium-oxide-technology-devices-andapplications-metal-oxides-stephen-pearton-editor/
ebookmass.com
Metal Oxides for Non-volatile Memory: Materials, Technology and Applications Panagiotis Dimitrakis
https://ebookmass.com/product/metal-oxides-for-non-volatile-memorymaterials-technology-and-applications-panagiotis-dimitrakis/
ebookmass.com
CompTIA PenTest+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Second Edition (Exam PT0-002), 2nd Edition Heather Linn
https://ebookmass.com/product/comptia-pentest-certification-all-inone-exam-guide-second-edition-exam-pt0-002-2nd-edition-heather-linn/ ebookmass.com
Debating Pornography Andrew Altman https://ebookmass.com/product/debating-pornography-andrew-altman/
ebookmass.com
False Start (Vegas Aces: The Playbook Book 2) Lisa Suzanne
https://ebookmass.com/product/false-start-vegas-aces-the-playbookbook-2-lisa-suzanne/
ebookmass.com
The Donkey in Human History: An Archaeological Perspective
Peter Mitchell
https://ebookmass.com/product/the-donkey-in-human-history-anarchaeological-perspective-peter-mitchell/
ebookmass.com
Escape to the Islands Box Set Melissa Hill
https://ebookmass.com/product/escape-to-the-islands-box-set-melissahill/
ebookmass.com
The Skeptic and the Veridicalist: On the Difference Between Knowing What There Is and Knowing What Things Are Yuval
Avnur
https://ebookmass.com/product/the-skeptic-and-the-veridicalist-on-thedifference-between-knowing-what-there-is-and-knowing-what-things-areyuval-avnur-2/
ebookmass.com
https://ebookmass.com/product/citizen-fetus-the-changing-image-ofmotherhood-alessandra-piontelli/
ebookmass.com
TheMetalOxidesBookSeriesEditedbyGhenadiiKorotcenkov ForthcomingTitles l PalladiumOxidesMaterialProperties,SynthesisandProcessingMethods,andApplications,Alexander M.Samoylov,VasilyN.Popov,9780128192238
l MetalOxidesforNon-volatileMemory,PanagiotisDimitrakis,IliaValov,StefanTappertzhofen, 9780128146293
l MetalOxideNanostructuredPhosphors,H.Nagabhushana,DarukaPrasad,S.C.Sharma,9780128118528
l MultifunctionalPiezoelectricOxideNanostructures,Sang-JaeKim,NagamalleswaraRaoAlluri,Yuvasree Purusothaman,9780128193327
l TransparentConductiveOxides,MirelaPetrutaSuchea,PetronelaPascariu,EmmanouelKoudoumas, 9780128206317
l MetalOxide-CarbonHybridMaterials,MuhammadAkram,RafaqatHussain,FaheemKButt,9780128226940
l MetalOxide-basedheterostructures,NaveenKumar,BernabeMariSoucase,9780323852418
l MetalOxidesandRelatedSolidsforElectrocatalyticWaterSplitting,JunleiQi,9780323857352
l AdvancesinMetalOxidesandTheirCompositesforEmergingApplications,SagarDelekar,9780323857055
l MetallicGlassesandTheirOxidation,XinyunWang,MaoZhang,9780323909976
l SolutionMethodsforMetalOxideNanostructures,RajaramS.Mane,VijaykumarJadhav,AbdullahM.AlEnizi,9780128243534
l MetalOxideDefects,VijayKumar,SudiptaSom,VishalSharma,HendrikSwart,9780323855884
l RenewablePolymersandPolymer-MetalOxideComposites,SajjadHaider,AdnanHaider,9780323851558
l MetalOxidesforOptoelectronicsandOptics-basedMedicalApplications,SureshSagadevan,JibanPodder, FaruqMohammad,9780323858243
PublishedTitles l Metal-oxidesforBiomedicalandBiosensorApplications,KunalMondal,9780128230336
l NanostructuredZincOxide,KamlendraAwasthi,9780128189009
l Metaloxide-basednanofibersandtheirapplications,VincenzoEsposito,DeboraMarani,9780128206294
l GrapheneOxide-MetalOxideandOtherGrapheneOxide-BasedCompositesinPhotocatalysisand Electrocatalysis,JiaguoYu,LiuyangZhang,PanyongKuang,9780128245262
l MetalOxidesinNanocomposite-BasedElectrochemicalSensorsforToxicChemicals,AlagarsamyPandikumar,PerumalRameshkumar,9780128207277
l MetalOxide-BasedNanostructuredElectrocatalystsforFuelCells,Electrolyzers,andMetal-AirBatteries, TekoNapporn,YaoviHolade,9780128184967
l TitaniumDioxide(TiO2)andItsApplications,LeonardoPalmisano,FrancescoParrino,9780128199602
l SolutionProcessedMetalOxideThinFilmsforElectronicApplications,ZhengCui,9780128149300
l MetalOxidePowderTechnologies,YarubAl-Douri,9780128175057
l ColloidalMetalOxideNanoparticles,SabuThomas,AnuTresaSunny,PrajithaV,9780128133576
l CeriumOxide,SalvatoreScire,LeonardoPalmisano,9780128156612
l TinOxideMaterials,MarceloOrnaghiOrlandi,9780128159248
l MetalOxideGlassNanocomposites,SanjibBhattacharya,9780128174586
l GasSensorsBasedonConductingMetalOxides,NicolaeBarsan,KlausSchierbaum,9780128112243
l MetalOxidesinEnergyTechnologies,YupingWu,9780128111673
l MetalOxideNanostructures,DanielaNunes,LidiaSantos,AnaPimentel,PedroBarquinha,LuisPereira, ElviraFortunato,RodrigoMartins,9780128115121
l GalliumOxide,StephenPearton,FanRen,MichaelMastro,9780128145210
l MetalOxide-BasedPhotocatalysis,AdrianaZaleska-Medynska,9780128116340
l MetalOxidesinHeterogeneousCatalysis,JacquesC.Vedrine,9780128116319
l Magnetic,Ferroelectric,andMultiferroicMetalOxides,BiljanaStojanovic,9780128111802
l IronOxideNanoparticlesforBiomedicalApplications,SophieLaurent,MortezaMahmoudi,9780081019252
l TheFutureofSemiconductorOxidesinNext-GenerationSolarCells,MonicaLira-Cantu,9780128111659
l MetalOxide-BasedThinFilmStructures,NiniPryds,VincenzoEsposito,9780128111666
l MetalOxidesinSupercapacitors,DeepakDubal,PedroGomez-Romero,9780128111697
l TransitionMetalOxideThinFilm-BasedChromogenicsandDevices,PandurangAshrit,9780081018996
MetalOxidesfor Optoelectronics andOptics-Based MedicalApplications SeriesEditor GhenadiiKorotcenkov
Editedby
SureshSagadevan
Nanotechnology&CatalysisResearchCentre,University ofMalaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
JibanPodder
DepartmentofPhysics,BangladeshUniversityofEngineeringandTechnology(BUET),Dhaka,Bangladesh
FaruqMohammad
SurfactantsResearchChair,DepartmentofChemistry, CollegeofScience,KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia
Elsevier
Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
Copyright©2022ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem, withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformation aboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchasthe CopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatment maybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating andusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuch informationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,including partiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assume anyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligence orotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontained inthematerialherein.
ISBN:978-0-323-85824-3
ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteat https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher: MatthewDeans
AcquisitionsEditor: KaylaDosSantos
EditorialProjectManager: IsabellaC.Silva
ProductionProjectManager: SojanP.Pazhayattil
CoverDesigner: MilesHitchen
TypesetbySTRAIVE,India
YasminBintiAbdulWahab,MuhammadAsif,andSureshSagadevan
4Futureaspectsandapplications
4Metaloxide-basedopticalfibers(preparation,composition, composition-linkedproperties,physicalparameters,and theoreticalcalculations)73
ShahlaImteyaz 1Introduction
2Fabricationofopticalfibers
4Applicationsofopticalfiber
SectionBOptoelectronicandphotonicapplications95
5Metaloxide-basedLEDandLASER:Theoreticalconcepts, conventionaldevices,andLEDbasedonquantumdots97
WaqarAhmed,ShahidMehmood,NorAzwadiCheSidik, andSureshSagadevan 1Introduction
2Differentmetaloxidenanostructuresforlight-emittingdiodes (LEDs)andUVdetectors 99
3Metaloxide-basedLASERdiodes
4QuantumdotsusedforLEDs,LASERs, andconventionaldevices
6Metaloxide-basedphotodetectors(fromIRtoUV)117
ZhongMa,JingZhang,HanbaiLyu,XinyuPing,LijiaPan, andYiShi
1Introduction
2Basicmechanismofmetaloxide-basedphotodetection
3Fundamentalparametersofmetaloxide-basedphotodetectors
4Metaloxide-basedphotodetectors:Materialselection,devicedesign, andphotosensingperformances 121
5Biomedicalapplicationsofmetaloxide-basedphotodetectors
7Opticalandoptoelectronicmetaloxide-basedsensors; (opticalsensors,principle,computationalmodeling, andapplication-baseddevelopment)151
NurAmalinaSyahirahMohdIdris,ShamsuAbubakar, AhmedLateefKhalaf,Mohd.HanifYaacob,SureshSagadevan, andSuriatiPaiman
8Passiveoptoelectronicelements165
MarlindaAbRahman,NoorAzrinaTalik,MohdArifMohdSarjidan, andGregorySoonHowThien
1Introductiontothefundamentalsofpassiveoptoelectronics
9Metaloxidephotoniccrystalsandtheirapplication (designing,properties,andapplications)191 TanvirArfin,VinodKumarAlam,andPareshkumarG.Moradeeya
10Heavymetaloxideglassesandtheiroptoelectronicapplications (infraredtransmission,luminescence,nonlinearoptical susceptibilities,etc.)205
S.Mahalakshmi,J.Mayandi,SureshSagadevan,P.Vajeeston, andV.Venkatachalapathy
1Introduction
2Opticalpropertiesofrare-earthion-dopedbismuthandlead-containingborateglasses
3Opticalpropertiesandapplicationsoflead(II)
11Integratedoptoelectronics241
SureshSagadevan,J.AnitaLett,IsFatimah,SuriatiPaiman, JibanPodder,andMohd.RafieJohan
2Electroopticalphenomena
12Metaloxide-basedfibertechnologyinthepharmaceutical andmedicalchemistry259
LakshmipathyMuthukrishnan,SureshSagadevan, andM.A.MotalibHossain
13Metaloxide-involvedphotocatalytictechnologyincosmetics andbeautyproducts301 IbrahimB.Bwatanglang,PrasannaKumarObulapuram, FaruqMohammad,AieshaN.Albalawi,MurthyChavali, HamadA.Al-Lohedan,andTomaIbrahim
KamrunNaharFatemaandWon-ChunOh
Contributors MarlindaAbRahman Nanotechnology&CatalysisResearchCentre,Universityof Malaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
YasminBintiAbdulWahab Nanotechnology&CatalysisResearchCentre, UniversityofMalaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
ShamsuAbubakar DepartmentofPhysics,FacultyofScience,UniversitiPutra Malaysia,Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia
WaqarAhmed InstituteforAdvancedStudies,UniversityofMalaya;Takasago i-Kohza,Malaysia-JapanInternationalInstituteofTechnology,UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
VinodKumarAlam CSIR-NationalEnvironmentalEngineeringResearchInstitute (CSIR-NEERI),HyderabadZonalCentre,Hyderabad,Telangana,India
AieshaN.Albalawi HaqlCollege,UniversityofTabuk,Tabuk,Kingdomof SaudiArabia
HamadA.Al-Lohedan SurfactantsResearchChair,DepartmentofChemistry, CollegeofScience,KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,SaudiArabia
TanvirArfin CSIR-NationalEnvironmentalEngineeringResearchInstitute (CSIR-NEERI),HyderabadZonalCentre,Hyderabad,Telangana,India
MuhammadAsif NationalUniversityofSciencesandTechnology(NUST), Islamabad,Pakistan
MuhammadAzhar NationalUniversityofSciencesandTechnology(NUST), Islamabad,Pakistan
IbrahimB.Bwatanglang DepartmentofPureandAppliedChemistry,Facultyof Science,AdamawaStateUniversityMubi,Mubi,Nigeria
MurthyChavali ShreeVelagapudiRamakrishnaMemorialCollege(SVRMC-PG Studies),Guntur,AndhraPradesh,India
KamrunNaharFatema DepartmentofAdvancedMaterialsScience&Engineering, HanseoUniversity,Seosan-si,Chungnam,Korea
IsFatimah DepartmentofChemistry,FacultyofMathematicsandNaturalSciences, UniversitasIslamIndonesia,Yogyakarta,Indonesia
M.A.MotalibHossain Nanotechnology&CatalysisResearchCentre,Universityof Malaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
TomaIbrahim DepartmentofBiochemistry,FacultyofScience,AdamawaState UniversityMubi,Mubi,Nigeria
NurAmalinaSyahirahMohdIdris DepartmentofPhysics,FacultyofScience, UniversitiPutraMalaysia,Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia
ShahlaImteyaz DepartmentofChemistry,AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh,India
VictorienJeux UniversitedetechnologiedeCompie ` gne,ESCOM,TIMR(Integrated TransformationsofRenewableMatter),CentrederechercheRoyallieu—CS, Compie ` gneCedex,France
Mohd.RafieJohan Nanotechnology&CatalysisResearchCentre,Universityof Malaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
AhmedLateefKhalaf DepartmentofComputerEngineeringTechniques, Al-Ma’moonUniversityCollege,Baghdad,Iraq
EstelleLeonard UniversitedetechnologiedeCompie ` gne,ESCOM,TIMR (IntegratedTransformationsofRenewableMatter),CentrederechercheRoyallieu— CS,Compie ` gneCedex,France
J.AnitaLett DepartmentofPhysics,SathyabamaInstituteofScienceand Technology,Chennai,TamilNadu,India
HanbaiLyu PhysicsDepartment,YaleUniversity,NewHaven,CT,UnitedStates
ZhongMa CollaborativeInnovationCenterofAdvancedMicrostructures,Schoolof ElectronicScienceandEngineering,NanjingUniversity,Nanjing,China
S.Mahalakshmi DepartmentofPhysics,R.D.Govt.ArtsCollege,Alagappa University,Karaikudi,TamilNadu,India
J.Mayandi DepartmentofMaterialScience,SchoolofChemistry,MaduraiKamaraj University,Madurai,TamilNadu,India
ShahidMehmood MicroNanosystemCentre,SchoolofInformationScienceand Technology,FudanUniversity,Shanghai,China
FaruqMohammad SurfactantsResearchChair,DepartmentofChemistry,College ofScience,KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,SaudiArabia
MohdArifMohdSarjidan LowDimensionalMaterialsResearchCentre, DepartmentofPhysics,FacultyofScience,UniversityofMalaya,KualaLumpur, Malaysia
PareshkumarG.Moradeeya CSIR-NationalEnvironmentalEngineeringResearch Institute(CSIR-NEERI),HyderabadZonalCentre,Hyderabad,Telangana,India
LakshmipathyMuthukrishnan DepartmentofConservativeDentistry& Endodontics,SaveethaDentalCollege&Hospitals,SaveethaInstituteofMedicaland TechnicalSciences,Chennai,TamilNadu,India
MuhammadNihalNaseer NationalUniversityofSciencesandTechnology(NUST), Islamabad,Pakistan;DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,CollegeofEngineering, SeoulNationalUniversity,Seoul,RepublicofKorea
PrasannaKumarObulapuram WitsAdvancedDrugDeliveryPlatformResearch Unit,DepartmentofPharmacyandPharmacology,SchoolofTherapeuticSciences, FacultyofHealthSciences,UniversityoftheWitwatersrand,Johannesburg,South Africa
Won-ChunOh DepartmentofAdvancedMaterialsScience&Engineering,Hanseo University,Seosan-si,Chungnam,Korea;AnhuiInternationalJointResearchCenter forNanoCarbon-basedMaterialsandEnvironmentalHealth,CollegeofMaterials ScienceandEngineering,AnhuiUniversityofScience&Technology,Huainan, PRChina
PakornOpaprakasit SchoolofBio-ChemicalEngineeringandTechnology, SirindhornInternationalInstituteofTechnology(SIIT),ThammasatUniversity, PathumThani,Thailand
SuriatiPaiman DepartmentofPhysics,FacultyofScience;Functional NanotechnologyDevicesLaboratory(FNDL),InstituteofNanoscienceand Nanotechnology,UniversitiPutraMalaysia,Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia
LijiaPan CollaborativeInnovationCenterofAdvancedMicrostructures,Schoolof ElectronicScienceandEngineering,NanjingUniversity,Nanjing,China
XinyuPing SchoolofArtsandSciences,UniversityofPennsylvania,Philadelphia, PA,UnitedStates
JibanPodder DepartmentofPhysics,BangladeshUniversityofEngineeringand Technology(BUET),Dhaka,Bangladesh
SureshSagadevan Nanotechnology&CatalysisResearchCentre,Universityof Malaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
K.TamizhSelvi DepartmentofPhysics,VelTechHighTechDr.Rangarajan Dr.SakunthalaEngineeringCollege,Chennai,India
MehmoodShahid CenterofMicro-NanoSystem,SchoolofInformationScienceand Technology,FudanUniversity,Shanghai,China;SchoolofBio-Chemical EngineeringandTechnology,SirindhornInternationalInstituteofTechnology (SIIT),ThammasatUniversity,PathumThani,Thailand
YiShi CollaborativeInnovationCenterofAdvancedMicrostructures,Schoolof ElectronicScienceandEngineering,NanjingUniversity,Nanjing,China
NorAzwadiCheSidik Takasagoi-Kohza,Malaysia-JapanInternationalInstituteof Technology,UniversitiTeknologiMalaysia,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
NoorAzrinaTalik LowDimensionalMaterialsResearchCentre,Departmentof Physics,FacultyofScience,UniversityofMalaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
GregorySoonHowThien LowDimensionalMaterialsResearchCentre,Department ofPhysics,FacultyofScience,UniversityofMalaya,KualaLumpur;Centrefor AdvancedDevicesandSystems,FacultyofEngineering,MultimediaUniversity, Selangor,Malaysia
P.Vajeeston CentreforMaterialsScienceandNanotechnologyChemistry, DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofOslo,Oslo,Norway
V.Venkatachalapathy DepartmentofPhysics/CentreforMaterialsScienceand Nanotechnology,UniversityofOslo,Oslo,Norway;DepartmentofMaterials Science,NationalResearchNuclearUniversity,Moscow,RussianFederation
Mohd.HanifYaacob WirelessandPhotonicsNetworkResearchCentre,Engineering andTechnologyComplex,UniversitiPutraMalaysia,Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia
AsadA.Zaidi DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FacultyofEngineering ScienceandTechnology,HamdardUniversity,Madinatal-Hikmah,Hakim MohammadSaidRoad,Karachi,Pakistan
YiqiangZhan CenterofMicro-NanoSystem,SchoolofInformationScienceand Technology,FudanUniversity,Shanghai,China
JingZhang CollaborativeInnovationCenterofAdvancedMicrostructures,Schoolof ElectronicScienceandEngineering,NanjingUniversity,Nanjing,China
Serieseditorbiography GhenadiiKorotcenkov receivedhisPhDinPhysicsandTechnologyofSemiconductorMaterials andDevicesin1976andhisDoctorofScience Degree(DoctorHabilitate)inPhysicsofSemiconductorsandDielectricsin1990.Hehasmore than45yearsofexperienceasateacherandscientificresearcher.Foralongtimehewasaleaderof thegassensorgroupandmanagerofvarious nationalandinternationalscientificandengineeringprojectscarriedoutintheLaboratoryof Micro-andOptoelectronics,TechnicalUniversity ofMoldova,Chisinau,Moldova.Hisresearchhas receivedfinancialsupportfrominternational foundationsandprogramssuchastheCRDF, theMRDA,theICTP,theINTAS,theINCO-COPERNICUS,theCOST,andNATO. From2007to2008,hewasaninvitedscientistattheKoreaInstituteofEnergy Research(Daejeon);followingwhich,until2017,Dr.Korotcenkovwasaresearch professorintheSchoolofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringatGwangjuInstitute ofScienceandTechnology(GIST)inKorea.Currently,Dr.Korotcenkovisachief scientificresearcheratMoldovaStateUniversity,Chisinau,Moldova.
SpecialistsfromtheformerSovietUnionknowG.Korotcenkov’sresearchresults inthefieldofstudyofSchottkybarriers,MOSstructures,nativeoxides,andphotoreceiversonthebasisofIII–VscompoundssuchasInP,GaP,AlGaAs,andInGaAs. Hispresentscientificinterests,startingfrom1995,includematerialsscience,focusing onmetaloxidefilmdepositionandcharacterization(In2O3,SnO2,TiO2),surfacescience,thermoelectricconversion,anddesignofphysicalandchemicalsensors,includingthinfilmgassensors.
Dr.Korotcenkovistheauthororeditorof45booksandspecialissues,includingthe 11-volume“ChemicalSensors”seriespublishedbyMomentumPress,15-volume “ChemicalSensors”seriespublishedbyHarbinInstituteofTechnologyPress,China, three-volume“PorousSilicon:FromFormationtoApplication”issuepublishedby CRCPress,two-volume“HandbookofGasSensorMaterials”publishedbySpringer, three-volume“HandbookofHumidityMeasurements”publishedbyCRCPress,and sixproceedingsofinternationalconferencespublishedbyTransTechPubl.,Elsevier, andEDPSciences.Currentlyheisaserieseditorofthe“MetalOxides”bookseries
publishedbyElsevier.Sinceitsinceptionin2017,morethan24volumeshavealready beenpublishedwithintheframeworkofthatseries.
Dr.Korotcenkovisauthorandcoauthorofmorethan650scientificpublications including31reviewpapers,38bookchapters,andmorethan200peer-reviewedarticlespublishedinscientificjournals(h-factor ¼ 41(WebofScience),h ¼ 43(Scopus), andh ¼ 57(Googlescholarcitation)),andisaholderof17patents.Hehasalsopresentedmorethan250reportstonationalandinternationalconferences,including17 invitedtalks.G.Korotcenkov,asacochairmanoramemberofprogram,scientific, andsteeringcommittees,hasparticipatedintheorganizationofmorethan30internationalscientificconferences.Dr.Korotcenkovisamemberofeditorialboardsin fivescientificinternationaljournals.Hisnameandactivitieshavebeenlistedbymany biographicalpublicationsincludingWho’sWho.Hisresearchactivitieshavebeen honoredbytheHonoraryDiplomaoftheGovernmentoftheRepublicofMoldova (2020),anAwardoftheAcademyofSciencesofMoldova(2019),anAwardof theSupremeCouncilofScienceandAdvancedTechnologyoftheRepublicofMoldova(2004),thePrizeofthePresidentsoftheUkrainian,Belarus,andMoldovan AcademiesofSciences(2003),SeniorResearchExcellenceAwardoftheTechnical UniversityofMoldova(2001;2003;2005),andtheNationalYouthPrizeofthe RepublicofMoldovaintheFieldofScienceandTechnology(1980),amongothers. Dr.KorotcenkovhasalsoreceivedfellowshipsfromtheInternationalResearch ExchangeBoard(IREX,UnitedStates,1998),BrainKorea21Program(2008–2012),andBrainPoolProgram(Korea,2007–2008and2015–2017).
https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId¼6701490962 https://publons.com/researcher/1490013/ghenadii-korotcenkov/ https://scholar.google.com/citations?user¼XR3RNhAAAAAJ&hl https://www.researchgate.net/profile/G_Korotcenkov
Prefacetotheseries Thefieldofsynthesis,study,andapplicationofmetaloxidesisoneofthemostrapidly progressingareasofscienceandtechnology.MetaloxidesareoneofthemostubiquitouscompoundgroupsonEarth,andhaveawidevarietyofchemicalcompositions, atomicstructures,andcrystallineshapes.Inaddition,metaloxidesareknownto possessuniquefunctionalitiesthatareabsentorinferiorinothersolidmaterials.In particular,metaloxidesrepresentavariedandappealingclassofmaterialsthatexhibit afullspectrumofelectronicproperties—frominsulatingtosemiconducting,metallic, andsuperconducting.Moreover,almostalltheknowneffects,includingsuperconductivity,thermoelectriceffects,photoelectricaleffects,luminescence,andmagnetism canbeobservedinmetaloxides.Therefore,metaloxideshaveemergedasanimportantclassofmultifunctionalmaterialswitharichcollectionofpropertiesthathave greatpotentialfornumerousdeviceapplications.
Specificproperties,suchasthewidevarietyofmaterialswithdifferent electrophysical,optical,andchemicalcharacteristics,theirhighthermalandtemporal stability,andtheirabilitytofunctioninharshenvironments,makemetaloxideshighly suitablematerialsfordesigningtransparentelectrodes,high-mobilitytransistors,gas sensors,actuators,acousticaltransducers,photovoltaicandphotonicdevices,photoandheterogeneouscatalysts,solid-statecoolers,high-frequencyandmicromechanical devices,energy-harvestingandstoragedevices,nonvolatilememorydevices,and manyotherapplicationsintheelectronics,energy,andhealthsectors.Inthesedevices, metaloxidescanbesuccessfullyusedassensingoractivelayers,substrates,electrodes,promoters,structuremodifiers,membranes,andfibers,i.e.,canbeusedasboth activeandpassivecomponents.
Amongotheradvantagesofmetaloxidesarethelowfabricationcostandrobustnessinpracticalapplications.Furthermore,metaloxidescanbepreparedinvarious forms,suchasceramics,thickfilms,andthinfilms.Furthermore,thinfilmdeposition techniquescanbeusedformetaloxidesthatarecompatiblewithstandardmicroelectronictechnology.Thislastfactorisveryimportantforlarge-scaleproduction, becausethemicroelectronicapproachpromoteslowcostformassproduction,offers thepossibilityofmanufacturingdevicesonachip,andguaranteesgoodreproducibility.Variousmetaloxidenanostructures,includingnanowires,nanotubes,nanofibers, core-shellstructures,andhollownanostructurescanalsobesynthesized.Asaconsequence,thefieldofmetaloxidenanostructuredmorphologies(e.g.,nanowires, nanorods,nanotubes,etc.)hasbecomeoneofthemostactiveresearchareaswithin thenanosciencecommunity.
Theabilitytocreateavarietyofmetaloxide-basedcompositesandtheabilityto synthesizevariousmulticomponentcompoundssignificantlyexpandstherangeof propertiesthatmetaloxide-basedmaterialscanhave,makingmetaloxidesatruly
versatilemultifunctionalmaterialforwidespreaduse.Itisknownthatsmallchanges intheirchemicalcompositionandatomicstructurecanbeaccompaniedbyspectacularvariationinthepropertiesandbehaviorofmetaloxides;andevennow,advances insynthesizingandcharacterizingtechniquesarerevealingnumerousnewfunctions ofmetaloxides.
Takingintoaccounttheimportanceofmetaloxidesforprogressinmicroelectronics,optoelectronics,photonics,energyconversion,sensors,andcatalysis,alarge andvariedrangeofbooksdevotedtothisclassofmaterialshavebeenpublished.However,oneshouldnotethatsomebooksfromthislistaretoogeneral,somebooksare collectionsofvariousoriginalworkswithoutanygeneralizations,andotheroneswere publishedmanyyearsago.Nonetheless,duringthepastdecadegreatprogresshas beenmadeonthesynthesisaswellasonthestructural,physical,chemicalcharacterization,andapplicationofmetaloxidesinvariousdevices,andalargenumberof papershavebeenpublishedonmetaloxides.Inaddition,untilnow,manyimportant topicsrelatedtometaloxides’studyandapplicationhadnotbeendiscussed.Toremedythissituation,wedecidedtogeneralizeandsystematizetheresultsofresearchin thisfieldandtopublishaseriesofbooksdevotedtometaloxides.
Oneshouldnotethattheproposedbookseries“MetalOxides”isthefirstone devotedsolelytoconsiderationofmetaloxides.Webelievethatcombiningbooks onmetaloxidesinaseriescouldhelpreadersinfindingrequiredinformationon thesubject.Inparticular,weintendthatthebooksfromourseries,whichhavea clearspecializationofcontent,willprovideinterdisciplinarydiscussionforvarious oxidematerialswithawiderangeoftopics,frommaterialsynthesisanddeposition tocharacterizations,processing,andtodevicefabricationsandapplications.This seriesofbooksispreparedbyateamofhighlyqualifiedexperts,whichguarantees itahighdegreeofquality.
Ihopethatourbookswillbebothusefulandeasytouse.Iwouldalsoliketohope thatreaderswillconsiderthis“MetalOxides”seriestobelikeanencyclopediaof metaloxidesthatenablesthemtounderstandthepresentstatusofmetaloxides,to estimatetheroleofmultifunctionalmetaloxidesindesignofadvanceddevices, andthen,basedonobservedknowledge,toformulatenewgoalsforfurtherresearch.
Theintendedaudienceofthepresentseriesisscientistsandresearchersworkingor planningtoworkinthefieldofmaterialsrelatedtometaloxides,i.e.,scientistsand researcherswhoseactivitiesarerelatedtoelectronics,optoelectronics,energy,catalysis,sensors,electricalengineering,ceramics,biomedicaldesigns,etc.Ibelievethat this“MetalOxides”serieswillalsobeinterestingforpracticingengineersorproject managersinindustriesandnationallaboratories,whowouldliketodesignmetal oxide-baseddevices,butdon’tknowhowtodoit,orhowtoselectoptimalmetal oxidesforspecificapplications.Withmanyreferencestothevastresourceofrecently publishedliteratureonthesubject,thisserieswillserveasasignificantandinsightful sourceofvaluableinformation,providingscientistsandengineerswithnewinsights forunderstandingandimprovingexistingmetaloxide-baseddevicesandfordesigningnewmetaloxide-basedmaterialswithnovelandunexpectedproperties.
Ibelievethatthis“MetalOxides”seriesofbookswillbeveryhelpfulforuniversity students,postdocs,andprofessors.Thestructureofthesebooksoffersabasisfor
coursesinthefieldofmaterialsciences,chemicalengineering,electronics,electrical engineering,optoelectronics,energytechnologies,environmentalcontrol,andmany others.Graduatestudentsshouldalsofindthebookseriestobeveryusefulintheir researchandinunderstandingfeaturesofmetaloxidessynthesis,study,andtheapplicationofthismultifunctionalmaterialinvariousdevices.Wearesurethatallofthe abovewillfindinformationusefulfortheiractivities.
Finally,Ithankallcontributingauthorsandeditorswhohavebeeninvolvedinthe creationofthesebooks.Iamthankfulthattheyagreedtoparticipateinthisproject andfortheireffortsinthepreparationofthesebooks.Withouttheirparticipation,this projectwouldnothavebeenpossible.IalsoexpressmygratitudetoElsevierforgiving ustheopportunitytopublishthisseries.Iespeciallythankthewholeeditorialteamat Elsevierfortheirpatienceduringthedevelopmentofthisprojectandforencouraging usduringthevariousstagesofpreparation.
GhenadiiKorotcenkov
Preface Metaloxides(MOs)arethemostprofusestablematerialsfoundintheearth’scrust. Whencomparedtoconventionalsemiconductormaterialssuchassiliconandother III–Vgroupcompounds,thepropertiesofferedbyMOsarecompletelydifferent, includingthematerialsynthesisprocess,electronicandchargetransportmechanisms, presenceofcrystaldefects,fabricationofthinfilms,andoptoelectronicproperties. Also,theyarerelativelyinexpensive,robust,lightweight,long-lasting,andbenefit fromhighmaterialsensitivityandquickresponsetimes.ThusMOsareutilizedin avarietyofrolesasindustrialalternatives.
However,thelackofbasicinformation,includingthesynthesisprocessandthe mechanismthatleadstotheirapplicationandefficiencycontrol,isamajorbottleneck forpracticality.Thereforethisbookprovidesrecentinnovativeinformationabout MOsandtheirmechanisticrolesinoptoelectronicandphotoluminescenceapplications.Thebookisalsoaimedatpresentingresearcharticlesandcomprehensive reviewstoimproveoptoelectronicefficiency.Emphasisisplacedontheprinciples andtechniquesfromsynthesischemistrytoservefieldssuchasintegrativeoptoelectronics,photoniccrystals,nonlinearphotonics,opticalfiber,bionanotechnologies, biomedicine,andothers.AnefficientsynthesisprocedurecanimproveMOphysical propertiesandreflectedsurfacechemicalchangescanaffectperformanceinvarious deviceslikelight-emittingdiodes,luminescencematerials,solarcells,biomedical probes,andothers,sothesetopicsarecoveredaswell.Further,becauseofthecomparativedevelopmentofMOstoenhanceapplicabilityinvarioussectors,thechallengesassociatedwiththehandlingandmaintenanceofMOcrystallineproperties andn-andp-typeinteractionsintheconductionbandsarealsodiscussed.Webelieve thatthisinformationwillservethoselookingtolearnmoreaboutthemanufactureof MOsasacheaperandmoreeffectivematerialinthefieldsofelectronics,photonics, biomedical,andengineering.
MO-basedcompositesarealsoextremelyimportantmaterialsfrombothascientificaswellasatechnologicalviewpoint,duetotheuniquefunctionalitiesoffered bysolid-statematerials.TheMOsbelongtoanassortedandappealingclassofmaterialsinwhichtheirpropertiesexhibitafullspectrumofelectronic,structural,elastic, optical,thermal,biocompatible,andotherproperties,frominsulatingtosemiconducting,metallics,andsuperconducting.Moreover,thesematerialscanrecognize phenomenaofsuperconductivity,thermoelectriceffects,photoelectricaleffects,luminescence,andmagnetism,givingthemaneminentimportanceamongmultifunctional materialswiththeirrichcollectionofpropertieshavingstrongpotentialfornumerous deviceapplications.BasedonthepotentialrolesandadvantagesofMOs,thisbookis expectedtoserveasavitalresourceforbothprofessionalsfromindustryandacademiciansworkingintheareasofopticaldevices,lighting,displayandimaging
technologies,biomedicaldevices,andsensors.Foracademiciansinparticular,this bookcanhelpindevelopingcoursesandresearchtopicslinkedtophotonics, nanosciences,luminescence,bioimaging,andopticalmaterials.Thebookcontains 15chapterscoveringalltheareasmentionedhere,andthecontributorsarefrom diversefieldsaroundtheglobe.Thecoverageofthetopicsisdesignedinsucha waythatthereaders/subjectspecialistscaneasilyfindthediscussionsrelatedtointerdisciplinaryfieldsofoxidematerialswithawiderangeoftopics,frommaterialsynthesisanddepositiontocharacterizations,processing,anddevicefabricationand applications.
Thisbookiseditedbyateamofhighlyqualifiedexperts,guaranteeingitshigh quality.Wethankalltheauthorsfortheirvaluablecontributions,aswithouttheirsupport,ourbookideawouldnothavebecomeareality.Wealsoexpressgratitudeto Elsevierforgivingustheopportunitytoworkonthisbookseries.
SectionA Technologyandproperties Metaloxidesforoptoelectronic andphotonicapplications:A generalintroduction 1 MehmoodShahid a,b,SureshSagadevanc,WaqarAhmed d,YiqiangZhana,and PakornOpaprakasit b aCenterofMicro-NanoSystem,SchoolofInformationScienceandTechnology,Fudan University,Shanghai,China, bSchoolofBio-ChemicalEngineeringandTechnology, SirindhornInternationalInstituteofTechnology(SIIT),ThammasatUniversity, PathumThani,Thailand, cNanotechnology&CatalysisResearchCentre,Universityof Malaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia, dInstituteforAdvancedStudies,UniversityofMalaya, KualaLumpur,Malaysia
1Introduction Metaloxidesarecrystallinesolidsthatcontainametalcationandanoxideanion.They typicallyreactwithwatertoformbasesorwithacidstoformsalts.Mostoftheoxides areformedinsoil;theseoxidemineralsaretypicallycomposedofoxides,hydroxides, oxyhydroxides,andhydratedoxides [1].Metaloxides(MOs)areafascinatingclassof compoundswithdiversepropertiesthatcovervariousaspectsofmaterialsscience, physics,andchemistry [2,3].MOsinbulkorintheformofthinfilms,oras nanostructures,behaveinahighlydiversemannerandexhibitavarietyoffunctional properties,whichenablethemtostandoutasidealcandidatesforvarioustechnologicalapplications,suchasinoptoelectronicdevices,passiveopticaldevices,catalysis, andsolarcells,forenvironmentalapplications,andasgassensors [1].Metalelements canformalargevarietyofoxidecompounds.Theseelementscanbesynthesizedwith diversestructuralgeometriesandwithadifferentelectronicstructurethatcanexhibit metallic,semiconductor,orinsulatorcharacteristics.Inthefieldoftechnological applications,MOsareemployedinfabricatingmicroelectroniccircuits,optoelectronics,piezoelectricdevices,andcatalysts.MOsbehavedifferentlyatthenanoscale,and, whencomparedtotheirbulkcounterparts,theyexhibitdifferentphysical,chemical, optical,andelectronicpropertiesatthenanoscaleduetotheavailabilityofmore surfaceatomsthaninterioratomsandquantumconfinement,whentakingpartin anyreaction.Therefore,thepracticalapplicationsofMOsdependupontheirpropertiessuchasshape,size,surfacearea,crystallinity,conductivity,andphotocatalytic activity [4,5].
Photo-dependentdevicesandapplicationsrelyonmaterialswithahighrefractive index.Therefractiveindex(n > 3)contrastbetweenaphotonicstructureandthesurroundingmediumenablesthesynthesizedmaterialtobecomeapromisingcandidate
