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INDUSTRIALAPPLICATIONSOF NANOCRYSTALS Thispageintentionallyleftblank
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF NANOCRYSTALS Editedby SHADPOUR
MALLAKPOUR
OrganicPolymerChemistryResearchLaboratory, DepartmentofChemistry,IsfahanUniversityofTechnology,Isfahan, IslamicRepublicofIran
CHAUDHERY MUSTANSAR HUSSAIN
DepartmentofChemistryandEnvironmentalScience, NewJerseyInstituteofTechnology, Newark,NJ,UnitedStates
Elsevier
Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
Copyright © 2022ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
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ISBN:978-0-12-824024-3
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Publisher: MatthewDeans
AcquisitionsEditor: EdwardPayne
EditorialProjectManager: JohnLeonard
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CoverDesigner: MilesHitchen
TypesetbyTNQTechnologies
Dedication DedicationbyC.M.Hussain
Iwouldliketodedicatethishandbookto MybelovedGOD “MerayPyareyAllah(SWT)”
DedicationbyS.Mallakpour
Iwouldliketodedicatethishandbookto MywifeMina MysonIman MydaughtersAdelehandFereshteh MygranddaughterTermeh
Thispageintentionallyleftblank
Contents Contributorsxiii
Abouttheeditorsxvii
Prefacexix
Acknowledgmentsxxi
SectionI Nanomanufacturing:large-scale synthesisofnanocrystals
1.Photoniccrystal fibersforvarious sensingapplications
MuruganSenthilManiRajan
1.Introductiontophotoniccrystal fiber3 References19
2.Anoverviewofnanomaterial-enhanced miniaturized/microfluidicdevicesfor electrochemicalsensing
KhairunnisaAmreenandSanketGoel
1.Introduction23
2.Synthesisofnanomaterials24
3.Nanomaterial-basedelectrochemical sensing25
4.Microfluidic/miniaturizeddevice fabrication26
5.Nanomaterial-enhancedmicrofluidic/miniaturized devicesforelectrochemicalsensing27
6.Conclusionsandoutlook34
Acknowledgments34 References34
3.Approachesforsynthesisofnanocrytals: anoverview
GitaRaniandAnuBala
1.Introduction43
2.Top-downapproaches44
3.Bottom-upapproaches46
4.Combinationapproaches48
5.Discussion50
Listofabbreviations50 References50
4.Greensynthesizednano-functionalized material
SuganthiNachimuthu,S.Thangavel,andKarthikKannan
1.Introduction53
2.Basicmechanismofgreensynthesis54
3.Variousmethodsforgreensynthesis55
4.Factorsaffectinggreensynthesis57
5.Applicationofgreensynthesizednanofunctionalizedmaterial59
6.Conclusionsandfutureoutlook66 References66
5.Biologicalandchemicalimpactof nanocellulose:currentunderstanding PragneshN.DaveandShaliniChaturvedi
1.Historyofnanocellulose71
2.Nanocellulose:descriptions,use,and applications71
3.Summary76 References77
SectionII Pharmaceuticalindustry 6.Recenttrendsinnanocrystalsfor pharmaceuticalapplications PandeyAnnuandAyushiSinghal
1.Introduction81
2.Productiontechnology83
3.Characteristicsofdrugnanocrystals85
4.Stabilization87
5.Fateinenvironment92
6.Futureprospects93 References94
7.Drugnanocrystals:emergingtrendsin pharmaceuticalindustries
S.WazedAliandVeerenderSharma
1.Introduction97
2.Differenttechniquesforpreparationofdrug nanocrystals98
3.Characterizationandanalysisofdrugnanocrystal suspensions102
4.Conclusionsandfutureperspectives113 References113
SectionIII Biomedicalindustry 8.Colloidalasnanocrystalsforbiomedical applications
RakeshKumar,AnikaParmar,YanchenDolma,VaneetKumar, Saruchi,andNareshKumarDhiman
1.Introduction119
2.Biomedicalapplicationsofcolloidal nanocrystals123
3.Conclusion129 References130
SectionIV Environmentalindustry 9.EnvironmentalapplicationsofMnO2 nanocrystalsandtheirderivatives:fromlab toreal-timeutilization
ShadpourMallakpour,MinaNaghdi,and ChaudheryMustansarHussain
1.Introduction135
2.Environmentalapplications136
3.Toxicologiceffects146
4.Conclusionandperspective147 Acknowledgments147 References147
SectionV Drugdelivery 10.Drugnanocrystalsasdrugdelivery systems
ShashiKiranMisraandKamlaPathak
1.Introduction153
2.Challenges172
3.Conclusion173 References173
11.Drugnanocrystalsasnanocarrier-based drugdeliverysystems
SonikaArti,MonikaBharti,VaneetKumar,Saruchi,Vikrant Rehani,andJitenderDhiman
1.Introduction179
2.Roleofnanoparticlesindrugdelivery180
3.Nanocrystalsasdrugnanocarriers181
4.Physicalandchemicalpropertiesof nanocrystals183
5.Methodofpreparationofdrug nanosuspension186
6.Applicationsofnanocrystalsindrug delivery192
7.Conclusion198 References199
12.Goldnanocarriersintumordiagnosis, imaging,drugdelivery,andtherapy
VinithaRani,JayachandranVenkatesan,andAshwiniPrabhu
1.Introduction205
2.Physicochemicalandopticalpropertiesofgold nanocarriers206
3.Synthesisandcharacterizationofgold nanocarriers207
4.Typesofgoldnanocarriersandtheirroleintumor diagnosisandimaging208
5.Roleofgoldnanocarriersindrugdeliveryand targetedtherapy210
6.Mechanismsandsignalingpathwaysinvolvedin goldcarrier-mediateddrugdelivery211
7.Challengesinclinicaltranslationofgold nanocarriersaseffi cientmoleculesinimagingand drugdelivery212
8.Conclusionandfutureperspectives213 References213
SectionVI Catalysis 13.Zincoxide-decoratedgrapheneoxide nanocompositesforindustrialvolatile organiccompoundchemicalsensor applications
SantoshSinghGoliaandManjuArora
1.Introduction219
2.AirqualitystandardsinIndia221
3.Importanceofproblem222
4.Synthesisandmeasurements222
5.CharacterizationofZnOnanoparticles,graphene oxide,andZnO grapheneoxide nanocomposites228
6.VolatileorganiccompounddetectionwithZnO grapheneoxidenanocomposite-based sensor238
References244
14.Shape-controlledsynthesisofaqueousbasedmetallicnanocrystalsandtheir catalyticapplications
OladotunPaulBolade,UgochukwuEwuzie,ChikaodiliE. Chukwuneke,andVictoriaAdams
1.Introduction251
2.Understandingmetalnanocrystalformationin solution252
3.Monometallicnanocrystals253
4.Binarynanocrystals255
5.Advancesinmorphologicalcharacterizationof greennanocrystals258
6.Catalyticapplicationsofnanocrystals263
7.Challengesandfutureperspectives267
8.Conclusion267
References268
15.Sustainablecatalysisofnanocrystals: Agreentechnology
RajmohanRangasamy,KannappanLakshmi,andKaruppiahMuthu
1.Introduction275
2.Couplingreactions277
3.Oxidationreactions286
4.Reduction/hydrogenationreaction293
5.Nanocrystalsinphotocatalysis303 References308
SectionVII Antibacterialandantifungalcoatings
16.Applicationofnanocrystalsas antimicrobials
N.Vigneshwaran,A.Arputharaj,N.M.Ashtaputre,and CharleneD’ Souza
1.Introduction315
2.Nanomaterialsandtheirmodeof action316
3.Nano-silver318
4.Nano-copper321
5.Metaloxidenanoparticles323
6.Nanocarbon325
7.Othernanomaterials326
8.Conclusion326 References327
17.Theantimicrobialactivitiesofsome selectedpolysaccharidenanocrystalsand theirhybrids:synthesisandapplications
ChandanKumarSahu,R.Rashmi,JayanthS.Hampapura,and Ravi-KumarKadeppagari
1.Introduction329
2.Biologicalnanocrystalsandtheirantimicrobial activities330
3.Inorganicnanocrystalsandtheirantimicrobial activities332 References333
18.Applicationsofbiogenicsilver nanocrystalsornanoparticlesasbactericide andfungicide
ArunaJyothiKora
1.Introduction335
2.Characterizationtechniquesforsilver nanoparticles335
3.Biogenicsynthesisofsilver nanoparticles336
4.ApplicationsofAgnanoparticlesas bactericide339
5.MechanismofbactericidalactionofbiogenicAg nanoparticles341
6.ApplicationsofAgnanoparticlesas fungicides346
7.OtherantimicrobialapplicationsofAg nanoparticles346
8.Conclusions347 Acknowledgments348 References348
19.Crystallinenanomaterialsfor antimicrobialapplications
DeepikaS.Brijpuriya,DilipR.Peshwe,andAnupamaKumar
1.Introduction353
2.Nanocrystals354
3.Typesofnanocrystals355
4.Applicationsofnanocrystals359
5.Toxicityofnanoparticles360
6.Conclusions360 References361
SectionVIII Electronicsandenergyindustry
20.Applicationsofnanocrystalsfor antimicrobials
MithuMaitiJana,AsimKumarJana,RajeevJindal,DeepikaGupta, VaneetKumar,andSaruchi
1.Introduction367
2.Materialsandmethods374
3.Resultsanddiscussion376
4.Antibacterialstudies390
5.Conclusions395 References395 Furtherreading397
21.Selectedcopper-basednanocomposite catalystsforCO2 reduction
SrijitaBasumallick
1.Introduction401
2.Roleofdifferentcomponentsofcomposite catalysts402
3.Preparationofcompositecatalyst403
4.Characterizationofnanocomposites404
5.Applicationsofthecomposites404
6.Conclusions406
Acknowledgments406 References407
22.Nanocrystalsforelectrochemical energystoragedevices
S.ImranHussain,S.Karthick,A.Arulraj,andR.V.Mangalaraja
1.Introduction409
2.Perovskitestructurednanocrystals411
3.Organicnanocrystals413
4.Chalcogenide-basednanocrystals418
5.Summary422
Acknowledgments422
References422
23.Nanoscienceanditsroleinthefuture ofsolarstills
AhmedKadhimHussein,LiouaKolsi,MohammedElHadiAttia, ObaiYounis,UddhabaBiswal,HafizMuhammadAli,BaghAli, MehranHashemian,B.Mallikarjuna,andRasoulNikbakhti
Listofabbreviations428
1.Introduction428
2.Distillationprocess:ageneralconcept429
3.Distillationtechniques429
4.Solarstill429
5.Sometypesofsolarstills431
6.Advantagesofnanofluidinsolarstills434
7.Usingofthenanofluidinthesolar stills434
8.Conclusions436
References436
Furtherreading440
SectionIX Conclusion 24.Greencarbonquantumdots: eco-friendlyandsustainablesynthetic approachestonanocrystals
ShikhaGulati,SanjayKumar,ParinitaSingh,AyushMongia,and AnchitaDiwan
1.Introduction443
2.Generalsyntheticapproachestonanocrystalline carbonquantumdots448
3.Surfacemodifications451
4.Needforgreenmethodtosynthesizecarbon quantumdots452
5.Greenchemistryprinciples453
6.Eco-friendlyandsustainablesyntheticapproaches ofgreencarbonquantumdots455
7.Biologicalandbiotechnologicalapplicationsof carbonquantumdots455
8.Conclusionandfutureperspectives459 References460 Furtherreading466
25.Metalnanoparticlesforcatalytic hydrogenationreactions
ShilpaDabas,ParthPatel,ManasBarik,SaravananSubramanian, andK.S.Prakash
1.Introduction467
2.Catalyticapplicationsofnanocrystals470
3.Conclusions480 Acknowledgments480 References480
Index483
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Contributors VictoriaAdams DepartmentofPetroleum Chemistry,SchoolofArtsandSciences, AmericanUniversityofNigeria,Yola,Adamawa,Nigeria
S.WazedAli DepartmentofTextileandFibre Engineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology Delhi,HauzKhas,NewDelhi,India
HafizMuhammadAli MechanicalEngineering Department,KingFahdUniversityofPetroleumandMinerals,Dhahran,EasternProvince, SaudiArabia;InterdisciplinaryResearchCenter forRenewableEnergyandPowerSystems (IRC-REPS),KingFahdUniversityofPetroleumandMinerals,Dhahran,SaudiArabia
BaghAli FacultyofComputerScienceand InformationTechnology,SuperiorUniversity, Lahore,Pakistan
KhairunnisaAmreen MEMS,Microfluidicsand NanoelectronicsLab,DepartmentofElectrical andElectronicsEngineering,BirlaInstituteof TechnologyandScience,Hyderabad,Telangana,India
PandeyAnnu SchoolofStudiesinEnvironmentalChemistry,JiwajiUniversity,Gwalior, MadhyaPradesh,India;DepartmentofChemistry,ChandigarhUniversity,Mohali,Punjab, India
ManjuArora CSIR-NationalPhysicalLaboratory,Dr.K.S.KrishnanMarg,NewDelhi,India
A.Arputharaj ICAR-CentralInstitutefor ResearchonCottonTechnology,Mumbai, Maharashtra,India
SonikaArti DepartmentofChemistry,DAV College,Jalandhar,Punjab,India
A.Arulraj AdvancedCeramicsandNanotechnologyLaboratory,DepartmentofMaterialsEngineering,UniversityofConcepcion, Concepcion,BioBio,Chile
N.M.Ashtaputre ICAR-CentralInstitutefor ResearchonCottonTechnology,Mumbai, Maharashtra,India
AnuBala DepartmentofChemistry,Chaudhary DeviLalUniversity,Sirsa,Haryana,India
ManasBarik InorganicMaterialsandCatalysis Division,CSIR CentralSaltandMarine ChemicalsResearchInstitute,Bhavnagar, Gujarat,India;AcademyofScienti ficand InnovativeResearch,Ghaziabad,UttarPradesh,India
SrijitaBasumallick AsutoshCollegeUnder CalcuttaUniversity,Kolkata,WestBengal, India
MonikaBharti DepartmentofChemistry, HimachalPradeshUniversity,Shimla,India
UddhabaBiswal DepartmentofMathematics, NationalInstituteofTechnologyRourkela, Rourkela,Odisha,India
OladotunPaulBolade DepartmentofPetroleumChemistry,SchoolofArtsandSciences, AmericanUniversityofNigeria,Yola,Adamawa,Nigeria
DeepikaS.Brijpuriya PostgraduateDepartmentofChemistry,SantajiMahavidyalaya, Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
ShaliniChaturvedi DepartmentofChemistry, SilverOakInstituteofScience,SilverOak University,Ahmedabad,Gujarat,India
ChikaodiliE.Chukwuneke Departmentof PetroleumChemistry,SchoolofArtsandSciences,AmericanUniversityofNigeria,Yola, Adamawa,Nigeria
ShilpaDabas InorganicMaterialsandCatalysis Division,CSIR CentralSaltandMarineChemicalsResearchInstitute,Bhavnagar,Gujarat, India;AcademyofScientificandInnovative Research,Ghaziabad,UttarPradesh,India
PragneshN.Dave DepartmentofChemistry, SardarPatelUniversity,Anand,Gujarat,India
NareshKumarDhiman DepartmentofPhysics, GovernmentDegreeCollege,SujanpurTihra, HimachalPradesh,India
JitenderDhiman BiotechnologyDivision,CentralPulpandPaperResearchInstitute,Saharanpur,India
AnchitaDiwan DepartmentofChemistry,Sri VenkateswaraCollege,UniversityofDelhi, Delhi,India
YanchenDolma DepartmentofChemistry, MCMDAVCollege,Kangra,HimachalPradesh,India
MohammedElHadiAttia PhysicsDepartment, FacultyofExactSciences,UniversityofEl Oued,ElOued,Algeria
UgochukwuEwuzie AnalyticalUnit,DepartmentofPureandIndustrialChemistry,Abia StateUniversity,Uturu,Abia,Nigeria
SanketGoel MEMS,MicrofluidicsandNanoelectronicsLab,DepartmentofElectricaland ElectronicsEngineering,BirlaInstituteofTechnologyandScience,Hyderabad,Telangana,India
SantoshSinghGolia CSIR-NationalPhysical Laboratory,Dr.K.S.KrishnanMarg,New Delhi,India
ShikhaGulati DepartmentofChemistry,Sri VenkateswaraCollege,UniversityofDelhi, Delhi,India
DeepikaGupta DepartmentofChemistry,Dr. B.R.AmbedkarNationalInstituteofTechnology,Jalandhar,Punjab,India
JayanthS.Hampapura DepartmentofMicrobiology,Yuvaraja’sCollege,Mysuru,Karnataka,India
MehranHashemian DepartmentofMechanical Engineering,FacultyofEngineering,Urmia University,Urmia,WestAzerbaijan,Iran
S.ImranHussain CentreforMicroNanoDesign andFabrication,DepartmentofElectronicsand CommunicationEngineering,SaveethaEngineeringCollege,Thandalam,Chennai,Tamil Nadu,India
ChaudheryMustansarHussain Departmentof ChemistryandEnvironmentalScience,New
JerseyInstituteofTechnology,Newark,NJ, UnitedStates
AhmedKadhimHussein CollegeofEngineering,MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,UniversityofBabylon,Babylon,Hilla,Iraq
MithuMaitiJana DepartmentofPhysicalSciences,SantBabaBaghSinghUniversity, Jalandhar,Punjab,India
AsimKumarJana DepartmentofBiotechnology,Dr.B.R.AmbedkarNationalInstituteofTechnology,Jalandhar,Punjab,India
RajeevJindal DepartmentofChemistry,Dr. B.R.AmbedkarNationalInstituteofTechnology,Jalandhar,Punjab,India
Ravi-KumarKadeppagari CentreforIncubation,Innovation,Research,andConsultancy, DepartmentofFoodTechnology,JyothyInstituteofTechnology,Tataguni,Bengaluru,Karnataka,India
KarthikKannan SchoolofAdvancedMaterials ScienceandEngineering,KumohNational InstituteofTechnology,Gyeongbuk,Republic ofKorea
S.Karthick DepartmentofPhysics, MuthayammalEngineeringCollege,Namakkal,TamilNadu,India
LiouaKolsi CollegeofEngineering,Mechanical EngineeringDepartment,Ha’ilUniversity, Ha’il,Ha’ilProvince,SaudiArabia;Research LaboratoryofMetrologyandEnergySystems, NationalEngineeringSchool,Universityof Monastir,Monastir,Monastir,Tunisia
ArunaJyothiKora NationalCentreforCompositionalCharacterisationofMaterials, BhabhaAtomicResearchCentre,ECILPO, Hyderabad,Telangana,India;HomiBhabha NationalInstitute,Mumbai,Maharashtra,India
RakeshKumar DepartmentofChemistry, MCMDAVCollege,Kangra,HimachalPradesh,India
SanjayKumar DepartmentofChemistry,Sri VenkateswaraCollege,UniversityofDelhi, Delhi,India
AnupamaKumar DepartmentofChemistry, VisvesvarayaNationalInstituteofTechnology, Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
VaneetKumar DepartmentofAppliedSciences, CTIEMT,CTGroupofInstitutions,Jalandhar, Punjab,India
KannappanLakshmi DepartmentofChemistry,GuruNanakCollege(Autonomous), Velachery,Chennai,TamilNadu,India
ShadpourMallakpour OrganicPolymer ChemistryResearchLaboratory,Departmentof Chemistry,IsfahanUniversityofTechnology, Isfahan,IslamicRepublicofIran
B.Mallikarjuna DepartmentofMathematics, BMSCollegeofEngineering,Bangalore,Karnataka,India
R.V.Mangalaraja AdvancedCeramicsand NanotechnologyLaboratory,Departmentof MaterialsEngineering,UniversityofConcepcion,Concepcion,BioBio,Chile;TechnologicalDevelopmentUnit(UDT),Universityof Concepcion,Coronel,BioBio,Chile
MuruganSenthilManiRajan Departmentof Physics,AnnaUniversity,UniversityCollegeof Engineering,Ramanathapuram,TamilNadu, India
ShashiKiranMisra UniversityInstituteof Pharmacy,CSJMUniversity,Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh,India
AyushMongia DepartmentofChemistry,Sri VenkateswaraCollege,UniversityofDelhi, Delhi,India
KaruppiahMuthu DepartmentofChemistry, ManonmaniamSundaranarUniversity,Abishekapatti,Tirunelveli,TamilNadu,India
SuganthiNachimuthu DepartmentofPhysics, GovernmentArtsCollege(AffiliatedtoBharathidasanUniversity),Kulithalai,Karur,Tamilnadu,India
MinaNaghdi OrganicPolymerChemistry ResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofChemistry,IsfahanUniversityofTechnology,Isfahan,IslamicRepublicofIran
RasoulNikbakhti SchoolofEngineering,CollegeofSciencesandEngineering,Universityof Tasmania,Hobart,TAS,Australia
AnikaParmar DepartmentofSciences,GovernmentDegreeCollege,Khundian,Himachal Pradesh,India
ParthPatel InorganicMaterialsandCatalysis Division,CSIR CentralSaltandMarine ChemicalsResearchInstitute,Bhavnagar, Gujarat,India;CharotarUniversityofScience andTechnology,Anand,Gujarat,India
KamlaPathak FacultyofPharmacy,UttarPradeshUniversityofMedicalSciences,Saifai, Etawah,UttarPradesh,India
DilipR.Peshwe DepartmentofMetallurgical andMaterialsEngineering,Visvesvaraya NationalInstituteofTechnology,Nagpur, Maharashtra,India
AshwiniPrabhu YenepoyaResearchCentre, Yenepoya(DeemedtobeUniversity),Deralakatte,Mangalore,Karnataka,India
K.S.Prakash DepartmentofChemistry,BharathidasanGovernmentCollegeforWomen (Autonomous)(AffiliatedtoPondicherryUniversity,Pondicherry),Muthialpet,Puducherry UT,India
RajmohanRangasamy DepartmentofChemistry,GuruNanakCollege(Autonomous), Velachery,Chennai,TamilNadu,India
GitaRani DepartmentofChemistry,ChaudharyDeviLalUniversity,Sirsa,Haryana,India
VinithaRani YenepoyaResearchCentre,Yenepoya(DeemedtobeUniversity),Deralakatte, Mangalore,Karnataka,India
R.Rashmi CentreforIncubation,Innovation, Research,andConsultancy,Departmentof FoodTechnology,JyothyInstituteofTechnology,Tataguni,Bengaluru,Karnataka,India
VikrantRehani DepartmentofAppliedSciences,CTIEMT,CTGroupofInstitutions, Jalandhar,Punjab,India
ChandanKumarSahu CentreforIncubation, Innovation,Research,andConsultancy, DepartmentofFoodTechnology,JyothyInstituteofTechnology,Tataguni,Bengaluru,Karnataka,India
Saruchi DepartmentofBiotechnology,CTIPS,CT GroupofInstitutions,Jalandhar,Punjab,India
VeerenderSharma DepartmentofTextileand FibreEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyDelhi,HauzKhas,NewDelhi,India
ParinitaSingh DepartmentofChemistry,Sri VenkateswaraCollege,UniversityofDelhi, Delhi,India
AyushiSinghal CSIR AdvancedMaterialsand ProcessResearchInstitute,Bhopal,Madhya Pradesh,India
CharleneD’ Souza ICAR-CentralInstitutefor ResearchonCottonTechnology,Mumbai, Maharashtra,India
SaravananSubramanian InorganicMaterials andCatalysisDivision,CSIR CentralSaltand MarineChemicalsResearchInstitute,Bhavnagar,Gujarat,India;AcademyofScientificand
InnovativeResearch,Ghaziabad,UttarPradesh,India
S.Thangavel PGandResearchDepartmentof Physics,JairamsArtsandScienceCollege (AffiliatedtoBharathidasanUniversity),Karur, Tamilnadu,India
JayachandranVenkatesan YenepoyaResearch Centre,Yenepoya(DeemedtobeUniversity), Deralakatte,Mangalore,Karnataka,India
N.Vigneshwaran ICAR-CentralInstitutefor ResearchonCottonTechnology,Mumbai, Maharashtra,India
ObaiYounis DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,CollegeofEngineeringatWadiAddwaser,PrinceSattamBinAbdulazizUniversity, WadiAddwaser,SaudiArabia;Departmentof MechanicalEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,UniversityofKhartoum,Khartoum,Sudan
Abouttheeditors ChaudheryMustansarHussain,PhD,isanadjunctprofessor anddirectoroflaboratoriesintheDepartmentofChemistry andEnvironmentalScienceattheNewJerseyInstituteof Technology,Newark,NewJersey.Hisresearchfocusesonthe applicationsofnanotechnologyandadvancedmaterials, environmentalmanagement,analyticalchemistry,smart materialsandtechnologies,andothervariousindustries.Dr. Hussainistheauthorofnumerouspapersinpeer-reviewed journalsandisaproli ficauthorandeditorofaround100 books,includingscienti ficmonographsandhandbooksinhis researchareas.HehaspublishedwithElsevier,American ChemicalSociety,RoyalSocietyofChemistry,Springer,John Wiley&Sons,andCRCPress.
ProfessorShadpourMallakpour,anorganicpolymer chemist,graduatedfromtheChemistryDepartmentatthe UniversityofFlorida(UF),Gainesville,Florida,in1984.He spent2yearsaspostdoctoralstudentatUF.Hejoinedthe DepartmentofChemistry,IsfahanUniversityofTechnology (IUT),Iran,in1986.Hehasheldseveralpositions,suchas chairmanoftheDepartmentofChemistryanddeputyof research,DepartmentofChemistryatIUT.From1994to1995, heworkedasavisitingprofessorattheUniversityofMainz, Germany,andfrom2003to2004asavisitingprofessorat VirginiaTech,Blacksburg,Virginia.Hehaspublishedmore than900journalpapersandbookchaptersandmorethan440 conferencepapers,andhasreceivedmorethan40awards. Themostimportanttohimwasawardedfortheselectionof FirstLaureateonFundamentalResearchatthe21stKhwarizmiInternationalAwardsin2008.Heislistedasoneofthe Top1%ScientistsinChemistryinISIEssentialScienceIndicatorsSince2003.Hewasselected asanacademicguestofthe59thMeetingofNobelPrizeWinnersinChemistry,2009,at Lindau,Germany.Hehaspresentedmanylecturesasaninvitedorkeynotespeakerin differentnationalandinternationalconferencesanduniversities.Hehasbeenamemberof organizingandscienti ficcommitteesformanynationalandinternationalconferences.Hehas alsobeenthechairpersonofmanynationalandinternationalmeetings.Inrecentyears,hehas focusedonthepreparationandcharacterizationofpolymerscontainingchiralaminoacid
moietiesundergreenconditionsusingionicliquidsandmicrowaveirradiationasanew technology,bringingtheseaspectstowardsnanotechnologyforthepreparationofnovel chiralbionanocompositepolymersaswellaspolymernanocompositesforhazardousmaterialremovaltechnologies.
Prof.ShadpourMallakpour DepartmentofChemistry
IsfahanUniversityofTechnology, Isfahan84156-83111,I.R.Iran. mallak777@yahoo.com
Preface Nanocrystals(NCs)areakeyelementin nanoscaledevices,whosedesignandfunctioncanbetunedbytailoringthefundamentalchemicalandphysicalpropertiesof integratednano-objects.NCshaveinterestingoptical,electrical,andchemicalpropertiesthatarenotfoundintheirbulk counterparts.Quantum-con finementeffects meanthatsmallchangesintheirsizeand shapecanhavesignificanteffectsonthe physicalpropertiesandspectroscopyof NCs.Sizeandshapecontrolhasbeenahot topicduringdevelopmentsinthe fieldofNC synthesis.Successincolloidalchemistryhas producedagreatvarietyofNCswith controlledsizesandshapes,whichcouldbe usedasfunctionalmaterialsfornumerous applications.Asaresult,NCsarepredicted tobeamaindriveroftechnologyand businessandtoholdthepromiseofhighperformancematerialsthatwillsigni ficantlyaffectallaspectsofsociety.Likewise, NCsaretakingpartinthedevelopmentand innovationofdifferentmanufacturingsectors.Despitetheirparticipationinmodern development,therearesomehindrances tothesuperiorimpactofNCsinmanuacturing.Theaimofthisbookistoreveal advancesinvariousindustrialsectors becauseofNCs.Enhancementsinindustrial techniquesandprocessesowingtoNCscan overtakeproceduresthatarealreadyinuse, andcandeliverexcitingconsumerproducts tosociety.Specialattentionispaidto approachesthattendtowardgreenand sustainableindustrialpractices.
Tocaptureacomprehensiveimpressionof industrialapplicationsofNCsandprovide readerswithacoherentrepresentation,the bookisdividedintoseveralsections,eachof whichiscomposedofdifferentchapters. Section1isaboutnanomanufacturingand containschaptersonphotoniccrystal fibers forvarioussensingapplications,approaches tosynthesis,thegreensynthesisofNCs,and thebiologicalandchemicalimpactsof nanocelluloseonsynthesis.Section2debates theapplicationsofNCsinthepharmaceuticalindustryintermsofemergingtrends. Sections3and4elaborateonapplications ofNCsinthebiomedicalandenvironmental industries.Section5presentsNCsasdrug deliverysystems,nanocarrierdrugdelivery systems,andgoldnanocarriersfortumor diagnosis,imaging,drugdelivery,and therapy.Section6isanoverviewofapplicationsofNCsinthecatalysisindustry. Antibacterialandantifungalcoatingsmade withNCsarethetopicofSection7.Thelast sectiondiscussesNCsforelectrochemical energystoragedevicesandtheirroleinthe futureofsolarstills.Theconclusiondescribes emergingapplicationsofNCs.
Overall,thisbookisintendedasareferenceguidebookforexperts,researchers,and scientistswhoaresearchingformoderndevelopmentsinmicrobialnanotechnology. Theeditorandauthorsarewell-knownresearchers,scientists,andspecialistsfrom variousuniversitiesandindustries.On behalfofElsevier,Iamverydelightedwith allauthorsfortheiroutstandingand
enthusiastichardworkinthemakingofthis book.Veryspecialacknowledgmentsto EdwardPayne(acquisitioneditor),John Leonard(editorialprojectmanager),and PrasannaKalyanaraman(productionmanager)atElsevierfortheirdevotedsupport andhelpduringthisproject.Intheend,I
offermysincerethankstoElsevierforpublishingthebook.
ShadpourMallakpour,Ph.D. ChaudheryMustansarHussain,Ph.D. (Editors)
Acknowledgments WewouldliketoacknowledgeChaudheryGhazanfarHussainforhisdedicated supportduringthecompilationofthisbook. WealsowouldliketothankDr.Vajiha
Behranvand,Dr.FarbodTabesh,MissFariba Sirous,andMissElhamAzadifortheirspecialsupportduringthepreparationofthis book.
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1 Photoniccrystal fibersforvarious sensingapplications MuruganSenthilManiRajan DepartmentofPhysics,AnnaUniversity,UniversityCollegeofEngineering,Ramanathapuram, TamilNadu,India
1.Introductiontophotoniccrystal fiber Inaperiodicallystructuredopticalmedium,thepropertyoflightwasanattractiveareaof researchinthe20thcentury.Aftertheinventionofphotoniccrystals,anovellightguiding mechanismbecamepossiblethatwasnotachievableinconventionaloptical fibersowing totheirinherentlimits.Generally,thesecrystalsarearrangedperiodicallywithdielectric structuresoflowandhighdielectricconstants.Also,thesestructurescontainaphotonic bandgapthatprohibitsthepropagationoflightforacertainwavelengthregime.Photonic crystal fibers(PCFs)havegoodfeaturessuchasgeometrycontrol,ahighcoreindexofrefraction,efficientcoupling,andahighnumericalaperture(NA).
PCFsareagenerationofoptical fiberthatattractsconsiderableattentionboththeoretically andexperimentally[1 4].Conventional fiberfabricationisunsuitablebecauseofthelarge refractiveindexcontrastrequiredforPCF.Across-sectionoffabricatedPCFcanbeviewed andexaminedbyanopticalmicroscopetomeasure fiberparameters,suchastheairhole diameter,corediameter,andpitch.Thiskindofoptical fiberisapromisingcandidatefor manypotentialapplicationssuchasnonlinear fiberoptics, fiberlasers,opticalsensors,and plasmonicsbecausethefabricationtechnologyallowsforbettertunabilityinthedesignof fibers.Researchersacrosstheworldhaveputtremendouseffortintodeveloping fibers withphotonicmaterialsinwhichtheelectromagneticwavecanbemanipulated.Consequently,PCFsweredevelopedandofferedanewdirectioninphotonicstechnology[5].These fibersweredevelopedbyRusselandcalledmicrostructured fibersorholey fibers[6].Conventionaloptical fibershavetwomainlayers,coreandcladding,whichhaveahigherand lowerrefractiveindex,respectively,whereasPCFconsistsofphotoniccrystalcladding,which isaperiodicarrayofairholeswithasilicabackground.Also,inconventionaloptical fibers, lightispropagatedbytheprincipleoftotalinternalreflection(TIR).
