HANDBOOKOF MEDICALIMAGE COMPUTINGAND COMPUTER ASSISTED INTERVENTION
Editedby
S.KEVINZHOU
InstituteofComputingTechnology
ChineseAcademyofSciences Beijing,China
DANIELRUECKERT
ImperialCollegeLondon London,UnitedKingdom
GABORFICHTINGER
Queen’sUniversity Kingston,ON,Canada
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Contributors xvii Acknowledgment xxvii
1.Imagesynthesisandsuperresolutioninmedicalimaging1 JerryL.Prince,AaronCarass,CanZhao,BlakeE.Dewey,SnehashisRoy,DzungL.Pham
1.1. Introduction1
1.2. Imagesynthesis2
1.3. Superresolution12
1.4. Conclusion18 References 19
2.Machinelearningforimagereconstruction25 KerstinHammernik,FlorianKnoll
2.1. Inverseproblemsinimaging26
2.2. Unsupervisedlearninginimagereconstruction30
2.3. Supervisedlearninginimagereconstruction32
2.4. Trainingdata48
2.5. Lossfunctionsandevaluationofimagequality49
2.6. Discussion 53 Acknowledgments54 References 54
3.LiverlesiondetectioninCTusingdeeplearningtechniques65 AviBen-Cohen,HayitGreenspan
3.1. Introduction65
3.2. FullyconvolutionalnetworkforliverlesiondetectioninCTexaminations68
3.3. FullyconvolutionalnetworkforCTtoPETsynthesistoaugmentmalignantliverlesion detection 77
3.4. Discussionandconclusions84 Acknowledgments87 References 87
4.CADinlung91 KensakuMori
4.1. Overview 91
4.2. OriginoflungCAD92
4.3. LungCADsystems92
4.4. Localizeddisease93 v
4.5. Diffuselungdisease96
4.6. Anatomicalstructureextraction98
References 104
5.Textmininganddeeplearningfordiseaseclassification109 YifanPeng,ZizhaoZhang,XiaosongWang,LinYang,LeLu
5.1. Introduction109
5.2. Literaturereview110
5.3. Casestudy1:textmininginradiologyreportsandimages114
5.4. Casestudy2:textmininginpathologyreportsandimages122
5.5. Conclusionandfuturework129 Acknowledgments130
References 130
6.Multiatlassegmentation137 BennettA.Landman,IlwooLyu,YuankaiHuo,AndrewJ.Asman
6.1. Introduction138
6.2. Historyofatlas-basedsegmentation139
6.3. Mathematicalframework146
6.4. Connectionbetweenmultiatlassegmentationandmachinelearning154
6.5. Multiatlassegmentationusingmachinelearning154
6.6. Machinelearningusingmultiatlassegmentation155
6.7. Integratingmultiatlassegmentationandmachinelearning155
6.8. Challengesandapplications155
6.9. Unsolvedproblems156
Glossary 157 References 158
7.Segmentationusingadversarialimage-to-imagenetworks165 DongYang,TaoXiong,DaguangXu,S.KevinZhou
7.1. Introduction165
7.2. Segmentationusinganadversarialimage-to-imagenetwork169
7.3. Volumetricdomainadaptationwithintrinsicsemanticcycleconsistency172
References 181
8.Multimodalmedicalvolumestranslationandsegmentationwithgenerative adversarialnetwork183 ZizhaoZhang,LinYang,YefengZheng
8.1. Introduction183
8.2. Literaturereview186
8.3. Preliminary188
8.4. Method 190
8.5. Networkarchitectureandtrainingdetails192
8.6. Experimentalresults194
8.7. Conclusions200
References 201
9.Landmarkdetectionandmultiorgansegmentation:Representationsand supervisedapproaches205 S.KevinZhou,ZhoubingXu
9.1. Introduction205
9.2. Landmarkdetection207
9.3. Multiorgansegmentation217
9.4. Conclusion227
References 227
10.Deepmultilevelcontextualnetworksforbiomedicalimagesegmentation231 HaoChen,QiDou,XiaojuanQi,Jie-ZhiCheng,Pheng-AnnHeng
10.1. Introduction231
10.2. Relatedwork233
10.3. Method 235
10.4. Experimentsandresults237
10.5. Discussionandconclusion244 Acknowledgment244 References 245
11.LOGISMOS-JEI:Segmentationusingoptimalgraphsearchandjust-enough interaction249 HonghaiZhang,KyungmooLee,ZhiChen,SatyanandaKashyap,MilanSonka
11.1. Introduction249
11.2. LOGISMOS251
11.3. Just-enoughinteraction256
11.4. RetinalOCTsegmentation257
11.5. CoronaryOCTsegmentation260
11.6. KneeMRsegmentation265
11.7. Modularapplicationdesign268
11.8. Conclusion269 Acknowledgments270 References 270
12.Deformablemodels,sparsityandlearning-basedsegmentationforcardiacMRI basedanalytics273
DimitrisN.Metaxas,ZhennanYan
12.1. Introduction273
12.2. Deeplearningbasedsegmentationofventricles277
12.3. Shaperefinementbysparseshapecomposition283
12.4. 3Dmodeling285
12.5. Conclusionandfuturedirections288 References 288
13.Imageregistrationwithslidingmotion293 MattiasP.Heinrich,BartłomiejW.Papiez
13.1. Challengesofmotiondiscontinuitiesinmedicalimaging293
13.2. SlidingpreservingregularizationforDemons296
13.3. Discreteoptimizationfordisplacements303
13.4. Imageregistrationforcancerapplications311
13.5. Conclusions313
References 314
14.Imageregistrationusingmachineanddeeplearning319 XiaohuanCao,JingfanFan,PeiDong,SaharAhmad,Pew-ThianYap,DinggangShen
14.1. Introduction319
14.2. Machine-learning-basedregistration322
14.3. Machine-learning-basedmultimodalregistration326
14.4. Deep-learning-basedregistration332
References 338
15.ImagingbiomarkersinAlzheimer’sdisease343
CaroleH.Sudre,M.JorgeCardoso,MarcModat,SebastienOurselin
15.1. Introduction344
15.2. Rangeofimagingmodalitiesandassociatedbiomarkers345
15.3. Biomarkerextractionevolution349
15.4. Biomarkersinpractice353
15.5. Biomarkers’strategies:practicalexamples356
15.6. FutureavenuesofimageanalysisforbiomarkersinAlzheimer’sdisease360
References 363
16.Machinelearningbasedimagingbiomarkersinlargescalepopulationstudies: Aneuroimagingperspective379
GurayErus,MohamadHabes,ChristosDavatzikos
16.1. Introduction379
16.2. Largescalepopulationstudiesinneuroimageanalysis:stepstowardsdimensional neuroimaging;harmonizationchallenges382
16.3. Unsupervisedpatternlearningfordimensionalityreductionofneuroimagingdata385
16.4. Supervisedclassificationbasedimagingbiomarkersfordiseasediagnosis387
16.5. Multivariatepatternregressionforbrainageprediction389
16.6. Deeplearninginneuroimaginganalysis392
16.7. Revealingheterogeneityofimagingpatternsofbraindiseases393
16.8. Conclusions394 References 395
17.Imagingbiomarkersforcardiovasculardiseases401 AvanSuinesiaputra,KathleenGilbert,BeauPontre,AlistairA.Young
17.1. Introduction401
17.2. Cardiacimaging402
17.3. Cardiacshapeandfunction404
17.4. Cardiacmotion409
17.5. Coronaryandvascularfunction412
17.6. Myocardialstructure416
17.7. Population-basedcardiacimagebiomarkers419 References 420
18.Radiomics429
MartijnP.A.Starmans,SebastianR.vanderVoort,JoseM.CastilloTovar,JifkeF.Veenland, StefanKlein,WiroJ.Niessen
18.1. Introduction430
18.2. Dataacquisition&preparation431
18.3. Segmentation434
18.4. Features 437
18.5. Datamining441
18.6. Studydesign444
18.7. Infrastructure447
18.8. Conclusion451 Acknowledgment452
References 452
19.Randomforestsinmedicalimagecomputing457 EnderKonukoglu,BenGlocker
19.1. Adifferentwaytousecontext457
19.2. Featureselectionandensembling459
19.3. Algorithmbasics460
19.4. Applications467
19.5. Conclusions476
References 476
20.Convolutionalneuralnetworks481 JonasTeuwen,NikitaMoriakov
20.1. Introduction481
20.2. Neuralnetworks482
20.3. Convolutionalneuralnetworks487
20.4. CNNarchitecturesforclassification492
20.5. Practicalmethodology495
20.6. Futurechallenges499
References 500
21.Deeplearning:RNNsandLSTM503 RobertDiPietro,GregoryD.Hager
21.1. Fromfeedforwardtorecurrent503
21.2. ModelingwithRNNs507
21.3. TrainingRNNs(andwhysimpleRNNsaren’tenough)510
21.4. Longshort-termmemoryandgatedrecurrentunits514
21.5. ExampleapplicationsofRNNsatMICCAI517
References 518
22.Deepmultipleinstancelearningfordigitalhistopathology521 MaximilianIlse,JakubM.Tomczak,MaxWelling
22.1. Multipleinstancelearning522
22.2. Deepmultipleinstancelearning524
22.3. Methodology525
22.4. MILapproaches526
22.5. MILpoolingfunctions528
22.6. Applicationtohistopathology533
References 545
23.Deeplearning:Generativeadversarialnetworksandadversarialmethods547 JelmerM.Wolterink,KonstantinosKamnitsas,ChristianLedig,IvanaIšgum
23.1. Introduction547
23.2. Generativeadversarialnetworks549
23.3. Adversarialmethodsforimagedomaintranslation554
23.4. Domainadaptationviaadversarialtraining558
23.5. Applicationsinbiomedicalimageanalysis559
23.6. Discussionandconclusion568
References 570
24.Linearstatisticalshapemodelsandlandmarklocation575 T.F.Cootes
24.1. Introduction576
24.2. Shapemodels576
24.3. Automatedlandmarklocationstrategies586
24.4. Discussion595
Appendix24.A 595
References 597
25.Computer-integratedinterventionalmedicine:A30yearperspective599 RussellH.Taylor
25.1. Introduction:athree-waypartnershipbetweenhumans,technology,andinformationto improvepatientcare599
25.2. Theinformationflowincomputer-integratedinterventionalmedicine603
25.3. IntraoperativesystemsforCIIM608
25.4. Emergingresearchthemes615
References 616
26.Technologyandapplicationsininterventionalimaging:2DX-ray radiography/fluoroscopyand3Dcone-beamCT625 SebastianSchafer,JeffreyH.Siewerdsen
26.1. The2Dimagingchain626
26.2. The3Dimagingchain635
26.3. Systemembodiments649
26.4. Applications654 References 664
27.Interventionalimaging:MR673
EvaRothgang,WilliamS.Anderson,ElodieBreton,AfshinGangi,JulienGarnon, BennetHensen,BrendanF.Judy,UrteKägebein,FrankK.Wacker
27.1. Motivation674
27.2. Technicalbackground675
27.3. Clinicalapplications684 References 692
28.Interventionalimaging:Ultrasound701
IlkerHacihaliloglu,ElvisC.S.Chen,ParvinMousavi,PurangAbolmaesumi,EmadBoctor, CristianA.Linte
28.1. Introduction:ultrasoundimaging702
28.2. Ultrasound-guidedcardiacinterventions702
28.3. Ultrasounddatamanipulationandimagefusionforcardiacapplications705
28.4. Ultrasoundimaginginorthopedics708
28.5. Image-guidedtherapeuticapplications711
28.6. Summaryandfutureperspectives715 Acknowledgments715 References 716
29.Interventionalimaging:Vision721
StefanieSpeidel,SebastianBodenstedt,FranciscoVasconcelos,DanailStoyanov
29.1. Vision-basedinterventionalimagingmodalities722
29.2. Geometricsceneanalysis725
29.3. Visualsceneinterpretation732
29.4. Clinicalapplications734
29.5. Discussion736 Acknowledgments738
References 738
30.Interventionalimaging:Biophotonics747
DanielS.Elson
30.1. Abriefintroductiontolight–tissueinteractionsandwhitelightimaging748
30.2. Summaryofchapterstructure749
30.3. Fluorescenceimaging750
30.4. Multispectralimaging753
30.5. Microscopytechniques756
30.6. Opticalcoherencetomography760
30.7. Photoacousticmethods761
30.8. Opticalperfusionimaging764
30.9. Macroscopicscanningofopticalsystemsandvisualization765
30.10. Summary 767
References 767
31.Externaltrackingdevicesandtrackedtoolcalibration777
ElvisC.S.Chen,AndrasLasso,GaborFichtinger
31.1. Introduction777
31.2. Targetregistrationerrorestimationforpairedmeasurements778
31.3. Externalspatialmeasurementdevices780
31.4. Styluscalibration782
31.5. Template-basedcalibration784
31.6. Ultrasoundprobecalibration785
31.7. Camerahand–eyecalibration787
31.8. Conclusionandresources790
References 791
32.Image-basedsurgeryplanning795 CarolineEssert,LeoJoskowicz
32.1. Backgroundandmotivation795
32.2. Generalconcepts796
32.3. Treatmentplanningforbonefractureinorthopaedicsurgery798
32.4. Treatmentplanningforkeyholeneurosurgeryandpercutaneousablation804
32.5. Futurechallenges811 References 813
33.Human–machineinterfacesformedicalimagingandclinicalinterventions817 RoyEagleson,SandrinedeRibaupierre
33.1. HCIformedicalimagingvsclinicalinterventions817
33.2. Human–computerinterfaces:designandevaluation820
33.3. Whatisaninterface?821
33.4. Humanoutputsarecomputerinputs822
33.5. Positioninputs(free-spacepointingandnavigationinteractions)822
33.6. Directmanipulationvsproxy-basedinteractions(cursors)823
33.7. Controlofviewpoint824
33.8. Selection(object-basedinteractions)824
33.9. Quantification(object-basedpositionsetting)825
33.10. Userinteractions:selectionvsposition,object-basedvsfree-space826
33.11. Textinputs(stringsencoded/parsedasformalandinformallanguage)828
33.12. Language-basedcontrol(textcommandsorspokenlanguage)828
33.13. Image-basedandworkspace-basedinteractions:movementandselectionevents830
33.14. Taskrepresentationsforimage-basedandintervention-basedinterfaces833
33.15. Designandevaluationguidelinesforhuman–computerinterfaces:humaninputs arecomputeroutputs–thesystemdesignmustrespectperceptualcapacitiesand constraints834
33.16. Objectiveevaluationofperformanceonataskmediatedbyaninterface836
References 838
34.Roboticinterventions841 Sang-EunSong
34.1. Introduction841
34.2. Precisionpositioning842
34.3. Master–slavesystem844
34.4. Imageguidedrobotictoolguide846
34.5. Interactivemanipulation848
34.6. Articulatedaccess850
34.7. Untetheredmicrorobots852
34.8. Softrobotics853
34.9. Summary 855 References 855
35.Systemintegration861 AndrasLasso,PeterKazanzides
35.1. Introduction862
35.2. Systemdesign862
35.3. Frameworksandmiddleware864
35.4. Developmentprocess871
35.5. Exampleintegratedsystems875
35.6. Conclusions888
References 889
36.Clinicaltranslation893 AaronFenster
36.1. Introduction893
36.2. Definitions894
36.3. Usefulresearchercharacteristicsforclinicaltranslation896
36.4. Exampleofclinicaltranslation:3Dultrasound-guidedprostatebiopsy901
36.5. Conclusions905
References 906
37.Interventionalprocedurestraining909 TamasUngi,MatthewHolden,BorisZevin,GaborFichtinger
37.1. Introduction909
37.2. Assessment911
37.3. Feedback 917
37.4. Simulatedenvironments919
37.5. Sharedresources924
37.6. Summary 925
References 925
38.Surgicaldatascience931
GregoryD.Hager,LenaMaier-Hein,S.SwaroopVedula
38.1. Conceptofsurgicaldatascience(SDS)931
38.2. ClinicalcontextforSDSanditsapplications934
38.3. TechnicalapproachesforSDS938
38.4. FuturechallengesforSDS942
38.5. Conclusion945
Acknowledgments945
References 945
39.Computationalbiomechanicsformedicalimageanalysis953 AdamWittek,KarolMiller
39.1. Introduction953
39.2. Imageanalysisinformsbiomechanics:patient-specificcomputationalbiomechanics modelfrommedicalimages955
39.3. Biomechanicsinformsimageanalysis:computationalbiomechanicsmodelasimage registrationtool961
39.4. Discussion969
40.ChallengesinComputerAssistedInterventions979 P.Stefan,J.Traub,C.Hennersperger,M.Esposito,N.Navab
40.1. Introductiontocomputerassistedinterventions979
40.2. Advancedtechnologyincomputerassistedinterventions984
40.3. Translationalchallenge991
40.4. Simulation994
40.5. Summary1004
References
Contributors
PurangAbolmaesumi
UniversityofBritishColumbia,Vancouver,BC,Canada
SaharAhmad
DepartmentofRadiologyandBRIC,UniversityofNorthCarolina,ChapelHill,NC,United States
WilliamS.Anderson
DepartmentofNeurosurgery,JohnsHopkinsHospital,Baltimore,MD,UnitedStates
AndrewJ.Asman
PandoraMediaInc.,Oakland,CA,UnitedStates
AviBen-Cohen
TelAvivUniversity,FacultyofEngineering,DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,Medical ImageProcessingLaboratory,TelAviv,Israel
EmadBoctor
JohnsHopkinsUniversity,Baltimore,MD,UnitedStates
SebastianBodenstedt
NationalCenterforTumorDiseases(NCT),PartnerSiteDresden,DivisionofTranslational SurgicalOncology(TSO),Dresden,Germany
ElodieBreton
ICubeUMR7357,UniversityofStrasbourg,CNRS,Strasbourg,France
XiaohuanCao
ShanghaiUnitedImagingIntelligenceCo.,Ltd.,Shanghai,China
AaronCarass
Dept.ofElectricalandComputerEngineering,TheJohnsHopkinsUniversity,Baltimore,MD, UnitedStates
Dept.ofComputerScience,TheJohnsHopkinsUniversity,Baltimore,MD,UnitedStates
M.JorgeCardoso
SchoolofBiomedicalEngineering&ImagingSciences,King’sCollegeLondon,London, UnitedKingdom
JoseM.CastilloTovar
ErasmusMC,DepartmentofRadiologyandNuclearMedicine,Rotterdam,theNetherlands
ErasmusMC,DepartmentofMedicalInformatics,Rotterdam,theNetherlands
ElvisC.S.Chen
WesternUniversity,London,ON,Canada
RobartsResearchInstitute,WesternUniversity,London,ON,Canada
HaoChen
TheChineseUniversityofHongKong,DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering, HongKong,China
ZhiChen
TheIowaInstituteforBiomedicalImaging,TheUniversityofIowa,IowaCity,IA,United States
Jie-ZhiCheng
ShenzhenUniversity,SchoolofMedicine,Shenzhen,China
T.F.Cootes
TheUniversityofManchester,Manchester,UnitedKingdom
ChristosDavatzikos
ArtificialIntelligenceinBiomedicalImagingLab(AIBIL),CenterforBiomedicalImage ComputingandAnalytics(CBICA),PerelmanSchoolofMedicine,UniversityofPennsylvania, Philadelphia,PA,UnitedStates
SandrinedeRibaupierre
ClinicalNeurologicalSciences,UniversityofWesternOntario,London,ON,Canada
BlakeE.Dewey
Dept.ofElectricalandComputerEngineering,TheJohnsHopkinsUniversity,Baltimore,MD, UnitedStates
RobertDiPietro
JohnsHopkinsUniversity,DepartmentofComputerScience,Baltimore,MD,UnitedStates
PeiDong
ShanghaiUnitedImagingIntelligenceCo.,Ltd.,Shanghai,China
QiDou
TheChineseUniversityofHongKong,DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering, HongKong,China
RoyEagleson
SoftwareEngineering,UniversityofWesternOntario,London,ON,Canada
DanielS.Elson
HamlynCentreforRoboticSurgery,InstituteofGlobalHealthInnovationandDepartmentof SurgeryandCancer,ImperialCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom
GurayErus
ArtificialIntelligenceinBiomedicalImagingLab(AIBIL),CenterforBiomedicalImage ComputingandAnalytics(CBICA),PerelmanSchoolofMedicine,UniversityofPennsylvania, Philadelphia,PA,UnitedStates
M.Esposito
TechnischeUniversitätMünchen,ComputerAidedMedicalProcedures,Munich,Germany
CarolineEssert
ICube/UniversitédeStrasbourg,Illkirch,France
JingfanFan
DepartmentofRadiologyandBRIC,UniversityofNorthCarolina,ChapelHill,NC,United States
AaronFenster
RobartsResearchInstitute,WesternUniversity,London,ON,Canada
GaborFichtinger
Queen’sUniversity,Kingston,ON,Canada
SchoolofComputing,Queen’sUniversity,Kingston,ON,Canada
AfshinGangi
DepartmentofInterventionalImaging,StrasbourgUniversityHospital(HUS),Strasbourg, France
ICubeUMR7357,UniversityofStrasbourg,CNRS,Strasbourg,France
JulienGarnon
DepartmentofInterventionalImaging,StrasbourgUniversityHospital(HUS),Strasbourg, France
ICubeUMR7357,UniversityofStrasbourg,CNRS,Strasbourg,France
KathleenGilbert
DepartmentofAnatomyandMedicalImaging,UniversityofAuckland,Auckland,New Zealand
BenGlocker
DepartmentofComputing,ImperialCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom
HayitGreenspan
TelAvivUniversity,FacultyofEngineering,DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,Medical ImageProcessingLaboratory,TelAviv,Israel
MohamadHabes
ArtificialIntelligenceinBiomedicalImagingLab(AIBIL),CenterforBiomedicalImage ComputingandAnalytics(CBICA),PerelmanSchoolofMedicine,UniversityofPennsylvania, Philadelphia,PA,UnitedStates
IlkerHacihaliloglu
RutgersUniversity,Piscataway,NJ,UnitedStates
GregoryD.Hager
JohnsHopkinsUniversity,DepartmentofComputerScience,Baltimore,MD,UnitedStates
JohnsHopkinsUniversity,MaloneCenterforEngineeringinHealthcare,Baltimore,MD, UnitedStates
KerstinHammernik
GrazUniversityofTechnology,InstituteofComputerGraphicsandVision,Graz,Austria DepartmentofComputing,ImperialCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom
MattiasP.Heinrich
InstituteofMedicalInformatics,UniversityofLübeck,Lübeck,Germany
Pheng-AnnHeng
TheChineseUniversityofHongKong,DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering, HongKong,China
C.Hennersperger
TechnischeUniversitätMünchen,ComputerAidedMedicalProcedures,Munich,Germany
BennetHensen
DepartmentofDiagnosticalandInterventionalRadiology,HannoverMedicalSchool, Hannover,Germany
MatthewHolden
SchoolofComputing,Queen’sUniversity,Kingston,ON,Canada
YuankaiHuo
VanderbiltUniversity,ElectricalEngineering,Nashville,TN,UnitedStates
MaximilianIlse
UniversityofAmsterdam,AmsterdamMachineLearningLab,Amsterdam,theNetherlands
IvanaIšgum
ImageSciencesInstitute,UniversityMedicalCenterUtrecht,Utrecht,theNetherlands
LeoJoskowicz
TheHebrewUniversityofJerusalem,Jerusalem,Israel
BrendanF.Judy
DepartmentofNeurosurgery,JohnsHopkinsHospital,Baltimore,MD,UnitedStates
UrteKägebein
DepartmentofDiagnosticalandInterventionalRadiology,HannoverMedicalSchool, Hannover,Germany
KonstantinosKamnitsas
ImperialCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom
SatyanandaKashyap
TheIowaInstituteforBiomedicalImaging,TheUniversityofIowa,IowaCity,IA,United States
PeterKazanzides
ComputerScience,JohnsHopkinsUniversity,Baltimore,MD,UnitedStates
StefanKlein
ErasmusMC,DepartmentofRadiologyandNuclearMedicine,Rotterdam,theNetherlands
ErasmusMC,DepartmentofMedicalInformatics,Rotterdam,theNetherlands
FlorianKnoll
NewYorkUniversity,Radiology,CenterforBiomedicalImagingandCenterforAdvanced ImagingInnovationandResearch,NewYork,NY,UnitedStates
EnderKonukoglu
ComputerVisionLaboratory,ETHZürich,Zürich,Switzerland
BennettA.Landman
VanderbiltUniversity,ElectricalEngineering,Nashville,TN,UnitedStates
AndrasLasso
Queen’sUniversity,Kingston,ON,Canada
SchoolofComputing,Queen’sUniversity,Kingston,Ontario,Canada
ChristianLedig
ImagenTechnologies,NewYork,NY,UnitedStates
KyungmooLee
TheIowaInstituteforBiomedicalImaging,TheUniversityofIowa,IowaCity,IA,United States
CristianA.Linte
RochesterInstituteofTechnology,Rochester,NY,UnitedStates
LeLu
DepartmentofRadiologyandImagingSciences,ClinicalCenter,NationalInstitutesofHealth, Bethesda,MD,UnitedStates
IlwooLyu
VanderbiltUniversity,ElectricalEngineering,Nashville,TN,UnitedStates
LenaMaier-Hein
GermanCancerResearchCenter(DKFZ),Div.ComputerAssistedMedicalInterventions (CAMI),Heidelberg,Germany
DimitrisN.Metaxas
RutgersUniversity,DepartmentofComputerScience,Piscataway,NJ,UnitedStates
KarolMiller
IntelligentSystemsforMedicineLaboratory,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,The UniversityofWesternAustralia,Perth,WA,Australia
MarcModat
SchoolofBiomedicalEngineering&ImagingSciences,King’sCollegeLondon,London, UnitedKingdom
KensakuMori
NagoyaUniversity,Nagoya,Japan
NikitaMoriakov
RadboudUniversityMedicalCenter,DepartmentofRadiologyandNuclearMedicine, Nijmegen,theNetherlands
ParvinMousavi
Queen’sUniversity,Kingston,ON,Canada
N.Navab
TechnischeUniversitätMünchen,ComputerAidedMedicalProcedures,Munich,Germany
JohnsHopkinsUniversity,ComputerAidedMedicalProcedures,Baltimore,MD,UnitedStates
WiroJ.Niessen
ErasmusMC,DepartmentofRadiologyandNuclearMedicine,Rotterdam,theNetherlands
ErasmusMC,DepartmentofMedicalInformatics,Rotterdam,theNetherlands
DelftUniversityofTechnology,FacultyofAppliedSciences,Delft,theNetherlands
SebastienOurselin
SchoolofBiomedicalEngineering&ImagingSciences,King’sCollegeLondon,London, UnitedKingdom
BartłomiejW.Papiez
BigDataInstitute,UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UnitedKingdom
YifanPeng
NationalCenterforBiotechnologyInformation,NationalLibraryofMedicine,National InstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,MD,UnitedStates
DzungL.Pham
CNRM,HenryM.JacksonFoundationfortheAdvancementofMilitaryMedicine,Bethesda, MD,UnitedStates
BeauPontre
DepartmentofAnatomyandMedicalImaging,UniversityofAuckland,Auckland,New Zealand
JerryL.Prince
Dept.ofElectricalandComputerEngineering,TheJohnsHopkinsUniversity,Baltimore,MD, UnitedStates
Dept.ofComputerScience,TheJohnsHopkinsUniversity,Baltimore,MD,UnitedStates
XiaojuanQi
TheChineseUniversityofHongKong,DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering, HongKong,China
EvaRothgang
DepartmentofMedicalEngineering,TechnicalUniversityofAppliedSciences Amberg-Weiden,Weiden,Germany
SnehashisRoy
CNRM,HenryM.JacksonFoundationfortheAdvancementofMilitaryMedicine,Bethesda, MD,UnitedStates
SebastianSchafer
AdvancedTherapies,SiemensHealthineers,Forchheim,Germany
DinggangShen
DepartmentofRadiologyandBRIC,UniversityofNorthCarolina,ChapelHill,NC,United States
JeffreyH.Siewerdsen
DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,JohnsHopkinsUniversity,Baltimore,MD,United States
Sang-EunSong
MechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,UniversityofCentralFlorida,Orlando,FL,United States
MilanSonka
TheIowaInstituteforBiomedicalImaging,TheUniversityofIowa,IowaCity,IA,United States
StefanieSpeidel
NationalCenterforTumorDiseases(NCT),PartnerSiteDresden,DivisionofTranslational SurgicalOncology(TSO),Dresden,Germany
MartijnP.A.Starmans
ErasmusMC,DepartmentofRadiologyandNuclearMedicine,Rotterdam,theNetherlands
ErasmusMC,DepartmentofMedicalInformatics,Rotterdam,theNetherlands
P.Stefan
TechnischeUniversitätMünchen,ComputerAidedMedicalProcedures,Munich,Germany
DanailStoyanov
Wellcome/EPSRCCentreforInterventionalandSurgicalSciences(WEISS),UCLComputer Sciences,London,UnitedKingdom
CaroleH.Sudre
SchoolofBiomedicalEngineering&ImagingSciences,King’sCollegeLondon,London, UnitedKingdom
AvanSuinesiaputra
DepartmentofAnatomyandMedicalImaging,UniversityofAuckland,Auckland,New Zealand
RussellH.Taylor
DepartmentofComputerScience,JohnsHopkinsUniversity,Baltimore,MD,UnitedStates
JonasTeuwen
RadboudUniversityMedicalCenter,DepartmentofRadiologyandNuclearMedicine, Nijmegen,theNetherlands
NetherlandsCancerInstitute,DepartmentofRadiationOncology,Amsterdam,the Netherlands
JakubM.Tomczak UniversityofAmsterdam,AmsterdamMachineLearningLab,Amsterdam,theNetherlands
J.Traub
TechnischeUniversitätMünchen,ComputerAidedMedicalProcedures,Munich,Germany
SurgicEyeGmbH,Munich,Germany
TamasUngi
SchoolofComputing,Queen’sUniversity,Kingston,ON,Canada
SebastianR.vanderVoort
ErasmusMC,DepartmentofRadiologyandNuclearMedicine,Rotterdam,theNetherlands
ErasmusMC,DepartmentofMedicalInformatics,Rotterdam,theNetherlands
FranciscoVasconcelos
Wellcome/EPSRCCentreforInterventionalandSurgicalSciences(WEISS),UCLComputer Sciences,London,UnitedKingdom
S.SwaroopVedula
JohnsHopkinsUniversity,MaloneCenterforEngineeringinHealthcare,Baltimore,MD, UnitedStates
JifkeF.Veenland
ErasmusMC,DepartmentofRadiologyandNuclearMedicine,Rotterdam,theNetherlands
ErasmusMC,DepartmentofMedicalInformatics,Rotterdam,theNetherlands
FrankK.Wacker
DepartmentofDiagnosticalandInterventionalRadiology,HannoverMedicalSchool, Hannover,Germany
XiaosongWang
DepartmentofRadiologyandImagingSciences,ClinicalCenter,NationalInstitutesofHealth, Bethesda,MD,UnitedStates
MaxWelling
UniversityofAmsterdam,AmsterdamMachineLearningLab,Amsterdam,theNetherlands
AdamWittek
IntelligentSystemsforMedicineLaboratory,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,The UniversityofWesternAustralia,Perth,WA,Australia
JelmerM.Wolterink
ImageSciencesInstitute,UniversityMedicalCenterUtrecht,Utrecht,theNetherlands
TaoXiong
ElectricalandComputerEngineering,JohnsHopkinsUniversity,Baltimore,MD,UnitedStates
DaguangXu
NVIDIA,SantaClara,CA,UnitedStates
ZhoubingXu
SiemensHealthineers,Princeton,NJ,UnitedStates
ZhennanYan
SenseBrain,Princeton,NJ,UnitedStates
DongYang
ComputerScience,RutgersUniversity,Piscataway,NJ,UnitedStates
LinYang
DepartmentofComputerInformationandScienceEngineering(CISE),UniversityofFlorida, Gainesville,FL,UnitedStates
UniversityofFlorida,BiomedicalEngineering,Gainesville,FL,UnitedStates
Pew-ThianYap
DepartmentofRadiologyandBRIC,UniversityofNorthCarolina,ChapelHill,NC,United States
AlistairA.Young
DepartmentofAnatomyandMedicalImaging,UniversityofAuckland,Auckland,New Zealand
BorisZevin
DepartmentofSurgery,Queen’sUniversity,Kingston,ON,Canada
HonghaiZhang
TheIowaInstituteforBiomedicalImaging,TheUniversityofIowa,IowaCity,IA,United States
ZizhaoZhang
DepartmentofComputerInformationandScienceEngineering(CISE),UniversityofFlorida, Gainesville,FL,UnitedStates
CanZhao
Dept.ofElectricalandComputerEngineering,TheJohnsHopkinsUniversity,Baltimore,MD, UnitedStates
YefengZheng Tencent
S.KevinZhou
InstituteofComputingTechnology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing,China
