PART III. Intrapartum Care
Chapter 12. Normal Labor and Delivery
Labor: Definition and Physiology
Mechanics of Labor
Cardinal Movements in Labor
Normal Progress of Labor
Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery
Delivery of the Placenta and Fetal Membranes
Episiotomy and Perineal Injury and Repair
Ultrasound in Labor and Delivery
Chapter 13. Abnormal Labor and Induction of Labor
Diagnosis
Induction of Labor
Techniques for Cervical Ripening and Labor Induction
Chapter 14. Operative Vaginal Delivery
Operative Vaginal Delivery
Operative Vaginal Delivery Instruments
Risks of Operative Vaginal Delivery
Chapter 15. Intrapartum Fetal Evaluation
Direct Fetal Heart Rate and Uterine Activity Monitoring
Indirect Fetal Heart Rate and Uterine Activity Monitoring
Physiologic Basis for Electronic Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring
Summary of Placental Causes of Interrupted Oxygenation
Fetal Response to Interrupted Oxygen Transfer
Pattern Recognition and Interpretation
2008 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Consensus Report
Benefits of Electronic Fetal Monitoring
Limitations of Electronic Fetal Monitoring
Chapter 16. Obstetric Anesthesia
Personnel
Pain Pathways
Effects of Pain and Stress
Analgesia for Labor
Anesthesia for Instrumented Vaginal Delivery or Perineal Repair
Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery
Chapter 17. Malpresentations
Overview
Clinical Circumstances Associated With Malpresentation
Abnormal Axial Lie
Management of a Singleton Gestation
Face Presentation
Brow Presentation
Compound Presentation
Breech Presentation
Term Breech Trial
Shoulder Dystocia
Chapter 18. Antepartum and Postpartum Hemorrhage
Pregnancy-Related Hemodynamic Changes
Physiologic Adaptation to Hemorrhage
Classification of Hemorrhage
Antepartum Hemorrhage
Chapter 19. Cesarean Delivery
Incidence
Indications for Cesarean Delivery
Technique of Cesarean Delivery
Complications of Cesarean Delivery
Tubal Sterilization
Chapter 20. Vaginal Birth After Cesarean Delivery
Trends
Risks Associated With a Trial of Labor After Cesarean
Chapter 21. Placenta Accreta
Overview
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Management
PART IV. Postpartum Care
Chapter 22. The Neonate
Cardiopulmonary Transition
Abnormalities of Cardiopulmonary Transition
Birth Injuries
Neonatal Thermal Regulation
Clinical Applications
Infant Feeding
Neonatal Hematology
Perinatal Infection
Respiratory Distress
Nursery Care
Outcome of Neonatal Intensive Care and Threshold of Viability
Late Preterm Infant
Chapter 23. Postpartum Care and Long-Term Health Considerations
Physiologic Changes
Management of the Puerperium
Health Maintenance
Pregnancy Prevention
Postpartum Psychological Reactions
Chapter 24. Lactation and Breastfeeding
Breast Anatomy and Development
Physiology of Lactation
Breast Milk: The Gold Standard
Role of the Obstetrician and Gynecologist
Focused Issues in the Successful Management of Breastfeeding
Anatomic Abnormalities of the Breast
Labor and Delivery Management
Maternal Nutrition During Lactation
Breast and Nipple Pain
Mastitis and Breast Abscess
Milk Transfer and Infant Growth
Jaundice in the Newborn
Galactogogues: Drugs to Improve Milk Production
Maternal Disease
Breast Masses During Lactation
Back-to-Work Issues
Contraception
PART V. Complicated Pregnancy
Chapter 25. Surgery During Pregnancy
Maternal Physiology
Diagnostic Imaging
Nonobstetric Surgery and Pregnancy Outcome
Fetal Monitoring
Laparoscopy in Pregnancy
Adnexal Masses in Pregnancy
Obesity, Bariatric Surgery, and Pregnancy
Chapter 26. Trauma and Related Surgery in Pregnancy
Incidence of Trauma in Pregnancy
Anatomic and Physiologic Changes of Pregnancy
Blunt Trauma
Specific Injuries
Management Considerations
Diagnostic Imaging
Exploratory Surgery for Traumatic Injuries During Pregnancy
Chapter 27. Early Pregnancy Loss and Stillbirth
Introduction
Frequency and Timing of Pregnancy Loss
Placental Anatomic Characteristics of Successful and Unsuccessful Pregnancies
Numerical Chromosomal Abnormalities: Most Frequent Cause of Early Pregnancy Loss
Chromosomal Rearrangements
Mosaics
Nonchromosomal Causes of Early Pregnancy Loss
Thrombophilias
Exogenous Agents
Management of Recurrent Early Pregnancy Loss
Late Pregnancy Loss (Stillbirth)
Obstetric Outcome After Early Pregnancy Complications
Chapter 28. Cervical Insufficiency
Overview
Short Cervix
Risk Factors for Cervical Insufficiency
Tests for Cervical Insufficiency
Clinical Diagnosis of Cervical Insufficiency
Sonographic Diagnosis of Cervical Insufficiency
Diagnosis of Cervical Insufficiency on Physical Examination
Treatment
Chapter 29. Preterm Labor and Birth
Overview
Definitions
Frequency of Preterm and Low-Birthweight Delivery
Clinical Care for Women in Preterm Labor
Diagnosis of Preterm Labor
Treatment for Women in Preterm Labor
Conduct of Labor and Delivery for the Preterm Infant
Prevention of Preterm Birth
Chapter 30. Premature Rupture of the Membranes
Overview
Fetal Membrane Anatomy and Physiology
Etiology of Premature Rupture of the Membranes
Clinical Course After Premature Rupture of the Membranes
Risks of Premature Rupture of the Membranes
Management of Premature Rupture of the Membranes
Chapter 31. Preeclampsia and Hypertensive Disorders
Definitions
Preeclampsia
Eclampsia
Chrionic Hypertension
Chapter 32. Multiple Gestations
Zygosity and Chorionicity
Diagnosis of Multiple Gestations
Maternal and Fetal Risks of Multiple Gestation
Perinatal Morbidity and Mortality
Issues and Complications Unique to Multiple Gestations
Selective Intrauterine Growth Restriction in Monochorionic Twin Pregnancies
Twin Anemia-Polycythemia Sequence
Antepartum Management of Multifetal Pregnancy
Timing of Delivery in Multiple Gestations
Mode of Delivery in Multiple Gestations
Intrapartum Management of Twin Vaginal Delivery
Chapter 33. Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Perinatal Mortality
Regulation of Fetal Growth
Definition and Patterns of Fetal Growth Restriction
Etiologies of Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Maternal and Fetal Manifestations of Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Diagnostic Tools in Fetal Growth Restriction
Screening and Prevention of Fetal Growth Restriction
Management in Clinical Practice
Assessment of Fetal Well-Being
Timing of Delivery
Delivery
Chapter 34. Red Cell Alloimmunization
Nomenclature
Historic Perspectives
Incidence
Pathophysiology
Rhesus Alloimmunization and Fetal/Neonatal Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Prevention of RhD Hemolytic Disease in the Fetus and Newborn
Clinical Management
Intrauterine Transfusion
Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn Due to Non-RhD Antibodies
Chapter 35. Amniotic Fluid Disorders
Overview
Amniotic Fluid Volume
Amniotic Fluid Formation
Amniotic Fluid Removal
Oligohydramnios
Polyhydramnios
PART VI. Pregnancy and Coexisting Disease
Chapter 36. Prolonged and Postterm Pregnancy
Definition
Incidence
Etiology
Diagnosis
Perinatal Morbidity and Mortality
Maternal Complications
Management
Long-Term Neonatal Outcomes
Multiple Gestation
Chapter 37. Heart Disease in Pregnancy
Maternal Hemodynamics
Diagnosis and Evaluation of Heart Disease
General Care
Congenital Heart Disease
Summary
Cardiomyopathy
Myocardial Infarction
Marfan Syndrome
Pulmonary Hypertension
Other Conditions
Critical Care: Hemodynamic Monitoring and Management
Chapter 38. Respiratory Disease in Pregnancy
Pneumonia in Pregnancy
Bacteriology
Bacterial Pneumonia
Viral Pneumonia
Tuberculosis in Pregnancy
Asthma in Pregnancy
Restrictive Lung Disease
Chapter 39. Renal Disease in Pregnancy
Altered Renal Physiology in Pregnancy
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
Pyelonephritis
Acute Renal Disease in Pregnancy
Chronic Renal Disease in Pregnancy
Chapter 40. Diabetes Mellitus Complicating Pregnancy
Perinatal Morbidity and Mortality
Maternal Classification and Risk Assessment
Early Screening for Overt Diabetes and Detection of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Treatment of the Patient With Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Antepartum Fetal Evaluation
Timing and Mode of Delivery
Glucoregulation During Labor and Delivery
Management of Gestational Diabetes
Postpartum Follow-up in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Prepregnancy Counseling in Preexisting Diabetes Mellitus
Contraception
Chapter 41. Obesity in Pregnancy
Prevalence of Obesity in Women of Reproductive Age
Pregnancy Complications in Obese Women
Postpartum Considerations
Neonate/Child
Other Considerations
Chapter 42. Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases in Pregnancy
Parathyroid Disorders
Thyroid Diseases
Chapter 43. Pituitary and Adrenal Disorders in Pregnancy
Anterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary
Adrenals
Chapter 44. Hematologic Complications of Pregnancy
Pregnancy-Associated Thrombocytopenia
Evaluation of Thrombocytopenia During Pregnancy and the Puerperium
Therapy of Thrombocytopenia During Pregnancy
Management of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and HemolyticUremic Syndrome
Fetal/Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Megaloblastic Anemia
Hemoglobinopathies
von Willebrand Disease
Chapter 45. Thromboembolic Disorders in Pregnancy
Epidemiology and Incidence
Genetics
Pathophysiology of Thrombosis in Pregnancy
Chapter 46. Collagen Vascular Diseases in Pregnancy
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Systemic Sclerosis
Sjögren Syndrome
Chapter 47. Hepatic Disorders During Pregnancy
Overview
Differential Diagnosis of Hepatobiliary Symptoms and Conditions During Pregnancy
Abdominal Imaging During Pregnancy
Pancreatobiliary Disease
Common Liver Diseases Incidental to Pregnancy
Chapter 48. Gastrointestinal Disorders During Pregnancy
Differential Diagnosis and Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Symptoms During Pregnancy
Diagnostic Testing During Pregnancy
Chapter 49. Neurologic Disorders in Pregnancy
Epilepsy and Seizures
Multiple Sclerosis
Stroke
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Chapter 50. Malignant Diseases and Pregnancy
Introduction
Cancer Therapy During Pregnancy
Radiation Therapy
Surgery and Anesthesia
Pregnancy Following Cancer Treatment
Cancer During Pregnancy
Postoperative Adjuvant Therapy
Central Nervous System Tumors
Neonatal Outcomes
Fetal-Placental Metastasis
Fertility Preservation
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease and Pregnancy-Related Issues
Chapter 51. Skin Disease and Pregnancy
Physiologic Skin Changes Induced by Pregnancy
Preexisting Skin Diseases and Tumors Affected by Pregnancy
Cutaneous Manifestations of Autoimmune Disorders
Pruritus in Pregnancy
Specific Dermatoses of Pregnancy
Chapter 52. Maternal and Perinatal Infection: Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Syphilis in Pregnancy
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Congenital Syphilis
Chapter 53. Maternal and Perinatal Infection in Pregnancy: Viral
Viral Infections
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Influenza
Parvovirus
Measles
Cytomegalovirus Infection
Herpesvirus
Varicella
Hepatitis
Human Papillomavirus
Ebola
Chapter 54. Maternal and Perinatal Infection in Pregnancy: Bacterial
Group B Streptococcal Infection
Urinary Tract Infections
Upper Genital Tract Infections
Chapter 55. Mental Health and Behavioral Disorders in Pregnancy
Mood Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Eating Disorders
Schizophrenia
Substance-Related Disorders
PART VII. Legal and Ethical Issues in Perinatology
Chapter 56. Patient Safety and Quality Measurement in Obstetric Care
Patient Safety
Approaches to Improve Obstetric Safety
Measurement of Obstetric Quality of Care
Chapter 57. Ethical and Legal Issues in Perinatology
Reproductive Liberty
Abortion Politics and “Obamacare”
Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Funding
Genetic Counseling, Screening, and Prenatal Diagnosis
Forced Cesarean Delivery
Chapter 58. Improving Global Maternal Health: Challenges and Opportunities
Maternal and Reproductive Health
Sexual and Reproductive Health
Major Obstetric Complications: Prevention and Management in Resource-Poor Countries
Practical Advice on Volunteering to Work Overseas
Appendix
Appendix A. Normal Values in Pregnancy and Ultrasound Measurements
Appendix B. Anatomy of the Pelvis
Appendix C. Glossary of Key Abbreviations
Index
