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ENCYCLOPEDIAOF FOODGRAINS SecondEdition ENCYCLOPEDIAOF FOODGRAINS SecondEdition VOLUME1 THEWORLDOFFOODGRAINS EDITORS
COLINWRIGLEY
UniversityofQueensland,Brisbane,Australia
HAROLDCORKE
UniversityofHongKong,HongKong,People’sRepublicofChina
KOUSHIKSEETHARAMAN{
JONFAUBION KansasStateUniversity,ManhattanKS,USA
AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB 225WymanStreet,WalthamMA02451
Firstedition2004(asEncyclopediaofGrainScience)
Copyright © 2016ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved
ThefollowingarticlesareUSgovernmentworksinthepublicdomainandarenotsubjecttocopyright: GrainCrops,Overview;MaizeOverview.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,including photocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailson howtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchas theCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite: www.elsevier.com/permissions
ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher(otherthanasmaybenoted herein).
Notice
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesin researchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary.
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SETISBN978-0-12-394437-5
VOLUME1ISBN978-0-12-803537-5
VOLUME2ISBN978-0-12-803536-8
VOLUME3ISBN978-0-12-803535-1
VOLUME4ISBN978-0-12-803538-2
Forinformationonallpublications visitourwebsiteat http://store.elsevier.com
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Publisher: LisaTickner
AcquisitionEditor: RachelGerlis
ContentProjectManager: MarkHarper
ProductionProjectManager: PaulPrasadChandramohan
Designer: VictoriaPearsonEsser
DurumWheat:Overview
Zizania:Overview
EAOelkeandRAPorter
AfricanRice(Oryzaglaberrima):ABriefHistoryandItsGrowingImportanceinCurrent RiceBreedingEfforts
JTManfulandSGraham-Acquaah
Barley:AnOverviewofaVersatileCerealGrainwithManyFoodandFeedUses
AMStanca,AGianinetti,FRizza,andVTerzi
SorghumGrain,ItsProductionandUses:Overview
HDSapirsteinandWBushuk
GJSeilerandTJGulya
Carthamustinctorius
SCloutier
YZCai,HCorke,DWang,andWDLi
EJKnightsandKBHobson Pea:Overview
TNKhan,AMeldrum,andJSCroser
BSKhatkar,NChaudhary,andPDangi
HCorkeandYZCai GrainProductionandConsumption:Europe
JAFoxandLLWard
PBEMcVetty,OMLukow,LMHall,IRajcan,andHRahman
CWWrigleyandRJFrench
JHSkerritt
PRShewryandPTosi
XMZhou,BLMa,andDLSmith
TheEnzymesAssociatedwithFoodGrainsandTheirFunctionsinProcessing
DJMares,KMrva,andGBFincher
ProteomicAnalysisRelevanttoCerealGrains
AJuha´sz,RHaraszi,FBe´ke´s,DJSkylas,andCWWrigley
FBonomiandSIametti
RNChibbar,SJaiswal,MGangola,andMBa ˚ ga
FLStoddard
ARegina,SRahman,ZLi,andMKMorell
VVamadevanandQLiu
AGunaratneandHCorke
WheatBreeding:ExploitingandFixingGeneticVariationbySelectionandEvaluation
RDePauwandLO’Brien
Barley:GeneticsandBreeding
ACuesta-Marcos,JGKling,ARBelcher,TFilichkin,SPFisk,RGraebner,LHelgerson,DHerb,BMeints,ASRoss, PMHayes,andSEUlrich
QingyaoShuandDianxingWu
PBEMcVettyandRWDuncan
LCTrugo,EvonBaer,andDvonBaer
Soybean:Germplasm,Breeding,andGenetics
RGPalmerandTHymowitz
VKTiwari,JDFaris,BFriebe,andBSGill
JSinglaandSGKrattinger
SJRoy,NCCollins,andRMunns
JSLiandSKVasal
MHBlanco,HYangcheng,andJJane
Appendix1.Nutrient-CompositionTablesforGrainsandforGrain-BasedProducts
SFSchakel,NVanHeel,andJHarnack
Appendix2.ListsofStandardizedTestingMethodsfortheAnalysisofGrainandGrain-BasedFoods450 ARBridgesandCWWrigley
Appendix3.Grains,Foods,andIngredientsSuitingGluten-FreeDietsforCeliacDisease
JMJones,VZevallos,andCWWrigley
PREFACE Thegrain-producingplantsareessentialtolifeonearth.Theyaretheprimarymeansbywhichsunlight,the primarysourceoftheearth’senergy,iscapturedviaphotosynthesistoturncarbondioxideandwaterinto carbohydratesandthusintothewiderrangeofthebiochemicalsneededbyalllifeforms.
Thesummaryissimple:
Thesun’senergy þ CO2 þ H2O #
Grain-bearingplants whichprovide: Food,Fats,FuelandFiberforourselves Feed,Forage,Fodderforouranimals FoodforFishFarms
Directly,grainssupplyoverhalfofhumanity’senergyandprotein. Indirectly,grainscontributetoourfoodsupplyviathefeedingofgrainsandgrainby-productstoanimals, birdsandfish.
Grainsareincreasinglyarenewablesourceoffuels(ethanolandoils). Grainspecies,suchascottonseed,contributefiberforourclothing.
GrainstoFeedandFuelourWorld Asitstitleindicates,the EncyclopediaofFoodGrains concentratesonthefoodusesofgrains,butdetailsarealso providedaboutthewiderrolesofgrains.Greaterdetailabouttheuseofgrainsforanimalfeedingisalready availableviatheon-line Feedipedia encyclopedia(http://www.feedipedia.org/). Worldwide,however,itisourfoodthatisourobsession–firstandforemost.Weseeourhealth(or otherwise)tobeintimatelyrelatedtoourdiet.Thereforenutritionisamajoraccentofthissecondedition, occupyingthewholeofthesecondvolume,followingthefirstvolume’sdescriptionofthebasicaspectsofthe worldofgrains.Thethirdandfourthvolumesworktheirwaysbackupthevalue-addedgrainchaintodescribe grainprocessingandproduction,thencetobreedingandgenetics.
Thesequenceofarticlesinthefirstedition(the EncyclopediaofGrainScience,2004)followedanalphabetical order.Incontrast,thedistinctorderingofarticlesinthesecondeditionassemblesfundamentalconceptsin Volume1– TheWorldofFoodGrains.Movingintothelatervolumes,greatercomplexityanderuditionare evident.Thus,unusualtermssuchas“Transcriptomics”,“Aeciospore”and“Allelopathy”aremorelikelytobe foundinlatervolumesthaninthefirst.Inanycase,referencetotheglossaryandtheindexshouldhelpin elucidatingsuchterms.
TheFirstandSecondEditions-Editors Thissecondeditionisaconsiderableexpansiononthecontentofthefirstedition,withitsthreeprintvolumes and168articles.Now,sometwelveyearslater,thefourprintvolumesofthe EncyclopediaofFoodGrains provide
216articles,manynewlywrittenforthenewedition.Thosearticlesthathavebeenreprintedfromthefirst editionhavebeenupdated.Inallcases,authorsandreviewersareworldrenownedexpertsintheirrespective fields.
Thissecondeditionhasbeenmorethanthreeyearsinitsdevelopment.Intheearlystages,theeditorswere HaroldCorke,ChuckWalkerandColinWrigley(thethreeeditorsofthefirstedition).Sadlyin2012,Chuck Walkerpassedaway,leavingagapthatwasdifficulttofill.
ChuckwasreplacedbyKoushikSeetharaman,whoworkedavidlyindevelopingtheconceptsforthissecond edition,includinghiscontributionstoameetingoftheeditorsandElsevierstaffinSydney,January,2013. Sadly,KoushiksufferedaheartattackinJune,2014.However,hiscontributionstothesecondeditionduring thiscriticaldevelopmentstageweresuchthatElsevierdecidedthathisnameshouldremainasaco-editor. TributestoProfessorsWalkerandSeetharamanareprovidedbelow.
InJuly,2014,ProfessorJonFaubionwasappointedasaco-editor.DrFaubionistheCharlesSingleton ProfessorofBakingandCerealScienceintheDepartmentofGrainScience,KansasStateUniversity.Heisa morethanworthyreplacementundersuchtragiccircumstances.
AcknowledgementtoAllInvolved
Theproductionofanencyclopediainvolvesawiderangeofexpertswithexpertiseinadiversityofareasof knowledge.Weacknowledgewithgratefulthanksthegroupsofcontributors:
• MembersoftheEditorialAdvisoryBoard;
• Authorswhohavesharedtheirspecialknowledgeandexperience;
• Elsevierstaffwhohaveprovidedextensiveadviceandadministrativeservices,especiallyDonnade Weerd-Wilson,SimonHoltandRachelGerlis(successiveSupervisoryStaff)andGemmaTomalin, GemmaTaft,JoanneWilliamsandMarkHarper(successiveContentProjectManagers).
TheEditors
HaroldCorke,JonFaubion,KoushikSeetharaman,andColinWrigley
TRIBUTESTOFORMERCO-EDITORS ProfessorEmeritusCharles(‘Chuck’)E.Walker
ChuckWalkerwasoneofthethreeeditorsofthefirsteditionofElsevier’sGrains Encyclopedia(the EncyclopediaofGrainScience,2004).Hewasagainappointed asaneditorofthissecondedition.Heparticipatedintheplanningstagesforthe secondeditionuntilhisuntimelydeathon26April2012.Atthetimeofhis death,ChuckwasaProfessorEmeritusattheDepartmentofGrainScienceand IndustryatKansasStateUniversity,Manhattan,KS,USA.
CharlesEugeneWalkerwasbornon17December1936,inWinterset,Madisoncounty,IA,USA,duringthegreatdepression.Hewastheeldestchildof AlbertCecilandBessieIreneHeadleyWalker,poorfarmersinWinterset,Madisoncounty,IA,USA.Hewalkedmorethanamiletoattendruralone-room grammarschoolsinWarrencountyandgraduatedfromhighschoolinNew Virginia,IA,USA.
Betterknownas‘Chuck’inlaterlife,DrWalkerreceivedaBSdegreein ChemicalEngineeringfromIowaStateUniversity,Ames,IA,USA,inMay1959.Ata‘mixer’partyinthefall of1957,hemetShannonRosePhilp,aprettyfreshmanstudentfromLoupcity,NE,USA.Thiswasjustaftera summerspentworkingaloneonafire-lookouttowerfortheUSForestService,inthewildsofClearwater NationalForest,inNorthernIdaho.Theyweremarriedon1June1958andshebecamehiswifeof54years.She laterrewardedhimwithtwosons,AlanEugeneandTomasCharles,andtheyadoptedadaughter,Bekianne.
Upongraduation,ChuckworkedinflourmillingresearchattheGeneralMillsCentralResearchLaboratories intheMinneapolisareafrom1959to1962.HethenacceptedafellowshiptograduateschoolatNorthDakota StateUniversityinFargofrom1962to1965,majoringinCerealChemistry.ChuckreceivedhisPhDin Chemistryinthesummerof1966.ForhisPhDdissertation,hedevelopedamicrobreweryandstudiedbarley proteinsandtheirinfluenceonbeerquality–aratherironicchoiceoftopics,consideringheremainedastrict teetotalerallhislife.
Whilefinishinghisthesis,hejoinedthefacultyoftheNorthDakotaStateCollege,Valleycity,ND,USA (1965–1974),teachingvariousphysicalscienceandchemistrycoursestoundergraduatestudents.Feelingthe pullofindustry,hemovedsouthtoworkfortheFairmontFoodsCentralResearchLaboratoryinOmaha,NE, USA(1974–1980),wherehedidresearch,productdevelopment,andtechnicalassistanceonbaking,pizza, snack,anddairyproducts,eventuallyreachingthepositionofAssociateDirectorofResearch.
DismembermentandsaleofthisFortune-500companyprovidedhimanopportunitytoreturntoacademia attheUniversityofNebraska,Lincoln,NE,USA(1980–1987),wherehedevelopedaCerealTechnology ProgramwithintheDepartmentofFoodTechnology.Hedevelopedandtaughtvariousfoodscienceand technologycoursestobothundergraduateandgraduatestudents,anddevelopedavigorousresearchprogram. HebecameInterimDepartmentHeadandFoodProcessingCenterDirector.
InDecember1987,ChuckjoinedtheDepartmentofGrainScienceandIndustryatKansasStateUniversityas theBakersNationalEducationalFoundation’sBakingScienceProfessor.Therehemaintainedabusyprogram
inresearch,teaching,graduatestudentadvising,publishing,travelingandconsulting,specializinginbaking technology.
Duringhiscareer,Chuckpublishedmorethan100technicalpapers,andadvisedabout50MSandPhD graduatestudents.Hewasheavilyinvolvedinappliedrheology(mixingandflowcharacteristics)offlour products.Inrecognitionofhiscommitmenttointernationalgraduatestudents,MrRolandTemme,TMCO, Lincoln,NE,USA,establishedaninternationalgraduatestudentfellowshipinhishonor.
Chuckentered50%phased-inretirementatage65 þ in2002andretiredin2005,onlytobehiredback1/ 10-timeafterwardtoassistwithseminarsandthedepartment’scentennialrecognitionin2010.Hecontinued tosupportthedepartment’sactivitiesonavolunteerbasis.
Chuck’sresearchandconsultingtravelstookhimtomorethanadozencountries,includingmanyextended tripstoAustralia,eventuallyearningpermanentresidentstatusinAustralia–acountrywhichhadfascinated himsincechildhood.MostofhistimeinAustraliawasspentwiththeBreadResearchInstituteinSydney.He alsomadeseveralextendedtripstoChina,servingasguestlectureratShanDongAgriculturalUniversity,Tai’An, andatHenanUniversityofTechnology,Zhengzhou.
Chuckalwayscommentedthat“thebestlegacyapersoncouldleaveistheknowledgehehasshared.”A significantwayinwhichhisknowledgehasbeensharedisrepresentedbyhiscontributionstothefirstand secondeditionsofElsevier’s EncyclopediaofFoodGrains
ColinWrigleyonbehalfoftheEditors.
ProfessorKoushikSeetharaman
InAugust2012,KoushikSeetharamanwasappointedasthethirdeditorofthis secondeditionofElsevier’sGrainsEncyclopedia,replacingProfessorWalker. Tragically,Koushik’smanycontributionstothe EncyclopediaofFoodGrains were cutshortbyhisuntimelydeathat48yearsinJune2014.
KoushikreceivedhisBSattheGujaratAgriculturalUniversity,Anand,Gujarat,India.HisMStrainingwasatCornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA,andhis PhDresearchwascarriedoutatTexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,TX,USA.
AtthetimeofKoushik’sappointmentasencyclopediaeditor(August2012), hewasAssociateProfessorandCerealsChairintheDepartmentofFoodScience attheUniversityofGuelph,Canada.Researchinhislaboratoryspannedthe cereal-grainvaluechain,focusingongrainquality,processingandingredient interactions,andonconsumeracceptabilityandhealth.
HisresearchongrainqualityatGuelphinvolvedcollaborationwithcereal-breedingcompanies,grain farmersofOntarioandlocalprocessors,byanalyzingOntariowheatsforfunctionalityandnutritional attributes.Specialaccentswereonantioxidantactivity,andonfiberandphenolicscontents.Interactions withbreedersandprocessorrelatedtothechemistry,sensorypropertiesandconsumeracceptanceofwhole grainproducts,withspecificfocusonredversuswhitewheatsindifferentproductmatrices.
Koushikhadaspecialinterestinthebehaviorofstarchinwater-poorsystems,suchasdoughandbaked products.Hisresearchgrouphaddemonstratedthattheconstituentpolymersofwheatstarchareaseriesof biopolymersrangingfromlineartobranched,dependingonseveralfactorsincludinggeneticsandgrowth environment.Moreover,theproportionofthesepolymersfurtherdefinestheirfunctionalproperties.
ResearchfundinghadbeenprovidedbytheCanadianAgriculturalAdaptationCouncilwithcontributions fromtheOntarioCerealIndustryResearchCouncil,Kellogg,Kraft,KraftCanadaMill,DowAgroSciences,C&M Seeds,GrainFarmersofOntarioandBrabenderGmbH.
Severalmonthsbeforehisdeath,KoushikhadbeenappointedasanAssociateProfessortotheDepartment ofFoodScienceandNutritionattheUniversityofMinnesota,StPaul,MN,USA,theretakingthepositionof GeneralMillsCerealChair.Inthatcapacity,Koushikhadagaininitiatedcollaborationswithbreedersand geneticists,millersandprocessors,withafocusonwhatproductqualitymeansfortheconsumer.Hisresearch focusedoninteractionsofgrainbiopolymers–starchandgluteninparticular–andtheimpactonprocessing, productattributesandconsumerhealth.
Hisgroupincludedthreepostdoctoralresearchassociates,fivedoctoralstudentsandoneMSstudent.They werecollaboratingextensivelywithresearchgroupsaroundtheworldincludingUniversityofMilan,Italy; UniversityofCopenhagen,Denmark;LilleUniversity,France;ONIRIS,France;TamilnaduAgriculturalUniversity,India;IowaStateUniversity,USA;AfricanRiceResearchInstitute,Benin;UniversityofGuelph,Canada; andMemorialUniversity,Newfoundland,Canada.
Koushik’sresearchbackgroundandhiscollaborationsplacedhimwelltocontributetothepreparationof thegrainsencyclopedia,bothbyhisourwritingandviahiscontactstoengageworld-authoritycontributors.
Thegrain-sciencecommunityworld-widewasshockedbyKoushik’ssuddenpassing.Koushikleftawife DebraFreedmanandaneight-year-oldson,Samuel.
Koushik’scontributiontotheencyclopediawassuchthatElsevierdecidedthathisnameshouldremainasa co-editoreventhoughhedidnotlivetoseetheendresultofhiscontributions.
ColinWrigleyonbehalfoftheEditors.
EDITORS’BIOGRAPHY ColinW.Wrigley’s 55yearsingrain-scienceresearchhaveearnedhiminternationalrecognitionin theformofseveralinternationalandAustralianresearchawards.Hisworkisdescribedinabout 600researchpublications,includingseveralpatents,aseriesofeightbooksonAustraliancereal varieties,andmanyeditedbooks.HewasEditor-in-Chiefofthefirsteditionofthe Encyclopediaof GrainScience (2004).
Hisresearchinterestshavecenteredonthecharacterizationofcereal-grainproteinsinrelationto processingquality.Thishasinvolveddevelopingnewmethodsofproteinfractionation,including gelisoelectricfocusingandits2Dcombinationwithgelelectrophoresis,leadingintoproteomic mapping.Otherdiagnosticmethodsdevelopedrelatetotheevaluationofgrainqualityinwheat andbarley,suchasbettermethodsforvarietyidentificationandforcharacterizingqualityinstarch andsproutedgrain(asco-patenteeoftheRapidViscoAnalyser).Researchinvolvementhasalso includedelucidationofgrain-qualityvariationduetoenvironmentalfactors(heatstress,fertilizer use,CO2 levelsandstorageconditions).
In2009,WrigleywasappointedaMemberoftheOrderofAustralia(AM)‘forservicetoprimary industry,particularlytograinscienceasaresearcher,andtothedevelopmentofmethodsfor improvingwheatquality.’
HeiscurrentlyanHonoraryProfessorattheUniversityofQueensland,Brisbane,Australia.
HaroldCorke isaprofessorintheFoodandNutritionalSciencesprogramatTheUniversityof HongKong,andaChutianScholarDistinguishedForeignProfessorintheGlynO.Phillips HydrocolloidResearchCenteratHUT,HubeiUniversityofTechnology,Wuhan,China.Inmore than22yearsinHongKong,hehashadresponsibilityforteachingadiversearrayoffoodscience courses,includingthemajorcourses GrainProductionandUtilization, FoodSafetyandQuality Management, FoodProductDevelopment,andgeneraleducationcourses FeedingtheWorld,and Food : Technology, TradeandCulture.Heisauthororco-authorof180refereedjournalarticles, andhis22PhDgraduateshavegoneontosuccessfulcareersinacademiaandindustryaroundthe world.Heisontheeditorialboardsof JournalofFoodCompositionandAnalysis, LWTFoodScienceand Technology and JournalofCerealScience,andwithColinWrigleyandChuckWalkerwasoneofthe editorsofthefirsteditionof EncyclopediaofGrainScience,publishedin2004.Corkeisactivein consultingingrainprocessingandfoodsafetyinAsiaandEasternEurope.
JonFaubion istheCharlesSingletonProfessorofBakingandCerealScienceintheDepartmentof GrainScience,KansasStateUniversity.Overhis35 þ yearcareer,hehashadthesoleorshared responsibilityforteachingninedifferentcerealorfoodsciencecoursesatTexasA&MUniversity, TheUniversityofMinnesotaandKansasState.In2011,hereceivedtheExcellenceinTeaching AwardfromtheAmericanAssociationofCerealChemistsInternational.Heisasenioreditorof CerealChemistry,andamemberoftheBoardofDirectorsoftheAmericanAssociationofCereal ChemistsInternationalandanexecutiveeditorof JournaloftheScienceofFoodandAgriculture.Prior torejoiningthedepartmentfacultyin2005,hedirectedtheAppliedTechnologyandSensory ScienceGroupsfortheresearchanddevelopmentarmofTheSchwanFoodCompany.
EDITORIALADVISORYBOARD JinsongBao
ZhejiangUniversity,Hangzhou,PRChina
FrankBekes
DirectorR&DFBFDPtyLtd,Beecroft,NSW,Australia
TrustBeta UniversityofManitoba,Winnipeg,MB,Canada
StanleyCauvain
BakeTran,Witney,UnitedKingdom;CurtinUniversity, Perth,WA,Australia
RobertCracknell
CrackersConsulting,MountEliza,VIC,Australia
YapengFang
HubeiUniversityofTechnology,Wuhan,PRChina
JonFaubion KansasStateUniversity,Manhattan,KS,USA
BobFrench DepartmentofAgricultureandFood,WesternAustralia, Merredin,WA,Australia
RobertGraybosch AgriculturalResearchService,USDA,Lincoln,NE,USA
RobertHenry UniversityofQueensland,Brisbane,QLD,Australia
BarryV.McCleary MegazymeInternationalIreland,Bray,Wicklow,Ireland
LindsayO’Brien UniversityofSydney,Narrabri,NSW,Australia
PaulScott
USDA-ARSCornInsectsandCropGeneticsResearch Unit,Ames,IA,USA
JohnReginaldNuttallTaylor UniversityofPretoria,Pretoria,SouthAfrica
