Table of Contents
Instructions for online access
Cover image
Front End Sheet
Title page
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Section 1: Symptomatic Care Pending Diagnosis
Chest Pain
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
InitialAssessment
DiagnosisandTreatment
Constipation
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
RiskFactors
Pathophysiology
Prevention
ClinicalManifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Cough
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
AcuteCough
ChronicCough
Dizziness and Vertigo
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
RiskFactors
Pathophysiology
ClinicalManifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Monitoring
Complications
Fatigue
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
RiskFactors
Prevention
ClinicalManifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Monitoring
Fever
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Definitions
Pathophysiology
RisksandBenefitsofFever
DiagnosticEvaluationofFever
DifferentialDiagnosis
Treatment
Gaseousness, Indigestion, Nausea, and Vomiting
Epidemiology
RiskFactors
Pathophysiology
Prevention
ClinicalManifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Monitoring
Complications
Headache
EvaluationandDiagnosis
Tension-TypeHeadache
MigraineHeadache
ClusterHeadache
ChronicDailyHeadache
PosttraumaticHeadache
Treatment
TTHATreatment
MigraineTreatment
ClusterHeadacheTreatment
ChronicDailyandPosttraumaticHeadacheTreatment
Conclusion
Hematuria
CurrentDiagnosis
Epidemiology
RiskFactors
Pathophysiology
Prevention
ClinicalManifestations
Diagnosis
DifferentialDiagnosis
Therapy,Monitoring,andComplications
Hiccups
MechanisticDescription
Classifications
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
EvaluationoftheHiccupPatient
NonpharmacologicInterventions
PharmacologicInterventions
PhysicalInterventions
Treatment
Hoarseness and Laryngitis
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
NormalLaryngealFunction
EvaluationofDysphonia
TypesofDysphonia
NeurologicDisordersandtheVoice
FunctionalVoiceDisorders
Presbylaryngis
Conclusion
Pain
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
RiskFactors
Pathophysiology
Prevention
ClinicalManifestations
Diagnosis
DifferentialDiagnosis
Treatment
Monitoring
Complications
Palliative and End-of-Life Care
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
RiskFactors
Pathophysiology
Prevention
ClinicalManifestations
Diagnosis
DifferentialDiagnosis
Therapy
Pain
Dyspnea
Nausea/Vomiting
Constipation
Anxiety
Delirium
Hiccups
Monitoring
PalliativeSedation
Physician-AssistedSuicide(PAS)
Complications
Palpitations
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
DifferentialDiagnosis
RiskFactors
Pathophysiology
ClinicalAssessment
DiagnosticTesting
Treatment
Pharyngitis
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
RiskFactors
Pathophysiology
Prevention
ClinicalManifestations
Diagnosis
DifferentialDiagnosis
Treatment
Monitoring
Complications
Pruritus
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Classification
Pathophysiology
ClinicalManifestations
DifferentialDiagnosis
Therapy
Complications
Rhinitis
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Introduction
Epidemiology/RiskFactors
Pathophysiology
Prevention
ClinicalManifestations
Diagnosis
History
PhysicalExamination
DifferentialDiagnosis
Treatment
Monitoring Complications
Spine Pain
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
RiskFactors
Pathophysiology
Prevention
ClinicalManifestations
Diagnosis
DifferentialDiagnosis
Therapy
Monitoring
Complications
Tinnitus
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
DefinitionandEpidemiology
RiskFactors/Etiologies(SubjectiveandObjectiveTinnitus)
Pathophysiology
Prevention
ClinicalManifestations
Diagnosis
DifferentialDiagnosis
Management
Monitoring Complications
Section 2: Diseases of Allergy
Allergic Reactions to Insect Stings
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Diagnosis
Treatment
Anaphylaxis and Serum Sickness
CurrentDiagnosis
Anaphylaxis
SerumSickness
Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
Classifications
Pathophysiology
RiskFactorsforHypersensitivityDrugReactions
ClinicalManifestations
Evaluation
Management
SpecificDrugs
Antibiotics
PenicillinandCephalosporinCross-Reactivity
Sulfonamides(SulfaDrugs)
Angiotensin-ConvertingEnzymeInhibitors
AspirinandNSAIDs
RadiocontrastMedia
Chlorhexidine
HerbalSupplements
Conclusion
Section 3: The Cardiovascular System
Acute Myocardial Infarction: Focus on ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Diagnosis
ManagementofSTEMI
Adjuncttherapy
ComplicationsofSTEMI
Angina Pectoris
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
ClinicalFeatures
DiagnosticTesting
RiskFactorManagement
ApproachtoTreatment
MedicationCombinations
AntiplateletTherapy
OtherCausesofAngina
NewerImagingTechniques
Summary
Aortic Disease: Aneurysm and Dissection
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
AbdominalAorticAneurysms
Diagnosis
Treatment
ThoracicAorticAneurysms
ThoracoabdominalAorticAneurysms
ThoracicAorticDissection
Atrial Fibrillation
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
RiskFactorsandPathophysiology
ClinicalManifestations
Diagnosis
DifferentialDiagnosis
Treatment
Complications
SpecialConsiderations
Cardiac Arrest: Sudden Cardiac Death
DefinitionandCauses
TeststoIdentifyRiskforSuddenDeath
Treatment
PrimaryPreventionofVentricularArrhythmiasandSuddenCardiacDeath
SuddenDeathAssociatedwithAbnormalitiesoftheQTInterval
IdiopathicVentricularFibrillation
AdultCongenitalHeartDisease
NeuromuscularDiseases
Bradyarrhythmia
Congenital Heart Disease
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
AcyanoticConditions
CyanoticConditions
Congestive Heart Failure
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
HeartFailureDefinition
Epidemiology
HeartFailureClassificationBasedonLeftVentricularEjectionFraction(LVEF)
Diagnosis
FunctionalCapacity
ClinicalManifestionsandDiagnosis
LaboratoryandDiagnosticTests
Therapy
ReninAngiotensinSystemInhibitors
BetaBlockers
MineralocorticoidReceptorAntagonists(MRA)
HydralazineandIsosorbideDinitrateCombination
Digoxin
Statins
Omega-3PolyunsaturatedFattyAcids(PUFA)
Anticoagulation
Devices
TherapyforHFpEF
AdvancedTherapies
Heart Block
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
RiskFactors
Pathophysiology
Prevention
ClinicalManifestations
Diagnosis
DifferentialDiagnosis
Therapy
Monitoring Complications
Conclusions
Hypertension
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
RiskFactors
Gender
Pathophysiology
Prevention
ClinicalManifestations
Diagnosis
DifferentialDiagnosis
TreatmentApproaches
Monitoring Complications
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Definition
Epidemiology
RiskFactors
ClinicalManifestations
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
ParticipationinCompetitiveSports
Monitoring
FutureResearch
Infective Endocarditis
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Definition
EpidemiologyandRiskFactors
Pathophysiology
Prevention
ClinicalManifestationsandDiagnosis
DifferentialDiagnosis
Treatment,Complications,andOutcome
Mitral Valve Prolapse
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Prevalence
Classification
Pathology
ClinicalPresentation
Diagnosis
UseofEchocardiography
MedicalManagement
SurgicalManagement
PercutaneousManagement
Pericarditis
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
AnatomyandFunctionsofthePericardium
AcutePericarditis
Etiology
Presentation
DiagnosticEvaluation
ClinicalLaboratoryData
ECG
Imaging Treatment
ConstrictivePericarditis
Peripheral Artery Disease
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
RiskFactors
Pathophysiology
Prevention
ClinicalManifestations
DiagnosisofPeripheralArteryDisease
DifferentialDiagnosis
TreatmentofPeripheralArteryDisease
Monitoring
Complications
Acknowledgments
Premature Beats
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
PrematureAtrialContractions
PrematureVentricularContractions
PrematureJunctionalContractions
Tachycardias
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Tachycardia
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
ClinicalManifestations
Diagnosis
DifferentialDiagnosis
SpecificTachycardias
Venous Thrombosis
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
RiskFactors
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
NonpharmacologicTreatments
Valvular Heart Disease
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
AorticStenosis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
ClinicalPresentation
DiagnosisandManagement
Treatment
SurgicalTreatment
MitralRegurgitation
Section 4: The Digestive System
Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
AcutePancreatitis
ChronicPancreatitis
Treatment
Acute Diarrhea
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
EtiologyandTreatment
Traveler’sDiarrhea
Treatment
Bleeding Esophageal Varices
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Summary
Calculous Biliary Disease
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Cholelithiasis
Choledocholithiasis
AcuteCholecystitis
GangrenousCholecystitis,EmphysematousCholecystitis,andGallbladderPerforation
GallbladderDiseaseinPregnancy
Chronic Diarrhea
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
ClassificationBasedonPathophysiology
TestingforDiagnosis
Treatment
Cirrhosis
Epidemiology
Clinicalfindings
Naturalhistoryofcirrhosisandprognosticmodels
Majorcomplicationsofcirrhosis
Livertransplantation
Diverticula of the Alimentary Tract
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Esophagus
Stomach
SmallIntestine
Colon
Dysphagia and Esophageal Obstruction
Acknowledgment
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
DiagnosticTesting
OropharyngealDysphagia
Management
EsophagealDysphagia
DifferentialDiagnosis:MechanicalObstruction(Table2)
ManagementforEsophagealObstruction
DifferentialDiagnosis:MotilityDisorders(Table3)
Monitoring
Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTreatment
Epidemiology
RiskFactors
Pathophysiology
Prevention
ClinicalManifestations
DifferentialDiagnosis
Treatment
Monitoring Complications
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Pathophysiology
Complications
Diagnosis
Management
Hemorrhoids, Anal Fissure, and Anorectal Abscess and Fistula
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
History
Diagnosis
Hemorrhoids
AnalFissure
AnorectalAbscessandFistula
Hepatitis A, B, D, and E
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
HepatitisAVirus
HepatitisE
HepatitisB
HepatitisD
Hepatitis C
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Virology,Pathogenesis,andNaturalHistory
Epidemiology
RiskFactors
Diagnosis
Prevention
Therapy Monitoring
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
ClinicalManifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
TherapeuticOptions
Intestinal Parasites
CurrentDiagnosis
Protozoa:Amoebae,Flagellates,Ciliates
Spore-FormingProtozoaandMicrosporidia
Helminths
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
IntroductionandDefinitions
EpidemiologyofIBS
Causality abiopsychsocialconceptualmodelforIBS
ImpactonPopulationHealth
DirectHealthCareCosts
EvaluationofPatientswithSuspectedIBS
TestsofUnprovenValue
BehavioralTherapyforIBS
Malabsorption
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Diagnosis
EvaluationofSuspectedMalabsorption
SpecificDisordersAssociatedWithMalabsorption
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Nonalcoholicfattyliverdisease
EpidemiologyofNAFLD
RiskFactorsforNAFLD
PathophysiologyofNAFLD
ClinicalManifestationsofNAFLD
DiagnosisofNAFLD(Figure3)
Pancreatic Cancer
Epidemiology
RiskFactors
Screening
ClinicalPresentation
Diagnosis
Staging
Treatment
PalliativeCare
Tumors of the Colon and Rectum
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Background,Epidemiology,andEtiology
Evaluation
Management
Tumors of the Stomach
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
GastricAdenocarcinoma
GastrointestinalStromalTumors
CarcinoidTumors
GastricLymphomas
Section 5: Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
Acromegaly
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Physiology,Biochemistry,andRegulationoftheGH/IGF-1Axis
EtiopathogenesisofGrowthHormone–SecretingTumors
ClinicalManifestations
Mortality
BiochemicalDiagnosis
Imaging
Treatment
Adrenocortical Insufficiency
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
RiskFactors
Pathophysiology
Prevention
ClinicalManifestations
Diagnosis
DifferentialDiagnosis
Treatment
Monitoring
Complications
Acknowledgments
Cushing's Syndrome
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
DefinitionandEpidemiology
Pathophysiology
ClinicalManifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Diabetes Insipidus
Acknowledgment
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
PhysiologyofAntidiureticHormone
PathophysiologyofDiabetesInsipidus
ClinicalCauses
ClinicalManifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
RiskFactors
Pathophysiology
ClinicalManifestations
Diagnosis
DifferentialDiagnosis
Treatment
Monitoring
Complications
Prevention
Diabetes Mellitus in Adults
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
DiagnosisandClassificationofDiabetesandPrediabetes
Classification
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Gout and Hyperuricemia
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Epidemiology
PathophysiologyandRiskFactors
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hyperaldosteronism
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Introduction
Pathophysiology
ClinicalManifestations
Evaluation
Treatment
Hyperlipidemia
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
Pathophysiology
Evaluation
Treatment
Hyperparathyroidism and Hypoparathyroidism
CurrentDiagnosis
CurrentTherapy
PrimaryHyperparathyroidism
SecondaryHyperparathyroidism
Hypoparathyrodism
Hyperprolactinemia
