ApplicationofNatural Productsin SARS-CoV-2
Editedby KamalNiaz
DepartmentofPharmacologyandToxicology, FacultyofBio-Sciences,CholistanUniversityofVeterinaryand AnimalSciences,Bahawalpur,Punjab,Pakistan
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Listofcontributors.................................................................................................xxi
Preface................................................................................................................xxvii
CHAPTER1NaturalproductsandSARS-CoV-2 1
IhtishamUlHaq,FatimaFayyaz,AmnaShafqat, AbdulBasit,FirasatHussain,IsrarAziz,ZarakImtiazKhan, AmjadIslamAqib,FaisalSiddique,UmairYounas andKashifRahim
1.1 Introduction....................................................................................1
1.2 Naturalproductsandtheirroleintraditionalmedicine................4
1.2.1Naturalproductsandtheirhistoricalbackground..............5
1.3 Plantsasnaturalproducts..............................................................7
1.3.1Antiviralpropertiesofplant-derivednaturalproducts.......8
1.4 Naturalproductsfromfungi..........................................................9
1.4.1Fungal-derivednaturalproductswithantiviral potentialagainstSARS-CoV-2.........................................11
1.5 StructuralarchitectureofSARS-CoV-2......................................12
1.6 EpidemiologyofSARSCoV-2....................................................13
1.7 DiagnosisofSARSCoV-2..........................................................16
1.8 Conclusionandfutureprospects..................................................18 Acknowledgments.......................................................................18 Conflictofinterest.......................................................................18 References....................................................................................19 Furtherreading............................................................................24
CHAPTER2Saponinanditsderivatives(glycyrrhizin)and SARS-CoV-2 ................................................................. 25 AmjadIslamAqib,KhazeenaAtta,AfshanMuneer, MuhammadArslan,MuhammadShafeeqand KashifRahim
2.1 Introduction..................................................................................25
2.2 Chemicalstructureofsaponin.....................................................27
2.2.1Saccharide.........................................................................27
2.2.2Non-saccharides................................................................27
2.2.3Triterpenoidglycosides.....................................................28
2.2.4Steroidglycosides.............................................................28
2.2.5Alkaloidglycosides...........................................................28
2.3 Biologicalactivitiesofsaponinanditsderivatives (glycyrrhizin)................................................................................28
2.3.6Antidiabeticactivity........................................................31
2.3.7Antifungal,antiparasitic,andantibacterialactivity.......31 2.3.8Hormonesynthesis..........................................................31
2.4 Potentialnutraceuticalapplicationofsaponinandits derivatives(glycyrrhizin).............................................................32
2.4.1Applicationofsaponinsinmedicines..............................32
2.4.2Applicationofsaponinsinfoods......................................33
2.5 Possibleinteractionofsaponinandglycyrrhizinwith SARS-CoV-2................................................................................34
2.6 Mechanismofactionofsaponinandglycyrrhizin......................36 2.6.1GAmechanismofaction..................................................37
2.7 Levelofsaponinandglycyrrhizininplants/naturalproducts.....37
2.8 Developmentofbioactivesaponinandglycyrrhizinin
2.9
3.3 Biologicalactivitiesofquinoneanditsderivatives....................50
3.3.1Derivatives........................................................................51
3.4 Structuralsideofquinone............................................................52
3.5 Potentialnutraceuticalapplicationofquinone............................53
3.6 Beneficialeffectsofquercetininviralinfections.......................54
3.6.1Inhibitingvirusentry........................................................54
3.6.2InterferingwithDNAandRNApolymerases..................54
3.6.3Inhibitionofreversetranscriptase....................................55
3.6.4Inhibitionofproteases......................................................55
3.6.5Blockingvirusassembly...................................................55
3.6.6Immunomodulatoryproperties..........................................56
3.6.7FocusonSARS-CoV-2.....................................................56
3.6.8Synergisticantiviralaction...............................................57
3.7 PossibleinteractionofquinonewithSARS-CoV-2....................57
3.7.1Enzymeinhibition.............................................................57
3.7.2Ortho-quinonederivativesofclovamide..........................58
3.8 Mechanismofactionofquinone.................................................61
3.9 Levelofquinoneinplants/naturalproducts................................62
3.10 Developmentofbioactivequinoneindrugdelivery...................64
3.11 Naturallyoccurringquinonesaspharmaceuticaltargets.............65
3.11.1Naturalproductsynthesis................................................65
3.12 Conclusionandfutureprospects..................................................66 Acknowledgments.......................................................................67 Conflictofinterest.......................................................................67 References....................................................................................67
CHAPTER4Flavonoidsandotherpolyphenolsagainst
SARS-CoV-2 ................................................................. 83
ShafeeqUrRehman,FurqanShafqat,BisalFatima, MuhammadNaveedNawazandKamalNiaz
4.1 Introduction..................................................................................83
4.2 Biologicalactivitiesofflavonoidsandotherpolyphenols..........85
4.2.1Antioxidantactivity..........................................................86
4.2.2Hepatoprotectiveactivity..................................................86
4.2.3Antibacterialactivity.........................................................86
4.2.4Antiinflammatoryactivity.................................................87
4.2.5Anticanceractivity............................................................88
4.2.6Antiviralactivity...............................................................88
4.3 Roleofflavonoidsinplants.........................................................89
4.3.1Combatingoxidativestress...............................................89
4.3.2Asagrowthregulator.......................................................90
4.4 Structuralsideofflavonoidsandotherpolyphenols...................90
4.4.1Flavones............................................................................91
4.4.2Flavonols...........................................................................91
4.4.3Flavanones.........................................................................92
4.4.4Isoflavonoids.....................................................................93
4.4.5Neoflavonoids...................................................................93
4.4.6Flavanols,flavan-3-olsorcatechins.................................94
4.4.7Anthocyanins.....................................................................94
4.4.8Chalcones..........................................................................95
4.5 Potentialneutraceuticalapplicationsofflavonoidsand otherpolyphenols.........................................................................95
4.6 Possibleinteractionofflavonoidsandotherpolyphenols withSARS-CoV-2........................................................................99
4.7 Mechanismofactionofflavonoids...........................................100
4.8 Levelofpolyphenolsandotherflavonoids(quercetinand resveratrol)inplants/naturalproducts.......................................103
4.9 Developmentofbioactiveflavonoidsandother polyphenols(quercetinandresveratrol)indrugdelivery.........104
4.10 Polylactic-co-glycolicacid(PLGA)andpoly(D,L-lacticacid) (PLA)nanoparticles...........................................................................105
4.10.1Chitosannanoparticles..................................................105
4.10.2Micelles.........................................................................106
4.11 Phospholipidvesicles.................................................................106
4.11.1Liposomes.....................................................................106
4.11.2Modifiedliposomes.......................................................107
4.11.3Othernanomaterials......................................................108 4.12 Conclusion..................................................................................108
5.2.2Naturalsourcesofcolchicine.........................................127
5.2.3Colchicineasanutraceutical..........................................127
5.2.4ColchicineandCOVID-19.............................................128
5.3 Berberine....................................................................................129
5.3.1Chemicalstructure..........................................................129
5.3.2Naturalsourcesofberberine...........................................129
5.3.3Berberineasanutraceutical............................................130
5.3.4BerberineandCOVID-19...............................................131
5.4 Tetrandrine.................................................................................132
5.4.1Chemicalstructureoftetrandrine...................................132
5.4.2Naturalsourcesoftetrandrine.........................................132
5.4.3Tetrandrineasanutraceutical.........................................132
5.4.4TetrandrineandCOVID-19............................................134
5.5 Conclusion..................................................................................134 References..................................................................................134
CHAPTER6Terpenes,meroterpenoids,andartemisininand
SARS-CoV-2 ............................................................... 143 NosheenMalak,SadafNiaz,NasreenNasreen, AdilKhanandSaraSarfaraz
6.1 Introduction................................................................................143
6.2 Biologicalactivitiesandnutraceuticalapplicationsof terpenes,meroterpenoids,andartemisinin................................145
6.3 Structuralsideofterpenes,meroterpenoidsandarteminisim........147
6.4 Possibleinteractionsofterpenes,meroterpenoids,and artemisininagainstSARS-CoV-2..............................................153
6.5 Terpenes,meroterpenoids,andartemisnin’smechanism ofactionagainstSARS-CoV-2..................................................156
6.6 Levelofterpene,meroterpenoids,andartemisininin plants/naturalproducts...............................................................158
6.7 Developmentofbioactiveterpenes,meroterpenoids,and artemisininindrugdelivery.......................................................159
6.8 Futureperspectiveandconcludingremarks..............................160 Acknowledgments.....................................................................161
Conflictofinterest.....................................................................161 References..................................................................................161
Furtherreading..........................................................................169
CHAPTER7AnthraquinonesandSARS-CoV-2
............................. 171 AbdullahandYaseenHussain
7.1 Introduction................................................................................171
7.2 BiologicalactivitiesofAQs.......................................................172
7.2.1Antioxidantactivity......................................................172
7.2.2Laxativepotential..........................................................173
7.2.3Anti-inflammatoryandanti-arthriticpotential.............173
7.2.4Anti-tumoractivity........................................................173
7.2.5Immunomodulatoryactivity..........................................174
7.2.6Anti-viralactivity..........................................................174
7.2.7Anti-diabeticactivity....................................................174
7.2.8Antiplateletandanticoagulanteffect............................175
7.2.9Anti-fungal....................................................................175
7.2.10Anti-bacterial.................................................................175
7.2.11Neuroprotectiveeffect..................................................175
7.3 PotentialnutraceuticalapplicationofAQs................................175
7.4 StructuralsideofAQs................................................................176
7.5 PossibleinteractionofAQswithSARS-CoV-2........................176
7.6 MechanismofactionofAQsagainstSARS-CoV-2.................177
7.7 LevelofAQsinplants/naturalproducts....................................178
7.8 DevelopmentofbioactiveAQsindrugdelivery......................179
7.9 Futureperspectiveandconcludingremarks..............................179 References..................................................................................179
CHAPTER8CoumarinsandchalconesagainstSARS-CoV-2 185 MonuKumarShukla,DeepakKumar, DeveshTewariandSanjeevKumarSahu
8.1 Introduction................................................................................185
8.2 Biologicalactivitiesofcoumarinsandchalcones.....................186
8.3 Potentialnutraceuticalapplicationofcoumarins andchalcones.............................................................................187
8.4 Structuralsideofcoumarinsandchalcones..............................188
8.5 Possibleinteractionofcoumarinsandchalconeswith SARS-CoV-2..............................................................................189
8.6 Levelofcoumarinsandchalconesinplants/naturalproducts.......190
8.7 Developmentofbioactivecoumarinsandchalconesin drugdelivery..............................................................................191
8.8 Futureperspectiveandconcludingremarks..............................192 Acknowledgments.....................................................................193 Conflictofinterests...................................................................193 References..................................................................................193 Furtherreading..........................................................................197
CHAPTER9DiarylheptanoidandSAR-CoV-2 ............................... 199 IsmailBadshah,AtifaMustaq,SohiabZafarMalik, SamaneJahanabadiandMuhammadImranKhan
9.1 Introduction................................................................................199
9.2 Biologicalactivitiesofdiarylheptanoids...................................200 9.2.1Diarylheptanoidsanddietarysupplements...................200
9.2.2Antiinflammatoryactivity.............................................201
9.2.3Antioxidantactivity......................................................201
9.2.4Cytotoxicityandanticarcinogenicactivity...................201
9.2.5Anticoagulantaction.....................................................202
9.2.6Antiadipogeniceffect....................................................202
9.2.7Antimicrobialactivity...................................................202
9.2.8Antiparasiticactivity.....................................................203
9.2.9Antifibroticactivity.......................................................203
9.2.10Hepatoprotectiveeffect.................................................203
9.2.11Melanogenesisinhibitoryactivity.................................204
9.2.12Estrogenicactivity........................................................204
9.2.13Antidiabeticeffects.......................................................204
9.2.14Additionalbioactivitiesofdiarylheptanoid..................204
9.3 Potentialnutraceuticalsapplicationofdiarylheptanoid............205
9.4 Structuralsideofdiarylheptanoids............................................206
9.4.1Opendiarylheptanoids....................................................207
9.4.2Macrocyclicdiarylheptanoids.........................................207
9.5 Possibleinteractionofdiarylheptanoidswith SARS-CoV-2..............................................................................208
9.6 Mechanismofactionofdiarylheptanoidsagainst SARS-CoV-2..............................................................................210
9.7 Levelofdiarylheptanoidsinplants...........................................211
9.7.1Openchaindiarylheptanoids..........................................212
9.7.2Cyclicdiarylheptanoids..................................................213
9.8 Developmentofbioactivediarylheptanoidindrugdelivery.........213
9.9 Futureprospectiveandconcludingremarks..............................215 Reference...................................................................................216
CHAPTER10Lectinsandpolysaccharidesagainst
SARS-CoV-2 ............................................................... 223 TahirUsmanandArsalanRasheed
10.1 Introduction................................................................................223
10.2 Biologicalactivitiesoflectinsandpolysaccharides..................224
10.3 Potentialnutraceuticalapplicationoflectinsand polysaccharides...........................................................................225
10.4 Structuralsideoflectinsandpolysaccharides...........................228
10.5 Possibleinteractionoflectinsandpolysaccharideswith SARS-CoV-2..............................................................................229
10.6 Mechanismofactionoflectinsandpolysaccharides againstSARS-CoV-2.................................................................230
10.6.1CoV...............................................................................232
10.7 Leveloflectinsandpolysaccharidesinplants/natural products......................................................................................234 10.7.1Algallectins..................................................................235 10.7.2Fungallectins................................................................235 10.7.3Bacteriallectins.............................................................235
Nutraceuticalutilizationofphytoestrogen.................................255
11.3.1Theimpactsonthemalignantdisease........................255
11.3.2Estrogensubstitutiontreatment..................................255
11.3.3Theimpactsonthecardiovascularframework..........256
11.3.4Intellectualimpactsofphytoestrogens.......................256
11.3.5PhytoestrogenactionagainstCancerprevention.......256
11.3.6Phytoestrogensthyroidaleffect..................................257
11.3.7Impactonbones..........................................................257
11.3.8Osteoporosis................................................................257
11.3.9Phytoestrogensandbone............................................258
11.3.10Phytoestrogensandpostmenopausalsideeffects.......258
11.3.11Phytoestrogens,Alzheimer’sillness,and intellectualissues........................................................258
11.4 Classificationandstructuralsideofphytoestrogen...................259
11.5 Phytoestrogen’sgeneralstructure..............................................259
11.5.1Flavonoids.....................................................................259
11.5.2Isoflavone......................................................................259
11.5.3Coumestans...................................................................260
11.5.4Lignans..........................................................................261
11.5.5Terpenoids.....................................................................261
11.5.6Resorcinolsubsidiaries.................................................261
11.6 Phytoestrogensroleasamodulatorofestrogenreceptor.........262
11.7 RelationshipofphytoestrogenwithSARS-COV-2...................263
11.8 Phytoestrogenisthemechanismsofthevirus host interaction...................................................................................264
11.8.1SectionInhibitors..........................................................264
11.8.2Proteaseinhibitors.........................................................264
11.8.3Replicationinhibitors....................................................264
11.8.4Immunomodulatoryagents...........................................264
11.8.5Controllersofrenin-angiotensin-aldosteronesystem........264
11.9 Developmentofbioactivephytoestrogenindrugdelivery.......265
11.10 Levelofphytoestrogeninplants...............................................265
11.11 Futureperspectiveandconcludingremarks..............................267 References..................................................................................267
CHAPTER12PhagesandSARS-CoV-2 .......................................... 273
IhtishamUlHaq,ZarakImtiazKhan,IsrarAziz, AbdulBasit,FirasatHussain,AsmaBibi, AmjadIslamAqib,FaisalSiddique, UmairYounasandKashifRahim
12.1 Introduction................................................................................273
12.2 GeneralfeaturesofCOVID-19..................................................274
12.2.1Biologicalactivitiesofphages......................................275
12.3 Adsorptionofbacteriophagesonbacterialcells........................277
12.4 SecondarybacterialinfectionsinCOVID-19and bacteriophages............................................................................278
12.4.1Bacteriophages:aweaponagainstsecondary bacterialinfectionsinCOVID-19.................................279
12.4.2Phagedisplaymethod...................................................281
12.4.3Phagesaspotentialinducersofantiviralimmunity.....282
12.4.4Phage-basedvaccines....................................................284
12.4.5CRISPRandphage-basedvaccineSARS-CoV-2........285
12.4.6Possibleadvantagesofphage-basedvaccines..............286
12.5 Conclusion..................................................................................287 References..................................................................................289
CHAPTER13PyridoneandSARS-CoV-2 ........................................ 293
MairaAnwar,SarwatShaheen,FaizaMohsin, WaqarKhalidSaeedandMuhammadImranKhan
13.1 Introduction................................................................................293
13.2 Biologicalactivitiesofpyridone................................................294
13.3 Antimicrobialactivity................................................................294
13.4 Anti-inflammatoryactivity.........................................................294
13.5 Antioxidantactivity....................................................................296
13.6 Antiviralactivity........................................................................297
13.12 PossibleinteractionofpyridonewithSARS-CoV-2.................302
MechanismofactionofpyridoneagainstSARS-CoV-2..........302
CHAPTER14VitaminsandSARS-CoV-2
FirasatHussain,KashifRahim,AteeqahSiddique, ShafeeqUrRehman,FurqanShafqat,MuhammadShuaib, MuhammadKalimandWen-JunLi
14.1 Introduction................................................................................313
14.2 BiologicalactivitiesofvitaminCandD...................................314 14.2.1VitaminC......................................................................314 14.2.2VitaminD......................................................................315
14.3 Structuralsideofvitamins(CandD)........................................315
14.3.1VitaminC......................................................................315
14.3.2VitaminD......................................................................316
14.4 NutraceuticalapplicationsofvitaminCandD.........................317
14.4.1VitaminC......................................................................318
14.4.2VitaminD......................................................................320
14.5 Possibleinteractionofvitamins(CandD)with SARS-CoV-2..............................................................................321
14.6 Mechanismofactionofvitamins(CandD)against SARS-CoV-2..............................................................................322
14.6.1VitaminC......................................................................322
14.6.2VitaminD......................................................................323
14.6.3Adaptiveimmunity.......................................................324
14.7 Levelofvitamins(CandD)inplants/naturalproducts...........325
14.7.1VitaminC......................................................................325
14.7.2VitaminD......................................................................326
14.8 Developmentofbioactivevitamins(CandD)in drugdelivery..............................................................................327
14.8.1VitaminC......................................................................327
14.8.2VitaminD......................................................................329
14.9 Futureperspectiveandconcludingremarks..............................330 References..................................................................................331
CHAPTER15LactoferrinandSARS-CoV-2
.................................... 339
FirasatHussain,KashifRahim,ShafeeqUrRehman, FurqanShafqat,AteeqahSiddique,MuhammadAhsan, MuhammadShuaib,InamUllahKhanand ChenShanyuan
15.1 Introduction................................................................................339
15.2 Structureoflactoferrin...............................................................340
15.3 Biologicalactivitiesoflactoferrin.............................................341
15.4 Nutraceuticalapplicationsoflactoferrin...................................343
15.4.1Anti-inflammatoryrole.................................................344
15.4.2Immunemodulatorrole................................................345
15.4.3Anti-cancerousrole.......................................................345
15.5 LactoferrinincontrolofSARS-COV-2....................................345
15.6 MechanismoflactoferrininteractionwithSARS-CoV-2.........346
15.7 Naturalsourcesoflactoferrin....................................................346
15.8 Futureperspectiveandconcludingremarks..............................348 References..................................................................................348
CHAPTER16Recentartificialintelligencemethodsand
coronaviruses ............................................................ 353 ShafeeqUrRehman,FurqanShafqatandKamalNiaz
16.1 Introduction................................................................................353
16.2 Artificialintelligenceandcoronaviruses...................................355
16.3 MERS-CoV................................................................................356
16.4 SARS-CoV-2..............................................................................356
16.5 RoleofBlueDotandMetabiotainCOVID-19.........................357
16.6 Artificialintelligence-basedalgorithmsand bioinformaticsforcoronaviruses...............................................359
16.7 Applicationofartificialintelligenceforcoronaviruses diagnosis.....................................................................................361
16.7.1SARSCoV-1.................................................................361
16.7.2MERS-CoV...................................................................361
16.7.3SARS-CoV-2.................................................................362
16.8 Artificialintelligence,COVID-19andhealthcareworkers......363
16.9
16.9.4Projectionofcasesandmortality.................................365
16.9.5Drugandvaccinedevelopment....................................365
16.9.6Reducingtheworkloadofhealthcareworkers.............366
CHAPTER17Peptides,lipopeptides,andsevereacute
FurqanShafqat,Shafeeq UrRehman,MuhammadShan, MuhammadKashifandKamalNiaz
17.5 Structuralsideofpeptidesandlipopeptides..............................390
17.5.1Thionins.........................................................................390
17.5.2Defensins.......................................................................391
17.5.3Hevein-likepeptides.....................................................391
17.5.4Knottin-typepeptides....................................................392
17.5.5 α-Hairpinin....................................................................392
17.5.6Proteinsthattransportlipids.........................................392
17.5.7Snakins..........................................................................393
17.6 Lipopeptides...............................................................................393
17.6.1Iturin..............................................................................394
17.6.2Surfactin........................................................................394
17.6.3Fengycins......................................................................394
17.7 Possibleinteractionofpeptidesandlipopeptideswith severeacuterespiratorysyndromecoronavirus-2.....................395
17.7.1Peptidesasdrugsagainstviralinfections.....................395
17.7.2Preventingthesevereacuterespiratorysyndrome coronavirus-2spikeproteinfrombindingto angiotensin-convertingenzyme2.................................396
17.7.3Angiotensin-convertingenzyme2-targeting peptides..........................................................................396
17.7.4TargetingtheactivationoftheproteolyticS protein............................................................................397
17.7.5Peptidesdirectedagainstthemechanismoffusion.....398
17.7.6Computationalapproachesforthedevelopment ofnovelsevereacuterespiratorysyndrome coronavirus-2peptideinhibitors...................................398
17.7.7Peptide-basedinhibitorsfortherapeuticuse................398
17.8 Peptidesandlipopeptidesmechanismofactionagainst severeacuterespiratorysyndromecoronavirus-2.....................399
17.9 Levelofpeptidesandlipopeptidesinplants/natural products......................................................................................402
17.9.1Peptidesfromanimalssource.......................................402
17.9.2Peptidefromvegetalsource.........................................402
17.9.3Peptidefromthefoodsource........................................403
17.10 Developmentofbioactivepeptidesandlipopeptidesin drugdelivery..............................................................................405
17.11 Futureperspectiveandconcludingremarks..............................407 Acknowledgments.....................................................................409 Conflictofinterest.....................................................................409 Authorscontribution..................................................................409 References..................................................................................409
CHAPTER18PolyketidesandSARS-CoV-2 ................................... 423 IhtishamUlHaq,KashifRahim,MuhammadRafiq, TayyabaAsif,SifaAlviandKinzaYaseen
18.1 Introduction................................................................................423
18.2 Biologicalactivitiesofpolyketides...........................................425
18.3 Polyketidessynthesis..................................................................426
18.4 Productionofaromaticpolyketidesbycombining tailoringreactions.......................................................................428
18.5 Levelsofpolyketidesinnaturalproducts..................................429
18.6 Potentialnutraceuticalapplicationsofpolyketidesin medicinesandtheirstructuraldiversity.....................................432
18.7 SARS-CoV-2anditsstructuralfeatures....................................433
18.8 Polyketidesdiscovery,theirchemicaland pharmacologicalattributes.........................................................434
18.9 Polyketides:thepromisingantiviralcompounds......................435
18.9.1Polyketides-derivedantiviralsagainst SARS-CoV-2andtargetfordrugdesign.....................435
18.10 SARS-CoV-2Mpro:apotentialtargetforantiviraldrugs........437 18.11 Concludingremarksandfutureperspective..............................438 Acknowledgments.....................................................................438 Conflictofinterest.....................................................................438
AmberMehmood,SadiaAdil,FawadAliShah, FazalWahabandMuhammadImranKhan
19.1 Introduction................................................................................445
19.2 Biologicalactivitiesofpolyenes................................................447
19.2.1Antifungusactivity........................................................447
19.2.2Immunomodulatingactivity..........................................448
19.2.3Antihumanimmunodeficiencyvirusactivity...............448
19.2.4Antiprionactivity..........................................................448
19.3 Potentialnutraceuticalapplicationsofpolyenes.......................448
19.4 Structuralsideofpolyenes.........................................................450
19.5 PossibleinteractionsofpolyeneswithSARS-COV-2..............451
19.6 MechanismofactionofpolyenesagainstSARS-COV-2.........453
19.7 Levelofpolyenesinplants/naturalproducts.............................454
19.8 Developmentofbioactivepolyenesindrugdelivery...............455
19.9 Concludingremarksandfutureperspective..............................457 References..................................................................................457
CHAPTER20Insilicoanalysisforsuchnaturalcompounds andCOVID-19 ............................................................ 463 ShabanaBibi,FahadulIslam,OluwaseyiAbrahamOlawale, MuhammadSaadKhan,Hiteshchopraand SantoshKumarGupta
20.1 Introduction................................................................................463
20.2 Insilicotechnique......................................................................466
20.3 Moleculardocking......................................................................469
20.4 Insilicoanalysisandnaturalproducts......................................476
20.5 Homologymodel........................................................................478
20.5.1Pharmacokineticassessment.........................................479
20.6 Roleofinsilicoindrugdelivery...............................................481
20.7 Futureperspectiveandconcludingremarks..............................482 References..................................................................................483
CHAPTER21Naturalproductsasvaccineanddifferent
deliverymethods ....................................................... 491 AmjadIslamAqib,KhazeenaAtta,AfshanMuneer, MuhammadLuqmanSohail,KashifRahimand FirasatHussain
21.1 Introduction................................................................................491
21.2 Plant-derivedimmunopotentiators.............................................492
21.2.1Saponins........................................................................492
21.2.2Tomatine.......................................................................493
21.2.3Plantpolysaccharides....................................................493
21.3 Potentialadjuvantsderivedfromfungi.....................................493
21.3.1Immunopotentiatorsextractedfrommushrooms..........493
21.3.2Immunopotentiatorsextractedfrom endophyticfungi...........................................................494
21.4 Immunopotentiatorderivedfrommarineorganisms.................494
21.4.1Marinesponge α-GalCer..............................................494
21.4.2Marinecrustaceanchitosan...........................................494
21.4.3Insect-derivedimmunopotentiators..............................495
21.5 Deliverymethodsofnaturalproducts.......................................497
21.6 Transdermaldeliverysystemsofnaturalproducts....................498
21.7 Nano-deliverytechniquesfornaturalproducts.........................499
21.7.1Phospholipidsdrugdeliverysystems...........................499
21.7.2Floatingdrugdeliverysystem......................................499
21.7.3Microemulsionbaseddrugdeliverysystem.................500
21.7.4Bioactivenaturalproductsandcommon applications...................................................................500
Listofcontributors
Abdullah
DepartmentofPharmacy,UniversityofMalakand,KhyberPakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
SadiaAdil
DepartmentofPharmacology,FacultyofPharmaceuticalSciences,Riphah InternationalUniversity,Islamabad,Pakistan
MuhammadAdnan
DepartmentofMicrobiology,FacultyofVeterinaryScience,CholistanUniversity ofVeterinaryandAnimalSciences(CUVAS),Bahawalpur,Punjab,Pakistan
MuhammadAhsan
DepartmentofMicrobiology,FacultyofVeterinaryScience,CholistanUniversity ofVeterinaryandAnimalSciences(CUVAS),Bahawalpur,Punjab,Pakistan
SifaAlvi
DepartmentofBiosciences,COMSATSUniversityIslamabad(CUI),Islamabad, Pakistan
MairaAnwar
DepartmentofPharmacology,FacultyofPharmaceuticalSciences,Riphah InternationalUniversity,Islamabad,Pakistan
AmjadIslamAqib
DepartmentofMedicine,FacultyofVeterinaryScience,Cholistan UniversityofVeterinaryandAnimalSciences(CUVAS),Bahawalpur, Punjab,Pakistan
MuhammadArslan
DepartmentofPoultryScience,CholistanUniversityofVeterinaryandAnimal Sciences,Bahawalpur,Pakistan
TayyabaAsif
DepartmentofBiosciences,COMSATSUniversityIslamabad(CUI),Islamabad, Pakistan
KhazeenaAtta
InstituteofBiochemistryandBiotechnology,UniversityofVeterinaryand AnimalSciences,Lahore,Pakistan
IsrarAziz
DepartmentofBiosciences,COMSATSUniversityIslamabad(CUI),Islamabad, Pakistan
JosephIgnatiusAzzopardi MaterDeiHospital,Msida,Malta
IsmailBadshah
RiphahInstituteofPharmaceuticalSciences,RiphahInternationalUniversity, Islamabad,Pakistan
AbdulBasit
DepartmentofMicrobiology,UniversityofJhang,Punjab,Pakistan
AsmaBibi
DepartmentofBiosciences,COMSATSUniversityIslamabad(CUI),Islamabad, Pakistan
ShabanaBibi
YunnanHerbalLaboratory,CollegeofEcologyandEnvironmentalSciences, YunnanUniversity,Kunming,Yunnan,P.R.China;InternationalJointResearch CenterforSustainableUtilizationofCordycepsBioresourcesinChinaand SoutheastAsia,YunnanUniversity,Kunming,Yunnan,P.R.China
RenaldBlundell
FacultyofMedicineandSurgery,DepartmentofPhysiologyandBiochemistry, UniversityofMalta,Msida,Malta;CentreforMolecularMedicineand Biobanking,UniversityofMalta,Msida,Malta
Hiteshchopra
ChitkaracollegeofPharmacy,ChitkaraUniversity,Rajpura,Punjab,India
MuhammadFarooq
UniversityofTeramo,FacultyofVeterinaryMedicine,Teramo,Italy
BisalFatima
DepartmentofMicrobiology,FacultyofVeterinaryScience,CholistanUniversity ofVeterinary&AnimalSciences,Bahawalpur,Punjab,Pakistan
FatimaFayyaz
DepartmentofBiosciences,COMSATSUniversityIslamabad(CUI),Islamabad, Pakistan
SantoshKumarGupta
NationalInstituteofPlantGenomeResearch,NewDelhi,India
IhtishamUlHaq
DepartmentofBiosciences,COMSATSUniversityIslamabad(CUI),Islamabad, Pakistan
FirasatHussain
DepartmentofMicrobiology,FacultyofVeterinaryScience,Facultyof VeterinaryScience,CholistanUniversityofVeterinaryandAnimalSciences (CUVAS),Bahawalpur,Punjab,Pakistan
YaseenHussain
CollegeofPharmaceuticalSciences,SoochowUniversity,P.R.China;Department ofPharmacy,BashirInstituteofHealthSciences,Islamabad,Pakistan
SamaneJahanabadi
DepartmentofPharmacologyandToxicology,ShahidSadoughiUniversityof MedicalSciences,Yazd,Iran
MuhammadKalim
DepartmentofMicrobiologyandImmunology,WakeForestUniversity, Winston-Salem,NC,UnitedStates;HoustonMethodistHospitalResearch Institute,Houston,TX,UnitedStates
MuhammadKashif
DepartmentofMicrobiology,FacultyofVeterinaryScience,CholistanUniversity ofVeterinary&AnimalSciences,Bahawalpur,Punjab,Pakistan
AdilKhan
DepartmentofZoology,AbdulWaliKhanUniversity,Mardan,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Pakistan
InamUllahKhan
InstituteofMicrobiology,FacultyofVeterinaryandAnimalSciences,Gomal University,KhyberPakhtunkhwa,Pakistan
MuhammadImranKhan
DepartmentofBiomedicalSciences,Pak-AustriaFachhochschule:Instituteof AppliedSciencesandTechnology,Haripur,KhyberPakhtunkhwa,Pakistan
MuhammadSaadKhan
DepartmentofBiosciences,COMSATSUniversityIslamabad,SahiwalCampus, Sahiwal,Punjab,Pakistan
ZarakImtiazKhan
DepartmentofBiosciences,COMSATSUniversityIslamabad(CUI),Islamabad, Pakistan
DeepakKumar
DepartmentofPharmaceuticalChemistry,SchoolofPharmaceuticalSciences, ShooliniUniversity,Solan,HimachalPradesh,India
Wen-JunLi
StateKeyLaboratoryofBiocontrolandGuangdongProvincialKeyLaboratory ofPlantResources,CollegeofEcologyandEvolution,SunYat-SenUniversity, Guangzhou,Guangdong,P.R.China
NosheenMalak
DepartmentofZoology,AbdulWaliKhanUniversity,Mardan,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Pakistan
SohiabZafarMalik
RiphahInstituteofPharmaceuticalSciences,RiphahInternationalUniversity, Islamabad,Pakistan
AmberMehmood
DepartmentofPharmacology,FacultyofPharmaceuticalSciences,Riphah InternationalUniversity,Islamabad,Pakistan
FaizaMohsin
DepartmentofPharmacology,FacultyofPharmaceuticalSciences,Riphah InternationalUniversity,Islamabad,Pakistan
AfshanMuneer
DepartmentofZoology,CholistanUniversityofVeterinaryandAnimal Sciences,Bahawalpur,Punjab,Pakistan
AtifaMustaq
RiphahInstituteofPharmaceuticalSciences,RiphahInternationalUniversity, Islamabad,Pakistan
AminaNabi
DepartmentofBotany,AbdulWaliKhanUniversity,Mardan,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Pakistan
NasreenNasreen
DepartmentofZoology,AbdulWaliKhanUniversity,Mardan,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Pakistan
MuhammadNasser
DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences,informaticsandstatistics,CaFoscari University,Venice,Italy
MuhammadNaveedNawaz
DepartmentofMicrobiology,FacultyofVeterinaryScience,CholistanUniversity ofVeterinaryandAnimalSciences(CUVAS),Bahawalpur,Punjab,Pakistan
KamalNiaz
DepartmentofPharmacologyandToxicology,FacultyofBio-Sciences, CholistanUniversityofVeterinaryandAnimalSciences,Bahawalpur,Punjab, Pakistan
SadafNiaz
DepartmentofZoology,AbdulWaliKhanUniversity,Mardan,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Pakistan
MuhammadNisar
DepartmentofEpidemiology&PublicHealth,CholistanUniversityofVeterinary andAnimalSciences(CUVAS),Bahawalpur,Punjab,Pakistan
OluwaseyiAbrahamOlawale
HelixbiogenInstitute,Ogbomosho,Oyo,Nigeria
MuhammadRafiq
DepartmentofBiosciences,COMSATSUniversityIslamabad(CUI),Islamabad, Pakistan;ShifaCollegeofMedicine,ShifaTameereMillatUniversity, Islamabad,Pakistan
KashifRahim
DepartmentofMicrobiology,FacultyofVeterinaryScience,CholistanUniversity ofVeterinaryandAnimalSciences(CUVAS),Bahawalpur,Punjab,Pakistan
ArsalanRasheed
DepartmentofZoology,AbdulWaliKhanUniversity,Mardan,Pakistan
WaqarKhalidSaeed
DepartmentofBiomedicalSciences,Pak -AustriaFachhoch schule:Institute ofAppliedSciencesandTechnology,Haripur,KhyberPakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
HafizaSabeeraSahar
DepartmentofMicrobiology,FacultyofVeterinaryScience,CholistanUniversity ofVeterinaryandAnimalSciences(CUVAS),Bahawalpur,Punjab,Pakistan
SanjeevKumarSahu
SchoolofPharmaceuticalSciences,LovelyProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara, Punjab,India
SaraSarfaraz
DepartmentofBotanyandZoology,BachaKhanUniversity,charsadda,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Pakistan;DepartmentofBioinformatics,Kohsaruniversity Murree,Pakistan
MuhammadShafeeq
DepartmentofClinicalMedicineandSurgery,UniversityofAgriculture, Faisalabad,Pakistan
AmnaShafqat
DepartmentofBiosciences,COMSATSUniversityIslamabad(CUI),Islamabad, Pakistan
FurqanShafqat
DepartmentofMicrobiology,FacultyofVeterinaryScience,CholistanUniversity ofVeterinaryandAnimalSciences(CUVAS),Bahawalpur,Punjab,Pakistan
FawadAliShah
DepartmentofPharmacology,FacultyofPharmaceuticalSciences,Riphah InternationalUniversity,Islamabad,Pakistan
SarwatShaheen
DepartmentofPharmacology,FacultyofPharmaceuticalSciences,Riphah InternationalUniversity,Islamabad,Pakistan
MuhammadShan
DepartmentofMicrobiology,FacultyofVeterinaryScience,CholistanUniversity ofVeterinary&AnimalSciences,Bahawalpur,Punjab,Pakistan
ChenShanyuan
SchoolofLifeSciences,YunnanUniversity,Kunming,P.R.China
MuhammadShuaib
SchoolofEcologyandEnvironmentalScience,YunnanUniversity,Kunming, Yunnan,P.R.China
MonuKumarShukla
DepartmentofPharmaceuticalChemistry,SchoolofPharmaceuticalSciences, ShooliniUniversity,Solan,HimachalPradesh,India
AteeqahSiddique
DepartmentofMicrobiology,Faculty ofVeterinaryScience,Cholistan UniversityofVeterinaryandAnimalSciences(CUVAS),Bahawalpur, Punjab,Pakistan
FaisalSiddique
DepartmentofMicrobiology,Faculty ofVeterinaryScience,Cholistan UniversityofVeterinaryandAnimalSciences(CUVAS),Bahawalpur, Punjab,Pakistan
IfraSiddique
UniversityofBari,FacultyofVeterinaryMedicine,Bari,Italy
SadiaSiddique
DepartmentofMicrobiology,ShaheedBenazirBhuttoWomenUniversity, Peshawar,KhyberPakhtunkhwa,Pakistan
