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15. Therapy

Contents

1 The Science of Psychology

What Is Psychology?

Defining Psychology

What Psychology Is Not

CURRENT CONTROVERSY: SHOULD PSYCHOLOGISTS PRESCRIBE MEDICATION?

Psychology’s Big Questions

Psychology’s Many Subfields

Applied Specializations

Basic Research Specializations

Psychology Then and Now

Old-School Psychology

New-School Psychology

The Science of Psychology

The Need for Science in Psychology

FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: PSYCHOLOGISTS’

RESEARCH ON COLLEGE SUCCESS

CHAPTER APP 1.1: COLLEGE SUCCESS

The Goals of Psychological Studies

MY TAKE VIDEO 1.1: BELIEF PERSEVERANCE

MY TAKE VIDEO 1.2: CORRELATION-CAUSATION FALLACY

The Scientific Method

WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: SURVEY SAYS? FAMILY FEUD AND RANDOM SAMPLING

How Psychologists Share Their Results

Ethics in Psychological Studies

Brain and Behavior

Brain and Behavior

Connections: An Introduction

Phineas Gage’s Accident and Paul Broca’s Discovery

Learning the Brain: A Three-Step Strategy

Activity Within the Brain

Neurons

Communication Between Neurons

The Brain and Its Parts

The Brainstem

MY TAKE VIDEO 2.1: PARTS OF THE BRAIN

The Cerebellum

The Thalamus and the Limbic System

WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN HOLLYWOOD

The Cerebrum and Cerebral Cortex

The Cerebral Hemispheres and the Corpus Callosum

CHAPTER APP 2.1: LOCALIZATION

The Lobes

Brain Plasticity

IT’S LIKE...: PLASTICITY IS LIKE AN ATHLETE SWITCHING POSITIONS

CHAPTER APP 2.2: PLASTICITY

The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

The Nervous System

The Endocrine System

How We Know All of This: Viewing the Brain

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Computed Tomography (CT)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: THE MURDERER’S MIND

CURRENT CONTROVERSY: NEUROEVERYTHING?

3

Sensation and Perception

The Fundamentals of Sensation and Perception

The Difference Between Sensation and Perception

Thresholds: What Your Senses Can and Cannot Do

MY TAKE VIDEO 3.1: DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD

Sensory Overload: When Senses Compete for Your Attention

MY TAKE VIDEO 3.2: SENSORY ADAPTATION

FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: VARIETY, THE KEY TO HAPPINESS?

Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing

IT’S LIKE...: TOP-DOWN PROCESSING IS LIKE AUTOCOMPLETE

Vision

Your Eye: Its Parts and Their Functions

How You See: Eye Movements, Depth Perception, Color Perception, and More

CURRENT CONTROVERSY: CAN YOUR RETINA OR IRIS UNLOCK YOUR SMARTPHONE?

CHAPTER APP 3.1: VISION

CHAPTER APP 3.2: VISUAL ILLUSIONS

How Culture Influences Vision

Hearing Your Ear: Its Parts and Their Functions

How You Hear: Pitch, Location, and More

How Culture Influences Hearing

CHAPTER APP 3.3: AUDITION

Smell and Taste

The Nose Knows: Your Sense of Smell

Detectable as Delectable: Your Sense of Taste

Other Senses

Skin Deep: Your Somatosenses

WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: MORE TOUCH, MORE WINS?

On the Move and in Balance: Your Kinesthetic Sense and Vestibular Sense

4 Consciousness Sleep

IT’S LIKE...: CONSCIOUSNESS IS LIKE A LIGHT CONTROLLED BY A DIMMER

Why Do We Sleep?

MY TAKE VIDEO 4.1: SLEEP DEPRIVATION

Circadian Rhythm: Your Biological Clock

FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: Do You Realize What Sleep

Deprivation Does to You?

MY TAKE VIDEO 4.2: CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: WHAT (BODY CLOCK) TIME IS KICKOFF?

Normal Sleep

CHAPTER APP 4.1: REM SLEEP

Diversity in Normal Sleep

CURRENT CONTROVERSY: SHOULD HIGH SCHOOL START LATER IN THE DAY?

Sleep Abnormalities

Dreams

Theories of Dreams

The Scientific Study of Dreaming

The Effect of Dreams on Daily Functioning

Lucid Dreaming

Hypnosis

The Procedure of Hypnotism

Who Can Be Hypnotized?

Psychoactive Drugs and Consciousness

How Psychoactive Drugs Work

Types of Psychoactive Drugs

CHAPTER APP 4.2: DEPRESSANTS

Other Altered States of Consciousness

Meditation and Mindfulness

Near-Death Experiences

5 Memory

Defining Memory

Memory and Identity

The Extremes of Memory Achievement

The Three Steps of Memory Encoding Storage FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: IS FORGETTING GOOD?

IT’S LIKE...: YOUR SMARTPHONE IS LIKE A FLASH DRIVE FOR YOUR BRAIN

Retrieval

CHAPTER APP 5.1: RETRIEVAL

MY TAKE VIDEO 5.1: RECALL VERSUS RECOGNITION

Types of Memory

Explicit Memory

Implicit Memory

What Affects Memory?

Time and Memory

Context and Memory: “Other” Information

WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: THE SERIAL POSITION EFFECT ON AMERICAN IDOL?

Efforts to Improve Memory

MY TAKE VIDEO 5.2: FLASHBULB MEMORY

FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: IMPROVING YOUR MEMORY

Culture and Memory

Sleep and Memory

CHAPTER APP 5.2: EFFORTS TO IMPROVE MEMORY

Memory Problems

Amnesia

CURRENT CONTROVERSY: DO SPORTS HEAD INJURIES CAUSE MEMORY LOSS?

Misinformation Effect

MY TAKE VIDEO 5.3: THE FALLIBILITY OF MEMORY

Memory and Psychological Disorders

6 Learning

What Is Learning?

Classical Conditioning

Pavlov’s Accidental Discovery

MY TAKE VIDEO 6.1: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IN ADVERTISING

Processes Related to Classical Conditioning

IT’S LIKE...: DOGS DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN SIMILAR SHAPES ARE LIKE YOU DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN SIMILAR LOGOS

Applying Classical Conditioning to Your Life

CHAPTER APP 6.1: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Operant Conditioning

B. F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning for Everyone

CHAPTER APP 6.2: REINFORCEMENT

MY TAKE VIDEO 6.2: REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES

Schedules of Reinforcement

Punishment

WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: HOME RUNS AND SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

CHAPTER APP 6.3: PUNISHMENT

Discriminative Stimuli

Shaping

Operant Conditioning Versions of Some Classical Conditioning Concepts

Applying Operant Conditioning to Your Life

Observational Learning

The Bobo Doll Studies

CURRENT CONTROVERSY DOES VIOLENCE IN THE MEDIA CAUSE VIOLENCE IN REAL LIFE?

Mirror Neurons

Biological Influences on Learning

Taste Aversion

Instinctive Drift

Cognitive Influences on Learning

Cognitive Maps

Insight

Learned Helplessness

7

Cognition: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Thinking

Concepts: What Holds Them Together?

Expertise, Culture, and Concepts

Problem Solving and Decision Making

Cognition and Emotion

MY TAKE VIDEO 7.1: AFFECTIVE FORECASTING

Cognition and Creativity

WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: CONVERGENT AND DIVERGENT THINKING ON FAMILY FEUD

Language

The Evolution of Language

The Development of Language

The Rules of Language: Grammar

CURRENT CONTROVERSY: WHAT IS TEXTING DOING TO LANGUAGE?

Does Language Influence Thinking?

Intelligence

One Intelligence or Many?

Multiple Intelligences

MY TAKE VIDEO 7.2: INTELLIGENCE

Emotional Intelligence

Nature, Nurture, and Intelligence

FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: INTELLIGENCE

CORRELATES WITH…

IT’S LIKE...: THE HIERARCHICAL MODEL OF INTELLIGENCE IS LIKE THE NATIONAL U.S. WEATHER REPORT

CHAPTER APP 7.1: INTELLIGENCE TESTS

Motivation and Emotion

Motivation

MY TAKE VIDEO 8.1: INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION

Classic Theories of Motivation

Contemporary Theories of Motivation

One Motivation after Another: Maslow’s Hierarchy

Motivation and Diversity

CHAPTER APP 8.1: MOTIVATION

A Primary Motivation: Hunger and Eating

Obesity and Overweight

Biological Factors in Hunger and Eating

CHAPTER APP 8.2: SET POINT

IT’S LIKE...: THE THRIFTY GENE HYPOTHESIS IS LIKE BUYING GAS FOR A NICKEL A GALLON

Psychological Factors

Environmental and Sociocultural Factors

CURRENT CONTROVERSY: ADVERTISING UNHEALTHY FOOD TO KIDS

Promoting Healthy Eating

CHAPTER APP 8.3: PROMOTING HEALTHY EATING

Emotion

Theories of Emotion

Communicating Emotions

Emotion Regulation

MY TAKE VIDEO 8.2: EMOTION REGULATION

Why Emotion Regulation Matters

FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: Does Money Buy Happiness?

Emotion and Diversity

WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: THIS SHOW IS SCARY: THE EFFECT ON CHILDREN OF FRIGHTENING TV AND MOVIES

9 Development Across the Life Span

Big Questions About Developmental Psychology

Stability Versus Change

Stage Development Versus Continuous Development

Nature Versus Nurture

Development Before Birth

Conception

Prenatal Development

Teratogens: Dangers in the Womb

CHAPTER APP 9.1: PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

Infancy and Childhood

The Abilities of Newborns

Physical Development

FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: A WELL-RUNNING BRAIN

Cognitive Development

IT’S LIKE...: ASSIMILATION AND ACCOMMODATION ARE LIKE SORTING LAUNDRY

WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: SCREEN TIME AND KIDS’ DEVELOPMENT

Psychosocial Development

Temperament

MY TAKE VIDEO 9.1: PARENTING STYLES

Adolescent Development

Physical Development

Cognitive Development

CHAPTER APP 9.2: IMAGINARY AUDIENCE

Psychosocial Development

CURRENT CONTROVERSY: SOCIAL NETWORKING AND COMPUTER GAMING: GOOD OR BAD FOR ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT?

MY TAKE VIDEO 9.2: EMERGING ADULTHOOD

Adulthood

Physical Development

Cognitive Development

Psychosocial Development

10

Diversity in Psychology: Multiculturalism, Gender, and Sexuality

Diversity Surrounds You

Diversity by the Numbers

What Constitutes a Culture?

MY TAKE VIDEO 10.1: CULTURE

IT’S LIKE...: DYNAMIC SIZING IS LIKE APPRECIATING BRITTNEY GRINER’S HEIGHT

Multiculturalism

The Importance of Multiculturalism in Psychology

Acculturation: Managing Multiple Cultures

How Do Cultures Differ?

CHAPTER APP 10.1: MULTICULTURALISM

What Difference Does Diversity Make?

Multicultural Know-How in Your Daily Life

CHAPTER APP 10.2: CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE

MY TAKE VIDEO 10.2: MICROAGGRESSIONS

Gender and Sexuality: Essential Examples of Diversity

Defining Gender and Sex

Gender Development

MY TAKE VIDEO 10.3: GENDER AND SEX

WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY TV, SEXUAL ATTITUDES, AND SEXUAL BEHAVIORS

CHAPTER APP 10.3: TRANSGENDER

CURRENT CONTROVERSY: HOW DOES FACEBOOK AFFECT BODY IMAGE?

Sexual Orientation

FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: DOES GAYDAR WORK?

What Difference Does Gender Make?

Stress and Health

Stress: What Is It and What Causes It?

What Is Stress?

What Causes Stress?

IT’S LIKE...: STIFLING YOUR FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT RESPONSE IS LIKE STEPPING ON THE GAS AND BRAKE AT THE SAME TIME

CHAPTER APP 11.1: APPRAISAL

MY TAKE VIDEO 11.1: APPRAISAL

Stress and the Mind–Body Connection

How Stress and Your Body Affect Each Other

WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: SUDDEN DEATH? THE STRESSRELATED HEALTH RISKS OF WATCHING SPORTS ON TV

How Stress and Your Mind Affect Each Other

CURRENT CONTROVERSY: WHAT COUNTS AS A TRAUMA?

Stress and Culture

Stress and Gender

Stress and Ethnicity

Stress and Age

Coping with Stress: Psychological Strategies and Social Strategies

Culture and Coping

MY TAKE VIDEO 11.2: TYPES OF COPING

Decreasing Stress by Thinking Differently

FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: DON’T STRESS OUT ABOUT STRESS

Decreasing Stress by Improving Relationships

CHAPTER APP 11.2: SOCIAL SUPPORT

Decreasing Stress by Behaving Differently

Coping with Stress: Physical Strategies and Medical Strategies

Decreasing Stress with Exercise

Decreasing Stress with Medical and Healing Techniques

CHAPTER APP 11.3: DECREASING STRESS WITH EXERCISE

12 Personality

What Is Personality?

Defining Personality

Biological Contributions to Personality

Psychodynamic Theory of Personality

The Unconscious

The Structure of Personality

Stages of Development

Freud’s Followers

Current Thoughts on Psychodynamic Theory

Humanistic Theory of Personality

Self-Actualization

Abraham Maslow and Self-Actualization

Self-Concept

Current Thoughts on Humanistic Theory

Behavioral and Social-Cognitive Theories of Personality

Behavioral Theory: The Importance of the Environment

Social-Cognitive Theory: Social Factors and Thoughts Are Important Too

MY TAKE VIDEO 12.1: LOCUS OF CONTROL

Current Thoughts on Behavioral and Social-Cognitive Theories

FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: WHAT’S HAPPENING TO OUR LOCUS OF CONTROL?

Trait Theory of Personality

A New Approach to Understanding Personality

The Five-Factor Model: Universal Human Traits

MY TAKE VIDEO 12.2: FIVE-FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY

CURRENT CONTROVERSY: IS THERE AN UPSIDE TO NEUROTICISM?

WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: PERSONALITY AND PREFERENCES IN MOVIES AND TV

CHAPTER APP 12.1: FIVE-FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY

Current Thoughts on Trait Theory

Assessing Personality

Clinical Interviews

Objective Personality Tests

Projective Personality Tests

IT’S LIKE...: SELF-REPORTS ON PERSONALITY

QUESTIONNAIRES ARE LIKE SELF-REPORTS IN REAL LIFE

Behavioral Assessment

13

Social Psychology

Social Cognition: How We Think about Each Other Attributions

Attitudes

MY TAKE VIDEO 13.1: FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR

Cognitive Dissonance: Attitudes in Conflict

Social Influence: How We Influence Each Other

Conformity: Going Along with the Group

MY TAKE VIDEO 13.2: CONFORMITY

Obedience: Following Orders

FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: MILGRAM, OBEDIENCE, AND THE NFL’S BOUNTY SCANDAL

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