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Brain and Behavior
Brain and Behavior
Connections: An Introduction
Phineas Gage’s Accident and Paul Broca’s Discovery
Learning the Brain: A Three-Step Strategy
Activity Within the Brain
Neurons
Communication Between Neurons
The Brain and Its Parts
The Brainstem
MY TAKE VIDEO 2.1: PARTS OF THE BRAIN
The Cerebellum
The Thalamus and the Limbic System
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN HOLLYWOOD
The Cerebrum and Cerebral Cortex
The Cerebral Hemispheres and the Corpus Callosum
CHAPTER APP 2.1: LOCALIZATION
The Lobes
Brain Plasticity
IT’S LIKE...: PLASTICITY IS LIKE AN ATHLETE SWITCHING POSITIONS
CHAPTER APP 2.2: PLASTICITY
The Nervous System and the Endocrine System
The Nervous System
The Endocrine System
How We Know All of This: Viewing the Brain
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: THE MURDERER’S MIND
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: NEUROEVERYTHING?
3
Sensation and Perception
The Fundamentals of Sensation and Perception
The Difference Between Sensation and Perception
Thresholds: What Your Senses Can and Cannot Do
MY TAKE VIDEO 3.1: DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD
Sensory Overload: When Senses Compete for Your Attention
MY TAKE VIDEO 3.2: SENSORY ADAPTATION
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: VARIETY, THE KEY TO HAPPINESS?
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing
IT’S LIKE...: TOP-DOWN PROCESSING IS LIKE AUTOCOMPLETE
Vision
Your Eye: Its Parts and Their Functions
How You See: Eye Movements, Depth Perception, Color Perception, and More
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: CAN YOUR RETINA OR IRIS UNLOCK YOUR SMARTPHONE?
CHAPTER APP 3.1: VISION
CHAPTER APP 3.2: VISUAL ILLUSIONS
How Culture Influences Vision
Hearing Your Ear: Its Parts and Their Functions
How You Hear: Pitch, Location, and More
How Culture Influences Hearing
CHAPTER APP 3.3: AUDITION
Smell and Taste
The Nose Knows: Your Sense of Smell
Detectable as Delectable: Your Sense of Taste
Other Senses
Skin Deep: Your Somatosenses
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: MORE TOUCH, MORE WINS?
On the Move and in Balance: Your Kinesthetic Sense and Vestibular Sense
4 Consciousness Sleep
IT’S LIKE...: CONSCIOUSNESS IS LIKE A LIGHT CONTROLLED BY A DIMMER
Why Do We Sleep?
MY TAKE VIDEO 4.1: SLEEP DEPRIVATION
Circadian Rhythm: Your Biological Clock
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: Do You Realize What Sleep
Deprivation Does to You?
MY TAKE VIDEO 4.2: CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: WHAT (BODY CLOCK) TIME IS KICKOFF?
Normal Sleep
CHAPTER APP 4.1: REM SLEEP
Diversity in Normal Sleep
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: SHOULD HIGH SCHOOL START LATER IN THE DAY?
Sleep Abnormalities
Dreams
Theories of Dreams
The Scientific Study of Dreaming
The Effect of Dreams on Daily Functioning
Lucid Dreaming
Hypnosis
The Procedure of Hypnotism
Who Can Be Hypnotized?
Psychoactive Drugs and Consciousness
How Psychoactive Drugs Work
Types of Psychoactive Drugs
CHAPTER APP 4.2: DEPRESSANTS
Other Altered States of Consciousness
Meditation and Mindfulness
Déjà Vu
Near-Death Experiences
5 Memory
Defining Memory
Memory and Identity
The Extremes of Memory Achievement
The Three Steps of Memory Encoding Storage FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: IS FORGETTING GOOD?
IT’S LIKE...: YOUR SMARTPHONE IS LIKE A FLASH DRIVE FOR YOUR BRAIN
Retrieval
CHAPTER APP 5.1: RETRIEVAL
MY TAKE VIDEO 5.1: RECALL VERSUS RECOGNITION
Types of Memory
Explicit Memory
Implicit Memory
What Affects Memory?
Time and Memory
Context and Memory: “Other” Information
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: THE SERIAL POSITION EFFECT ON AMERICAN IDOL?
Efforts to Improve Memory
MY TAKE VIDEO 5.2: FLASHBULB MEMORY
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: IMPROVING YOUR MEMORY
Culture and Memory
Sleep and Memory
CHAPTER APP 5.2: EFFORTS TO IMPROVE MEMORY
Memory Problems
Amnesia
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: DO SPORTS HEAD INJURIES CAUSE MEMORY LOSS?
Misinformation Effect
MY TAKE VIDEO 5.3: THE FALLIBILITY OF MEMORY
Memory and Psychological Disorders
6 Learning
What Is Learning?
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Accidental Discovery
MY TAKE VIDEO 6.1: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IN ADVERTISING
Processes Related to Classical Conditioning
IT’S LIKE...: DOGS DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN SIMILAR SHAPES ARE LIKE YOU DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN SIMILAR LOGOS
Applying Classical Conditioning to Your Life
CHAPTER APP 6.1: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Operant Conditioning
B. F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning for Everyone
CHAPTER APP 6.2: REINFORCEMENT
MY TAKE VIDEO 6.2: REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES
Schedules of Reinforcement
Punishment
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: HOME RUNS AND SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
CHAPTER APP 6.3: PUNISHMENT
Discriminative Stimuli
Shaping
Operant Conditioning Versions of Some Classical Conditioning Concepts
Applying Operant Conditioning to Your Life
Observational Learning
The Bobo Doll Studies
CURRENT CONTROVERSY DOES VIOLENCE IN THE MEDIA CAUSE VIOLENCE IN REAL LIFE?
Mirror Neurons
Biological Influences on Learning
Taste Aversion
Instinctive Drift
Cognitive Influences on Learning
Cognitive Maps
Insight
Learned Helplessness
7
Cognition: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
Thinking
Concepts: What Holds Them Together?
Expertise, Culture, and Concepts
Problem Solving and Decision Making
Cognition and Emotion
MY TAKE VIDEO 7.1: AFFECTIVE FORECASTING
Cognition and Creativity
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: CONVERGENT AND DIVERGENT THINKING ON FAMILY FEUD
Language
The Evolution of Language
The Development of Language
The Rules of Language: Grammar
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: WHAT IS TEXTING DOING TO LANGUAGE?
Does Language Influence Thinking?
Intelligence
One Intelligence or Many?
Multiple Intelligences
MY TAKE VIDEO 7.2: INTELLIGENCE
Emotional Intelligence
Nature, Nurture, and Intelligence
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: INTELLIGENCE
CORRELATES WITH…
IT’S LIKE...: THE HIERARCHICAL MODEL OF INTELLIGENCE IS LIKE THE NATIONAL U.S. WEATHER REPORT
CHAPTER APP 7.1: INTELLIGENCE TESTS
Motivation and Emotion
Motivation
MY TAKE VIDEO 8.1: INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
Classic Theories of Motivation
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
One Motivation after Another: Maslow’s Hierarchy
Motivation and Diversity
CHAPTER APP 8.1: MOTIVATION
A Primary Motivation: Hunger and Eating
Obesity and Overweight
Biological Factors in Hunger and Eating
CHAPTER APP 8.2: SET POINT
IT’S LIKE...: THE THRIFTY GENE HYPOTHESIS IS LIKE BUYING GAS FOR A NICKEL A GALLON
Psychological Factors
Environmental and Sociocultural Factors
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: ADVERTISING UNHEALTHY FOOD TO KIDS
Promoting Healthy Eating
CHAPTER APP 8.3: PROMOTING HEALTHY EATING
Emotion
Theories of Emotion
Communicating Emotions
Emotion Regulation
MY TAKE VIDEO 8.2: EMOTION REGULATION
Why Emotion Regulation Matters
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: Does Money Buy Happiness?
Emotion and Diversity
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: THIS SHOW IS SCARY: THE EFFECT ON CHILDREN OF FRIGHTENING TV AND MOVIES
9 Development Across the Life Span
Big Questions About Developmental Psychology
Stability Versus Change
Stage Development Versus Continuous Development
Nature Versus Nurture
Development Before Birth
Conception
Prenatal Development
Teratogens: Dangers in the Womb
CHAPTER APP 9.1: PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Infancy and Childhood
The Abilities of Newborns
Physical Development
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: A WELL-RUNNING BRAIN
Cognitive Development
IT’S LIKE...: ASSIMILATION AND ACCOMMODATION ARE LIKE SORTING LAUNDRY
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: SCREEN TIME AND KIDS’ DEVELOPMENT
Psychosocial Development
Temperament
MY TAKE VIDEO 9.1: PARENTING STYLES
Adolescent Development
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
CHAPTER APP 9.2: IMAGINARY AUDIENCE
Psychosocial Development
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: SOCIAL NETWORKING AND COMPUTER GAMING: GOOD OR BAD FOR ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT?
MY TAKE VIDEO 9.2: EMERGING ADULTHOOD
Adulthood
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Psychosocial Development
10
Diversity in Psychology: Multiculturalism, Gender, and Sexuality
Diversity Surrounds You
Diversity by the Numbers
What Constitutes a Culture?
MY TAKE VIDEO 10.1: CULTURE
IT’S LIKE...: DYNAMIC SIZING IS LIKE APPRECIATING BRITTNEY GRINER’S HEIGHT
Multiculturalism
The Importance of Multiculturalism in Psychology
Acculturation: Managing Multiple Cultures
How Do Cultures Differ?
CHAPTER APP 10.1: MULTICULTURALISM
What Difference Does Diversity Make?
Multicultural Know-How in Your Daily Life
CHAPTER APP 10.2: CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE
MY TAKE VIDEO 10.2: MICROAGGRESSIONS
Gender and Sexuality: Essential Examples of Diversity
Defining Gender and Sex
Gender Development
MY TAKE VIDEO 10.3: GENDER AND SEX
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY TV, SEXUAL ATTITUDES, AND SEXUAL BEHAVIORS
CHAPTER APP 10.3: TRANSGENDER
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: HOW DOES FACEBOOK AFFECT BODY IMAGE?
Sexual Orientation
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: DOES GAYDAR WORK?
What Difference Does Gender Make?
Stress and Health
Stress: What Is It and What Causes It?
What Is Stress?
What Causes Stress?
IT’S LIKE...: STIFLING YOUR FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT RESPONSE IS LIKE STEPPING ON THE GAS AND BRAKE AT THE SAME TIME
CHAPTER APP 11.1: APPRAISAL
MY TAKE VIDEO 11.1: APPRAISAL
Stress and the Mind–Body Connection
How Stress and Your Body Affect Each Other
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: SUDDEN DEATH? THE STRESSRELATED HEALTH RISKS OF WATCHING SPORTS ON TV
How Stress and Your Mind Affect Each Other
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: WHAT COUNTS AS A TRAUMA?
Stress and Culture
Stress and Gender
Stress and Ethnicity
Stress and Age
Coping with Stress: Psychological Strategies and Social Strategies
Culture and Coping
MY TAKE VIDEO 11.2: TYPES OF COPING
Decreasing Stress by Thinking Differently
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: DON’T STRESS OUT ABOUT STRESS
Decreasing Stress by Improving Relationships
CHAPTER APP 11.2: SOCIAL SUPPORT
Decreasing Stress by Behaving Differently
Coping with Stress: Physical Strategies and Medical Strategies
Decreasing Stress with Exercise
Decreasing Stress with Medical and Healing Techniques
CHAPTER APP 11.3: DECREASING STRESS WITH EXERCISE
12 Personality
What Is Personality?
Defining Personality
Biological Contributions to Personality
Psychodynamic Theory of Personality
The Unconscious
The Structure of Personality
Stages of Development
Freud’s Followers
Current Thoughts on Psychodynamic Theory
Humanistic Theory of Personality
Self-Actualization
Abraham Maslow and Self-Actualization
Self-Concept
Current Thoughts on Humanistic Theory
Behavioral and Social-Cognitive Theories of Personality
Behavioral Theory: The Importance of the Environment
Social-Cognitive Theory: Social Factors and Thoughts Are Important Too
MY TAKE VIDEO 12.1: LOCUS OF CONTROL
Current Thoughts on Behavioral and Social-Cognitive Theories
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: WHAT’S HAPPENING TO OUR LOCUS OF CONTROL?
Trait Theory of Personality
A New Approach to Understanding Personality
The Five-Factor Model: Universal Human Traits
MY TAKE VIDEO 12.2: FIVE-FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: IS THERE AN UPSIDE TO NEUROTICISM?
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: PERSONALITY AND PREFERENCES IN MOVIES AND TV
CHAPTER APP 12.1: FIVE-FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY
Current Thoughts on Trait Theory
Assessing Personality
Clinical Interviews
Objective Personality Tests
Projective Personality Tests
IT’S LIKE...: SELF-REPORTS ON PERSONALITY
QUESTIONNAIRES ARE LIKE SELF-REPORTS IN REAL LIFE
Behavioral Assessment
13
Social Psychology
Social Cognition: How We Think about Each Other Attributions
Attitudes
MY TAKE VIDEO 13.1: FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
Cognitive Dissonance: Attitudes in Conflict
Social Influence: How We Influence Each Other
Conformity: Going Along with the Group
MY TAKE VIDEO 13.2: CONFORMITY
Obedience: Following Orders
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: MILGRAM, OBEDIENCE, AND THE NFL’S BOUNTY SCANDAL