AdvancedNanomaterialsfor CatalysisandEnergy
Synthesis,CharacterizationandApplications
Editedby
VladislavA.Sadykov
BoreskovInstituteofCatalysisSBRAS,Novosibirsk,Russia
NovosibirskStateUniversity,Novosibirsk,Russia
Elsevier
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Chapter1:SynthesisofNano-CatalystsinFlowConditionsUsingMillimixers...........1
ChangdongLi,MaoshuaiLi,AndreC.vanVeen
CaseStudyOne:DesignandOptimizationofMultistageFlowSynthesis ConfigurationstoPrepareZn-CrHydrotalcites......................................................2
1.1.1SynthesisMethodology.......................................................................................3
1.1.1.1Materials.......................................................................................................3
1.1.1.2FlowSynthesisConfiguration......................................................................4
1.1.1.3ComparativeCo-PrecipitationMethod........................................................7
1.1.1.4CharacterizationMethods............................................................................8
1.1.1.5PropertiesofCo-PrecipitationMadeasComparativeMaterials.... ............8
1.1.2PropertiesofMaterialsMadebyFlowSynthesis..............................................9
1.1.2.1EffectofTotalAgingTime(CoilTime).....................................................9
1.1.2.2EffectsofTemperatureandBoreSizeofMillimixer...............................13 1.1.3Conclusions.......................................................................................................18
CaseStudyTwo:PreparationofthePrecursorforBa0.5Sr0.5Co0.2Fe0.8O3 δ PerovskitesandComparisonofPerformanceinaMembraneApplication................20
1.2.1SynthesisandCharacterizationofMaterials....................................................21
1.2.2ComparisonofOxygenPermeationPerformances..........................................25
Chapter2:InfluenceofHydrodynamicsonWetSynthesesofNanomaterials...........29 NicholasJose,AlexeiLapkin
2.2.2ExperimentalStudies........................................................................................36
2.3Flow-InducedStructuring....................................................................................41
2.3.1Theory...............................................................................................................41
2.3.2ExperimentalStudies........................................................................................46
2.4MolecularClustering:Nucleation,Crystallization,andPolymorphism.............50
2.5Conclusions..........................................................................................................53
Chapter3:AdvancedSize-SelectedCatalystsPreparedbyLaserElectrodispersion...61 TatianaN.Rostovshchikova,EkaterinaS.Lokteva,ElenaV.Golubina,KonstantinI.Maslakov, SergeyA.Gurevich,DenisA.Yavsin,VladimirM.Kozhevin
3.1Introduction..........................................................................................................61
3.2PrinciplesofLEDMethodfortheSynthesisofMetalNanoparticles................62
3.3LEDMetal-ContainingSystemsinCatalysis......................................................70
3.3.1CopperCatalysts...............................................................................................70
3.3.2NickelCatalystsonCarbonandOxideSupports............................................75
3.3.3Palladium-ContainingCatalysts.......................................................................82
3.3.4BimetallicMaterials.........................................................................................86
3.4Discussion:TheReasonsofHighCatalyticEfficiencyofLEDSystems.... ......89
Chapter4:RutheniumNanomaterials:AnOverviewofRecentDevelopments inColloidalSynthesis,Properties, andPotentialApplications ................................99 IrinaL.Simakova,DmitryYu.Murzin
4.1Introduction........................................................................................................100
4.2Surfactant-AssistedRoutesforNPsPreparation...............................................101
4.2.1MicroemulsionTechnique..............................................................................101
4.2.2 СolloidalMethod............................................................................................103
4.3PreparationofSupportedMetalCatalystsontheBasisofColloidalNPs.......110
4.3.1DepositionofNPsFromME.........................................................................110
4.3.2ImmobilizationofNPsFromColloids..........................................................111
4.4RoleofaProtectingAgent................................................................................111
4.5RuNPsApplicationinCatalysis.......................................................................114
4.5.1CatalyticApplicationofRuNPsPreparedbytheME.................................116
4.5.2CatalyticApplicationofRuNPsPreparedbyColloidalSynthesis..............117
4.5.3CatalyticApplicationsofRuNPs..................................................................118
4.5.4ExamplesofCatalyticApplicationsofSupportedColloidal RuNPs............................................................................................................125
4.6ConcludingRemarksandOutlook.....................................................................133 Acknowledgments.....................................................................................................134 References.................................................................................................................135
Chapter5:Ag-ContainingNanomaterialsinHeterogeneousCatalysis: AdvancesandRecentTrends............................................................................143
OlgaV.Vodyankina,GrigoryV.Mamontov,ValeryV.Dutov,TamaraS.Kharlamova, MikhailA.Salaev
5.1Introduction........................................................................................................143
5.2SurfaceChemistryofAg-BasedMaterialsinOxidationCatalysis..................145
5.2.1Silver-OxygenInteractions.............................................................................145
5.2.2EffectofPromotersonReactivityofActiveSpeciesonAgSurface...........148
5.2.3Silver-SupportInteractions.............................................................................149
5.2.4Structure-ActivityRelationship......................................................................159
5.3ConcludingRemarksandOutlook.....................................................................164 Acknowledgment.......................................................................................................165 References.................................................................................................................165
Chapter6:HowDoestheSurfaceStructureofNi-FeNanoalloysControl CarbonFormationDuringMethaneSteam/DryReforming?................................177 StavrosAlexandrosTheofanidis,HildePoelman,GuyB.Marin,VladimirV.Galvita
6.1Introduction........................................................................................................177
6.1.1MethaneReformingProcesses.......................................................................177
6.1.2CarbonFormation...........................................................................................180
6.2SynthesisofNi-FeCatalysts..............................................................................181
6.3RoleofFe...........................................................................................................181
6.3.1StructuralFeaturesofNi-FeNanoalloys.......................................................183
6.3.2ActivityDuringMethaneDecomposition......................................................184
6.3.3ActivityDuringMethaneReforming.............................................................188
6.3.4RegenerationAbility......................................................................................191
6.3.5ControlofCarbonFormationonNi-FeNanoalloyCatalysts.......................193
6.3.6CarbonRemovalFromNi-FeNanoalloyCatalysts.......................................196
6.4NovelFe-ModifiedMagnesiumAluminateSupportforControlof CarbonFormation..............................................................................................209
6.4.1MgFexAl2 xO4 Synthesis...............................................................................209
6.4.2StructuralandTexturalFeaturesofMgFexAl2 xO4 Support.......................209
6.4.3Ni-FeNanoalloySupportedonMgFexAl2 xO4 ............................................212
6.4.4StabilityandCarbonFormationofNi-FeNanoalloySupportedon MgFexAl2 xO4 ...............................................................................................215
6.5ConcludingRemarksandOutlook.....................................................................217 References.................................................................................................................218
Chapter7:RecentApplicationsofNanometalOxideCatalystsinOxidation Reactions.......................................................................................................227 V.CortesCorbera´n,V.Rives,V.Stathopoulos
7.1Introduction........................................................................................................228
7.1.1OxideCatalysts:SpecificFeatures................................................................228
7.1.2ScopeoftheChapter......................................................................................229
7.2SynthesisMethodsforNanoscaleandMorphology..........................................230
7.3Ceria-BasedSystems..........................................................................................231
7.3.1PureCeria.......................................................................................................231
7.3.2BinaryCe ZrOxides...................................................................................233
7.3.3BinaryCuO CeO2 Catalysts........................................................................236
7.3.4BinaryMn CeOxides..................................................................................240
7.3.5BinaryCo CeOxideCatalysts....................................................................242
7.3.6OtherMixedOxideCatalysts.........................................................................244
7.4Co,Mn,andFeOxide-BasedSystems..............................................................247
7.4.1Cobalt-BasedSystems....................................................................................247
7.4.2Iron-BasedSystems........................................................................................255
7.4.3Manganese-BasedCatalysts...........................................................................258
7.5OtherOxide-BasedSystems..............................................................................265
7.5.1VanadiumOxide-BasedCatalysts..................................................................265
7.5.2MolybdenumOxide-BasedCatalysts.............................................................268
7.5.3Titania-BasedCatalysts..................................................................................271
7.5.4NickelOxide-BasedCatalysts........................................................................273
7.5.5CopperOxide-BasedCatalysts......................................................................274
7.5.6ChromiumOxide-BasedCatalysts.................................................................276
7.5.7MiscellaneousOxideCatalysts......................................................................277
7.6ConcludingRemarksandOutlook.....................................................................279 References.................................................................................................................281
Chapter8:Particle-SizeEffectinCatalyticOxidationOverPtNanoparticles........295 AlexandrYu.Stakheev,DmitryA.Bokarev,IgorP.Prosvirin,ValeriiI.Bukhtiyarov
8.1Introduction........................................................................................................295
8.2TotalAlkaneOxidation......................................................................................296
8.2.1ParticleSizeEffectandOxygenCoverage...................................................296
8.2.2OxidationofPtNanoparticles........................................................................302
8.2.3EffectofPtOx FormationonCatalyticActivity............................................304
8.2.4PtOx FormationUponReactionConditions..................................................305
8.3ParticleSizeEffectinCOOxidation................................................................308
8.4ParticleSizeEffectinNOOxidation................................................................310
8.5Conclusions........................................................................................................314
Chapter9:NovelZeoliteCatalystsforMethanoltoHydrocarbon Transformation..............................................................................................321 EvgenyRebrov,GuannanHu
9.1Introduction........................................................................................................321
9.2ReactionMechanism..........................................................................................323
9.3SynthesisofZSM-5CoatingsonStructuredSubstrates...................................327
9.3.1SynthesisofMicroporousZeolites................................................................327
9.3.2CatalystStability............................................................................................333
9.3.3Ion-Exchange..................................................................................................337
9.3.4HierarchicalH-ZSM-5Structure....................................................................340
9.4MTHProcess......................................................................................................346
9.5ConcludingRemarksandOutlook.....................................................................348
Chapter10:SemiconductorPhotocatalystsBasedonNanostructured
Cd1 xZnxSSolidSolutionsintheReactionofHydrogenEvolutionFrom AqueousSolutionsofInorganicElectronDonorsUnderVisibleLight.... ...............
EkaterinaA.Kozlova,ValentinN.Parmon
10.1Introduction......................................................................................................357
10.2SynthesisandPhotocatalyticPropertiesofCd1 xZnxSSolidSolutions........360
10.2.1CharacteristicsoftheCd1 xZnxSSamples...............................................361
10.2.2TheKineticsofPhotocatalyticHydrogenEvolution................................364
10.3TheSynthesisofCompositeMaterialsContainingCdSorCd1 xZnxSand ConductorsWithaWiderBandGap...............................................................366
10.4DepositionofCocatalystsontheCadmiumSulfideSurface..........................371
10.4.1DepositionofCopperSulfideontheCd0.3Zn0.7SSurface.......................373
10.4.2SynthesisandStudyofCu/Cd0.3Zn0.7SandCu(OH)2/Cd0.3Zn0.7S Photocatalysts.............................................................................................378
10.4.3SynthesisofNiS/Cd0.3Zn0.7S,NizCd0.3Zn0.7S1+ z,Ni/Cd0.3Zn0.7S,and Ni(OH)2/Cd0.3Zn0.7SPhotocatalysts..........................................................379
10.4.4SynthesisandStudyofAu,Pt,Pd/Cd0.3Zn0.7SPhotocatalysts.... .382
10.5SynthesisofCatalystsWithCadmiumSulfideDepositedonaPorous SupportWiththe3DStructure........................................................................383
Сhapter11:NanocompositeAlkali-IonSolidElectrolytes....................................393 NikolaiF.Uvarov,ArtemS.Ulihin,YuliaG.Mateyshina
11.1Introduction......................................................................................................393
11.2InterfacePhenomenainCSE...........................................................................394
11.2.1PointDefectsonSurfacesorGrainBoundariesofIonicCrystals....... ....394
11.2.2PointDefectsonInterfacesandInterfaceInteraction...............................396
11.2.3SizeEffectsinNanocompositeSolidElectrolytes....................................400 11.3MolecularDynamicsSimulations....................................................................404
11.4EstimationofTransportPropertiesofCSE.....................................................406
11.4.1GeneralApproaches...................................................................................406
11.4.2GeneralizedMixingEquation....................................................................407
11.4.3EstimationofConductivityofCompositesofOtherTypes......................410
11.5TransportPropertiesofAlkaliIonCSE..........................................................412
11.5.1LithiumHalideBasedCSE........................................................................412
11.5.2CSEBasedonOtherAlkaliHalideSalts..................................................414
11.5.3CSEBasedonLi2SO4,Li2CO3,andLi2O................................................415
11.5.4AlkaliNitrateCSE.....................................................................................417
11.5.5CompositesBasedonAlkaliPerchlorates.................................................420
11.5.6CompositesBasedonAlkaliNitrites.........................................................423
11.5.7PolymerandGlass-CeramicComposite Lithium-IonElectrolytes...........426 11.6ApplicationsofAlkali-IonNanocomposteSolidElectrolytes........................426 11.7Conclusions......................................................................................................428
Chapter12:AdvancedMaterialsforSolidOxideFuelCellsandMembrane CatalyticReactors..........................................................................................435
VladislavA.Sadykov,NataliaV.Mezentseva,LyudmilaN.Bobrova,OlegL.Smorygo, NikitaF.Eremeev,YuliaE.Fedorova,YuliaN.Bespalko,PavelI.Skriabin,AlexeyV.Krasnov, AntonI.Lukashevich,TamaraA.Krieger,EkaterinaM.Sadovskaya,VladimirD.Belyaev, AlexanderN.Shmakov,ZakharS.Vinokurov,VladimirA.Bolotov,YuriYu.Tanashev, MikhailV.Korobeynikov,MikhailA.Mikhailenko
12.1Introduction......................................................................................................436
12.2SynthesisandDepositionTechniques.............................................................440
12.2.1MethodsfortheMaterialSynthesis...........................................................440
12.2.2SinteringTechniques..................................................................................442
12.3NovelMethodsofStudyingFunctionalCharacteristicsofMaterials.............444
12.3.1RelaxationTechniques...............................................................................444
12.3.2IsotopeExchangeTechniques....................................................................446
12.3.3TemperatureProgrammedDesorptionofOxygen....................................448
12.4AnodeMaterialsforITSOFCandOxygen/HydrogenSeparation Membranes.......................................................................................................449
12.4.1ExternalReformingforSOFC.CatalystsandReformingChemistry.......452
12.4.2StructuredSubstrates,CatalystsandReactors...........................................458
12.4.3PerformanceofStructuredCatalystsandReactorsinReforming ofRealFeeds..............................................................................................459
12.4.4OxygenSeparationMembranesTests.......................................................465
12.4.5Start-UpCharacteristicsandModeling......................................................470
12.4.6EffectofFuelExternalReforming/PrereformingonSOFCPerformance...472
12.4.7InternalReformingforSOFC.ScreeningTestsofPromoted Ni/YSZCompositesinFuelsSteamReforming.......................................473
12.4.8LayersofPromotedNi/YSZCompositesonAnode/Structured Substrates:PerformanceandStability.......................................................475
12.4.9KineticsofMethaneSteamReforming.....................................................476
12.4.10SOFCTestsWithInternalReforming.....................................................478
12.5CathodeMaterialsforITSOFC......................................................................480
12.5.1PerovskitesandNanocompositesBasedonThem....................................481
12.5.2Ruddlesden—PopperPhases......................................................................490
12.6SolidElectrolytesandOxidesWithaHighIonicConductivityforIT SOFCandPermselectiveMembranes.............................................................492
12.6.1Apatites.......................................................................................................494
12.6.2Ceria—ZirconiaMixedOxides..................................................................495
12.7ConcludingRemarksandOutlook...................................................................499 Acknowledgments.....................................................................................................501
References.................................................................................................................502
Chapter13:MixedIonic-ElectronicConductingPerovskitesasNanostructured Ferroelastics..................................................................................................515
IrinaV.Belenkaya,OlgaA.Bragina,AlexanderP.Nemudry
13.1Introduction......................................................................................................515
13.2MIECPerovskitesasFerroelastics..................................................................518
13.3StudyoftheDomainStructureofBrownmilleriteSrCo0.8Fe0.2O2.5 ..............520
13.3.1TheoreticalConsideration..........................................................................520
13.3.2ElectronMicroscopyStudy........................................................................522
13.3.3DomainReorientationUnderMechanicalLoad........................................526
13.3.4InSituHigh-TemperatureX-RayDiffractionStudiesofthe Dynamicsof“Perovskite-Brownmillerite”PhaseTransitionin SrCo0.8Fe0.2O2.5 ..........................................................................................528
13.4EffectofDopingWithFerroactiveHighlyChargedCationsonthe Structure,PhaseTransitions,andMicrostructureofSrCo0.8 xFe0.2MxO3 δ (M ¼ Nb,Ta,W,Mo).......................................................................................530
13.4.1StudiesoftheStructureandMicrostructureoftheLow-Temperature PhasesSrCo0.8-xFe0.2MxO2.5+ y (M ¼ Nb,Ta;0 < x 0.1)........................531
13.4.2StudyofthePhaseTransition“Perovskite-Brownmillerite”and theStructureoftheHigh-TemperaturePhasesSrCo0.8 xFe0.2MxO3 δ (M ¼ Nb,Ta;0 < x < 0.1)..........................................................................535
13.4.3StudyoftheStructureoftheHTPhaseSrCo0.77Fe0.2Ta0.03O2.5 y WiththeHelpofInSituHigh-TemperatureM€ ossbauerSpectroscopy....539
13.4.4StudyoftheStructureandMicrostructureofSrCo0.8-xFe0.2MxO2.5+ y (M ¼ W,Mo;0 < x 0.2)..........................................................................540
13.4.5NanostructuredFerroelasticsasElectrodeandMembraneMaterialsfor SOFC/CMRWithHighTransportandOperationalProperties...... ......... .544
13.5ConcludingRemarksandOutlook...................................................................548
Contributors
IrinaV.Belenkaya InstituteofSolidStateChemistryandMechanochemistry,SiberianBranchof RussianAcademyofSciences,Novosibirsk,Russia
VladimirD.Belyaev BoreskovInstituteofCatalysisSBRAS,Novosibirsk,Russia
YuliaN.Bespalko BoreskovInstituteofCatalysisSBRAS,Novosibirsk,Russia
LyudmilaN.Bobrova BoreskovInstituteofCatalysisSBRAS,Novosibirsk,Russia
DmitryA.Bokarev ZelinskyInstituteofOrganicChemistryRAS,Moscow,Russia
VladimirA.Bolotov BoreskovInstituteofCatalysisSBRAS,Novosibirsk,Russia
OlgaA.Bragina InstituteofSolidStateChemistryandMechanochemistry,SiberianBranchof RussianAcademyofSciences,Novosibirsk,Russia
ValeriiI.Bukhtiyarov BoreskovInstituteofCatalysisSBRAS,Novosibirsk,Russia
V.CortesCorbera ´ n InstituteofCatalysisandPetroleumchemistry(ICP),CSC,Madrid,Spain
ValeryV.Dutov LaboratoryofCatalyticResearch,TomskStateUniversity,Tomsk,Russia
NikitaF.Eremeev BoreskovInstituteofCatalysisSBRAS,Novosibirsk,Russia
YuliaE.Fedorova BoreskovInstituteofCatalysisSBRAS,Novosibirsk,Russia
VladimirV.Galvita LaboratoryforChemicalTechnology,GhentUniversity,Ghent,Belgium
ElenaV.Golubina ChemistryDepartment,LomonosovMoscowStateUniversity,Moscow,Russia
SergeyA.Gurevich IoffePhysical-TechnicalInstituteoftheRussianAcademyofSciences,St. Petersburg,Russia
GuannanHu SchoolofEngineering,UniversityofWarwick,Coventry,UnitedKingdom
NicholasJose DepartmentofChemicalEngineeringandBiotechnology,UniversityofCambridge, Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;CambridgeCentreforAdvancedResearchandEducationinSingapore Ltd.,Singapore,Singapore
TamaraS.Kharlamova LaboratoryofCatalyticResearch,TomskStateUniversity,Tomsk,Russia
MikhailV.Korobeynikov BudkerInstituteofNuclearPhysicsSBRAS,Novosibirsk,Russian Federation
VladimirM.Kozhevin IoffePhysical-TechnicalInstituteoftheRussianAcademyofSciences,St. Petersburg,Russia
EkaterinaA.Kozlova BoreskovInstituteofCatalysis,Novosibirsk,RussianFederation
AlexeyV.Krasnov BoreskovInstituteofCatalysisSBRAS,Novosibirsk,Russia
TamaraA.Krieger BoreskovInstituteofCatalysisSBRAS;NovosibirskStateUniversity, Novosibirsk,Russia
AlexeiLapkin DepartmentofChemicalEngineeringandBiotechnology,UniversityofCambridge, Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;CambridgeCentreforAdvancedResearchandEducationinSingapore Ltd.,Singapore,Singapore
ChangdongLi UniversityofWarwick,Warwick,UnitedKingdom
MaoshuaiLi UniversityofWarwick,Warwick,UnitedKingdom
EkaterinaS.Lokteva ChemistryDepartment,LomonosovMoscowStateUniversity,Moscow, Russia
AntonI.Lukashevich BoreskovInstituteofCatalysisSBRAS,Novosibirsk,Russia
GrigoryV.Mamontov LaboratoryofCatalyticResearch,TomskStateUniversity,Tomsk,Russia
GuyB.Marin LaboratoryforChemicalTechnology,GhentUniversity,Ghent,Belgium
KonstantinI.Maslakov ChemistryDepartment,LomonosovMoscowStateUniversity,Moscow, Russia
YuliaG.Mateyshina InstituteofSolidStateChemistryandMechanochemistry,SiberianBranchof theRussianAcademyofSciences,Novosibirsk,Russia
NataliaV.Mezentseva BoreskovInstituteofCatalysisSBRAS;NovosibirskStateUniversity, Novosibirsk,Russia
MikhailA.Mikhailenko BudkerInstituteofNuclearPhysicsSBRAS,Novosibirsk,Russian Federation
DmitryYu.Murzin ProcessChemistryCentre,A ˚ boAkademiUniversity,Turku,Finland
AlexanderP.Nemudry InstituteofSolidStateChemistryandMechanochemistry,SiberianBranchof RussianAcademyofSciences,Novosibirsk,Russia
ValentinN.Parmon BoreskovInstituteofCatalysis,Novosibirsk,RussianFederation
HildePoelman LaboratoryforChemicalTechnology,GhentUniversity,Ghent,Belgium
IgorP.Prosvirin BoreskovInstituteofCatalysisSBRAS,Novosibirsk,Russia
EvgenyRebrov SchoolofEngineering,UniversityofWarwick,Coventry,UnitedKingdom; DepartmentofBiotechnologyandChemistry,TverStateTechnicalUniversity,Tver,Russia
V.Rives GIR-QUESCAT,DepartmentofInorganicChemistry,UniversityofSalamanca, Salamanca,Spain
TatianaN.Rostovshchikova ChemistryDepartment,LomonosovMoscowStateUniversity, Moscow,Russia
EkaterinaM.Sadovskaya BoreskovInstituteofCatalysisSBRAS;NovosibirskStateUniversity, Novosibirsk,Russia
VladislavA.Sadykov BoreskovInstituteofCatalysisSBRAS;NovosibirskStateUniversity, Novosibirsk,Russia
MikhailA.Salaev LaboratoryofCatalyticResearch,TomskStateUniversity,Tomsk,Russia
AlexanderN.Shmakov BoreskovInstituteofCatalysisSBRAS;NovosibirskStateUniversity, Novosibirsk,Russia;BudkerInstituteofNuclearPhysicsSBRAS,Novosibirsk,RussianFederation
IrinaL.Simakova BoreskovInstituteofCatalysis,Novosibirsk,Russia
PavelI.Skriabin BoreskovInstituteofCatalysisSBRAS,Novosibirsk,Russia
OlegL.Smorygo PowderMetallurgyInstitute,Minsk,Belarus
AlexandrYu.Stakheev ZelinskyInstituteofOrganicChemistryRAS,Moscow,Russia
V.Stathopoulos LaboratoryofChemistryandMaterialsTechnology,SchoolofTechnological Applications,TechnologicalEducationalInstituteofStereaEllada,Greece
YuriYu.Tanashev BoreskovInstituteofCatalysisSBRAS,Novosibirsk,Russia
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Nešteto gostov se hladí
Po logu na klopeh, —
Cuj, prav do grada sliši se
Njihov razkošni smeh.
Takó vesele nisem nje
Še nikdar videl jaz, —
Kakó je srečen pógled njen,
Kakó žarèč obraz ...
V tem novem čaru skoro več
Helene ne poznam;
Pod temno lipo senčnato
Sedím na klopi sam.
Uvela roža tam leží
Na poti pred menó, —
Iz njene roke pala je
Ko šla je tod mimó.
Na licu nobenem gorjá ni,
Le meni je srce tesnó, Heleno v bleščeči dvorani
Zaljubljeno išče okó.
Z lornjeto v prebeli ročici
Med množico pestro sedí, V sočutju goríta ji lici, Ko zró ji na oder očí.
Visoko tam sredi azurja,
Zamišljena luna zre v noč, K nji žalostni spev trubadurja
Odplava sladkó vzdihujoč.
Ah pesem o strasti kipeči,
O vzdihih, o tajnih solzàh, Ah pesem o čarobni sreči,
O sladkih, odbeglih sanjàh.
Vzcvetèl je iz temnega groba
Opojni romantike cvet,
Srcá polastí se miloba, Kot sen iz pozabljenih let ...
Kakó ti ljubezen ognjena
V nedolžnih očéh plapolá, —
Ah, ti jih razumeš, Helena —
Ti čuješ te prošnje srcá? ...
Postoj še! ... O kje v tem vrvenju
Romantični sen je ostal?
Prijatelji, tu smo v življenju —
Applaudite! zástor je pal.
Kot začarane stojé
Hiše črne in grozeče;
Tožno časih iz meglé
Luč samotna zatrepeče.
Nad seboj visoko tam
Vidim okna razsvetljena ...
Ah, to je njen gorki hram —
In pri oknu je Helena.
Na nebó, tja v noč temnó
Zro očesca ji sanjava,
Bog ve, kod sedaj lahnó
Srečna njena duša plava.
Ali ji prihodnje dní
Slikajo razkošne sanje?
Ali si nazaj želí
Spet večere nekedanje?
Ah, zakrit je prejšnji čas
V njeni duši sanjajoči
In pozabljen, — kakor jaz
Pod njé oknom v mrtvi noči.
Večerni mrak svoj črni plašč
Razgrinja naokoli,
V skrivnostnem miru množica
Po temni cerkvi moli.
A v mojem srcu ni mirú, —
Kakó bi mogel biti?
Strastíj mogočno morje — kdó
Bi znal upokojíti?
Ne gleda mi v oltar okó, —
Temnó je na oltarji; —
Oči sta njeni zarji dve,
Nebeško lepi zarji.
V teh neizpolnjenih željàh
Pretežko je živeti;
Če tudi ti ne ljubiš me,
Jaz nočem več trpeti.
Objamem in poljubim te,
Da v mehkih rokah tvojih
Ugasne ta pekoča strast,
Ta ogenj v prsih mojih ...
V trepetajočih lučicah
Oltar tedàj zasije
In orgelj veličastni glas
Po cerkvi se razlije.
In zdi se mi, kot da bi pel:
«Klečíte in molíte, Če tudi srce brani se
Molíte in trpíte ...»
Od tam kjer spava jasno solnce,
Iz krajev pesmij in duhóv, Oj čárovnik, prileti k meni
Od Gange zélenih bregóv.
Prinesi meni vse bogastvo, Najlepše bísere morjá,
Sezídaj mi gradove svetle
Od mramorja in od zlatá.
Življenje svoje dam ti zanje —
Kaj hočem zdaj z življenjem jaz?
Samó trenotek mi še pusti,
Da zrem ji zadnjikrat v obraz ...
«Poglej, Helena, té gradove, Ta blesk zlatá, demantov žar,
Poglej, to je življenje moje, Poklanjam ti ga v zadnji dar.
Kaj ni že bledo moje lice?
Kaj ni že moten pógled moj?
Poglej na vzhod, že sije luna, Umreti moram jaz nocoj.
Samó nocoj, nocoj me ljubi, Poljubi me enkrat samó, Da na gorečih tvojih ustnih
Nebesa meni se pričnó ...»
— In iz dvorane zazvení spet
Razkošen valček, šum in smeh, —
In v plesu ji drhtíjo udje,
Ljubezen ji gorí v očéh.
Noč mrtvaška je tam zunaj:
Ni ne zvezd, ne lune jasne;
Moje srce je otožno:
Ni ne sreče, ne tolažbe ...
Da razjasniš mojo dušo, Pridi duh iz svetle čaše;
Da pozabim te, Helena, Pijem zdaj na tvoje zdravje ...
Dneva ní brez solnčne luči
In če tudi zvezde zlate
Lepše kakor kdaj goríjo;
Sreče ni brez tebe zame,
Ni brez tebe je, Helena.
Ne ... jaz čutim, ko zrèm nate, Da ljubiti me ne moreš ...
A povéj, kakó bi rasle
Rože brez svetlobe solnčne?
A povéj, kakó brez nade
Moglo bi srcé živeti? ...
Da ne vidim te nikdár več,
Da pozabim te, Helena, Pijem zdaj na tvoje zdravje!
Ali roka mi omahne ...
O povej, kakó bi rasle
Rože brez svetlobe solnčne?
O povej, kakó brez nade
Moglo bi srcé živeti?
Na zemljo dahnil je večer,
Helene ni nikjer, nikjer ...
Kakó drhtí srcé bolnó,
Kakó skelí solznó okó ...
Bogvé, bogvé, morda je zdaj
Bolesten, tožen njen smehljaj,
Obrazek sladki njen bledí, —
Na postelji bolnà leží ...
Tam zunaj noč hladnà temnà,
Pri nji pa luč gorí svetlà;
Ob postelji stojé ljudjé
Pobožno sklepajo roké,
Zaspano v njen obrazek zró
In šepetajo tó in tó ...
A noč beží in vstaja dan, Očí zaprè mi sen mračán.
Temnó je v sobi ... Ona spí, —
Le tiho, da se ne vzbudí ...
Ah, njenih lic rudeči cvet
Kot beli mramor zdaj je bled; V sanjàh bolestno šepetá,
Otožno, trudno se smehljá ...
Tu v sobi je takó težkó, Mrtvaški duh tesní glavó, —
Ah ne, ne pridi! ... Azrael, Nazaj, — tvoj dan še ni prišel ...
Kakó puhtí od njega mraz, Kakó grozí njegov obraz,
Kakó goré očí temné —
Koščene širi že roké ...
Ne boj, Helena, se, ne boj, Pri tebi čuje ljubi tvoj ...
Kam, Azrael, takó strmiš?
Kaj mirno pred menój stojiš?
V naročje hladno vzemi me, Tesnó, krepkó objemi me ...
In takrat ga objamem jaz, —
Ah, mraz je v licih, v srcu mraz ...
Helena pa odpré okó, — Zasmeje se takó ljubó.
Nebó gorí od zvezd neštetih, Z goré pihljá zefir lehak, Neznano hrepenenje diha
Ta rosni mrak.
Na jasnem nebu sanja luna, Pod nebom sanja tihi svet, —
Ta bajni večer jaz bi sanjal
Pač tisoč let.
Kakó čarobno v mesečini
Obraz se tvoj bleščí nocoj,
10.
Kot sladka bajka tajnopoln je
Pogled mi tvoj.
Pri meni ti v lepoti jasni, Krog naju ta večerni raj ...
Kakó je trepetalo srečno
Srcé tedàj ...
A to je bilo davno, davno, In ne povrne se nikdár.
Jesen je; nad menoj oblake
Podí vihar.
Po cesti hodim sam, otožen ...
Ah, ali je to sen samó?
Helena! ... Ali ne pozná me
In grè mimó.
IZ LEPIH ČASOV.
Oj ljubica iz prejšnjih dníj, Iz polpozabljenih, jasnih dníj, Takó krasnà, takó sladkà, Nocoj je mimo okna šlà.
In moje okó, kot prejšnje dní, Zamišljeno za njó strmí, — Kakó bi objel jo pretesnó, Kakó bi poljubil jo pregorkó.
Za njó strmí okó solznó, In v srcu je meni takó težkó, — Pozábila name je bógve kdaj, A jaz je ne morem vekomaj.
Kakó je to, kakó je to,
Da več ne vidi te okó?
Bojiš se li, da solnca svit, Ko po vrtéh krasnó razlit
Na temnih rožah trepetá, Ljudem skrivnosti ne izdá?
Mordà bojí se ti srcé,
Da v zraku ptičice drobné
Skrivnosti sladke ne zvedó,
Na oknih je ljudem pojó?
Da čula lipa tam ne bí,
Kakó sladkó poljub zvení
In svetu šepetala bi
Ko sapa zapihljala bi?
Nikar ne boj se, o nikar!
Zvečer ugasne solnca žar, Molčí blestečih zvezdic roj,
In mesec je prijatelj moj.
V snù ziblje ptičke pozni čas,
In slavec ljubi kakor jaz.
In kadar sapa zapihljá,
Na lipi listje šepetá, —
Pa v izbo stopiva temnó, Ne čuje naju tam nikdó ...
Nikar, nikar ne boj se več, Glej, čakam te, drhtèč, ljubeč ...
O mraku sedím na vrtu
In v zvezdnato gledam nebó;
Iz srca k nji pesem odplava
Tjà daleč na tujo zemljó.
Tam daleč na tuji zemlji
Pa ona ob oknu sloní, In gleda v daljavo in sluša, In solzne so njene očí.
Kaj bi zakrívala
Bledi obrazek svoj, Kaj bi obračala Pógled od mene ...?
Čas je bil, ljubica! —
Tiho zdaj ona spi, V grobu globokem spi — Sentimentalnost.
Sanja tam právljice
V duhu vijóličnem, A nad njó plavajo Lunini žarki ...
Ah le odkríj obraz ... Okno zagrniva, Da ne boš slišala
Slavčevih pesmij —
Da ne boš vídela
Révice lílije, Plašno drhteče tam V vetru polnóčnem ... 5.
Ali je zaspalo svetlo solnce?
Kakor v sànjah nad goró stojí.
Ali so zaspale svetle zvezde, Da na jasnem nebu še jih ní?
Vzdrami se, oj vzdrami, svetlo solnce, Brž potopi v morje se hladnó!
Vzdramite se, oj bleščeče zvezde, Razsvetlite širno mi nebó!
Spati neče nepokojno srce ...
In kakó naj spalo bi nocoj
Ko pri tebi čaka noč me krasna, Dèkle moje, lepi angelj moj!
V tesni kletki tam na oknu
Slavec poje, Ljubici na vrt pošilja
Pesmi svoje.
Čudosladke pesmi sluša
Hlad večerni,
O ljubezni, o bolesti
Neizmerni ...
Rože je jesenska slana
Zamorila,
Ljubica se je od vrta
Poslovila.
Tam na oknu pa je slavec
Nehal peti,
Nehal peti od bolesti
In živeti.
7.
Saj to že davno sem na tihem slutil, —
In glej, napósled je prišlò takó ...
Hladnó si dala róko mi v slovó, —
Saj to že davno sem na tihem slutil!
Če tudi solzno bilo ní okó, —
Bog sam vé, kaj sem pri slovesu čutil ...
Saj to že davno sem na tihem slutil, —
In glej, napósled je prišlò takó!
Visoka stena je med nama vstala, Na jedni strani noč, na drugi dan;
In tebi sije zdaj svetlejša stran ...
Visoka stena je med nama vstala.
A takrat, ko bo tvoj obràz solzán
In bled in suh, — prepozno bode pala ...
Visoka stena je med nama vstala,
Na jedni strani noč, na drugi dan.
8.
Kamor jim velí vihar
Tjà oblaki se podijo, Kamor struga jim velí
Tjà valovi se valijo.
Ah, v neplodnih je željàh
Mi usojeno živeti —
Kamor srce mi velí
Tjà ne morem pohiteti.
Ti govoriš takó hladnó, Umikaš belo mi rokó;
Kedàr v okó ti gledam jaz, Pa v stran obrneš svoj obràz ...
Samó enkràt se nasmehljàj, Ročíco belo mi podàj, Besedo reci mi samó,
9.
Besedo jedno, — za slovó!
10.
Kam se ti takó mudí?
Roka v moji ti trepeče, Gledaš me takó boječe — Kaj ne ljubiš več me ti?
Zašumelo je drevó, Luna sanja na poljáni ...
Oj ostani, oj ostani — Kam se ti mudí takó?
11.
Plavala je luna med oblaki, Sladko spalo mesto je pod njó; A midvá po cesti sva hodila, O ljubezni vroči govorila
In objemala se pretesnó ...
Kjé je pómlad, kjé je dèkle moje! ...
Plašč meglén je nad zemljó razstrt; V snegu škriplje pod nogami cesta, Lepa ljubica mi je nezvesta, V srcu mojem pa je hladna smrt.
Ljubica je na balkonu, Mimo hiše jaz hitím; Da še enkrat vidim drago, Pod balkonom postojím.
«Kam, oj kam, moj ljubček zlati, Kam se ti takó mudí? ...
Pa je bledo tvoje lice
In mrtvé so ti očí ...»
«Kaj okó bi bilo mrtvo, Kaj bi bil obràz mi bled?
Tjà hitim v tujíno jasno
V daljni, nepoznani svet.
Ti si mene zapustila, Jaz pozabim te lahkó; Drugo deklico bom ljubil, Bolj lepó in bolj zvestó ...»
Da so laž besede moje, Ljubica nezvesta vé, — Sladko se nasmeje ona, Meni pa tekó solzé.
Pokopal sem svojo ljubezen, Ah, vse svoje krasne željé, Da več bi ne našle poti
V to trudno moje srcé.
A kadar otožna, samotna
Razgrne se noč nad zemljó, —
Pa vstane ljubezen iz groba
Z nekdanjo čarobno močjó.
Vse davne, pozabljene pesmi
Iz groba prihajajo,
Kot plašne, polnočne sence
Nad mano plavajo.
In trudni obraz mi hladíjo
Ljubeče, bele roké ...
Tam zunaj sanjajo zvezde, Valovi pod oknom šumé ...
14.
Tam sredi morjá, tam sredi morjá, Tam čolna letita dvá;
Oblaki zakrivajo nočno nebó, Srdito se črni valovi tepó
In čoln se zadene ob čoln.
Čoln prvi zleti čez široko morjé,
Če všel je pogubi, — kdo vé?
A drugi več dóma ni našel nikdar, Ob valu visokem zdrobí ga vihar, — Z ostanki se morje igrá.
15.
Molil sem sinoči v cerkvi, Da te ljubček zapustí, Da bi ti srcé trpelo Kakor moje zdaj trpí.
Od solzá bi bilo rdeče
Prej prelepo ti okó, Lice bi ti bilo bledo, Kot je meni zdaj bledó!
Vso svojo ljubezen iskreno, Vso srečo najjasnejših dnij, Vse dal sem ti, ljubica moja, — In kaj si vrnila mi ti? ...
Če danes se náte spominjam, Gorí mi v sramôti obràz, Oj ljubica, da sovražiti
16.
