Acknowledgements
This book builds upon more than two decades of experience with European migration law and policy. Numerous friends and colleagues have informed my thinking on this complex and controversial topic ever since I started writing my PhD at the Walter Hallstein Institute for European Constitutional Law at Humboldt University in Berlin in the early 2000s. An important change came when I was appointed full Professor of Public, European, and International Law at the University of Konstanz ten years later, as the successor to Kay Hailbronner who was a prominent participant in the foundational period of European migration law. To be not primarily a German academic, writing in the national language for a domestic audience, had always been my aspiration as well. The dynamic and interdisciplinary atmosphere in Konstanz proved a perfect academic base to do so. Membership in the transnational Odysseus Network, coordinated by Philippe De Bruycker, equally supports a pan-European outlook. I am indebted to friends and colleagues with whom I have discussed migration law throughout all these years.
Anyone reading the book will realise that my analysis moves beyond questions of legal interpretation by considering both the policy concept and the theoretical positions that lie beneath. Doing so is not self-evident for someone who studied law on the continent. I benefited greatly from my involvement in the interdisciplinary Clusters of Excellence ‘Cultural Foundations of Cultural Integration’ and ‘The Politics of Inequality’ at the University of Konstanz. Similarly, I learnt new perspectives during the seven years I served as a member and vice-chairperson of the German Expert Council on Integration and Migration, an independent advisory body in Berlin. Our annual reports covered diverse issues such as asylum, labour migration, integration, diversity, and relations with Africa. Equally instructive were ongoing discussions with journalists and regular appearances as an expert witness in the home affairs committee of the German parliament in the hectic years following the events of 2015/16. Over the years, I became acquainted with a rich arsenal of research questions, practical challenges, and methodological approaches.
Few people have the luxury of being able to consider these multiple experiences at an intermediate level of abstraction. Writing this book allowed me to do precisely this. My home university generously supported this venture with a supplementary sabbatical, which I spent in the inspiring and charming environment of the European University Institute in Florence, just before another round of lockdowns during the Covid-19 pandemic. They interrupted the usual travel circuit and brought back the intimate atmosphere of the academic study room, where I spent endless days and evenings writing the manuscript. My partner deserves praise for having accepted my repeated assurances of ‘just one more hour’ again and again.
Generations of student assistants have accumulated countless articles, book chapters, and other documents as print copies or as digital files. They go unnamed, but their relentless efforts are much appreciated indeed. Our university library must have one of the most comprehensive collections of European migration law by now. The research assistants at my university chair invested time and energy in adapting the references to the OSCOLA
style guide. Sabine Gerber did a wonderful job in coordinating the different activities and supporting me on the administrative front. Without her valuable work, this book could not have been written besides all my other obligations. Finally, I am grateful to Oxford University Press for having accepted this contribution to the EU Law Library Series and for having accompanied the production process diligently. Once my literary ‘baby’ is born, it will be up to readers to receive it as a new player in the world of migration law and policy. Any kind of feedback is welcome (daniel.thym@uni-konstanz.de). The highly dynamic nature of this object of analysis calls for a reasonably swift second edition for sure.
Konstanz
February 2023
6.
7.
2.2.3.1 The ‘backroom’: working parties of national civil servants
2.2.3.2 Consensus culture in the shadow of majority voting
2.2.4 European Parliament
2.2.4.1 Committees as the ‘engines’ of parliamentary impact
2.2.4.2 Shifting positions on migration law
2.3 Interinstitutional Practices
2.3.1 Treaty change: limited relevance
2.3.2 Secondary legislation: prevalence of informal ‘trilogues’
2.3.3
2.3.4 Ancillary role of ‘soft law’
2.3.5 International cooperation: side-effects of informalisation
2.3.6 Private actors: a democratic virtue for migration law?
2.4 Differentiated Integration: Opt-outs after Brexit
2.4.1 Denmark: the long shadow of the referenda
2.4.2 Ireland: relic of British reticence
2.5 Summary
3.
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3 Frontex, Asylum Agency, and the pitfalls of specialised tribunals
3.1.4 Non-governmental organisations and the limits of third party intervention
3.2 Constitutional Authority of the Supranational Judiciary
3.2.1 Reputation of ‘constitutional imagination’
3.2.2 Migration
3.2.3
3.3.1.1
3.3.1.2
3.3.2
3.3.4
3.3.3.1
3.3.3.2
3.3.3.3
3.3.4.1
3.3.4.2
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
3.4.5
3.5
4. Interdisciplinary
4.1 Drivers of Migratory Movements
4.1.1 Numerous ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors
4.1.2 Migration as a process over time
4.1.3 Intermediate level: networks, regimes, and infrastructures
4.1.4 Continuum of ‘voluntary’ and ‘forced’ migration
4.2 Significance of State Measures
4.2.1 Normative background: the open borders debate
4.2.2 Explaining the ‘control gap’: the liberal paradox
4.2.3 Public opinion and intergroup threat perceptions
4.2.4 Multiple actors of migration governance
4.2.5 Individual migrant agency
4.3 Law as an Instrument of Government
4.3.1 Starting point: Foucault and constructivism
4.3.2 ‘Labels’ as a means of government
4.3.3 Language between ‘abuse’, ‘crisis’, and ‘normality’
4.3.4 Securitisation versus rights-based approach
4.4 Legal Methodology between Doctrine and Critique
4.4.1 Academic discourse: from enthusiasm to scepticism
4.4.2 Between ‘black letter’ and doctrinal constructivism
4.4.3 Interdisciplinary and critical approaches
4.5 Summary
5. Human Rights and State Sovereignty
5.1 ‘Aliens Law’ as Protection qua Nationality
5.1.1 Historic minimum standards as inter-state obligations
5.1.2 Limited impact of the conventions of the Council of Europe
5.1.3 Reduction of statelessness as a
5.2 Human Rights qua Personhood
5.2.1 Individual guarantees for ‘everyone’
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3 EU
5.4.4
Arendt and the ‘right to have
5.5 Complementary Role of International Bodies and Political Fora
5.5.1
5.5.2 Potential source of dynamism in the field of migration
5.5.3 Special rapporteurs and diplomatic initiatives
5.5.4 Global Compacts for Migration and on Refugees
5.6 Refugee Convention: Distant Lodestar
5.6.1 Interaction with Union
5.6.2 Supporting role
5.6.3
5.7
6. Doctrinal Foundations
6.1 ‘Legal Order’ as Doctrinal Self-sufficiency
6.2 The Promise and Limits of Coherence
6.2.1 Legislative fragmentation
6.2.2 Vision of an ‘immigration code’
6.2.3 Interpretative approximation
6.3 Constitutional Essentials in Migration Law
6.3.1 Direct effect and primacy as an everyday
6.3.2
6.3.3 Subsidiarity as political
6.4 Pitfalls of the Interpretative
6.4.1 Multilingualism of EU migration law
6.4.2 Revival of the drafting history
6.4.3 Indeterminacy of teleological interpretation
6.4.4 Autonomous concepts and their limits
6.4.5 Effet utile as a useful doctrinal tool
6.5 Individual Rights of Migrants
6.5.1 Individual rights enshrined in legislation
6.5.2 Added valued in comparison to human
6.5.3 Ambiguous
6.5.3.1
6.5.3.2 Silence or vagueness on the
6.5.4
6.6
6.7
7.
7.1 European Migration Law as a Composite System
7.1.1 Conceptual vagueness of ‘areas’ and
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.2.1
7.2.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.3.1
7.2.3.2
7.2.3.3
7.2.4
7.2.4.1
7.3 Transnational Effects of Horizontal Cooperation
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3 Intra-EU
7.4
7.5
8.
8.1
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
8.1.4
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
8.3
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.3
8.3.4
8.4
8.4.1
8.4.2
8.4.3
8.5
8.5.1
9.1
9.3
9.3.1
9.3.2
9.3.3
9.3.4
9.3.5
9.4
9.5
9.5.1
9.5.2
9.6
10.1
10.2
10.3.1
10.6.1
12.
12.1
12.2
12.2.1
12.2.2
12.2.3
12.2.4
12.4
12.3.3
12.4.1
13.2
13.2.2
13.2.4
13.2.5
13.3.1
13.3.2
13.3.3
13.3.5
13.4.1
13.4.2
13.4.3
13.4.3.1
13.4.3.2
13.4.3.3
13.4.4
13.5.5
13.5.4.2
13.5.5.1
13.5.5.2
13.5.6
13.6
13.6.1
13.6.2
13.6.3
13.8
13.6.4
13.8.1
13.8.2
13.8.3
13.8.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
16.
16.1
16.1.1
16.1.2
16.1.3
16.2
17.
16.2.1 Supranational competences
16.2.2 Detention in conformity with human rights
16.2.3 Human rights of those irregularly present
16.2.4 Territorial scope
16.3 Criminalisation of Illegal Entry and Stay
16.3.1 Prosecution of ‘smuggling’
16.3.2 Intimidation of search and rescue 517
16.3.3
16.3.4
16.3.5 Employer sanctions
16.4
16.4.1 Refusal for different reasons
16.4.2 Entry bans under the Return Directive
16.5 Structure of the Return Directive
16.5.1 Reasons for illegal stay
16.5.2 Exceptions from the scope
16.5.3 Return decision
16.5.4 Voluntary departure and removal
16.5.5 Limbo of ‘non-removable’ returnees
16.6 Inter-state Cooperation
16.6.1
16.6.2
16.6.3
16.6.4 Readmission agreements with third states
16.7
16.7.1
16.7.3
17.1.1
17.1.2
17.2 ‘Best friends’: European Economic Area and Switzerland
17.2.1
17.2.2
17.2.3
17.3 United Kingdom: Reversed Dynamics
17.3.1 Acquired rights of (former) Union citizens
17.3.2
17.4 Turkey: ‘Consolation Prize’ with Much Practical Effects
17.4.1 Turkish nationals residing in the Member States
17.4.2 ‘Standstill’ as dynamism for first
18.
17.5
17.5.1
17.5.2
17.6 Neighbourhood: Novel Focus on Migration Control
17.6.1 Eastern partnership: pragmatic cooperation
17.6.2 Union for the Mediterranean: hotbed of control practices
17.7 Summary
18.1.1
18.2.1
18.2.2
18.3 Externalisation
18.3.1
18.3.2
18.3.3
18.3.4
18.4.2
18.4.3
18.4.4 From ‘mobility’ to ‘talent’ partnerships
18.5
Table of Cases
COURT OF JUSTICE
1/03 [Opinion] Lugano Convention EU:C:2006:81. .
574n.25
1/13 [Opinion] Accession of Third States to the Hague Convention EU:C:2014:2303 . . . . . . . . . 578n.44
1/15 [Opinion] Draft Agreement between Canada and the EU EU:C:2017:592 . . . . . 239n.84, 239n.87, 244n.121, 245–46
1/17 [Opinion] EU-Canada CETA-Agreement EU:C:2019:341 262n.69
1/19 [Opinion] Istanbul Convention EU:C:2021:832 579n.51
1/91 [Opinion] EEA I EU:C:1991:490 553n.18
2/13 [Opinion] Accession to the ECHR EU:C:2014:2454 133n.56
2/15 [Opinion] EU-Singapore FTA EU:C:2017:376 579n.50
2/94 [Opinion] Accession to the ECHR EU:C:1996:140 83n.66, 86n.81
C-4/11 Puid EU:C:2013:740 164n.74
6/64 Costa v ENEL EU:C:1964:66 150n.1
C-8/15 P to C-10/15 P Ledra Advertising v Commission and ECB EU:C:2016:701 220n.142
C-8/20 LR EU:C:2021:404 . .
C-9/16 A EU:C:2017:483
9/56 Meroni EU:C:1958:7
12/86 Demirel EU:C:1987:400
C-13/01 Safalero EU:C:2003:447 . .
C-14/09 Genc EU:C:2010:57 .
C-14/21 and C-15/21 Sea Watch EU:C:2022:604
C-15/11 Sommer EU:C:2012:371 .
558n.52
. 268n.105, 323, 323n.151
56n.83, 203, 205–6
550n.1, 551–52, 563n.90
219n.129
. 554n.22
308n.51, 309n.57, 517–18
454n.174
C-16/05 Tum and Dari EU:C:2007:530 563n.92
C-17/16 El Dakkak and Intercontinental EU:C:2017:341 327n.180
C-18/16 K EU:C:2017:680 512n.37, 542n.268, 544n.283
C-18/19 Stadt Frankfurt am Main EU:C:2020:511 159n.44, 163n.70, 259n.42, 273n.146, 546n.312
C-18/20 Bundesamt für Fremdenwesen und Asyl EU:C:2021:710 379n.306, n.308
C-19/08 Petrosian EU:C:2009:41 367n.205
C-19/21 Staatssecretaris van Justitie en Veiligheid EU:C:2022:605 169
C-20/12 Giersch and others EU:C:2013:411 518n.80
C-22/08 and C-23/08 Vatsouras and Koupatantze EU:C:2009:344 262n.69
C-23/12 Zakaria EU:C:2013:24
25/62 Plaumann EU:C:1963:17
26/62 van Gend en Loos EU:C:1963:1
C-27/04 Commission v Council EU:C:2004:436
30/77 Bouchereau EU:C:1977:172
C-31/09 Bolbol EU:C:2010:351
33/76 Rewe-Zentralfinanz EU:C:1976:188
C-36/17 Ahmed EU:C:2017:273 .
C-38/14 Zaizoune EU:C:2015:260 .
138n.93, 327n.183
79–80
18n.26, 122n.1, 150n.1, 356
80n.45
260n.50
398n.434
181n.35
364n.180, 377n.279
519
C-40/11 Iida EU:C:2012:2405 37n.157, 496n.189
41/74 Van Duyn EU:C:1974:133 260n.51
C-44/14 Spain v Parliament and Council EU:C:2015:554 65n.137
C-45/07 Commission v Greece EU:C:2009:81 144n.121
C-47/15 Affum EU:C:2016:408 518n.79, 519n.90, 528n.159, 536n.220
C-47/17 and C-48/17 X and X EU:C:2018:900 161n.61, 367n.202
48/75 Royer EU:C:1976:57 255n.11
C-51/03 Georgescu EU:C:2004:200 83n.68
C-56/17 Fathi EU:C:2018:803 364n.182, 389–90, 391n.390
C-57/09 and 101/09 B and D EU:C:2010:661 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271n.125, 272n.139, 399n.447, 399n.449
C-60/16 Khir Amayry EU:C:2017:675 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 540n.249, 544–45
C-61/11 PPU El Dridi EU:C:2011:268 . . . . . . . . .161n.63, 519, 519n.82, 530n.175, 530n.177, 544n.284
C-63/09 Walz EU:C:2010:251 144n.127
C-63/15 Ghezelbash EU:C:2016:409 161n.61, 164n.75
C-64/96 and C-65/96 Uecker and Jacquet EU:C:1997:285 442n.87
C-66/21 Staatssecretaris van Justitie en Veiligheid EU:C:2022:809 521n.105, 522
C-67/14 Alimanovic EU:C:2015:597 269n.115
C-68/89 Commission v Netherlands EU:C:1991:226 326n.173
C-69/10 Samba Diouf EU:C:2011:524 182n.45, 219n.129, 269n.112, 374n.260
C-70/09 Hengartner and Gasser EU:C:2010:430 556n.39
C-70/18 A and others EU:C:2019:823 245, 245n.124, 246n.134
72/83 Campus Oil EU:C:1984:256 .
C-77/05 United Kingdom v Council EU:C:2007:803
C-79/13 Saciri and others EU:C:2014:103 .
C-81/13 United Kingdom v Council EU:C:2014:2449 .
C-82/16, KA and others EU:C:2018:308 .
C-83/12 PPU Minh Khao Vo EU:C:2012:202 .
C-83/14 CHEZ Razpredelenie Bulgaria EU:C:2015:480 . .
C-84/12 Koushkaki EU:C:2013:862 . . .
260n.53
66
412n.532, 413n.542
436n.53
37n.157, 259n.42, 442n.91, 526n.145
188n.83
266n.100
. . 162n.67, 163n.69, 255n.10, 261n.65, 271n.127, 289n.59, 290n.61, 292n.84
C-85/96 Martínez Sala EU:C:1998:217 155n.21
C-86/12 Alopka and Moudoulou EU:C:2013:645 442n.93
C-88/14 Commission v Parliament and Council EU:C:2015:499 59n.95
C-89/18 A EU:C:2019:580 564n.97
90/63 and 91/63 Commission v Luxembourg and Belgium EU:C:1964:80 156n.26
C-91/05 Commission v Council EU:C:2008:288 579n.49
C-91/20 Bundesrepublik Deutschland EU:C:2021:898 146n.137, 160n.49, 271n.130, 391n.385
C-94/20 Land Oberösterreich EU:C:2021:477 138n.91, 266n.101, 483n.94, 484n.100
C-95/99–C-98/99 and C-180/99 Khalil EU:C:2001:532
C-97/91 Oleificio Borelli v Commission EU:C:1992:491
98/80 Romano EU:C:1981:104
C-101/13 U EU:C:2014:2249
C-105/15 P to C-109/15 P Mallis and Malli v Commission and ECB EU:C:2016:702
106/77 Simmenthal EU:C:1978:49
C-109/01 Akrich EU:C:2003:491.
262n.69
220n.135
205n.39
111n.81, 245n.124, 334n.220
218n.124, 220n.137
155n.22
441n.83
C-112/20 État belge EU:C:2021:197 533n.197
C-113/89 Rush Portuguesa EU:C:1990:142 459n.206
C-118/20 Wiener Landesregierung EU:C:2022:34 501
C-123/17 Yön EU:C:2018:632 563n.93, 564n.97
C-127/08 Metock EU:C:2008:449 441n.83
C-129/18 SM EU:C:2019:248 136n.76, 443n.99
C-130/08 Commission v Greece EU:C:2008:854 365n.194
C-131/12 Google Spain SL and Google Inc EU:C:2014:317 243n.115
C-133/06 Parliament v Council EU:C:2008:257 58n.89, 382n.324
C-133/19, C-136/19 and C-137/19 État belge EU:C:2020:577 . . . . . 161n.59, 162n.68, 167n.91, 448n.130
C-135/08 Rottmann EU:C:2010:104.
C-137/05 United Kingdom v Council EU:C:2007:805 .
C-138/13 Dogan EU:C:2014:2066 .
139/85 Kempf EU:C:1986:223
C-140/12 Brey EU:C:2013:565
269–70, 500–1
66n.148
563n.95
23n.59
155n.21
C-141/08 P Foshan Shunde Yongjian Housewares and Hardware v Council EU:C:2009:598 . . . . . 169n.95
C-145/09 Tsakouridis EU:C:2010:708 .
C-146/14 Mahdi EU:C:2014:1320.
260n.54
161n.65, 167, 185n.69, 532n.193, 541n.263, 543n.282, 545, 546n.316
C-148/02 Garcia Avello EU:C:2003:539 442n.88
C-148/13–C-150/13 A, B and C EU:C:2014:2406 . .
C-153/14 K and A EU:C:2015:453 . . . . . .
C-155/11 PPU Mohammad Imran EU:C:2011:387 .
Table of Cases xxiii
. . 389–90, 389nn.374–75
. 266n.94, 490–91, 490n.144, 492n.153
490n.145
157/79 Pieck EU:C:1980:179 326n.173
C-158/07 Förster EU:C:2008:630 269n.115
C-159/21 Országos Idegenrendeszeti Főigazgatóság and others EU:C:2022:708 185n.70, 261n.64, 273n.150, 379n.312, 399n.446
C-161/15 Bensada Benallal EU:C:2016:175 181n.41
C-162/00 Pokrzeptowiez-Meyer EU:C:2002:57 565n.107
C-163/17 Jawo EU:C:2019:218 161n.61, 352n.91, 367n.209, 368n.217
C-165/14 Rendón Marín EU:C:2016:675 259n.45
C-165/16 Lounes EU:C:2017:862 442n.88, 499n.206
C-166/13 Mukarubega EU:C:2014:2336 .
C-168/91 Konstantinidis EU:C:1993:115 .
C-171/13 Demirci and others EU:C:2015:8 .
C-171/95 Tetik EU:C:1997:31 .
C-175/08, C-176/08, C-178/08 and C-179/08 Abdulla EU:C:2010:105
C-175/11 D and A EU:C:2013:45 .
C-175/17 Belastingdienst/Toeslagen EU:C:2018:776
185n.67, 186n.74, 377n.290
334n.220
476n.49, 562n.84
562
144n.126, 388n.369, 390n.381, 395n.414, 396n.420, 400
266n.94, 378n.294
181n.37, 184n.64
C-179/11 Cimade and GISTI EU:C:2012:594 411, 413n.542, 414n.545
C-181/16 Gnandi EU:C:2018:465 71n.7, 184n.62, 377n.290, 411n.529, 527 181/73 Haegeman EU:C:1974:41 552n.9
C-184/16 Petrea EU:C:2017:684 84n.71, 528n.167
C-184/99 Grzelczyk EU:C:2001:458 23n.64
C-186/21 Republika Slovenija EU:C:2021:447 542n.273
C-188/10 and C-189/10 Melki and Abdeli EU:C:2010:363 322–23
C-192/89 Sevince EU:C:1990:322 553n.12, 562n.81
C-192/99 Kaur EU:C:2001:106 500n.217
C-193/19 Migrationsverket EU:C:2021:168
C-194/01 Commission v Austria EU:C:2004:248
C-194/19 État belge EU:C:2021:270
C-199/12–C-201/12 X and others EU:C:2013:720 .
C-200/02 Zhu and Chen EU:C:2004:639
C-201/16 Shiri EU:C:2017:805
C-202/13 McCarthy and others EU:C:2014:2450 .
C-202/18 Rimšēvičs v Latvia EU:C:2019:139. .
190n.99
156n.29
168n.93, 183–84, 363n.169, 367n.203
. .134n.67, 263n.72, 389n.371, 391, 396–97, 396n.423
442n.85
168n.93, 367
276n.170
219n.126
C-203/15 and C-698/15 Tele2 Sverige, Watson and others EU:C:2016:970 246n.133
C-205/06 Commission v Austria EU:C:2009:118 553n.16
C-205/15 Toma and Biroul Executorului Judecătoresc Horaţiu-Vasile Cruduleci EU:C:2016:499 183n.54
C-208/09 Sayn-Wittgenstein EU:C:2010:806 260n.52, 274n.154
C-208–210/17 P NF and others v European Council EU:C:2018:705 79n.44
C-215/03 Oulane EU:C:2005:95 255n.13
C-216/18 PPU Minister for Justice and Equality EU:C:2018:589 353n.96
C-219/17 Berlusconi and Fininvest EU:C:2018:1023 219n.131
C-220/17 Planta Tabak EU:C:2019:76 .
C-221/11 Demirkan EU:C:2013:583. .
C-221/17 Tjebbes and others EU:C:2019:189 .
C-225/16 Ouhrami EU:C:2017:590
C-225/19 and C-226/19 Minister van Buitenlandse Zaken EU:C:2020:951 . . .
C-228/06 Soysal and Savatli EU:C:2009:101 .
C-231/21 Bundesamt für Fremdenwesen und Asyl EU:C:2022:237
C-233/18 Haqbin EU:C:2019:956 .
239n.85
285n.29, 563n.96
501–2
526
185n.68, 188n.89, 220n.135, 255n.10, 291n.77
563n.94
159n.41, 367n.210
136n.77, 352n.91, 413
C-233/19 CPAS de Liège EU:C:2020:757 166n.83, 184
C-235/95 Dumon and Froment EU:C:1998:365 83n.67, 268n.108
xxiv Table of Cases
C-236/09 Association belge des Consommateurs Test-Achats ASBL and others EU:C:2011:100 . . .
C-237/15 PPU Lanigan EU:C:2015:474 . . .
239n.85, 484n.97
190n.98
C-237/91 Kus EU:C:1992:527 563n.90
C-238/19 Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge EU:C:2020:945 86n.84, 389n.371, 397–98
C-239/14 Tall EU:C:2015:824 134n.64, 184n.62, 307n.46
C-240/17 E EU:C:2018:8 190n.101, 190n.102, 259n.38, 259n.42, 261n.62, 525n.136, 536n.219
C-241/05 Bot EU:C:2006:634 289n.57, 317n.108
C-241/21 Politsei- ja Piirivalveamet EU:C:2022:753 512, 543n.278
C-244/10 and C-245/10 Mesopotamia Broadcast EU:C:2011:607 187n.82
C-244/17 Commission v Council EU:C:2018:662 579n.52
C-245/11 K EU:C:2012:685 363n.171, 365n.184
C-245/21 and C-248/21 Bundesrepublik Deutschland EU:C:2022:709. . . . . . . . . . . . 161n.61, 367n.206
C-246/17 Diallo EU:C:2018:499 .
C-247/20 Commissioners for Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs EU:C:2022:177
C-249/13 Boudjlida EU:C:2014:2431 .
C-249/96 Grant EU:C:1998:63 .
C-254/11 Shomodi EU:C:2013:182 .
C-255/19 Secretary of State for the Home Department EU:C:2021:36. .
.
182n.47
559n.65
184n.66, 186n.74
140n.101
328n.186
. . . . . . . 392n.399, 393n.400, 395n.415, 396n.420, 400
C-256/11 Dereci and others EU:C:2011:734 37n.157, 302n.7, 442n.91
C-257/01 Commission v Council EU:C:2005:25 58n.92
C-257/99 Barkoci and Malik EU:C:2001:491 565n.103
C-261/08 and C-348/08 Zurita García and Choque Cabrera EU:C:2009:648 159n.40, 327n.179
C-262/96 Sürül EU:C:1999:228 563n.88
C-265/03 Simutenkov EU:C:2005:213 566n.111
C-268/99 Jany EU:C:2001:616 565n.103
C-269/18 C and others EU:C:2018:544 540n.251
C-270/12 United Kingdom v Council and Parliament EU:C:2014:18 204n.31, 205n.39
270/80 Polydor EU:C:1982:43
C-273/20 and C-355/20 Bundesrepublik Deutschland EU:C:2022:617.
C-275/02 Ayaz EU:C:2004:570
C-277/11 MM EU:C:2012:2479
C-278/12 Adil EU:C:2012:508
C-279/09 DEB EU:C:2010:811
C-279/20 Bundesrepublik Deutschland EU:C:2022:618
554n.19
448n.130
554n.23
169n.96
323, 323n.148
184n.66
447–48
281, 283, 284, 285 and 287/85 Germany and others v Commission EU:C:1987:351 . . . 25n.74, 437n.58
283/81 CILFIT EU:C:1982:335 85n.80
C-285/12 Diakité EU:C:2014:39 160n.49, 402
C-290/14 Celaj EU:C:2015:640 161n.63, 518n.80, 519n.82, 519n.91
C-291/12 Schwarz EU:C:2013:670 282n.13, 334n.216
C-293/12 and C-594/12 Digital Rights Ireland EU:C:2014:238 243n.115, 245
C-294/06 Payir EU:C:2008:36 562n.83
294/83 Les Verts EU:C:1986:166 218n.123, 356
C-297/12 Filev and Osmani EU:C:2013:569 526n.146, 528n.162
C-297/17, C-318/17, C-319/17 and C-438/17 Ibrahim and others EU:C:2019:219 . .
354n.105, 364n.182, 369n.226, 370n.231
C-300/09 and C-301/09 Toprak and Oguz EU:C:2010:756
C-300/11 ZZ EU:C:2013:363 .
C-300/98 and C-392/98 Christian Dior EU:C:2000:688 .
C-302/18 X EU:C:2019:830
C-302/19 Istituto Nazionale della Previdenza Sociale EU:C:2020:957 . . .
C-303/08 Bozkurt EU:C:2010:800
C-303/19 Istituto Nazionale della Previdenza Sociale EU:C:2020:958 . .
C-308/06 Intertanko EU:C:2008:312
563n.93
185n.70
552n.6
.159n.42, 257n.31, 258n.34
. 480n.71, 486n.113
38n.159
476n.48, 481, 482n.79
553n.11, 553n.14
C-309/14 CGIL and INCA EU:C:2015:523 256
C-310/08, Ibrahim EU:C:2010:80 441n.82
C-312/12 Ajdini EU:C:2013:103 . . . .
Table of Cases xxv
. 138n.88, 272n.137
C-322/19 and C-385/19 The International Protection Appeals Tribunal and others EU:C:2021:11 . . . . . . . . . . . 155n.20, 167n.92, 276n.171, 319n.117, 411n.528, 412n.536, 413n.542
C-323/21, C-324/21 and C-325/21 Staatssecretaris van Justitie en Veiligheid EU:C:2023:4 161, 168, 365n.191, 366n.198, 367n.203
C-327/02 Panayotova and others EU:C:2004:718 565n.104
C-329/06 and C-343/06 Wiedemann and Funk EU:C:2008:366 187n.82
C-329/11 Achughbabian EU:C:2011:807 519, 527n.154
C-336/05 Eckhouik EU:C:2006:394 567n.118
C-338/13 Noorzia EU:C:2014:2092 161n.55, 269, 444
C-34/09 Ruiz Zambrano EU:C:2011:124 37, 442
C-340/97 Nazli EU:C:2000:77 554n.24
C-341/18 Staatssecretaris van Justitie en Veiligheid EU:C:2020:76 . . . .
C-348/09 I EU:C:2012:300. . .
C-348/16 Sacko EU:C:2017:591 .
C-349/20 Secretary of State for the Home Department EU:C:2022:151.
C-350/20 INPS EU:C:2021:659 .
C-351/95 Kadiman EU:C:1997:205 .
C-353/16 MP EU:C:2018:276 . . .
C-355/10 Parliament v Council EU:C:2012:516 .
161n.66, 327n.179
260n.54
186n.76
389n.370, 398–99
481n.75, 482n.83, 484n.100
255n.14, 562n.80
393n.402, 403
58n.90, 332n.203
C-356/11 and C-357/11 O and S EU:C:2012:776 37n.157, 136n.77, 439n.74, 443n.97
C-357/09 PPU Kadzoev EU:C:2009:741 543, 544n.291, 545n.295
C-359/16 Altun and others EU:C:2018:63 191n.106
C-36/20 PPU Ministerio Fiscal EU:C:2020:495 170n.104, 331n.198, 354n.107, 373–74, 540n.247, 542n.267
C-360/16 Hasan EU:C:2018:35 366n.198
C-364/11 El Karem El Kott and others EU:C:2012:286 159n.45, 398, 399n.442, 487n.125
C-365/02 Lindfors EU:C:2004:449 167n.88
C-368/20 and C-369/20 Landespolizeidirektion Steiermark and Bezirkshauptmannschaft Leibnitz EU:C:2022:298
C-369/17 Ahmed EU:C:2018:713
C-369/90 Micheletti EU:C:1992:295
C-370/17 CRPNPAC EU:C:2020:260
C-371/08 Ziebell EU:C:2011:809
C-373/13 T EU:C:2015:413 .
C-377/12 Commission v Council EU:C:2014:1903 .
C-378/97 Wijsenbeek EU:C:1999:439 . . . . .
274n.155, 319n.119, 320–21
145n.133, 399n.445, 399n.448, 487n.118
500n.216
191n.106, 460n.216
23n.60, 259–60, 554
255n.9, 259n.39, 259n.41, 260n.51, 261n.63, 419
. 579n.53
. 26n.79, 227n.22
C-379/20 Udlændingenævnet EU:C:2021:660 564n.97
C-380/17 K and B EU:C:2018:877 269n.114, 447
C-380/18 EP EU:C:2019:1071 259–60, 261n.59, 261n.65
C-381/18 and C-382/18 GS and VG EU:C:2019:1072 160n.50, 260n.48, 261n.59, 262n.66, 272n.134
C-383/03 Dogan EU:C:2005:436 562n.82
C-383/13 PPU G and R EU:C:2013:533 161n.65, 186n.74
C-391/16, C-77/17 and C-78/17 M and others EU:C:2019:403 144n.125, 166n.81, 354n.108, 419
C-392/95 Parliament v Council EU:C:1997:289 284n.17
C-394/12 Abdullahi EU:C:2013:813 164n.74, 368n.218
C-397/01–C-403/01 Pfeiffer EU:C:2004:584 . . .
C-399/12 Germany v Council EU:C:2014:2258 .
C-400/10 PPU McB EU:C:2010:582 . .
C-401/11 Soukupová EU:C:2013:223
C-402/19 CPAS de Seraing EU:C:2020:759 . .
C-403/05 Parliament v Commission EU:C:2007:624 .
156n.28
144n.122
134n.65
138n.94
532n.192, 532n.195
579n.54
C-403/16 El Hassani EU:C:2017:960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85n.75, 169n.94, 183n.50, 183n.53, 292n.78
C-404/17 A EU:C:2018:588 .
381n.323
C-406/18 Bevándorlási és Menekültügyi Hivatal EU:C:2020:216 . . . . . . . . . .156n.25, 167n.87, 182n.48
C-409/20 Subdelegación del Gobierno en Pontevedra EU:C:2022:148 530n.176
C-411/06 Commission v Council EU:C:2009:518 305n.25
xxvi Table of Cases
C-411/10 and C-493/10 NS and others EU:C:2011:865 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134n.63, 161n.60, 177n.20, 368n.217, 369n.225, 369n.229
C-413/99 Baumbast and R EU:C:2002:493 .
. 441n.82
C-416/96 El-Yassini EU:C:1999:107 456n.191
C-422/21 Ministero dell’Interno EU:C:2022:616 413
C-429/15 Danqua EU:C:2016:789 182n.45
C-43/93 Vander Elst EU:C:1994:310 459
C-430/11 Sagor EU:C:2012:777 519n.85, 519n.89
C-431/11 United Kingdom v Council EU:C:2013:589 436n.51, 552n.7
C-432/20 Landeshauptmann von Wien EU:C:2022:39 475n.38, 498
C-434/09 McCarthy EU:C:2011:277 302n.6
C-434/93 Bozkurt EU:C:1995:168 554n.21
C-441/02 Commission v Germany EU:C:2006:253 .
83n.63
C-441/19 Staatssecretaris van Justitie en Veiligheid EU:C:2021:9 . . . . . . . 154n.19, 363n.166, 533n.196
C-443/14 and C-444/14 Alo and Osso EU:C:2016:127
C-444/17 Arib and others EU:C:2019:220 . .
C-445/03 Commission v Luxemburg EU:C:2004:655 .
C-446/12–C-449/12 Willems and others EU:C:2015:238 . .
C-448/19 Subdelegación del Gobierno en Guadalajara EU:C:2020:467 . .
264n.79, 416n.555, 417, 481n.76, 487n.125
319n.117, 528n.161
460n.215
334n.218
85n.77
C-449/16 Martinez Silva EU:C:2017:485 482n.83
C-456/12 O and B EU:C:2014:135 276n.169, 442n.86
C-457/17 Maniero EU:C:2018:912 266n.101
C-459/99 MRAX EU:C:2002:461 326n.174
C-462/20 ASGI and others EU:C:2021:894 482n.79
C-465/07 Elgafaji EU:C:2009:94 86, 401–3
C-467/02 Cetinkaya EU:C:2004:708 554n.24
C-469/13 Tahir EU:C:2014:2094 271n.125, 272n.137, 496n.181, 497n.190
C-472/13 Shepherd EU:C:2015:117 389n.373, 391n.387, 397n.428
C-473/13 and C-514/13 Bero and Bouzalmate EU:C:2014:2095.
C-473/16 F EU:C:2018:36 . . .
C-474/13 Pham EU:C:2014:2096 .
C-479/21 PPU Governor of Cloverhill Prison and others EU:C:2021:929 .
C-481/13 Qurbani EU:C:2014:2101 . . .
C-482/08 United Kingdom v Council EU:C:2010:631 . . . . . . . . . .
546n.310
167n.90, 389n.372, 389n.378
546n.311
. 552n.7
144n.120, 518n.79
66n.148, 316n.101
C-483/20 Commissaire général aux réfugiés et aux apatrides EU:C:2022:103 . . . . . 377n.284, 447n.125
C-484/22 Bundesrepublik Deutschland EU:C:2023:122 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533n.196
C-490/16 AS EU:C:2017:585 164n.75, 367n.205
C-491/13 Ben Alaya EU:C:2014:2187 162n.67, 255n.7, 454
C-497/21 Bundesrepublik Deutschland, EU:C:2022:721 65n.139, 379n.303
C-502/04 Torun EU:C:2006:112 562n.85
C-502/10 Singh EU:C:2012:3076 496, 497n.191
C-503/03 Commission v Spain EU:C:2006:74 246n.136, 326n.174
C-507/19 Bundesrepublik Deutschland EU:C:2021:3 146n.135, 398n.437
C-508/10 Commission v Netherlands EU:C:2012:243 255n.8, 256, 256n.19, 476n.46
C-513/12 Ayalti EU:C:2013:210 490n.145
C-517/17 Addis EU:C:2020:579 . . . . . .
186n.72, 374n.263
C-519/18 Bevándorlási és Menekültügyi Hivatal EU:C:2019:1070 . . . . . . . 257n.32, 258n.35, 272n.138, 272n.139, 447
C-519/20 Landkreis Gifhorn EU:C:2022:178
C-524/06 Huber EU:C:2008:724
C-528/11 Halaf EU:C:2013:342 . .
C-528/15 Al Chodor EU:C:2017:213
C-534/11 Arslan EU:C:2013:343
C-540/03 Parliament v Council EU:C:2006:429
545n.304, 546
245n.124, 245n.127, 246n.134, 246n.137
145n.133, 365
541, 541n.263, 544n.283
527n.157, 542n.266, 543n.278
36n.147, 138n.90, 141n.104, 160n.53, 165, 167n.86, 255n.6, 438n.63, 439n.74, 444n.101, 444n.105, 491n.150, 491n.151
C-540/17 and C-541/17 Hamed and Omar EU:C:2019:964 370n.230, 377n.283
Table of Cases xxvii
C-542/13 M’Bodj EU:C:2014:2452 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138n.88, 272n.140, 350n.71, 392–93, 403n.479
C-544/15 Fahimian EU:C:2017:255 . . . . . . 162n.67, 163n.69, 259, 259n.38, 260n.50, 261n.60, 261n.65
C-546/19 Westerwaldkreis EU:C:2021:432 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525n.139, 526n.151, 529n.172, 532n.192, 533n.198, 546n.317
C-550/16 A and S EU:C:2018:248 448n.130
C-554/13 Zh and O EU:C:2015:377 259n.38, 525n.142
C-554/19 Staatsanwaltschaft Offenburg EU:C:2020:439 323n.153
C-556/17 Torubarov EU:C:2019:626 166n.83, 186n.78
C-557/17 YZ and others EU:C:2019:203 255n.16, 498
C-558/14 Khachab EU:C:2016:285 161n.56, 167n.87, 257n.30, 258n.33
C-560/14 M EU:C:2017:101 185n.71, 186n.73, 375n.266, 376n.274, 389n.374
C-561/14 Genc EU:C:2016:247 564n.97
C-562/13 Abdida EU:C:2014:2453 .
184n.62, 532, 532n.190
C-564/18 Bevándorlási és Menekültügyi Hivatal (Tompa) EU:C:2020:218 . . . . . . . . 182n.45, 377n.280, 382n.330, 383n.339
C-564/22 Bundesrepublik Deutschland EU:C:2022:951 .
C-565/19 P Carvalho and others v Parliament and Council EU:C:2021:252 .
C-568/19 Subdelegación del Gobierno en Toledo EU:C:2020 . . . . . . . . .
. 185n.70
218n.125
. 520n.92
C-571/10 Kamberaj EU:C:2012:233 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165n.79, 266n.96, 481n.74, 483n.87, 483n.92, 484n.97, 484n.100
C-573/14 Lounani EU:C:2017:71 399n.450
C-575/12 Air Baltic Corporation EU:C:2014:2155 161n.66, 271n.127, 324n.157, 325n.166
C-578/08 Chakroun EU:C:2010:117 160n.53, 165n.79, 257n.31, 257n.32
C-578/16 PPU CK and others EU:C:2017:127 369n.221, 369n.229
C-579/13 P and S EU:C:2015:369 264n.79, 476n.48, 490–91
C-582/17 and 583/17 H and R EU:C:2019:280 161n.60, 367n.202
C-583/11 P Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami and others v Parliament and Council EU:C:2013:625 79n.42, 220n.134
C-584/18 Blue Air – Airline Management Solutions EU:C:2020:324 185n.68, 296
C-585/16 Alheto EU:C:2018:584 . . . . . . . . . . . 85n.75, 157n.33, 186n.78, 384n.346, 399n.441, 399n.443
C-600/14 Germany v Council EU:C:2017:935
C-601/15 PPU N EU:C:2016:84 . . .
C-604/12 HN EU:C:2014:302
C-604/12 N EU:C:2014:302
C-606/10 ANAFE EU:C:2012:348 .
C-609/17 and C-610/17 TSN and AKT EU:C:2019:981
578n.42
259n.38, 512, 540n.248, 542n.265, 543n.275
185n.67
376n.274, 377n.287
319n.117, 324n.156
138n.89
C-616/19 Minister for Justice and Equality EU:C:2020:1010 .
. . . . . . . . . 66n.153, 161n.60, 377n.282
C-617/10 Åkerberg Fransson EU:C:2013:280 137n.84, 138n.87
C-620/18 and C-626/18 Hungary and Poland v Parliament and Council EU:C:2020:1001 477n.54
C-635/17 E EU:C:2019:192 60n.99, 136n.76, 439n.75, 446, 447n.119
C-636/16 López Pastuzano EU:C:2017:949 259n.43, 262n.66
C-638/16 PPU X and X EU:C:2017:173 74, 77, 294–95
C-643/15 and C-647/15 Slovakia and Hungary v Council EU:C:2017:631 54n.74, 156n.23, 268n.104, 350–51, 354n.106, 361n.152, 407n.502, 472n.17
C-646/16 Jafari EU:C:2017:586 77, 153n.9, 274, 325n.168, 356n.124, 363n.173, 369n.221
C-647/16 Hassan EU:C:2018:368 77n.31, 160n.48, 160n.49, 161n.61, 367n.202
C-648/11 MA and others EU:C:2013:367 .
136n.77, 363nn.165–66
C-651/19 Commissaire général aux réfugiés and aux apatrides EU:C:2020:681 . . . . . . . . . 181, 182n.46
C-652/16 Ahmedbekova EU:C:2018:801 . . . . . . . . . . .
C-656/11 United Kingdom v Council EU:C:2014:97 . . . .
C-660/13 Council v Commission EU:C:2016:616
C-661/17 MA and others EU:C:2019:53 . .
C-662/17 E G EU:C:2018:847
C-668/15 Jyske Finans EU:C:2017:278
C-670/16 Mengesteab EU:C:2017:587
. 272n.133, 392, 396n.423, 397n.427
436n.51
61n.109
365
166n.83, 377n.288
266n.98, 266n.101
160n.49, 161n.61, 164n.75, 367n.201
C-673/16 Coman and others EU:C:2018:385 443n.98
C-673/19 M and others EU:C:2021:127 532n.195, 536n.221, 536n.222, 546n.316
xxviii Table of Cases
C-673/20 Préfet du Gers and Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques EU:C:2022:449 . . .
C-680/17 Vethanayagam EU:C:2019:627 .
500n.214
189n.94, 556n.42
C-682/15 Berlioz Investment Fund EU:C:2017:373 219, 220n.134
C-69/21 Staatssecretaris van Justitie en Veiligheid EU:C:2022:913 352–53, 529n.172
C-695/15 PPU Mirza EU:C:2016:188 161n.60, 364n.183
C-706/18 Belgische Staat EU:C:2019:993 161n.58, 182n.47
C-71/11 and C-99/11 Y and Z EU:C:2012:518 388n.369, 391, 391n.393
C-713/17 Ayubi EU:C:2018:929 156n.27, 481n.77, 487n.125
C-715/17, C-718/17 and C-719/17 Commission v Poland and others
EU:C:2020:257 82n.61, 261n.61, 273, 274n.156, 356n.124, 361n.153
C-718/19 Ordre des barreaux francophones et germanophone and others
EU:C:2021:505 .
35n.143, 264n.79, 269n.111
C-72/22 PPU Valstybės sienos apsaugos tarnyba EU:C:2022:505 . . . . . . 275n.163, 331n.199, 354n.109, 374n.256, 542n.267, 543n.274
C-720/17 Bilali EU:C:2019:448 .
C-720/19 Stadt Duisburg EU:C:2020:847 .
C-720/20 Bundesrepublik Deutschland EU:C:2022:603 .
145n.133, 379n.311, 446n.117, 498n.199
562n.86
363n.167
C-754/18 Ryanair Designated Activity Company EU:C:2020:478 .
C-755/19 THC EU:C:2021:108 .
326n.171, 326n.174
182n.46
C-768/19 Bundesrepublik Deutschland EU:C:2021:709 448n.130
C-806/18 JZ EU:C:2020:723 519n.90, 526n.150
C-808/18 Commission v Hungary EU:C:2020:493 82n.59, 255n.5, 273n.144, 274n.153, 274n.157, 330n.197, 374n.256, 385n.350, 539n.244, 542
C-817/19 Ligue des droits humains EU:C:2022:491 238n.82, 245n.124, 245n.126
C-821/19 Commission v Hungary EU:C:2021:930 276n.172, 354n.107, 373n.250, 375
C-825/21 Centre public d’action sociale de Liège EU:C:2022:810 546n.316
C-848/19 P Germany v Poland EU:C:2021:598 356
C-897/19 PPU Ruska Federacija EU:C:2020:262 556n.40
C-901/19 Bundesrepublik Deutschland EU:C:2021:472
C-921/19 Staatssecretaris van Justitie en Veiligheid EU:C:2021:478 .
402–3
. . 378–79, 379n.305, 389n.374
C-924/19 PPU and C-925/19 PPU Országos Idegenrendészeti Főigazgatóság Dél-alföldi Regionális Igazgatóság EU:C:2020:367
73n.15, 181n.42, 354n.107, 377n.281, 378n.300, 379n.310, 414n.549, 511–12, 531n.186, 540n.246, 542–43, 544–45
C-930/19 État belge EU:C:2021:657 .
C-949/19 Konsul Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w N EU:C:2021:186
GENERAL COURT
T-31/18 Izuzquiza and Semsrott v Frontex EU:T:2019:815 . . .
.35n.143, 262n.70, 264n.79
183n.53
79n.43
T-192/16 NF v European Council EU:T:2017:128 79n.44
T-229/05 PKK v Council EU:T:2008:87 220n.138
T-326/99 Olivieri v Commission and EMEA EU:T:2003:351 219n.130
T-429/18 BRF and SHB Comercio e Industria de Alimentos v Commission EU:T:2020:322 169n.95
T-528/20 Kočner v Europol EU:T:2021:631 220n.143
T-600/21 WS and others v Frontex EU:T:2022:474 74n.21
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
AA and others v North Macedonia App no 55798/16 (ECtHR, 5 April 2022) 311n.72
AM v Netherlands App no 29094/09 (ECtHR, 5 July 2016) 351n.85
Abdulaziz and others v United Kingdom App nos 9214/80, 9473/81 and 9474/81 (ECtHR, 28 May 1985) .
Amuur v France App no 19776/92 (ECtHR, 15 June 1996)
22n.47, 129n.34, 266n.96, 438n.62
Animal Defenders International v the United Kingdom App no 48876/08 (ECtHR [GC], 22 April 2013)
Antwi and others v Norway App no 26940/10 (ECtHR, 14 February 2012)
511n.31, 512n.40
270n.120
478n.59
Table of Cases xxix
Asady and others v Slovakia App no 24917/15 (ECtHR, 24 March 2020)
Bah v United Kingdom App no 56328/07 (ECtHR, 27 November 2011)
Berrehab v Netherlands App no 10730/84 (ECtHR, 21 June 1988)
Biao v Denmark App no 38590/10 (ECtHR [GC], 24 May 2016) 267n.102
Biao v Denmark App no 38590/10 (ECtHR, 25 March 2013) 265n.92
Bosphorus Airways v Ireland App no 45036/98 (ECtHR [GC], 30 June 2005) 133n.57
Boultif v Switzerland App no 54273/00 (ECtHR, 2 August 2001) 478n.56
Carson and others v United Kingdom App no 42184/05 (ECtHR [GC], 16 March 2010) 266n.93
Čonka v Belgium App no 51564/99 (ECtHR, 5 February 2002) 184n.61, 310n.68
DH and others v Czech Republic App no 57325/00 (ECtHR [GC], 13 November 2007)
266n.100
DNM v Sweden App no 28379/11 (ECtHR, 27 June 2013) 395–96
Dalea v France App no 964/07 (ECtHR, 2 February 2010)
Daytbegova and Magomedova v Austria App no 6198/12 (ECtHR, 4 June 2013) .
De Souza Ribeiro v France App no 22689/07 (ECtHR [GC], 13 December 2012)
Dhabi v Italy App no 17120/09 (ECtHR, 8 April 2013)
El Ghatet v Switzerland App no 56971/10 (ECtHR, 8 November 2016).
FG v Sweden App no 43611/11 (ECtHR [GC], 23 March 2016)
Gaygusuz v Austria App no 17371/90 (ECtHR, 16 September 1996)
HLR v France App no 24573/94 (ECtHR [GC], 29 April 1997)
Hirsi Jamaa and others v Italy App no 27765/09 (ECtHR [GC], 23 February 2012) .
246n.138
369n.222
184n.57
264n.84
439n.68
388n.369
264
351n.82
. 306, 306n.27
Hode and Abdi v United Kingdom App no 22341/09 (ECtHR, 6 November 2012) 487
Hoti v Croatia App no 63311/14 (ECtHR, 26 April 2018) 126n.20, 513n.50
IAA and others v United Kingdom App no 25960/13 (ECtHR, 8 March 2016) 135n.72, 438n.66, 439
Ilias and Ahmed v Hungary App no 47287/15 (ECtHR [GC], 21 November 2019) 310n.63, 511, 545n.305
JK v Sweden App no 59166/12 (ECtHR [GC], 23 August 2016) 389, 394n.411
JR and others v Greece App no 22696/16 (ECtHR, 25 January 2018) 511n.31
Jeunesse v Netherlands App no 12738/10 (ECtHR [GC], 3 October 2014) 514n.52
KI v France App no 5560/19 (ECtHR, 15 April 2021) 399n.444
KN v United Kingdom App no 28774/22 (ECtHR, 14 June 2022) .
Károly Nagy v Hungary App no 56665/09 (ECtHR [GC], 14 September 2016)
Khlaifia and others v Italy App no 16483/12 (ECtHR [GC], 12 December 2016)
Konstatinov v Netherlands App no 16351/03 (ECtHR, 26 April 2013)
Koua Poirrez v France App no 40892/98 (ECtHR, 30 September 2003)
Kudła v Poland App no 30210/96 (ECtHR [GC], 26 October 2000)
385n.357
169n.98
184n.59, 311n.73, 331n.198
257n.28
265n.88
73n.14
LM and others v Russia App nos 40081/14, 40088/14 and 40127/14 (ECtHR, 15 October 2015) 146n.140
MA v Denmark App no 6697/18 (ECtHR [GC], 9 July 2021)
270n.119, 438–39, 438n.64, 487n.125
MA v Lithuania App no 59793/17 (ECtHR, 11 December 2018) 331n.198
MB and RA v Spain App no 20351/17 (ECtHR, 5 July 2022) 307n.40, 310n.66
MH and others v Croatia App nos 15670/18 and 43115/18 (ECtHR, 18 November 2021)
311n.72, 512n.41, 545n.307
MK and others v Poland App nos 40503/17, 42902/17 and 43643/17 (ECtHR, 23 July 2020) 310, 311n.72, 330n.197
MN and others v Belgium App no 3599/18 (ECtHR [GC], 5 May 2020) .
131n.45, 183n.51, 306, 306n.26
MSS v Belgium and Greece App no 30696/09 (ECtHR [GC], 21 January 2011) .
. . 133n.59, 146n.140, 183n.52, 184n.65, 352, 368n.212, 369n.225, 545n.305
MT and others v Sweden App no 22105/18 (ECtHR, 20 October 2022)
MT v Netherlands App no 46595/19 (ECtHR, 23 March 2021)
MYH and others v Sweden App no 50859/10 (ECtHR, 27 June 2013)
Maaouia v France App no 39652/98 (ECtHR [GC], 5 October 2000)
Maslov v Austria App no 1638/03 (ECtHR [GC], 23 June 2008)
487n.124
369n.223
352n.86
183n.51
478n.57, 478n.60
Mohammed Hussein and others v Netherlands and Italy App no 27725/10 (ECtHR, 2 April 2013) 369n.222
Moustaquim v Belgium App no 12313/86 (ECtHR, 18 February 1991) 264n.81
