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SaraMillerMcCunefoundedSAGEPublishingin1965tosupportthedisseminationof usableknowledgeandeducateaglobalcommunity SAGEpublishesmorethan1000journals andover800newbookseachyear,spanningawiderangeofsubjectareas.Ourgrowing selectionoflibraryproductsincludesarchives,data,casestudiesandvideo.SAGEremains majorityownedbyourfounderandafterherlifetimewillbecomeownedbyacharitabletrust thatsecuresthecompany’scontinuedindependence.

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Names:Leon-Guerrero,Anna,author

Title:Socialproblems:community,policyandsocialaction/AnnaLeon-Guerrero,PacificLutheranUniversity

Description:SixthEdition |ThousandOaks:SAGEPublications,[2018]| Revisededitionoftheauthor’sSocialproblems,[2016]|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex

Identifiers:LCCN2018017892|ISBN9781506362724(pbk :alk paper)

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BRIEFCONTENTS

Preface

Acknowledgments

AbouttheAuthor

Chapter1

• SociologyandtheStudyofSocialProblems

PARTI • THEBASESOFINEQUALITY

Chapter2

Chapter3

Chapter4

Chapter5

Chapter6

• SocialClass

• RaceandEthnicity

• Gender

• SexualOrientation

• AgeandAging

PARTII • OURSOCIALINSTITUTIONS

Chapter7

Chapter8

Chapter9

Chapter10

Chapter11

• Families

• Education

• WorkandtheEconomy

• HealthandMedicine

• TheMedia

PARTIII • OURSOCIALANDPHYSICALWORLDS

Chapter12

Chapter13

Chapter14

Chapter15

Chapter16

• AlcoholandDrugAbuse

• CrimeandCriminalJustice

• UrbanizationandPopulationGrowth

• TheEnvironment

• WarandTerrorism

PARTIV • INDIVIDUALACTIONANDSOCIALCHANGE

Chapter17 • SocialProblemsandSocialAction

Glossary

References

Index

DETAILEDCONTENTS

Preface

Acknowledgments

AbouttheAuthor

1 SociologyandtheStudyofSocialProblems

UsingOurSociologicalImagination

WhatIsaSocialProblem?

TheNegativeConsequencesofSocialProblems

ObjectiveandSubjectiveRealitiesofSocialProblems

TheHistoryofSocialProblems

• TAKINGAWORLDVIEW:IdentifyingGlobalThreats

• INFOCUS:AReviewofSociology

UnderstandingtheSociologicalPerspective

FunctionalistPerspective

ConflictPerspective

FeministPerspective

InteractionistPerspective

TheScienceofSociology

• EXPLORINGSOCIALPROBLEMS:DataMatters

TheTransformationFromProblemtoSolution MakingSociologicalConnections

• VOICESINTHECOMMUNITY:JudithAuerbach

• SOCIOLOGYATWORK:DoingSociology ChapterReview

KeyTerms

StudyQuestions

2. SocialClass

WhatDoesItMeantoBePoor?

TheFederalDefinitionsofPoverty

WhoArethePoor?

• EXPLORINGSOCIALPROBLEMS:DemographicsofPoverty

SociologicalPerspectivesonSocialClassandPoverty

FunctionalistPerspective

• TAKINGAWORLDVIEW:IncomeInequalityinChina

ConflictPerspective

FeministPerspective

InteractionistPerspective

• INFOCUS:ThePowerofPoliticalActionCommittees

TheConsequencesofPoverty

FoodInsecurityandHunger

AffordableHousing Health

RespondingtoClassInequalities

U.S.WelfarePolicy

LifeAfterWelfare

EarnedIncomeTaxCredit

• VOICESINTHECOMMUNITY:MauricioLimMiller

ChangingtheDefinition RedefiningPoverty

• SOCIOLOGYATWORK:CriticalThinking

ChapterReview

KeyTerms

StudyQuestions

3. RaceandEthnicity

DefiningRaceandEthnicity

PatternsofRacialandEthnicIntegration

SociologicalPerspectivesonRacialandEthnicInequalities

FunctionalistPerspective

ConflictPerspective

FeministPerspective

InteractionistPerspective

• INFOCUS:BlackLivesMatter

TheConsequencesofRacialandEthnicInequalities

U.S.Immigration

• EXPLORINGSOCIALPROBLEMS:RecentlyArrivedImmigrantPopulation

• TAKINGAWORLDVIEW:GlobalImmigration

IncomeandWealth

Education Health

RespondingtoRacialandEthnicInequalities

ImmigrationPolicySince2009

AffirmativeAction Employment

Education

EncouragingDiversityandInclusivity

• VOICESINTHECOMMUNITY:SofiaCampos

• SOCIOLOGYATWORK:TheScienceofSociology:Valuesvs Facts

ChapterReview

KeyTerms

StudyQuestions

4. Gender

SociologicalPerspectivesonGenderInequality

FunctionalistPerspective

ConflictandFeministPerspectives

• VOICESINTHECOMMUNITY:SarahMcBride

InteractionistPerspective

• INFOCUS:GenderIdentityTerms

TheConsequencesofGenderInequality

OccupationalSexSegregation

IncomeInequality

• EXPLORINGSOCIALPROBLEMS:TheWageGap

GenderNonconformityDiscrimination

pxii

IntimatePartnerViolenceandSexualAssault

RespondingtoGenderInequalities

FeministMovementsandSocialPolicies

• TAKINGAWORLDVIEW:LeavingNoGirlBehind

TitleIX

ExpandingTransandIntersexRights

• SOCIOLOGYATWORK:SociologyasaScience:TheoryandData

ChapterReview

KeyTerms

StudyQuestions

5. SexualOrientation

SociologicalPerspectivesonSexualOrientationandInequality

FunctionalistPerspective

ConflictandFeministPerspectives

InteractionistPerspective

SexualOrientationandInequality

StateandFederalLegislation

TheRightsandRecognitionofSame-SexCouples

Employment

MilitaryService

RespondingtoSexualOrientationInequalities

• TAKINGAWORLDVIEW:GayMilitaryServicePolicies

• EXPLORINGSOCIALPROBLEMS:SupportforSame-SexMarriage

• INFOCUS:Gay-FriendlyCampuses

• VOICESINTHECOMMUNITY:DanSavage

• SOCIOLOGYATWORK:InternshipsandServiceLearning

ChapterReview

KeyTerms

StudyQuestions

6. AgeandAging

OurAgingWorld

• TAKINGAWORLDVIEW:AginginChina

SociologicalPerspectivesonAge,Aging,andInequality

FunctionalistPerspective

ConflictPerspective

FeministPerspective

InteractionistPerspective

TheConsequencesofAgeInequality

Ageism

AgeandSocialClass

HealthandMedicalCare

• EXPLORINGSOCIALPROBLEMS:ElderlyIncomeSources

AgeismintheWorkplace

RespondingtoAgeInequalities

• INFOCUS:ThePoliticalInfluenceofYoungandOlderVoters

SocialSecurity

Medicare

• VOICESINTHECOMMUNITY:BarbaraYoung

• SOCIOLOGYATWORK:SocialWork

ChapterReview

KeyTerms

StudyQuestions

PartII•OurSocialInstitutions

7. Families

MythsoftheFamily

SociologicalPerspectivesontheFamily

FunctionalistPerspective

ConflictandFeministPerspectives

InteractionistPerspective

ProblemsintheFamily

Divorce

ViolenceandNeglect

TeenPregnancyandNewbornAbandonment

• EXPLORINGSOCIALPROBLEMS:TeenBirthrates

• INFOCUS:TeenParentingandEducation

TheProblemsofTimeandMoney

Community,Policy,andSocialAction

TheFamilyandMedicalLeaveActof1993

CommunityResponsestoDomesticViolenceandNeglect

• TAKINGAWORLDVIEW:ParentalLeavePolicies

• VOICESINTHECOMMUNITY:WynonaWard

TeenPregnancyandInfantAbandonment

ExpandingtheDefinitionofFamily Cohabitation

GrandparentsasParents

• SOCIOLOGYATWORK:ParalegalsandLegalAssistants

ChapterReview

KeyTerms

StudyQuestions

8. Education

TheNewEducationalStandard

SociologicalPerspectivesonEducation

• EXPLORINGSOCIALPROBLEMS:Earningabachelor’sdegree pxiv

FunctionalistPerspective

ConflictPerspective

FeministPerspective

InteractionistPerspective

ProblemsandChallengesinEducation

TheProblemofBasicLiteracy

• TAKINGAWORLDVIEW:EducationalTrackingandTestinginJapan

InequalityinEducationalAccessandAchievement

• INFOCUS:ControllingtheCostofHigherEducation

ViolenceandHarassmentinSchools

Community,Policy,andSocialAction

PolicyResponses TheBasisforEducationalReform

PromotingEducationalOpportunities HeadStartandPrekindergarten

Mentoring,Supporting,andValuingNetworks

AntiviolenceandAntibullyingProgramsinSchools

• VOICESINTHECOMMUNITY:WendyKopp

DoesHavingaChoiceImproveEducation?

• SOCIOLOGYATWORK:AfterschoolEducation

ChapterReview

KeyTerms

StudyQuestions

9. WorkandtheEconomy

TheChangingNatureofWork

SociologicalPerspectivesonWork

FunctionalistPerspective

ConflictPerspective

FeministPerspective

InteractionistPerspective

ProblemsinWorkandtheEconomy

UnemploymentandUnderemployment

Globalization

MinimumWage

AHazardousandStressfulWorkplace

• EXPLORING SOCIAL PROBLEMS: Characteristics of Minimum-Wage Workers

Community,Policy,andSocialAction

FederalPolicies

• TAKINGAWORLDVIEW:Mexico’sMaquiladoras

• INFOCUS:SweatshopLabor

TheLivingWageMovement

Worker-FriendlyBusinesses ConductingBusinessaDifferentWay

• VOICESINTHECOMMUNITY:JerryGreenfield

OrganizedandFightingBack

• SOCIOLOGYATWORK:Law

ChapterReview

KeyTerms

StudyQuestions

10. HealthandMedicine

SociologicalPerspectivesonHealth,Illness,andMedicine

FunctionalistPerspective

ConflictPerspective

FeministPerspective

InteractionistPerspective

HealthInequalitiesandProblems

Gender Education

TheCostofHealthCare

• EXPLORINGSOCIALPROBLEMS:HealthCareUtilization

TheUninsuredPopulation

Community,Policy,andSocialAction

HealthCareReform StateReform

• INFOCUS:US HealthInsuranceandHealthCareDeliverySystems FederalReform

Children’sHealthInsuranceProgram

StatePrescriptionDrugPlans

Community-BasedHealthCenters

• TAKINGAWORLDVIEW:Not-So-ForeignModelsofHealthCare

• VOICESINTHECOMMUNITY:VictoriaHale

• SOCIOLOGYATWORK:Medicine

ChapterReview

KeyTerms

StudyQuestions

11. TheMedia

SociologicalPerspectivesontheMedia

FunctionalistPerspective

ConflictPerspective

FeministPerspective

InteractionistPerspective

• TAKINGAWORLDVIEW:InternationalWomen’sMediaFoundation

TheMediaandSocialProblems

LossofPrivacy

TheDigitalHavesandHave-Nots

• INFOCUS:TheBoundary-lessWorkplace

• EXPLORINGSOCIALPROBLEMS:InternetUse

TheDeathoftheNewspaper?

DrivingDistracted

DoYouTrusttheNewsMedia?

Community,Policy,andSocialAction

FederalCommunicationsCommissionandtheTelecommunicationsActof1996

WhoIsWatchingtheMedia?

• VOICESINTHECOMMUNITY:GeenaDavis

MediaLiteracyandDigitalLiteracy

• SOCIOLOGYATWORK:SoftwareDevelopment

ChapterReview

KeyTerms

StudyQuestions

PartIII•OurSocialandPhysicalWorlds

12. AlcoholandDrugAbuse

SociologicalPerspectivesonDrugAbuse

FunctionalistPerspective

ConflictPerspective

FeministPerspective

InteractionistPerspective

WhatIsDrugAbuse?

Alcohol

TobaccoandNicotine

Marijuana

• TAKINGAWORLDVIEW:TheMarijuanaLegalizationMovement

Opioids

TheProblemsofDrugAbuse

DrugUseintheWorkplace

ProblemDrinkingAmongTeensandYoungAdults

PunishmentorTreatment?

Community,Policy,andSocialAction

FederalPrograms

DrugLegalization

• EXPLORING SOCIAL PROBLEMS: Support for the Legalization of Marijuana

DrugTreatmentandPreventionPrograms

• INFOCUS:CollegeDrugPrograms

• VOICESINTHECOMMUNITY:ShiloJama

• SOCIOLOGYATWORK:PublicHealth

ChapterReview

KeyTerms

StudyQuestions

13. CrimeandCriminalJustice

SociologicalPerspectivesonCrime

FunctionalistPerspective

ConflictPerspective

FeministPerspective

InteractionistPerspective

SourcesofCrimeStatistics

TypesofCrime

ViolentCrime

PropertyCrime

JuvenileDelinquency

• EXPLORING SOCIAL PROBLEMS: Intimate Partner and Nonpartner

ViolenceAgainstWomen

White-CollarCrime

TheInequalitiesofCrime OffendersandVictims Offenders Victims

OurCurrentResponsetoCrime

ThePolice

Prisons

TheDeathPenalty

• TAKINGAWORLDVIEW:PolicinginBrazil

Community,Policy,andSocialAction

U.S.DepartmentofJustice

JuvenileJusticeandDelinquencyPreventionPrograms

CommunityResponsestoDisparitiesinPolicing

CommunityApproachestoLaw

• INFOCUS:AssaultWeapons

PrisonAdvocacyandDeathPenaltyReform

• VOICESINTHECOMMUNITY:MaxKenner

• SOCIOLOGYATWORK:ProbationandParoleOfficers

ChapterReview

KeyTerms

StudyQuestions

14. UrbanizationandPopulationGrowth

UrbanSociologyandDemography

TheProcessesofUrbanizationandSuburbanization

PopulationGrowthandComposition

SociologicalPerspectivesonUrbanizationandPopulationGrowth

FunctionalistPerspective

ConflictandFeministPerspectives

• TAKINGAWORLDVIEW:GlobalUrbanizationandPopulationGrowth

InteractionistPerspective

TheConsequencesofUrbanizationandPopulationGrowth

UrbanLivingEnvironment

Homelessness

Gentrification

UrbanSprawlandTransportation

• EXPLORINGSOCIALPROBLEMS:Commuting

• INFOCUS:LivingCarFree

• VOICESINTHECOMMUNITY:MagicJohnson

Community,Policy,andSocialAction

U.S.DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment(HUD)

UrbanRevitalizationPrograms

CreatingSustainableCommunities

HousingandHomelessnessPrograms

• SOCIOLOGYATWORK:NonprofitWork

ChapterReview

KeyTerms

StudyQuestions

15 TheEnvironment

EnvironmentalProblemsAreHumanProblems

SociologicalPerspectivesonEnvironmentalProblems

FunctionalistPerspective

ConflictPerspective

FeministPerspective

InteractionistPerspective

SocialProblemsandtheEnvironment

ClimateChange

AirQuality

HazardousWasteSitesandBrownfields

• TAKINGAWORLDVIEW:HomeSweetLandfill

WaterQualityandSupply

• EXPLORINGSOCIALPROBLEMS:WasteandRecycling

LandConservationandWildernessProtection

Community,Policy,andSocialAction

FederalResponses

StateandLocalResponses

EnvironmentalInterestGroups

EnvironmentalJusticeMovement

• INFOCUS:LocalandSustainableFood

• VOICESINTHECOMMUNITY:ChadPregracke

IsYourSchoolGreen?

• SOCIOLOGYATWORK:Research

ChapterReview

KeyTerms

StudyQuestions

16. WarandTerrorism

DefiningConflict

War

U.S.Conflicts

Terrorism

SociologicalPerspectivesonWarandTerrorism

FunctionalistPerspective

ConflictPerspective

FeministPerspective

InteractionistPerspective

• EXPLORINGSOCIALPROBLEMS:U.S.GlobalEngagement

TheProblemsofWarandTerrorism

TheImpactofWarandTerrorism

• INFOCUS:TheHiddenCostsofWar

TheNextThreat

• TAKINGAWORLDVIEW:NorthernIrelandSelf-Rule

Community,Policy,andSocialAction

PoliticalDiplomacy

• VOICESINTHECOMMUNITY:SetsukoThurlow

TheUseofEconomicSanctions

MilitaryResponse

AntiwarandPeaceMovements

• SOCIOLOGYATWORK:WorkingandVolunteeringAbroad

ChapterReview

KeyTerms

StudyQuestions

PartIV•IndividualActionandSocialChange

17. SocialProblemsandSocialAction

UnderstandingSocialMovements

HowDoSocialMovementsBegin?

HowHaveReformMovementsMadeaDifference?

• INFOCUS:StudentActivism

• TAKING A WORLD VIEW: Nongovernmental Organizations as a Source of Change

MakingtheLastConnection

• VOICESINTHECOMMUNITY:CamilaVallejo

• EXPLORINGSOCIALPROBLEMS:WhoIsPoliticallyEngaged?

• SOCIOLOGYATWORK:GraduateStudy

ChapterReview

KeyTerms

StudyQuestions

Glossary References Index

MediaLibrary

SAGECoreConcepts APNewsClips

Chapter1SociologyandtheStudyofSocialProblems

PREMIUMVIDEO

SAGECORECONCEPTS

SAGECoreConcepts11:TheSociologicalImagination

SAGECoreConcepts12:TheSocialConstructionofReality

APNEWSCLIPS

APNewsClips13:MeTooattheGoldenGlobes(TaranaBurke)

Chapter2SocialClass

PREMIUMVIDEO

SAGECORECONCEPTS

SAGECoreConcepts2.1:WhatisSocialClass

APNEWSCLIPS

APNewsClips2.2:TheFeminizationofPoverty

APNewsClips2.3:HomelessinHawaii

Chapter3RaceandEthnicity

PREMIUMVIDEO

SAGECORECONCEPTS

SAGECoreConcepts31:RaceandEthnicity

APNEWSCLIPS

APNewsClips32:FergusonDemonstrations

APNewsClips33:USImmigrationProtest

Chapter4Gender

PREMIUMVIDEO

SAGECORECONCEPTS

SAGECoreConcepts42:GenderandGenderSocialization

SAGECoreConcepts43:AddressingSexualAssaultonCampus

APNEWSCLIPS

APNewsClips41:GenderStereotypes

Chapter5SexualOrientation

PREMIUMVIDEO

APNEWSCLIPS

APNewsClips5.1:Sexuality,Race,andHIV

APNewsClips5.2:LGBTQServiceMembers

APNewsClips53:LGBTQAdoption

Chapter6AgeandAging

PREMIUMVIDEO

APNEWSCLIPS

APNewsClips61:StudentsResideinRetirementHomes

APNewsClips6.2:PresidentObamaHighlightsIssuesFacingAgingAmericans

APNewsClips6.3:AgingSuit

Chapter7Families

PREMIUMVIDEO

SAGECORECONCEPTS

SAGECoreConcepts7.1:DefiningtheFamily

SAGECoreConcepts73:MultigenerationalFamilies

APNEWSCLIPS

APNewsClips72:ElderAbuse

Chapter8Education

PREMIUMVIDEO

SAGECORECONCEPTS

SAGECoreConcepts81:EducationandInequality

APNEWSCLIPS

APNewsClips82:DecliningSchoolConditionsinVenezuela

APNewsClips83:SchoolFundingGaps

Chapter9WorkandtheEconomy

PREMIUMVIDEO

APNEWSCLIPS

APNewsClips9.1:PresidentObamaSpeakingaboutFairPay

APNewsClips92:SupremeCourtCaseAboutWomanWearingHijab

APNewsClips93:PossibleSolutionstoUnderemployment

Chapter10HealthandMedicine

PREMIUMVIDEO

APNEWSCLIPS

APNewsClips10.1:PTSDTherapythroughDance

APNewsClips10.2:WaitingforOrganDonors

APNewsClips103:USHealthcareAnalysis

Chapter11TheMedia PREMIUMVIDEO

SAGECORECONCEPTS

SAGECoreConcepts111:Media,Technology,andSocialMovements

APNEWSCLIPS

APNewsClips112:TheRoleofFacebookinSociety

APNewsClips113:WomeninEgypt’sMedia

Chapter12AlcoholandDrugAbuse PREMIUMVIDEO

APNEWSCLIPS

APNewsClips121:DrinkingCultureintheWorkplace

APNewsClips122:FederalMarijuanaReaction

APNewsClips12.3:USOpioidEpidemic

Chapter13CrimeandCriminalJustice

PREMIUMVIDEO

APNEWSCLIPS

APNewsClips131:JuvenileLockedUpForLife

APNewsClips132:TheDeathPenaltyatSanQuentin

APNewsClips133:USGunViolenceDebate

Chapter14UrbanizationandPopulationGrowth

PREMIUMVIDEO

APNEWSCLIPS

APNewsClips14.1:SuburbanizationofAsianAmericans,DeclineofHistoric Chinatowns

APNewsClips142:RiseofHomeslessnessinSeattle

APNewsClips14.3:LongCommute

Chapter15TheEnvironment

PREMIUMVIDEO

APNEWSCLIPS

APNewsClips151:RenewableEnergy

APNewsClips152:AnnualPrecipitation

APNewsClips153:GlobalWarmingintheArctic

Chapter16WarandTerrorism

PREMIUMVIDEO

APNEWSCLIPS

APNewsClips16.1:USWomeninCombatRoles

APNewsClips16.2:PTSDandSuicideAmongVeterans

APNewsClips16.3:AntiwarProtests

Chapter17SocialProblemsandSocialAction

PREMIUMVIDEO

APNEWSCLIPS

APNewsClips171:OccupyWallStreet

APNewsClips17.2:OpeningoftheCivilRightsMuseum

APNewsClips17.3:VolunteerBikeRidesfortheElderly

PREFACE

Iwrotethistextwithtwogoalsinmind:toofferabetterunderstandingofthesocialproblemswe experienceinourworldandtobeginworkingtowardrealsolutions.Inthepagesthatfollow,I presentthreeconnectionstoachievethesegoals Thefirstconnectionisbetweensociologyandthe studyofsocialproblems Usingyoursociologicalimagination(whichyou’lllearnmoreaboutin Chapter1),youwillbeabletoidentifythesocialandstructuralforcesthatdetermineoursocial problems Ithinkyou’lldiscoverthatthiscourseisinteresting,challenging,andsometimes frustrating(sortoflikereal-lifediscussionsaboutsocialproblems) Afteryoureviewthesedifferent socialproblems,youmayask,“Whatcanbedoneaboutallthis?”Thesecondconnectionisbetween socialproblemsandtheirsolutions Ineachchapter,wereviewselectedsocialpoliciesalongwith innovativeprogramsthatattempttoaddressorcorrecttheseproblems Thefinalconnectionisone thatIaskyoutomakeyourself:recognizingthesocialproblemsinyourcommunityandidentifying howyoucanbepartofthesolution

LEARNINGFEATURESOFTHISTEXT

Thethreeconnectionsaremadeevidentineachchapterandthroughoutthetextthroughavariety ofspecificlearningfeatures:

• Afocusonthebasisofsocialinequalities.Usingasociologicalperspective,weexaminehow raceandethnicity,gender,socialclass,sexualorientation,andagedetermineourlifechances. Chapters2through6focusspecificallyonthesebasesofsocialinequalityandhoweach contributestoourexperienceofsocialproblems.

• Afocusontheglobalexperienceofsocialproblems.Throughoutthetext,theconsequences ofsocialproblemsthroughouttheworldarehighlighted,drawingupondataandresearchfrom internationalscholarsandsociologists Inaboxedchapterfeature,TakingaWorldView, specificsocialproblemsorresponsesareexaminedfromaglobalperspective.Welookat China’sagingpopulation(Chapter6),Japan’seducationaltrackingsystem(Chapter8), Mexico’smaquiladoras(Chapter9),theInternationalWomen’sMediaFoundation(Chapter 11),andmarijuanalegalizationinothercountries(Chapter12).

• Afocusonsocialpolicyandsocialaction Eachchapterincludesadiscussiononrelevant socialpoliciesorprograms Inaddition,eachchapterhighlightshowindividualsorgroupshave madeadifferenceintheircommunity.Thechaptersincludepersonalstories,somefrom

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