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The Wiley Encyclopedia of Health Psychology

The Wiley Encyclopedia of Health Psychology

Volume 1

Biological Bases of Health Behavior

This edition first published 2021 © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Lee M. Cohen to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Paul, Robert D., editor.

Title: The Wiley encyclopedia of health psychology / edited by Robert Paul, St. Louis MO, USA ; editor-in-chief, Lee Cohen, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA.

Description: First edition. | Hoboken : Wiley-Blackwell, 2021. | Includes index. | Contents: volume. 1. Biological bases of health behavior.

Identifiers: LCCN 2020005459 (print) | LCCN 2020005460 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119057833 (v. 1 ; cloth) | ISBN 9781119057833 (v. 2 ; cloth) | ISBN 9781119057833 (v. 3 ; cloth) | ISBN 9781119057833 (v. 4 ; cloth) | ISBN 9781119675785 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119675761 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Clinical health psychology–Encyclopedias.

Classification: LCC R726.7 .W554 2021 (print) | LCC R726.7 (ebook) | DDC 616.001/903–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020005459

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020005460

Cover image and design: Wiley

Set in 10/12.5pt ITC Galliard by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Genetic Polymorphisms 59

Mikhail Votinov and Katharina Sophia Goerlich

Epigenetics in Developmental Disorders 75

Tiffany S. Doherty and Tania L. Roth

Epigenetics in Behavior and Mental Health 83

Tiffany S. Doherty and Tania L. Roth

Diffusion MRI: Introduction

Naiara Demnitz and Claire E. Sexton

Structural Neuroimaging of Hippocampal Subfields in Healthy Aging, Alzheimer’s Disease, Schizophrenia, and Major Depressive Disorder 99

Lok‐Kin Yeung and Adam M. Brickman

DTI Tractography Metrics: Fiber Bundle Length

Stephen Correia

The Use of Diffusional Kurtosis Imaging (DKI) to Define Pathological Processes in Stroke and Dementia 117

Rachael L. Deardorff, Jens H. Jensen, and Joseph A. Helpern

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: fMRI 125

Tricia Z. King

Resting‐State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Carissa L. Philippi, Tasheia Floyd, and Gregory Dahl

The Event‐Related Potential (ERP) Method and Applications in Clinical Research 141

Amanda C. Eaton, Rebecca A. Meza, Kirk Ballew, and Suzanne E. Welcome

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) in Psychiatric Diseases 149

Alexander P. Lin, Sai Merugumala, Huijun Liao, and Napapon Sailasuta

Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: Can Computers Aid the Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease? 163

Christian Salvatore, Petronilla Battista, and Isabella Castiglioni

Therapeutic Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in Stroke: Moving Toward an Individualized Approach 169

Jason L. Neva, Kathryn S. Hayward, and Lara A. Boyd

Connectomics and Multimodal Imaging Techniques in Clinical Research 181

Olusola Ajilore and Alex Leow

Asperger Syndrome 187

Laurent Mottron

Neurobiology

Stella Sakhon and Jamie Edgin

Paola García‐Egan, Jenna Haddock, and Robert H. Paul Neurodegenerative Conditions: FTD

Abigail O. Kramer, Andrea G. Alioto, and Joel H. Kramer

(TBI)

Matthew R. Powell and Michael McCrea

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Long‐Term Consequence of Repetitive Head Impacts

Michael L. Alosco, Alyssa Phelps, and Robert A. Stern

Neuropsychological

Robert H. Paul, Carissa L. Philippi, and Gregory Dahl

Jacob Bolzenius Caloric

Patrick J. Smith

Psychosocial:

J. Megan Ross, Jacqueline C. Duperrouzel, Ileana Pacheco‐Colón, and Raul Gonzalez

Megan R. Gunnar and Colleen Doyle

Michael G. Griffin, Brittany F. Goodman, Rebecca E. Chesher, and Natalia M. Kecala

Sarah A. Cooley

Laura E. Korthauer and Ira Driscoll

The Serotonin Transporter‐Linked Polymorphic Region (5‐HTTLPR)

and Depression

Christina Di Iorio, Kimberly Johnson, Daniel Sheinbein, Samantha Kahn, Patrick England, and Ryan Bogdan

The Neuroscience of Well‐Being: Part 1 (Conceptual Definitions)

Justine Megan Gatt

Lauren E. Salminen and Robert H. Paul

The Insula in Women with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Steven E. Bruce, Katherine R. Buchholz, and Wilson J. Brown

Language and Literacy Development

Laura O’Hara, Rebecca A. Meza, and Amanda C. Eaton

The Neuroscience of Well‐Being: Part 2 (Potential Neural Networks)

Justine Megan Gatt

Rebecca N. Preston‐Campbell, Stephanie A. Peak, Paola García‐Egan, and Robert H. Paul

List of Contributors

Amanda M. Acevedo, Department of Psychological Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

Zeba Ahmad, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

Leona S. Aiken, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

Olusola Ajilore, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

Damla E. Aksen, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA

Kristi Alexander, Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA

Andrea G. Alioto, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA

Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA

Michael L. Alosco, Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

Christina M. Amaro, Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA

Judith Andersen, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON, Canada

Aviva H. Ariel, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Danielle Arigo, Psychology Department, The University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, USA

Jamie Arndt, Psychology Department, University of Missouri System, Columbia, MO, USA

Robert C. Arnold, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Melissa V. Auerbach, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA

Lisa Auster‐Gussman, Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Aya Avishai, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Hoda Badr, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

David E. Balk, Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA

Kirk Ballew, Department of Communication, Fontbonne University, St. Louis, MO, USA

Department of Communication, University of Missouri at Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Department of Communication, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Urbana, IL, USA

Diletta Barbiani, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy

Hypoxia Medicine, Plateau Rosà, Switzerland

Jeffrey E. Barnett, College of Arts and Sciences, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA

Petronilla Battista, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Institute of Bari, Italy

Brittney Becker, Psychology Department, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, USA

Alexandra A. Belzer, Colby College, Waterville, ME, USA

Fabrizio Benedetti, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy

Hypoxia Medicine, Plateau Rosà, Switzerland

Danielle S. Berke, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA

Mamta Bhatnagar, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Kelly Biegler, Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

Susan J. Blalock, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Brittany E. Blanchard, Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

Jennifer B. Blossom, Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA

Ryan Bogdan, BRAIN Lab, Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Jacob Bolzenius, Missouri Institute of Mental Health, University of Missouri‐St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Bruce Bongar, Department of Clinical Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA

Dianna Boone, Clinical Psychology Program, Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

Jerica X. Bornstein, Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

Joaquín Borrego Jr., Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

Kyle J. Bourassa, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Lara A. Boyd, Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Patrick Boyd, Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

Adam M. Brickman, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

Athena Brindle, Department of Psychology, College of Science, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA

Jennifer L. Brown, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Kathleen S. Brown, Private Practice, Fort Myers, FL, USA

Wilson J. Brown, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, USA

Steven E. Bruce, Center for Trauma Recovery, University of Missouri‐St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Angela D. Bryan, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

Katherine R. Buchholz, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA

National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, White River Junction, VT, USA

Claire Burgess, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA

Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Edith Burns, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

Rachel J. Burns, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Johannes B.J. Bussmann, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, CA Rotterdam, South Holland, The Netherlands

Fawn C. Caplandies, Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA

Angela L. Carey, Psychology Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Brandon L. Carlisle, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA

Delesha M. Carpenter, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Allison J. Carroll, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA

Charles S. Carver, Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA

Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

Isabella Castiglioni, Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Occhialini”, Università degli Studi di Milano‐Bicocca – Piazza della Scienza, Milan, Italy

Gretchen B. Chapman, Department of Psychology, Rutgers University–New Brunswick, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

Alyssa C.D. Cheadle, Psychology Department, Hope College, Holland, MI, USA

Rebecca E. Chesher, Department of Psychological Sciences, Center for Trauma Recovery, University of Missouri‐St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

William J. Chopik, Psychology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

Nicholas J.S. Christenfeld, Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

L.E. Chun, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

Briana Cobos, Department of Psychology,Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA

Alex S. Cohen, Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University College of Science, Baton Rouge, LA, USA

Jenna Herold Cohen, Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

Lee M. Cohen, Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA

Catherine Cook‐Cottone, Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA

List of Contributors

Sarah A. Cooley, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Stephen Correia, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

Patrick Corrigan, Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology College of Science, Chicago, IL, USA

Juliann Cortese, School of Information, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

Riley Cropper, Stanford University Counseling and Psychological Services, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, CA, USA

Robert T. Croyle, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA

Tegan Cruwys, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia

Sasha Cukier, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

Gregory Dahl, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri–St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Beth D. Darnall, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

Savannah Davidson, Clinical Psychology Program, Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

Elizabeth L. Davis, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA,USA

Rachael L. Deardorff, Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA

Janet Deatrick, Department of Family & Community Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Lauren Decaporale‐Ryan, Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine, & Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA

Jordan Degelia, Clinical Psychology Program, Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

Anita Delongis, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Naiara Demnitz, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Eliot Dennard, Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

Kristine M. Diaz, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA

Sally S. Dickerson, Department of Psychology, Pace University, New York, NY, USA

M. Robin DiMatteo, Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA

Sona Dimidjian, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

Genevieve A. Dingle, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia

Laura J. Dixon, Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA

Michelle R. Dixon, Department of Psychology, Rutgers University Camden, Camden, NJ, USA

Tiffany S. Doherty, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

Michael D. Dooley, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA

Tessa L. Dover, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

Colleen Doyle, Institute of Child Development, College of Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Ira Driscoll, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA

Claudia Drossel, Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University College of Arts and Sciences, Ypsilanti, MI, USA

Sean P.A. Drummond, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Christine Dunkel Schetter, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

William L. Dunlop, Psychology Department, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA

Jacqueline C. Duperrouzel, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

Allison Earl, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Amanda C. Eaton, Department of Communication, Fontbonne University, St. Louis, MO, USA

Department of Communication, University of Missouri at Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Ulrich W. Ebner‐Priemer, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany

Robin S. Edelstein, Psychology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Jamie Edgin, Department of Psychology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Bradley A. Edwards, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Sleep and Circadian Medicine Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Naomi I. Eisenberger, Psychology Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Amber S. Emanuel, Psychology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Patrick England, BRAIN Lab, Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Ipek Ensari, Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

Emily Evans, Neurology Resident, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

James Evans, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA

Anne M. Fairlie, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

Angelica Falkenstein, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA

Zachary Fetterman, Psychology Department, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA

Christopher Fink, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

Alexandra N. Fisher, Psychology Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada

Tabitha Fleming, Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

Tasheia Floyd, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

Lauren A. Fowler, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

Elinor Flynn, Department of Psychological Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

Heather Walton Flynn, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA

Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Elizabeth S. Focella, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI, USA

Amy Frers, Department of Psychology and University Health Sciences Center, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA

Howard S. Friedman, Psychology Department, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA

Paul T. Fuglestad, Department of Psychology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA

Kentaro Fujita, Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Kristel M. Gallagher, Thiel College, Greenville, PA, USA

Andrea M. Garcia, Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA

Paola García‐Egan, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri‐St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Robert García, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Casey K. Gardiner, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

Robert J. Gatchel, Endowment Professor of Clinical Health Psychology Research, Department of Psychology, College of Science, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA

Justine Megan Gatt, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia

School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Nicole K. Gause, Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Ashwin Gautam, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA

Fiona Ge, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA

Andrew L. Geers, Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA

Margaux C. Genoff, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

James I. Gerhart, Department of Psychosocial Oncology, Cancer Integrative Medicine Program, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

Meg Gerrard, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

Frederick X. Gibbons, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

Arielle S. Gillman, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

Marci E.J. Gleason, Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

Teresa Gobble, Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

Katharina Sophia Goerlich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

Jamie L. Goldenberg, Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

Cesar A. Gonzalez, Mayo Clinic Minnesota, Rochester, MN, USA

Raul Gonzalez, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

Brittany F. Goodman, Department of Psychological Sciences, Center for Trauma Recovery, University of Missouri‐St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Janna R. Gordon, San Diego State University and SDSU/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA

Edward C. Green, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

Joseph P. Green, Department of Psychology, Ohio State University at Lima, Lima, OH, USA

Michael G. Griffin, Department of Psychological Sciences and Center for Trauma Recovery, University of Missouri–St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Steven Grindel, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

Kristina Gryboski, Project Hope, Millwood, VA, USA

Suzy Bird Gulliver, Baylor and Scott and White Hospitals and Clinics, Waco, TX, USA

School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

Megan R. Gunnar, Institute of Child Development, College of Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Jenna Haddock, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri‐St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Martin S. Hagger, Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia

Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Behavioural Bases for Health, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Centre for Physical Activity Studies, School of Human, Health and Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia

Jada G. Hamilton, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

Paul K.J. Han, Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME, USA

Grace E. Hanley, Psychology Department, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA

Madeline B. Harms, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin‐Madison, Madison, WI, USA

Adam Harris, Department of Psychology and University Health Sciences Center, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA

Lauren N. Harris, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Peter R. Harris, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton & Hove, UK

Philine S. Harris, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton & Hove, UK

William Hart, Psychology Department, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA

M.J. Hartsock, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

Kelly B. Haskard‐Zolnierek, Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA

S. Alexandar Haslam, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia

Catherine Haslam, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia

Karen Hasselmo, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Kathryn S. Hayward, Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery, Parkville, VIC, Australia

Jodi M. Heaps‐Woodruff, University of Missouri–St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Missouri Institute of Mental Health, St. Louis, MO, USA

Dietlinde Heilmayr, Psychology Department, Moravian College, Bethlehem, PA, USA

Vicki S. Helgeson, Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Joseph A. Helpern, Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, and Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA

Garrett Hisler, Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Armes, IA, USA

Molly B. Hodgkins, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA

Michael Hoerger, Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA

Jeanne S. Hoffman, US Department of the Army, Washington, DC, USA

Stephanie A. Hooker, Psychology Department,University of Colorado at Denver – Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA

Vera Hoorens, Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Arpine Hovasapian, Department of Psychological Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

Jennifer L. Howell, Psychology Department, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA

Robert M. Huff, Department of Health Sciences, California State University, Northridge, Morgan Hill, CA, USA

Jacob Huffman, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri–St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

Lauren J. Human, Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Jeffrey M. Hunger, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

Tanya Hunt, Department of Clinical Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California, USA

Steven Hyde, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

Christina Di Iorio, BRAIN Lab, Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Jamie M. Jacobs, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Lauren James, Department of Psychology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA

Rebekah Jazdzewki, Department of Clinical Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA

Brooke N. Jenkins, Department of Psychological Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

Jens H. Jensen, Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Neuroscience, and Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA

Donna C. Jessop, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton & Hove, UK

Jolanda Jetten, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia

Kimberly Johnson, BRAIN Lab, Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Doerte U. Junghaenel, USC Dornsife Center for Self‐Report Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Vanessa Juth, The Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

Samantha Kahn, BRAIN Lab, Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

David A. Kalkstein, Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA

Alexander Karan, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA

Natalia M. Kecala, Department of Psychological Sciences, Center for Trauma Recovery, University of Missouri–St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Robert G. Kent de Grey, Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

Margaret L. Kern, Center for Positive Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

Nathan A. Kimbrel, Department of Veterans Affairs’ VISN 6 Mid‐Atlantic MIRECC, Durham, NC, USA

Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA

Tricia Z. King, The Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA

Nancy Kishino, West Coast Spine Restoration, Riverside, CA, USA

Ekaterina Klyachko, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

Brian Konecky, Boise VAMC Virtual Integrated Multisite Patient Aligned Care Team Hub, Boise, ID, USA

Gerald P. Koocher, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA

Laura E. Korthauer, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA

Abigail O. Kramer, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA

Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, USA

Joel H. Kramer, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, USA

Zlatan Krizan, Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Armes, IA, USA

Monica F. Kurylo, Departments of Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA

Onawa P. LaBelle, Psychology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Melissa H. Laitner, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Mark J. Landau, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA

Shane Landry, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Sleep and Circadian Medicine Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Kevin T. Larkin, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA

Jason M. Lavender, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

Kristin Layous, Department of Psychology, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA

Thanh Le, Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University College of Science, Baton Rouge, LA, USA

Thad R. Leffingwell, Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA

Angela M. Legg, Department of Psychology, Pace University, New York, NY, USA

Jana Lembke, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA

Elizabeth Lemon, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

Richie L. Lenne, Psychology Department, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Alex Leow, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

Department of Bioengineering, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

Howard Leventhal, Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

Linda J. Levine, Department of Psychological Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

Melissa A. Lewis, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

Meng Li, Department of Health and Behavior Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA

Huijun Liao, Department of Radiology, Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Alexander P. Lin, Department of Radiology, Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Wendy P. Linda, School of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ, USA

Nikolette P. Lipsey, Psychology Department,University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Dana M. Litt, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

Andrew K. Littlefield, Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

Brett Litz, Department of Psychology, Boston University & VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA

Marci Lobel, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA

Todd Lucas, C. S. Mott Endowed Professor of Public Health Associate Professor of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Division of Public Health College of Human Medicine Michigan State University, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA

Mia Liza A. Lustria, School of Information, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

Steven Jay Lynn, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA

Salvatore R. Maddi, Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

Renee E. Magnan, Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, WA, USA

Brenda Major, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

Vanessa L. Malcarne, San Diego State University, UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA

UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA, USA

Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA

Kelsey A. Maloney, Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

Andrew W. Manigault, Psychology Department, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA

Traci Mann, Psychology Department, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Soe Mar, Neurology and Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Shannon M. Martin, Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA

Allison Marziliano, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA

Katilyn Mascatelli, Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Tyler B. Mason, Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA

Kevin S. Masters, Psychology Department, University of Colorado at Denver – Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA

Kevin D. McCaul, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA

Tara P. McCoy, Psychology Department, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA

Michael McCrea, Brain Injury Research Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

Scout N. McCully, Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent OH, USA

Don McGeary, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Family and Community Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA

Jessica McGovern, Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University College of Science, Baton Rouge, LA, USA

Robert E. McGrath, School of Psychology, Farleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ, USA

Michael P. Mead, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA

Alan Meca, Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA

Matthias R. Mehl, Psychology Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Timothy P. Melchert, Department of Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA

Paola Mendoza‐Rivera, Department of Clinical Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA

Maria G. Mens, Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Sai Merugumala, Department of Radiology, Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Rebecca A. Meza, Department of Communication, Fontbonne University, St. Louis, MO, USA

Department of Communication, University of Missouri at Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Dara Mickschl, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

Tricia A. Miller, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA

Kyle R. Mitchell, Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University College of Science, Baton Rouge, LA, USA

Mona Moieni, Psychology Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Phillip J. Moore, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

DeAnna L. Mori, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA

Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

Sandra B. Morissette, Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio College of Sciences, San Antonio, TX, USA

Amber Morrow, Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

Ariel J. Mosley, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA

Robert W. Motl, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

Laurent Mottron, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada

Anne Moyer, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA

Elaine M. Murphy, Population Reference Bureau, Washington, DC, USA

Carolyn B. Murray, Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA

Christopher S. Nave, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Department of Psychology, Rutgers University Camden, Camden, NJ, USA

Eve‐Lynn Nelson, KU Center for Telemedicine & Telehealth, University of Kansas Medical Center, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA

Steven M. Nelson, VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, USA

Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA

Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA

Elizabeth Neumann, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

Jason L. Neva, Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Jody S. Nicholson, Department of Psychology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA

Christina Nisson, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Mary‐Frances O’Connor, Psychology Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Laura O’Hara, Department of Communication, Fontbonne University, St. Louis, MO, USA

Department of Communication, University of Missouri at Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Gbolahan O. Olanubi, Psychology Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Nils Olsen, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

Yimi Omofuma, Department of Clinical Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA

Elizabeth Ortiz‐Gonzalez, Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

Ileana Pacheco‐Colón, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

Aliza A. Panjwani, Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA

Mike C. Parent, Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

Thomas J. Parkman, Clinical Psychology Program, Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

Robert H. Paul, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri–St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Missouri Institute of Mental Health, St. Louis, MO, USA

Stephanie A. Peak, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA

Michael G. Perri, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Laura Perry, Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA

Alyssa Phelps, Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

Carissa L. Philippi, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri‐St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA

L. Alison Phillips, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA

Paula R. Pietromonaco, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA

Craig P. Pollizi, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA

Seth D. Pollak, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin‐Madison, Madison, WI, USA

David B. Portnoy, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA

Rachel Postupack, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Matthew R. Powell, Division of Neurocognitive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic Minnesota, Rochester, MN, USA

Candice Presseau, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA

Sarah D. Pressman, Department of Psychological Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

Rebecca N. Preston‐Campbell, Missouri Institute of Mental Health, St. Louis, MO, USA

Isabel F. Ramos, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Christopher T. Ray, College of Health Sciences, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA

Amanda L. Rebar, Centre for Physical Activity Studies, School of Human, Health and Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia

Allecia E. Reid, Colby College, Waterville, ME, USA

May Reinert, Department of Psychology, Pace University, New York, NY, USA

Kelly E. Rentscher, Psychology Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Tracey A. Revenson, Department of Psychology, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA

C. Steven Richards, Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

Laura River, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

Megan L. Robbins, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA

Michael C. Roberts, Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA

John D. Robinson, Department of Surgery and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University College of Medicine/Hospital, Washington, DC, USA

Theodore F. Robles, Psychology Department, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA

Catherine Rochefort, Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA

Daniel G. Rogers, Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, MS, USA

John L. Romano, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Karen S. Rook, Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

Ann Rosenthal, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

J. Megan Ross, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

Tania L. Roth, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

Alexander J. Rothman, Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Ronald H. Rozensky, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Kristen L. Rudd, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA

Kirstie K. Russell, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Arseny A. Ryazanov, Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

Napapon Sailasuta, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada

Stella Sakhon, Department of Psychology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Lauren E. Salminen, Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA

Christian Salvatore, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS Pavia, Piazza della Vittoria, Pavia, Italy

DeepTrace Technologies S.R.L., Via Conservatorio, Milan, Italy

Peter M. Sandman, Department of Human Ecology, Rutgers University New Brunswick, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

Keith Sanford, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA

David A. Sbarra, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Michael F. Scheier, Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Adam T. Schmidt, Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

Elana Schwartz, Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University College of Science, Baton Rouge, LA, USA

Esther N. Schwartz, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA

Seth J. Schwartz, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

Ralf Schwarzer, Health Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Health Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Richard J. Seime, Mayo Clinic Minnesota, Rochester, MN, USA

Claire E. Sexton, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Louise Sharpe, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Lindsay Sheehan, Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology College of Science, Chicago, IL, USA

Paschal Sheeran, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Daniel Sheinbein, BRAIN Lab, Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

James A. Shepperd, Psychology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Brittany N. Sherrill, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA

Molin Shi, Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

Emily W. Shih, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA

Ben W. Shulman, Psychology Department, University of California, Los Angles, CA, USA

Elizabeth Silbermann, Neurology Resident, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA

Roxane Cohen Silver, Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

Colleen A. Sloan, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA

Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

List of Contributors

Rachel Smallman, Psychology Department, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, USA

Kathryn E. Smith, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA

Patrick J. Smith, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

Todd A. Smitherman, Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA

Joshua M. Smyth, The Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

Dara H. Sorkin, Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

R. L. Spencer, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

Melissa Spina, Psychology Department, University of Missouri System, Columbia, MO, USA

Bonnie Spring, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

Annette L. Stanton, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Ellen Stephenson, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Robert A. Stern, Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

Department of Neurosurgery and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

Angela K. Stevens, Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

Courtney J. Stevens, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

Elizabeth M. Stewart, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Danu Anthony Stinson, Psychology Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada

Michelle L. Stock, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

Arthur A. Stone, USC Dornsife Center for Self‐Report Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Department of Psychology, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Jeff Stone, Psychology Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

John A. Sturgeon, Center for Pain Relief, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

Kieran T. Sullivan, Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA

Amy Summerville, Psychology Department, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA

Jessie Sun, Center for Positive Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA

Steve Sussman, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Trevor James Swanson, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA

Allison M. Sweeney, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA

Kate Sweeny, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA

Sergey Tarima, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

Carly A. Taylor, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA

George T. Taylor, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri–St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Interfakultäre Biomedizinische Forschungseinrichtung (IBF) der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

A. Janet Tomiyama, Psychology Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Victoria A. Torres, Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA

David R.M. Trotter, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA

Bert N. Uchino, Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

John A. Updegraff, Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA

Jay Urbain, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI, USA

Amy E. Ustjanauskas, San Diego State University, UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA

UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA, USA

Jason Van Allen, Clinical Psychology Program, Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

Erika D. Van Dyke, Department of Sport Sciences, College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA

Department of Psychology, Springfield College, Springfield, MA, USA

Judy L. Van Raalte, Department of Psychology, Springfield College, Springfield, MA, USA

Maryke Van Zyl‐Harrison, Department of Clinical Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA

Rachel Vanderkruik, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

Elizabeth J. Vella, Department of Psychology, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA

Birte von Haaren‐Mack, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Nordrhein‐Westfalen, Germany

David Von Nordheim, University of Missouri–St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Missouri Institute of Mental Health, St. Louis, MO, USA

Mikhail Votinov, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐10), Jülich, Germany

Rebecca K. Vujnovic, Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA

Amy Wachholtz, Department of Psychology and University Health Sciences Center, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA

Eric F. Wagner, Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

Ryan J. Walker, Psychology Department, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA

Rachel A. Wamser-Nanney, Department of Psychological Sciences, Center for Trauma Recovery, University of Missouri‐St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Britney M. Wardecker, Psychology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Melissa Ward‐Peterson, Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

Lisa Marie Warner, Health Psychology, Freie Universitat Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Neil D. Weinstein, Department of Human Ecology, Rutgers University New Brunswick, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

Suzanne E. Welcome, Department of Communication, Fontbonne University, St. Louis, MO, USA

Department of Communication, University of Missouri at Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Kristen J. Wells, San Diego State University and SDSU/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA

Amy Wenzel, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Private Practice, Rosemont, PA, USA

Summer L. Williams, Department of Psychology, Westfield State University, Westfield, MA, USA

Cynthia J. Willmon, Reno VA Sierra Nevada Health Care System, Reno, NV, USA

Sara M. Witcraft, Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA

Stephen A. Wonderlich, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA

E.R. Woodruff, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

Patrick W. Wright, Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Robert C. Wright, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA

Shawna Wright, KU Center for Telemedicine & Telehealth, University of Kansas Medical Center, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA

Tuppett M. Yates, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA

Julie D. Yeterian, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA

Lok‐Kin Yeung, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

Alex J. Zautra, Psychology Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

Colin A. Zestcott, Psychology Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Peggy M. Zoccola, Psychology Department, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA

Foreword

Until the 1970s, there were no books, journals, or university courses on health psychology. Although the field’s intellectual roots stretch back to the beginnings of psychology more than a century ago, its formal emergence depended on a convergence of influences (Friedman & Silver, 2007), including psychosomatic medicine, social‐psychological and socio‐anthropological perspectives on medicine, epidemiology, and medical and clinical psychology. Today, health psychology is a principal area of significant social science research and practice, with vital implications for the health and well‐being of individuals and societies. Understanding the explosive trajectory of health psychology is useful to appreciating the strengths of the field and to approaching this new encyclopedia, the Wiley Encyclopedia of Health Psychology

What is the nature of health? That is, what does it mean to be healthy? The way that this question is answered affects the behaviors, treatments, and resource allocations of individuals, families, health practitioners, governments, and societies. For example, if it is thought that you are healthy unless and until you contract a disease or suffer an injury, then attention and resources are primarily allocated toward “fixing” the problem through medications or surgical repairs. This is the traditional biomedical model of disease (sometimes called the “disease model”). Indeed, in the United States, the overwhelming allocation of attention and resources is to physicians (doing treatments) and to pharmaceuticals (prescription drugs and their development). In contrast, health psychology developed around a much broader and more interdisciplinary approach to health, one that is often termed the biopsychosocial model.

The biopsychosocial model (a term first formally proposed by George Engel in 1968) brings together core elements of staying healthy and recovering well from injury or disease (Stone et al., 1987). Each individual—due to a combination of biological influences and psychosocial experiences—is more or less likely to thrive. Some of this variation is due to genetics and early life development; some depends on the availability and appropriate applications of medical treatments; some involves nutrition and physical activity; some depends on preparations for, perceptions of, and reactions to life’s challenges; and some involves exposure to or seeking out of healthier or unhealthier environments, both physically and socially. When presented in this way, it might seem obvious that health should certainly be viewed in this broader interdisciplinary way. However, by misdirecting its vast expenditures on health care, the United States gives its residents mediocre health at high cost (Kaplan, 2019). To approach these matters in a thorough manner, this encyclopedia includes four volumes, with Volume 1 focusing on the biological bases of health and health behavior, Volume 2 concentrating on the social bases, Volume 3 centering around the psychological and clinical aspects, and Volume 4 focused more broadly on crosscutting and applied matters.

Key parts of health depend on biological characteristics and how they interact with our experiences and environments. So, for example, in Volume 1, there are articles on injury to the brain, alcohol effects on the brain, nutrition, drug abuse, psychophysiology, and the tools and key findings of neuroscience. Note that even individuals with the same genes (identical twins) can and do have different health and recovery outcomes, and the articles delve into such complexities of health. Of course humans are also social creatures, and people’s growth, development, and health behaviors take place in social contexts. So, in Volume 2, there are articles on such fundamental matters as social support, coping, spirituality, emotion, discrimination, communication, psychosocial stress, and bereavement.

Because our approaches to and conceptions of health are heavily influenced by society’s institutions and structures revolving around medical care, much of health psychology derives from or intersects with clinical psychology and applied behavioral medicine. Volume 3 covers such clinical topics as psycho‐oncology, depression, drug abuse, chronic disease, eating disorders, and the psychosocial aspects of coronary heart disease. Finally and importantly, there are a number of special and cross‐cutting matters that are considered in Volume 4, ranging from relevant laws and regulations to telehealth and health disparities. Taken together, the articles triangulate on what it truly means to be healthy.

What are the most promising directions for the future that emerge from a broad and deep approach to health? That is, to where do these encyclopedia articles point? One key clue arises from a unique opportunity to enhance, extend, and analyze the classic Terman study of children who were followed and studied throughout their lives (Friedman & Martin, 2012). These studies revealed that there are lifelong trajectories to health, thriving, and longevity. Although anyone can encounter bad luck, a number of basic patterns emerged that are more likely to lead to good health. That is, for some individuals, certain earlier life characteristics and circumstances help propel them on pathways of healthier and healthier behaviors, reactions, relationships, and experiences, while others instead face a series of contingent stumbling blocks. There are multipart but nonrandom pathways across time linking personalities, health behaviors, social groups, education, work environments, and health and longevity. The present encyclopedia necessarily is a compendium of summaries of the relevant elements of health and thriving, but one that would and can profitably be used as a base to synthesize the long‐term interdependent aspects of health.

In sum, this encyclopedia is distinctive in its explicit embrace of the biopsychosocial approach to health, not through lip service or hand‐waving but rather through highly detailed and extensive consideration of the many dozens of topics crucial to this core interdisciplinary understanding.

References

Friedman, H. S., & Martin, L. R. (2012). The longevity project: Surprising discoveries for health and long life from the landmark eight‐decade study. New York: Penguin Plume Press.

Friedman, H. S., & Silver, R. C. (Eds.) (2007). Foundations of health psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.

Kaplan, R. M. (2019). More than medicine: The broken promise of American health. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Stone, G., Weiss, M., Matarazzo, J. D., Miller, N. E., Rodin, J., Belar, C. D., … Singer, J. E. (Eds.) (1987). Health psychology: A discipline and a profession. University of Chicago Press.

Howard S. Friedman University of California, Riverside August 15, 2019

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