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John Bell and François Lichère CONTEMPORARY FRENCH ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
contemporaryfrenchadministrativelaw
Despitethegrowingscholarlyinterestincomparativepubliclaw,thereremain relativelyfewworksonthesubject. ContemporaryFrenchAdministrativeLaw aims toredressthatimbalance,offeringEnglish-languagereadersanauthoritative introductiontothekeyfeaturesofFrenchadministrativelawanditsinstitutions. TheFrenchlegalsystemisamongthemostwell-developedandinfluentialinthe world,and,asprocedurescontinuallyadapttoEuropeanandinternational influences,ithasneverbeenmoreworthyofresearch,studyandinterrogation. Thisbookemploysawiderangeofrecent,illustrativecasestodemonstratehow Frenchadministrativelawworksbothintheoryandinpractice.Usingasystematic approachandcoveringeverythingfromjudicialreviewtopubliccontracts,thisisa highlyvaluabletextforanystudentorresearcherwithaninterestinFrenchlaw. ThebookisalsoavailableasOpenAccess.
JohnBellQC(hon.),FBAisaretiredprofessoroflawattheUniversityof Cambridge.Previously,heworkedattheUniversitiesofOxfordandLeeds.He hasbeenVisitingProfessorattheUniversitiesofParis 1 andParis 2,Aix-Marseille 3, andtheUniversite ´ duMaine.
Franc¸oisLiche ` reisProfessorofpubliclawattheUniversityofJeanMoulinLyon 3.Hehastaughtadministrativelawsince 1995.Hehaspublishednumerousbooks andarticles,mainlyinthefieldofadministrativelawandpubliccontractslawin FrenchandEnglish.Heisalsoaconsultanttolawfirmsandthefounderandhead oftheChairededroitdescontratspublics.
ContemporaryFrench AdministrativeLaw
JOHNBELL
UniversityofCambridge
FRANC¸OISLICHE ` RE
Universite ´ JeanMoulinLyon 3
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Informationonthistitle: www.cambridge.org/9781316511169
doi : 10 1017/9781009057127
© JohnBellandFranc¸oisLiche ` re 2022
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Preface
TherehavebeenmanypresentationsofFrenchadministrativelawtoan English-speakingaudiencesinceDiceywrotemorethan 135 yearsago.The mostcomprehensivecoveragewaslastwrittenmorethantwentyyearsago. Oneoftheco-authorswasanauthorofthateditionofBrownandBell, French AdministrativeLaw (5thedition).Alothaschangedinthattime,notleastthe importanceoftheEuropeandimensioninFrenchlaw(anditsdeclinein Englishlaw).ItseemedbesttobothofthepresentauthorstostartacontemporarypresentationofFrenchadministrativelawfromacleanslate.
Asweexplainin Chapter 1,theimportanceofFrenchconstitutionallaw, EuropeanUnionlawandtheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightshas reshapedFrenchadministrativelawinthepastfiftyyears.Intheirturn,French administrativelawyershavealsocontributedtoshapingtheseinfluential sourcesoflaw.Frenchadministrativelawislessaself-standingbranchof lawthanitoncewas.
TheaimofthisworkistoprovideanintroductiontoFrenchadministrative law,soitisnecessarilylimitedinlength.Although Legifrance andtheConseil d’Etatwebsitesprovidesometranslationsoflegislationandcaselaw,theyare limited.Inordertogofurther,thereaderreallydoeshavetomakeuseof French-languagesources,manyofwhichareavailableelectronically.
Wehaveworkedtogetheronthedifferentchapters.Ouraimhasbeento blendFrenchrigour,systemandprinciplewithEnglishattentiontocasesand empiricism.Wehopewehavetakenthebestofbothpedagogicaltraditions andmadethemintoacoherentwhole.Wealsohopethatthiscollaboration willencouragesimilarcollaborationsbetweencolleaguesfromdifferentjurisdictionsinthefuture.
Weeachowedebtsofgratitudetovariousindividuals.Webothtookpartin anumberofmeetingsoverthebestpartofadecadeinwhichFrenchjudges
andacademicsmetwithBritishjudgesandacademics,oftensupplementedby membersoftheEuropeancourtsandsomenationaljurisdictions.These meetingsenabledustotestouttheextentofdifferencesbetweenthedifferent legaltraditionsandtounderstandcontemporarypointsofconvergenceand divergence.WearegratefulinparticulartotheformerpresidentoftheSection duContentieux,BernardStirn,whomadepossiblethesemeetings. Particularlyimportantinorganisingthosemeetingsandinshapingourideas wereMattiasGuyomar(nowoftheEuropeanCourtofHumanRights)and DuncanFairgrieve.AmongtheactiveparticipantswasLordReed,whose insightsintoBritishandEuropeanlawswasparticularlyhelpful.
JohnBellowesaparticulardebtofgratitudetoNevilleBrown,whogavea youngacademicopportunitiestoworkonFrenchlaw,andwhowasacheerful andsupportivecollaborator.WesharedmembershipofPembrokeCollege Cambridge.RogerErreragaveanopportunitytobea stagiaire intheConseil d’Etatforsixmonthsin 1986,whichprovidedthechancetounderstandhow Frenchadministrativelawoperatesinpractice.TonyBradleygavethefirst chancetowriteoncomparativeadministrativelaw,bringingcontactswith Frenchlawyersandjudges.
Franc¸oisLiche ` reowesdebttothemembersoftheConseild’Etatjust quoted,whoembodyFrenchadministrativelawandhelpedhimtobetter understandtherationaleofFrenchadministrativelaw.Heisalsoindebtedto JohnBellandDuncanFairgrieveforintroducinghimtoEnglishadministrativelaw,whichinturnhelpedhimtobetterunderstandFrenchadministrativelaw.
Wehavetriedtomakethetextaccurateupto 1 May 2021.Theproduction processintheperiodoftheCovid-19 pandemichasinevitablybeenlonger thanusual,butwehopethishasnotaffectedthecurrencyofwhatwehave written.
Abbreviations
AJDAActualite ´ JuridiqueDroitAdministratif
App.Application(totheEuropeanCourtofHuman Rights)
BrownandBellL.N.BrownandJ.Bell, FrenchAdministrative Law, 5thed.(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress, 1998)
Cassch.mixteCourdecassation,chambremixte
Cass.civ.Courdecassation,chambrecivil(withanumber indicatingwhichchamber)
CCConseilconstitutionnel
CCPCodedelacommandepublique
CCSDNCommissionconsultativedusecretdelade ´ fense nationale
CDBFCourdedisciplinebudge ´ taireetfinancie ` re
CEConseild’Etat
CEAss.Conseild’Etat,Assemble ´ eduContentieux
CEord.Conseild’Etat,ordonnancedere ´ fe ´ re ´
CESect.Conseild’Etat,SectionduContentieux
CesedaCodedel’entre ´ eetduse ´ jourdese ´ trangersetdu droitdel’asile
CESERConseile ´ conomique,socialetenvironnemental re ´ gional
CGCTCodege ´ ne ´ raldescollectivite ´ sterritoriales
CGPPPCodege ´ ne ´ raldelaproprie ´ te ´ despersonnes publiques
Chr.Chronique
CJACodedelaJusticeAdministrative
CNDACournationaledudroitd’asile
CNILConseilnationaldel’informatiqueetdesliberte ´ s concl.conclusions(ofa RapporteurPublic or(earlier) Commissairedugouvernement)
Crim.Courdecassation,chambrecriminelle
CRPACodedesRelationsentrelePublicetl’Administration
C.sante ´ pub.Codedelasante ´ publique
DRecueilDalloz
DCDe ´ cisiondeConformite ´ (Conseilconstitutionnel)
DDHCDe ´ clarationdesDroitsdel’Homme(1789)
EDCEEtudesetDocumentsduConseild’Etat
GPAWorldTradeOrganizationAgreementon GovernmentProcurement
GrandsArreˆts
P.Delvolve ´ ,M.Long,P.Weil,G.BraibantandB. Genevois, LesGrandsArreˆtsdelaJurisprudence Administratif, 22nded.(Paris:Dalloz, 2019)
GuyomarandSeillerM.GuyomarandB.Seiller, Contentieuxadministratif, 5thed.(Paris:Dalloz, 2019)
JCPJuris-ClasseurPe ´ riodique:SemaineJuridique
LDe ´ cisiondede ´ classement(Conseilconstitutionnel)
Leb.RecueilLebon(decisionsoftheConseild’Etat)
MPOMe ´ diationpre ´ alableobligatoire
OFPRAOfficefranc¸aisdeprotectiondesre ´ fugie ´ set apatrides
QPCQuestionpre ´ alabledeconstitutionalite ´ (Conseil constitutionnel)
RAPORecoursadministratifpre ´ alableobligatoire
RDPRevuedeDroitPublic
Rec.Recueildesde ´ cisionsduConseilconstitutionnel
RFDARevuefranc¸aisededroitadministratif
RfdcRevuefranc¸aisededroitconstitutionnel
SRecueilSirey
TCTribunaldesConflits
TableofCasesbyDate
FRENCHADMINISTRATIVELAWCASES(INCLUDINGTRIBUNAL DESCONFLITS)
183811 JanuaryCE Ducha ˆ tellier 259
18738 FebruaryTC Blanco 24, 140, 148, 234, 236, 251, 268
30 JulyTC Pelletier 241, 242 26 NovemberCE Pariset 187
188913 DecemberCE Cadot 64, 89
189521 JuneCE Cames 256
18995 MayCE CooketFils 156 9 DecemberTC Associationsyndicaledu CanaldeGrignac 144
19004 MayCE He´ritiersdusieurGouy 281
190129 MarchCE Casanova 157
190210 JanuaryCE Compagnienouvelledu GazdeDeville-le ` sRouen 286
19036 FebruaryCE Terrier 139, 148 11 DecemberCE Lot 155
190430 NovemberCE Allarousse 94
190520 JanuaryCE Compagnie de´partementaledeseaux 286
190621 DecemberCE Syndicatdesproprie´taires etcontribuablesdu QuartierdeCroix-deSeguey-Tivoli 156, 290 28 DecemberCE Syndicat desPatronsCoiffeursdeLimoges 157
190829 FebruaryTC Feutry 241, 243
190919 FebruaryCE Abbe ´ Olivier 196, 198 23 JulyCE Fabre ` gue 186
19104 MarchCE The ´ ron 272 11 MarchCE Compagniege ´ ne´rale franc¸aisedestramways 284
(continued)
19113 FebruaryCE Anguet 242
29 DecemberCE Chomel 214 191210 JanuaryCE VilledeSaint-E ´ tienne 280
10 MayCE Abbe ´ Boute ` yre 212, 219
31 JulyCE Socie´te ´ desgranits porphyroı¨desdesVosges 273, 275
19139 MayCE Pre´fetdel’Eure 166
19144 AprilCE Gomel 189, 201
191614 JanuaryCE Camino 93, 188–9
30 MarchCE Compagniege ´ ne´rale d’e´clairagedeBordeaux 287
191728 DecemberCE Belmont 280 191828 JuneCE Heyrie ` s 8
26 JulyCE EpouxLemonnier 242 191928 MarchCE Regnault-Desroziers 253
8 AugustCE Labonne 105, 217 19225 MayCE SieurFontan 213 192326 JanuaryCE DeRobertLafre ´ geyre 273
16 June TC Septfonds 131 30 NovemberCE Couite ´ as 257 14 DecemberCE Socie´te ´ desgrandsmoulins deCorbeil 280
19254 DecemberCE Charton 212 26 DecemberCE Rodie ` re 155, 170 192810 FebruaryCE Chambresyndicaledes proprie´tairesde Marseille 214
27 JulyCE SAdesusinesRenault 212 19295 JulyCE Ministredetravail 195 19329 DecemberCE Compagniedestramways deCherbourg 288 19338 MayTC Rosay 152
19 MayCE Benjamin 196, 198, 202 193414 MarchCE Rault 186 19358 AprilTC Actionfranc¸aise 142 19361 MayCESect. CouespeldeMesnil 96 3 JulyCE Bobard 213
23 NovemberCE Abdoulhoussan 213 193814 JanuaryCE S.A.desProduitsLaitiers ‘LaFleurette’ 259, 263
13 MayCEAss. Caisseprimaire«Aideet Protection» 145
194116 MayCE CommunedeVizille 285 1942 31 JulyCEAss. Montpeurt 145 19432 AprilCEAss. Bouguen 146
9 JulyCEAss. TabouretandLaroche 190–1
(continued)
19444 FebruaryCE Guiyesse 214
5 MayCESect. Trompier-Gravier(Dame Veuve) 225
19454 MayCE Syndicatdesentrepreneurs destransportsdela Riviera 212
26 OctoberCEAss. Aramu 210
194622 NovemberCEAss. CommunedeSaint-PriestLa-Plaine 256
194721 FebruaryCESect. Guillemet 188 20 OctoberTC Barinstein 132
18 DecemberTC Hilaire 134
194924 JuneCEAss. Daramy 254
24 JuneCEAss. Lecomte 254
18 NovemberCEAss. Carlier 143
18 NovemberCE Mimeur,Defauxand Besthelsemer 243
19502 FebruaryTC RadiodiffusionFranc¸aise 151 17 FebruaryCEAss. Ministredel’Agriculturec DameLamotte 91, 168, 227
22 FebruaryCE Socie´te ´ descimentsfranc¸ais 212
3 MarchCESect. Jamet 219 26 AprilCE Domergue 281
7 JulyCEAss. Dehaene 217
19519 MarchCESect. Socie´te ´ desconcertsdu conservatoire 215
27 AprilCEAss. Toni 199 5 July TC AvranchesetDesmarets 133
28 JulyCEAss. LaruelleandDelville 244
195230 MayCEAss. Kirkwood(Dame) 164
195313 NovemberCE Denizet 192
195429 JanuaryCEAss. InstitutionNotre-Damedu Kreisker 161
28 MayCEAss. Barel 96, 112, 190, 191, 210, 212, 230
24 JuneTC Socie´te ´ Trystram 142 20 OctoberCE Chapou 163
195511 MarchCE Coulon 93
19563 FebruaryCEAss. Keddar 188
3 FebruaryCESect. Thouzellier 254
20 AprilCESect. E ´ pouxBertin 272
20 AprilCESect. ConsortsGrimouard 273
11 JulyCEAss. AmicaledesAnnamitesde Paris 205
(continued)
19574 JanuaryCE Syndicatautonomedu personnel 302
11 JanuaryCE Louvard 186
8 MarchCESect. JalenquesdeLabeau 273
20 MarchCE
Socie´te ´ desE ´ tablissements thermauxd’Ussat-lesBains 285
22 MarchCESect. CommunedeGrigny 257
27 MarchCE Carsalade 285
27 MayCE Artaud 275
31 MayCEAss. RosanGirard 180
10 JulyCE Gervaise 15 195814 FebruaryCE Abisset 156
2 MayCEAss. DistilleriesdeMagnacLaval 286
195926 JuneCESect. Syndicatge ´ ne´raldes inge´nieurs-conseils 54, 211
18 DecemberCE FilmsLutetia 217 196012 FebruaryCE
Socie´te ´ Eky 205 196115 FebruaryCESect. Lagrange 191–2
12 MayCESect. Socie´te ´ LaHuta 92
13 JulyCE DemoiselleAchart 192
24 NovemberCEAss. EpouxLetisserand 264, 267 1962
2 MarchCEAss. RubindeServens 164
2 JulyTC ConsortsCazautets 274
13 JulyCEAss. Bre´artdeBoisanger 187
19 OctoberCEAss. Brocas 164 196322 FebruaryCESect. CommunedeGavarnie 258
28 JuneCESect. Narcy 145
8 JulyTC Socie´te ´ EntreprisePeyrot 237 196522 JanuaryCESect. Socie´te ´ dese´tablissements MichelAubrun 286 196716 JanuaryTC Socie´te ´ duve´lodromedu ParcdesPrinces 274
22 NovemberCE AGAPdePariscChevreau 196 196812 JanuaryCEAss. Ministredel’Economieet desFinancescPerrot 172
15 JanuaryTC CompagnieAirFrancec Barbier 147
26 JanuaryCESect. Socie´te ´ MaisonGenestal 231
1 MarchCESect. Syndicatge ´ ne´raldes fabricantsdesemoules deFrance 10
29 MarchCEAss. Socie´te ´ duLotissementde laPlagedePamplonne 192
24 JuneTC
Socie´te ´ Distilleries bretonnes 273
(continued)
196912 JulyCEAss. L’Etang 247
197027 FebruaryCEAss. CommunedeBozas 55
25 SeptemberCESect. CommunedeBatz-sur-Mer cTesson 257
27 NovemberCEAss. AgencemaritimeMarseilleFret 230
197119 MarchCESect. Mergui 102
21 MayCE Lacellulosed’Aquitaine 281
28 MayCEAss. VilleNouvelleEst 192
197221 JulyCESect. Legros 166
13 OctoberCESect. SAdebanque«LeCre´dit duNord» 280
20 OctoberCEAss. SteMariedel’Assomption 195
197326 JanuaryCESect. Lang 230
26 JanuaryCESect. VilledePariscDriancourt 248, 263
16 FebruaryCE Ministredel’e´quipementet dulogementcBaron 187
8 JuneCEAss. Peynet(Dame) 216, 273
6 JulyCEAss. Ministredel’e´quipementet logementcDalleau 253
26 OctoberCEAss. Sadoudi 254
26 OctoberCESect. Grassin 194
2 NovemberCEAss. LibrairieFranc¸oisMaspero 208 197422 FebruaryCEAss. Adam 194
CE 4 October CE David(Dame) 53
20 NovemberCE EpouxThonyandEpoux Hartman-Six 194
1975 13 JuneCESect. Adrasse 116
17 OctoberCESect. CommunedeCanari 289
22 OctoberCE Bergon 248 19765 MayCEAss. SAFERd’Auvergnec Bernette 200
23 JulyCE Secre´taired’EtatauxPostes etTe´le´communications 205
29 OctoberCESect. Ministredesaffaires e´trange`rescBurgat 259
12 NovemberCE Syndicatunifie ´ de radiodiffusionetde te´le´visionCFDT 218
19789 JuneCESect. Lebon 202
27 OctoberCESect. Debout 52
8 DecemberCEAss. Grouped’Informationetde SoutiendesTravailleurs Immigre ´ s
207, 211
(continued)
22 DecemberCEAss. Ministredel’Inte´rieurc Cohn-Bendit 10–11, 12, 48
29 DecemberCEAss. Darmont 247
197923 MayCE CommunedeFontenay-leFleury 292
19807 JulyTC PeschaudcGroupementdu Footballprofessionnel 146
198119 JuneCESect. Carliez 249 198223 AprilCESect. VilledeToulousec Aragnou 216, 273
7 JulyCESect. CommunedeGuidelc MmeCourtet 57
5 NovemberCESect. Socie´te ´ Prope´trol 288
19832 FebruaryCE Uniondestransports publicsurbainset re´gionaux 284
198422 JuneCE SealinkU.K.Ltd. 258
22 JuneCE Socie´te ´ Jokelsonet Handstaem 258
23 NovemberCEAss. Association‘LesVerts’ 165
19856 MayCE AssociationEurolat 284 198628 FebruaryCESect. Akhras 122
28 FebruaryCESect. Bouhanna 122, 190
12 MarchCE Ministredelaculturec MmeCusenier 158
9 JuneTC Commissairedela Re´publique pourla re´giond’Alsace 143
10 DecemberCE Lore´don 201
198713 MarchCESect. Socie´te ´ albigeoisede spectacles 155
20 MarchCE Gambus 201
27 AprilCE Comite ´ interprofessionnel duGruye`redeComte ´ 212
29 AprilCE GardedesSceauxcBanque PopulairedeStrasbourg 255
24 JuneCE Bes 187 198827 JanuaryCE Giraud 251
1 AprilCEAss. Bereciartua-Echarri 211
18 MayCE VilledeToulouse 166
21 OctoberCEAss. Fe´de´rationdesparents d’e´le`vesde l’enseignementpublic 218
23 NovemberCE Dumont 157
(continued)
19 DecemberCE Pascau 146
23 DecemberCESect. BanquedeFrancec Huberschwiller 92
19893 FebruaryCEAss. CompagnieAlitalia 11, 50, 223
20 FebruaryCE Allain 165
21 JulyCE CommunedeNoisy-leGrand 166
20 OctoberCEAss. Nicolo 11, 47, 119, 165
19906 AprilCEAss. (avis) Compagniefinancie`reet industrielledes autoroutes (COFIROUTE) 258
9 MayCE CommunedeLavaurc Lozar 180
29 JuneCEAss. GISTI 14, 164
20 JulyCE VilledeMelunet Association«Melunculture-loisirs»cVivien 146, 148
19 OctoberCESect. Ingremeau 255
26 OctoberCEAss. Fe´de´rationnationaledu commerceexte´rieurdes produitsalimentaires 119
28 DecemberCAALyon Fauvry 250 199119 AprilCEAss. Babas and Belgacem 198
26 JulyCE Fe´de´rationnationaledes syndicatsdeproducteurs autonomesd’e´lectricite ´ 199
1992 17 JanuaryCESect. Universite ´ deDijonc PicardetBrachet 191
10 AprilCEAss. E ´ pouxV 245–6, 268
11 MayTC Socie´te ´ OfficeMaraıˆcher fruitier 274
23 SeptemberCE GISTIandMRAP 165
2 NovemberCE Kherouaa 162
18 DecemberCEAss. Pre´fetdelaGirondec Mahmedi 165
19931 FebruaryCE Guillec (MetMme) 186
9 AprilCEAss. Bianchi 256, 268
9 AprilCEAss. M.D. 251, 252
15 OctoberCEAss. Royaume-Uniet Gouverneurdela ColonieRoyaledeHong Kong 166
19941 AprilCE CommunedeMenton 283
(continued)
29 AprilCEAss. Colombani 286
29 JulyCE Sanimam 166 199517 FebruaryCEAss. HardouinandMarie 162–3
24 MarchCE NiceHe´licopte ` res 263
31 MarchCESect. Lavaud 258
29 SeptemberCE AssociationGreenpeace France 165
29 DecemberCE Beucher 157 19966 FebruaryCAAParis Socie´te ´ dePromotionetde DistributionTouristique 182
25 MarchTC Pre´fetdelare´gionRho ˆ neAlpes 273
3 JulyCEAss. Kone ´ 21, 45, 208
10 JulyCEAss. Cayzeele 289
31 JulyCE Socie´te ´ deste´le´phe´riquesdu massifduMont-Blanc 286
30 OctoberCEAss. SADangeville 167
30 OctoberCEAss. Waijs(Mme)etMonnier 156
6 DecemberCEAss. Socie´te ´ Lambda 47 199728 MarchCEAss. Associationcontreleprojet autoroute transchablaisienne 195
28 March CEAss. Fe´de´rationdescomite´sde de´fensecontreletrace ´ de l’autorouteA 28 194
28 MarchCEAss. Socie´te ´ Baxter 214
12 MayTC Pre´fetdepolicedeParisc Tribunaldegrande instancedeParis 134, 160
20 JuneCESect. Theux 246
9 JulyCESect. Socie´te ´ Ekin 53, 208–9
20 OctoberTC ParisRacingIcFe´de´ration franc¸aisedefootball 151
3 NovemberCESect. Socie´te ´ MillionetMarais 47
29 DecemberCE Socie´te ´ civiledesNe ´ oPolders 288 199811 MarchCE Ministredel’Inte`rieurc Auger(Mme) 180–1
13 MarchCESect. Ame ´ on 246
27 MarchCESect. Socie´te ´ d’assurances la Nantaiseetl’Angevine re´unies 284
29 AprilCE CommunedeHannapes 246
20 MayCE Communaute ´ de communesduPie´mont deBarr 296
