Main Challenges in Poultry Farming. Escherichia coli

PRESENTATION

BROCHURE

EN AVICULTURA MAINPRINCIPALES CHALLENGESRET IN P S ULTRY FARMING

C libacillosis Catherine M. Logue Nicolle L. Barbieri Lisa K. Nolan Luke B Borst Jean-Pierre Vaillancourt

PY096061_Ecoli_in_Poultry_COVER.indd 1

30/6/20 14:32

MAIN CHALLENGES IN POULTRY FARMING

Colibacillosis

EN AVICULTURA MAINPRINCIPALES CHALLENGESRET IN P S ULTRY FARMING

C libacillosis Catherine M. Logue Nicolle L. Barbieri Lisa K. Nolan Luke B Borst Jean-Pierre Vaillancourt

PY096061_Ecoli_in_Poultry_COVER.indd 1

This guide introduces the reader to the pathogenesis and epidemiology of colibacillosis in poultry, the virulence of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli, and the various disease syndromes of colibacillosis with photographic examples; and discusses the diagnosis of disease and potential control measures that can be implemented at the farm and flock level.

30/6/20 14:32

TARGET AUDIENCE:

✱ Production animal vets. Poultry ✱ Animal production technicians ✱ Veterinary students ESTIMATED RETAIL PRICE FORMAT: 17 × 11 cm NUMBER OF PAGES: 62 approx.

NUMBER OF IMAGES: 32–95 BINDING: Softcover, wire-o ESTIMATED PUBLISHING DATE: April 2021

€30

Authors CATHERINE M. LOGUE PhD, MIFST. Professor in the Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia.

LISA K. NOLAN DVM, PhD. Georgia Athletics Association distinguished professor and dean of the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia.

NICOLLE L. BARBIERI PhD. Assistant professor in the Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia.

LUKE B BORST DVM, PhD, DACVP. Associate professor at the College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University.

JEAN-PIERRE VAILLANCOURT DMV, PhD. Professor at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada.

KEY FEATURES:

➜ ➜ ➜ ➜

Overview of colibacillosis and avian pathogenic E. coli Short text-based approach Numerous photographic examples of the various disease syndromes Small and easy-to-handle format, quick reference in daily practice

Colibacillosis

Presentation of the book Colibacillosis is a devastating disease of poultry caused entirely or partly by the organism avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). Disease syndromes associated with APEC vary from localized to systemic infections and threaten one of the world’s most important sources of protein. The general consensus is that the economic impact of colibacillosis on the poultry industry worldwide is significant, greatly affecting production at many levels from hatchery to finished product and resulting in whole or partial losses due to carcass condemnation at slaughter, loss of production, or death losses. Many different forms of colibacillosis have been reported including colisepticemia, air sac disease, cellulitis, swollen head syndrome, and salpingitis, among others. Early schools of thought suggested that APEC infection was secondary to other predisposing conditions such as viral disease, respiratory stress, or poorly controlled ammonia levels in barns; however, newer studies have demonstrated that APEC can also be a primary pathogen that is well developed to cause disease in its avian host.

The goal of this guide is to provide the reader with an overview of colibacillosis and APEC. The authors of this guide are among the world’s foremost experts in colibacillosis and APEC-associated disease and, drawing on decades of experience in research, diagnostics, and education, they provide their unique and valuable insight into the disease, the pathogen, and its impact on the poultry industry. This guide introduces the reader to the pathogenesis and epidemiology of colibacillosis, the virulence of APEC, and the various disease syndromes of colibacillosis with photographic examples; and discusses the diagnosis of disease and potential control measures that can be implemented at the farm and flock level.

Using a graphic resource and short text-based approach, this guide will be valuable to veterinarians in the field, researchers, and poultry producers worldwide.

The authors Catherine M. Logue Dr. Logue received her PhD from the University of Ulster, United Kingdom, specializing in meat microbiology. From 1999 to 2011, she was a faculty member in the Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences at North Dakota State University, rising through the ranks to full professor. In 2011, she joined Iowa State University as a professor of microbiology in the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine. In 2017, she joined the University of Georgia as a professor of microbiology in the Department of Population Health.

Dr. Logue specializes in the detection and characterization of foodborne pathogens from food animal sources and antimicrobial resistance of these organisms and has extensive research programs in pathogens of human and animal health. She has published more than 100 research articles, book chapters, and reviews.

Nicolle L. Barbieri Dr. Barbieri received her PhD in cell and molecular biology, specializing in molecular microbiology, from the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. She is an assistant professor in the Department of Population Health at the University of Georgia.

Dr. Barbieri is specialized in extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), which encompass avian pathogenic, uropathogenic, and neonatal meningitis E. coli. She has been studying their characteristics, virulence gene prevalence, drug resistance, and role in pathogenesis by using molecular biology tools to elucidate the relationship with their host. She has published more than 20 research articles and book chapters. Currently, her research focuses on antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors in ExPEC of poultry isolates and on investigating the molecular basis for biofilm formation as well as their relationship with human pathogens.

Lisa K. Nolan Dr. Nolan earned her DVM and PhD from the University of Georgia. Currently, she is the Georgia Athletics Association distinguished professor and dean of the University of Georgia’s College of Veterinary Medicine. Prior to joining UGA, she served as chair of the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine at Iowa State University’s College of Veterinary Medicine. She was also the founding director of the Great Plains Institute of Food Safety at North Dakota State University.

Colibacillosis

Dr. Nolan has received several honors over the course of her career, including being named a Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology and an honorary diplomate of the American Veterinary Epidemiology Society.

Her research focuses on bacterial diseases that impact animal health, human health, and food safety. In particular, her primary focus has been on the Escherichia coli that cause avian colibacillosis and human urinary tract infections and neonatal meningitis.

Luke B. Borst Dr. Borst received his DVM from the University of Illinois and is a board-certified veterinary pathologist with a PhD in microbial pathogenesis from the same university. In 2009, he joined North Carolina State University as an assistant professor and, in 2016, he was promoted to associate professor in the Department of Population Health and Pathobiology. He divides his time performing diagnostic necropsy and histopathology service, teaching veterinary students, residents, and veterinarians, and cultivating a thriving research program.

Dr. Borst’s research seeks to understand how host and bacterial interactions contribute to clinical disease in poultry. He has published more than 70 research articles, book chapters, and reviews. His laboratory studies the molecular basis for virulence in emerging pathogenic strains of Enterococcus cecorum, the cause of “kinky back” in chickens, and the complex interactions of avian pathogenic E. coli and Enterococcus spp. during extraintestinal infection.

Jean-Pierre Vaillancourt

Dr. Vaillancourt has authored numerous publications including peer-reviewed papers, book chapters, and books. In 1997, he received the Bayer-Snoeyenbos New Investigator Award from the American Association of Avian Pathologists and, in 2004, he received The Lamplighter Award from the US Poultry & Egg Association for his contributions on infectious disease research and biosecurity. In 2019, the French government made him Knight of the Order of Agricultural Merit. He has served as director of the Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health Research Unit and as associate director of the Public Health Research Institute of the University of Montreal.

hkeita/shutterstock.com

Dr. Vaillancourt received his DMV from the University of Montreal, Canada, and his PhD from the University of Minnesota. He is currently a professor at the College of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Montreal. He has held faculty positions at the University of Guelph, Canada, and North Carolina State University.

Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Etiology 3. Epidemiology Distribution and prevalence Risk factors Protective factors

4. Pathogenesis Virulence factors

5. Clinical signs and lesions Omphalitis/yolk sac infection Cellulitis Swollen head syndrome Diarrheal disease Venereal colibacillosis Salpingitis/peritonitis/salpingoperitonitis Orchitis/epididymitis/epididymo-orchitis Colisepticemia Respiratory colisepticemia Enteric origin colisepticemia Hemorrhagic septicemia Neonatal septicemia Colisepticemia in layers and turkey breeders Colisepticemia in ducks Other lesions

6. Diagnosis 7. Control Acting on risk factors Sanitation and other biosecurity measures Treatment Antibiotics Alternatives to antibiotics

References

Editorial Servet

■

Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 Centro Empresarial El Trovador planta 8, oficina 50002 Zaragoza, Spain

■

+34 976 461 480

EN AVICULTURA MAINPRINCIPALES CHALLENGESRET IN P S ULTRY FARMING

C libacillosis Catherine M. Logue Nicolle L. Barbieri Lisa K. Nolan Luke B Borst Jean-Pierre Vaillancourt

PY096061_Ecoli_in_Poultry_COVER.indd 1

30/6/20 14:32

1

Introduction

Colibacillosis

Definition The term colibacillosis is used to describe any localized or systemic infection caused entirely or partly by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). In poultry, colibacillosis often occurs secondary to some predisposing condition when host defenses are impaired.

However, APEC can cause primary disease that is often associated with E. coli that are especially well equipped to cause disease. APEC are members of a pathotype of E. coli known as extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) that cause disease outside the intestinal tract.

Regardless of host species or tissue of origin, ExPEC share common characteristics that enable them to have an extraintestinal lifestyle.1

4

Colibacillosis is arguably one of the most important bacterial diseases of poultry, affecting all facets of poultry production and putting at risk one of the world’s most affordable sources of high-quality protein.

01_Introduction_PILOT.indd 4

7/7/20 9:29

INTRODUCTION

Synonyms Syndromes of disease associated with colibacillosis are diverse and include colisepticemia, hemorrhagic septicemia, coligranuloma (Hjarre’s disease), airsacculitis, swollen head syndrome, venereal colibacillosis, coliform cellulitis, peritonitis (Fig. 1), salpingitis (Fig. 2), orchitis, osteomyelitis/synovitis (including turkey osteomyelitis complex), panophthalmitis, omphalitis/yolk sac infection, and enteritis.

5

Figure 1. Peritonitis in a layer.

01_Introduction_PILOT.indd 5

Figure 2. Salpingitis in a layer.

7/7/20 9:29

1

Introduction

Colibacillosis

Economic significance

In the US, 2018 data reported 5.91 billion pounds (2.68 billion kg) of poultry meat produced in August consisting of 0.24% antemortem and 0.83% postmortem condemnations, of which septicemia and airsacculitis were the most significant causes of loss (Fig. 3). Studies report that flocks with airsacculitis at processing were found in general to have lower average body weights (84 g/bird), more slaughter processing errors, and Campylobacter and fecal contamination.2

Loss (%)

Despite APEC’s importance in poultry production, no current studies accurately define the economic significance of colibacillosis worldwide.

60

50.8%

40

Airsacculitis Septicemia

35%

20 0

6

Turkeys

Chickens

Figure 3. Postmortem condemnations of turkey and chicken carcasses in the US related to airsacculitis and septicemia.

01_Introduction_PILOT.indd 6

7/7/20 9:29

INTRODUCTION

Data from European countries collected between 1997 and 2000 showed that the incidence of APEC infection in Belgium in diseased or dead broilers, layers, and breeders was 17.7%, 38.6%, and 26.9% respectively.3 In Denmark, APEC is a frequent cause of mortality in organic layer flocks and confined flocks on deep litter,4 and a Dutch study found that E. coli peritonitis syndrome in egg-producing farms resulted in losses of €0.28 per hen housed for caged layers and €1.87 per hen housed for meat-type breeders.5

7

Public health significance Poultry are recognized as a significant source of such pathogens as Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Clostridium spp., and Staphylococcus spp. Although poultry are not considered a significant source of shigatoxin producing E. coli (STEC), strains such as E. coli O157:H7 have been isolated from poultry and poultry products on occasion.6

01_Introduction_PILOT.indd 7

7/7/20 9:29

1

Introduction

Colibacillosis

In addition, studies suggest that APEC-contaminated poultry and eggs are a potential food-borne reservoir of ExPEC that cause human urinary tract infections, meningitis, and other extraintestinal diseases.7 These observations are based on genetic similarities that APEC and human ExPEC share in genomic sequences, serogroups, virulence genotypes, phylogenetic types, plasmid content, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and abilities to cause disease using in vitro and in vivo human disease models.8–11 Lending further weight to this hypothesis is evidence that retail poultry meat harbors E. coli that are genetically closer to APEC and human ExPEC than to commensal E. coli from the feces of birds at slaughter. Such similarities are related to virulence plasmid content—a defining trait of the APEC pathotype.12–14

01_Introduction_PILOT.indd 8

8

7/7/20 9:29

INTRODUCTION

The plasmids of APEC have been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of colibacillosis15 and are transmissible by conjugation from APEC to other pathogens of human health significance16 including Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky, which contains APEC-like plasmids.17 Additionally, APEC plasmids can harbor multidrug-resistance (MDR)-encoding islands or co-transfer with large MDR-encoding R plasmids resulting in potential spread of resistance to other organisms.

9

Poultry must be considered as a potential reservoir of ExPEC strains and/or plasmid-linked virulence and resistance genes potentially contributing to the pathogenesis and disease outcomes of ExPEC and other human pathogens.

01_Introduction_PILOT.indd 9

7/7/20 9:29

The publishing strength of Grupo AsĂ­s Grupo AsĂ­s, with its imprints Servet and Edra, has become one of the reference publishing companies in the health science field worldwide. More than 15 years of experience in the publishing of contents guarantees the quality of its work. With a wide national and international distribution, the books in its catalogue are present in many different countries and have been translated into nine languages to date: English, French, Portuguese, German, Italian, Turkish, Japanese, Russian and Chinese.

Its identifying characteristic is a large multidisciplinary team formed by doctors and graduates in Health Sciences and Fine Arts, and specialised designers with a great knowledge of the sector in which they work. Every book is subject to thorough technical and linguistic reviews and analyses, which allow the creation of works with a unique design and excellent contents.

Centro Empresarial El Trovador, planta 8, oficina I Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 • 50002 Zaragoza (España) Tel.: +34 976 461 480 • Fax: +34 976 423 000 • www.grupoasis.com