Biosecurity and pathogen control for pig farms

PRESENTATION

BROCHURE

BIOSECURITY AND PATHOGEN CONTROL FOR PIG FARMS.

UPDATED EDITION: SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON AFRICAN SWINE FEVER John Carr

Biosecurity and Pathogen Control for Pig Farms.

Updated Edition: Special Emphasis on African Swine Fever

BIOSECURITY AND PATHOGEN CONTROL FOR PIG FARMS.

UPDATED EDITION: SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON AFRICAN SWINE FEVER John Carr

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This book provides real guidelines on swine biosecurity methods, and it will be useful to veterinary surgeons, teachers and advisors as well as students who will provide for tomorrow’s industry.

The format is deliberate to provide the farmer and advisor with an easy reference source with quick fixes; it is more of a “how to” than a textbook. Many of the pages can be used by farmers as advice sheets which can be used around the farm to provide rapid and useful information on pathogen control.

TARGET AUDIENCE:

✱ Production animal vets. Swine ✱ Animal production technicians ✱ Veterinary students FORMAT: 11 x 20 cm NUMBER OF PAGES: 146 NUMBER OF IMAGES: 200 BINDING: hardcover, wire-o ISBN: 9788418339257

28/8/20 15:07

ESTIMATED

RETAIL PRICE

€40

ESTIMATED PUBLISHING DATE:

December 2020

Author JOHN CARR Qualified as a veterinarian by the University of Liverpool. PhD in urinary tract problems of pigs in Liverpool, where he specialised in microbiology and pathology. John runs a consultancy practice with clients in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia and Africa.

KEY FEATURES:

➜ This book provides real guidelines on swine biosecurity methods. ➜ Written by a renowned specialist in maintaining the health of pigs. ➜ This updated edition specifically assist in the control and elimination of the African swine fever outbreaks. ➜ Easy reference resource.

Presentation of the book This updated edition is released to help in the struggle against the African swine fever outbreaks which have significant impact on the global pig industry. There are very few books on biosecurity and this one details the subject explaining why, but more seriously providing practical advice on how to complete a review of the biosecurity measures required on a modern pig farm.

The particular need at the moment is to assist in the control of African swine fever outbreaks which are threatening many pigs on the planet. Farmers, veterinary surgeons and other advisors will need an easy resource to enhance their biosecurity, because there are always pathogens lurking around the corner.

This book provides real guidelines to follow, and it will be useful to veterinary surgeons, professors and advisors teaching biosecurity methods as well as students who will provide for tomorrow’s industry. While this book is written for the pig industry, its principles are equally applicable to poultry and aquaculture but also to cattle feedlot and sheep production. The principles should be used in all aspects of population animal production from zoos to apiaries and kennels.

The format is deliberate to provide the farmer and advisor with an easy reference source with quick fixes; it is more of a “how to� than a textbook. Many of the pages have been used by farmers as posters or advice sheets for the staff. The principles discussed in this book represent the cornerstone towards an antibiotic-free farming concept.

John Carr

Biosecurity and Pathogen Control for Pig Farms. Updated Edition

The author Dr. John Carr John started learning the ropes about pigs at the age of 11. He qualified as a veterinarian in 1982 by the University of Liverpool. After five years in general practice he returned to university to complete a Leverhulme residency in pigs and a PhD in urinary tract problems of pigs in Liverpool, where he specialised in microbiology and pathology.

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He has taught production medicine to veterinary surgeons and farmers throughout the world through positions at several universities in the United Kingdom (University of Liverpool and the Royal Veterinary College of London), the United States of America (North Carolina State University and Iowa State University), and in Western Australia at Murdoch University. John runs a consultancy practice with clients in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia and Africa. John specialised in maintaining the health of pigs through promoting excellence in stockmanship and production practices while controlling the cost of production. He has published several books and more than 200 refereed and non refereed scientific papers.

Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Main pathogens of pigs Parasites of pigs External parasites Internal parasites

Bacteria in pigs

How can bacteria make a pig sick?

Basic swine bacteriology

Viruses of pigs

Viruses - How do they cause disease?

Outbreak of African swine fever

Main disorders of pigs by age/group

3. How do pathogens get into your farm?

Three zone farming Considerations in the design of the outer security perimeter Monitoring the perimeter fence Perimeter fence openings Respect the perimeter fence Location: pathogen movement from a farm Loading area Ensuring the incoming stock is of the correct health status How many animals do we need to test?

Selection of specimens Examination of isolation premises prior to the delivery of animals Boar or gilt introduction.

The isolation quarters are run as strict all-in/ all-out Use of farm materials to stabilise farm immunity.

Feedback.

Isolation and acclimatisation.

What does all-in/all-out mean?

Pathogens that might be transmitted through semen Disposal of dead pigs

Truck routines

Truck cleaning problems Transport inspection check list Transport hygiene check list

Vermin control measures

Rodent control Bird control Fly and mosquito control

Reducing and controlling people’s risks Visitor entry procedures

Hand-washing protocol Hand hygiene assessment using ultraviolet (uv) light Visitors’ book Biosecurity– visitor dress code Shower room protocols Shower room hygiene Problems with the shower

Straw and bedding Machine and equipment purchases Bringing food into the farm Air filtration Biosecurity checking

4. Reducing pathogens on the farm Controlling today’s number one risk: the compromised pig Hospital pen records

Hospital pen design What to do with compromised pigs All-in/all-out (AIAO) Pig flow Disinfectant management: foot baths Cleaning a room between batches Internal biosecurity between batches Set up/cleaning report Fumigation Application of lime wash Medicine refrigerator set up The use of vaccines in pigs Feed hygiene to reduce contamination Feed bulk bins

Partial depopulation: the basics Animal movements

5. Elimination of pathogens from farms Depopulation/repopulation Depopulation procedures Cleaning protocols

African swine fever outbreak Slaughterhouse cleaning-up, depopulation and repopulation protocol

Hysterectomy and moving piglets to a new farm Segregated early weaning Partial depopulation Vaccination and testing and removing Herd closure and pathogen exposure Medication programmes

Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 Centro Empresarial El Trovador planta 8, oficina 50002 Zaragoza, Spain

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+34 976 461 480

BIOSECURITY AND PATHOGEN CONTROL FOR PIG FARMS.

UPDATED EDITION: SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON AFRICAN SWINE FEVER John Carr

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3 How do pathogens get into your farm?

UPDATED EDITION: SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON AFRICAN SWINE FEVER

STRAW AND BEDDING

BRINGING FOOD INTO THE FARM

• All bedding materials must come from named sources or agree

Ideally, food should not be allowed to enter the farm. If it is abso-

next point with agent.

lutely necessary to introduce food into the farm, this food must

• All straw must be obtained from fields where no pig manure has been spread, except from the recipient unit only.

• Straw should be delivered to the unit in trucks not used to transport pigs. Use wood shavings when transporting pigs. Note wood shavings can carry avian tuberculosis.

• All straw should be stored on 10 cm of sand covered with a polythene sheet to reduce rodent infestation. Place rodenticide at the base of the straw in drain pipes and replenish as necessary.

• All mouldy or damp bedding must be carefully judged whether it is suitable for use. If necessary it may be better to dispose of

be safe.

The following suggestions regarding food should be followed:

• Do not feed products containing pork to pigs.

• Food must be obtained from suppliers who can guarantee the absence of pork.

• • • •

the straw. Consult your veterinary surgeon for advice.

• Note mouldy straw can be a hazard to human health. If the

Food needs to be cooked.

Using only processed food in tin cans is recommended.

Food should be disinfected through an ozone room.

Grow vegetables on the farm in order to reduce the risk. a

b

c

d

straw is dusty, face masks should be worn. a

b

Figure 47. Straw stacks need rodent control programmes. (b) Pigs with wood shavings.

Fig 48. (a) Avoid buying food in markets where meat and vegetable are both sold (b) Avoid meat markets. (c) Vegetables grown on a farm. (d) Staff should not walk on items coming into the farm including feed bags (human or pig).

MACHINE AND EQUIPMENT PURCHASES All equipment that is going to be in contact with the animals must be purchased new and without any previous contact with other animals. All equipment must look new on arrival and be clean, otherwise its entry to the farm must be refused. On no account must equipment be loaned to other farms.

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BIOSECURITY AND PATHOGEN CONTROL FOR PIG FARMS.

3 How do pathogens get into your farm?

UPDATED EDITION: SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON AFRICAN SWINE FEVER

AIR FILTRATION

BIOSECURITY CHECKING

Effective high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration of the air can provide an additional level of biosecurity against bacterial

This photo gallery may be used as a visual guide while

and viral pathogens. These air filtration systems can reduce the

walking the farm.

risk of airborne pathogens entering the farm buildings by their

a

ability to remove particles that are 0.3 µm in diameter.

b

The management and replacement of the filter represents a vital part of the biosecurity strategy to avoid the negative effect of particles becoming trapped in the HEPA filter. The use of air filtration systems should be part of the effective ventilation system which should work under all weather conditions that may expe-

Figure 50. Location of farm. (a) Too close to another farm. (b) Is there a major road near the farm?

rience the building.

The biosecurity advantages that this filtration system provides

a

will be dismissed if anything is able to bypass it. Examples can

b

include keeping the door open in the summer to assist cooling or any damage or leakage of the roof caused by the snow. In addition, when the air filtration system is being fitted, the building and the animals inside are vulnerable to any pathogens in the air at that time, so the replacement needs to be organized and well Figure 51. Perimeter of farm. (a) Fencing needs to be adequate right round the farm. (b) Signs and adequate gating.

planned, for example in the summer on a dry hot day. a

b

c

Figure 49. (a) Air filtration system being examined. (b) Air filtration old filters being replaced (biosecurity risk). (c) Air filtration system failure associated with roof damage caused by a weather event.

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3 How do pathogens get into your farm?

UPDATED EDITION: SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON AFRICAN SWINE FEVER

a

b

a

b

c

d

c

d

e

f

e

Figure 52. Internal biosecurity. (a) Feed delivery from off farm. Do not allow feed wagons on farm. (b) Feed storage: bagged food should not be stored on the floor. (c) Water storage. (d) Manure storage and disposal. (e) Rodent control, too much rubbish.

g Figure 53. (a) Hospital pen location. (b) Cleaning protocols: batching. (c) Knacker man. (d) Isolation facilities and location. (e, f) Loading facilities. (g) Animal truck.

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4 Reducing pathogens on the farm

UPDATED EDITION: SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON AFRICAN SWINE FEVER

CONTROLLING TODAY’S NUMBER ONE RISK: THE COMPROMISED PIG

• Pigs in this pen should be examined a minimum of twice daily

HOSPITAL PEN RECORDS

• Pigs in the sick pen may need a companion.

• Each hospital pen should be of adequate size to hold up to

and the hospital pen records should be completed.

• All hospital pen pigs should be tagged and treated as individuals on entry.

Any compromised pig should be immediately isolated in a hos-

ten pigs.

pital pen and medicated as required. If it does not respond to the treatment within a week, it should be slaughtered. If there is a rise in the number of sudden deaths or any coughing, then the herd

a

b

veterinary surgeon should be notified immediately.

Date started

Animal number

Disease condition

Treatment

Response days after start ✗ = still sick ✓ = recovered 1

5

14

Figure 1. (a) Hospital pen for nursery and growing pigs. (b) Hospital pen for adults.

Figure 2. Hospital pen design.

HOSPITAL PEN DESIGN • Deep dry straw bedding covering a non-slip, insulated concrete floor.

Kennelled area

• Good draught-free ventilation. The provision of a kennelled area should be available.

• Provide an individual feeder, which is hand filled twice daily.

Cut section to show drinker

There should never be a lot of food in the feeders so that in-feed medication is possible.

• Provide a bowl drinker which is set at 30 cm above the ground

Bowl drinker

for pigs of 20 kg and above. This drinker should be fed from a separate header tank to enable easy medication if necessary.

Individual feeder

• Design easy entry and exit points which do not necessitate

Easy access

lifting of the animal over steps.

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WHAT TO DO WITH COMPROMISED PIGS

a

b

It would be recommended for pig farmers to to belong to a well-stablished suckling pig market in order to sale the nursery pigs as soon as possible in case of emergency.

To send to slaughter, all growing/finishing pigs must be over 60

Figure 4. (a) Broken leg. (b) Swollen joint.

kg in weight and have a body condition score of 3 or greater.

If their body condition score is less than 3, treat or destroy. All

a

hospitalised pigs must be identified with a numbered ear tag. All

b

medication withdrawal periods must be complied with.

Figure 3. Decision tree towards care and management of compromised pigs.

Examine Pig

Fractured bone.

Severely infected joint.

Multiple infected joints.

Middle ear disease and the pig cannot walk unaided.

Figure 5. (a) Broken back. (b) Hock sores.

Destroy the pig

Unable to use back legs.

Hernia in contact with the ground and/or skin damaged.

Tail bitten: abscessed.

Rectal prolapse greater Tail bitten: base of spine than 15 cm. exposed.

Rectal stricture.

Tail bitten and lame.

Other conditions – separate into hospital pen.

Becomes worse

7 day no response

Destroy the pig

Destroy the pig

7 day some response

14 day no response

Destroy the pig

Figure 6. Bush foot.

a

7 day response

14 day response

Sell the pig as soon as possible

Figure 7. (a) Tail bitten: severe. (b) Fresh with no infection.

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b

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UPDATED EDITION: SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON AFRICAN SWINE FEVER

a

a

b

c

b

Figure 11. (a) Rectal prolapse. (b) Rectal stricture.

Figure 8. (a) Open wounds. (b) Flank biting. (c) Beaten up pig.

Figure 12. Pneumonia.

a

b a

b

c c

Figure 13. (a) Thin pig. (b) PDNS. (c) Kinky back.

Figure 9. (a) Ear haematoma. (b) Ear crumpled. (c) Middle ear infection.

Hospitalised pigs need accurate identification in antibiotics-free Figure 10. Any pig with a hernia that is bigger than 30 cm should be destroyed. Send pigs with large hernias to the cutter market at 70 kg rather than trying to get them to bacon weights.

farms.

All pigs which present with a condition that makes them unlikely to be slaughtered for human consumption should be destroyed as soon as this decision is reached. It is essential that the appropriate therapy is used for each condition and that all pigs are slaughtered after the relevant withdrawal period has elapsed.

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ALL-IN/ALL-OUT (AIAO)

EFFECTS OF POOR AIAO

Why AIAO? It does depend on where you start, but this gives

a

b

c

d

you a guide:

• 7-12 % improvement in ADG and FCR. 50 % reduction in post-weaning mortality. 50 % reduction in the medicine bill.

• 100 % improvement in the stockpeople’s morale.

• Pathogen control. PRRSV control is not possible without AIAO. • Farrowing house variability must be eliminated. Farrowing output must be batched.

• Correct (legal) stocking density: 0.3 m2 for 30 kg pigs, or 0.65–1 m2 for finishing pigs to 110 kg live weight.

The room is cleaned and disinfected before the batch of pigs

Figure 15. (a, b) Diarrhoea 3 days post weaning. (c) Mixed ages. (d) Empty pens.

enters the building. No additional pigs are added to the room/ batch until all the pigs are removed. The building is cleaned, disinfected and rested. Filling even the next day is not accept-

AIAO is about the whole area: pigs, building, equipment and

able: the new pigs enter a building that is not clean (this is

medicines (Fig. 14).

continuous flow).

Ensure each offspring is farmed in the correct batch. Altering weaning age to cover up a hole in the production is considered fraud.

a

b

AIAO starts in the farrowing house. The farm plan runs like a river from a lake: it is important to remove the rapids.

If you cannot do AIAO:

• Mark/tag pigs which enter after the first batch and note production effects.

• On one farm, the mortality post-weaning was: 2 % first group, c

d

5 % second group and 10 % third group.

PIG FLOW The key to pig flow is that all outputs are in batches: the basis of AIAO. One batch is the number of weaners that are required to completely fill the wean-to-finish room (batch). There are 6 major Figure 14. (a) AIAO by water. (b) AIAO by feed. (c) AIAO by floor. (d) AIAO by air.

batch time intervals used on modern pig farms: weaning twice a week, once a week, every 10 days, every 2, 3, 4 or 5 weeks.

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