Pet Owner Educational Atlas. Feline Species

Pet Owner Educational Atlas

Feline Species Reviewed: Ma Luisa Palmero Colado

The veterinary publishing company small ANIMALS

Pet Owner Educational Atlas

FElinE SPEciES Reviewed: Ma Luisa Palmero Colado

Pet Owner Educational Atlas Feline Species Technical specifications Author: Servet, reviewed by Marisa Palmero Colado.

Format: 22 x 28 cm.

Number of pages: 76.

Binding: Hardcover.

Publishing Company: Servet.

Year: 2014.

ebook

available

This illustrated book is intended to assist vets in their communication with cat owners. Following the idea of the previous volumes dedicated to surgery and parasites, these drawings will help vets to give information to their clients about their cat's anatomical, physiological and pathological features, as well as the techniques and treatments used in veterinary practice.

Objective and scope of the book Each of the charts that make up this book has been thought to help veterinary surgeons transmit information in different fields and specialties of feline medicine to their clients, and includes small explanatory texts and tables that summarise the main concepts of interest.

The clarity and precision of the drawings, designed to facilitate and reduce the time dedicated to giving explanations to owners, and the easy handling of the atlas thanks to the binding and finish chosen, turn it into another clinical tool.

Aimed at veterinary surgeons, students, teachers and other professionals in the veterinary sector.

Centro Empresarial El Trovador, planta 8, oficina I - Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 • 50002 Zaragoza - España Tel.: 976 461 480 • Fax: 976 423 000 • pedidos@grupoasis.com • Grupo Asís Biomedia, S.L.

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Marisa Palmero Colado Curriculum vitae She graduated in Veterinary Medicine from the Complutense University of Madrid in 1994.

Member and co-founder of the Gattos cat clinic.

She obtained the General Practitioner Certificate in Feline Practice from the European School of Veterinary Postgraduate Studies (ESVPS) in 2011. She is a member of the International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM), the American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP), the Spanish Association of Small Animal Veterinary Practitioners (AVEPA), the Madrid Association of Companion Animal Veterinary Surgeons and of the Scientific Committee of the AVEPA Working Group of Specialists in Feline Medicine (GEMFE).

She is the author of several clinical cases and original articles published in national journals of internal medicine and feline medicine and the co-author of the book Enfermedades Infecciosas Felinas, published in 2010.

She has been a speaker at national and international congresses and gives lectures at a national level. Her main areas of interest within the field of feline medicine are infectious diseases, internal medicine and diagnostic imaging.

Centro Empresarial El Trovador, planta 8, oficina I - Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 • 50002 Zaragoza - España Tel.: 976 461 480 • Fax: 976 423 000 • pedidos@grupoasis.com • Grupo Asís Biomedia, S.L.

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Pet Owner Educational Atlas. Feline Species TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ANATOMY

Nasopharyngeal polyps

Cat skeleton. Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Cat muscles

Arterial thromboembolism

2. MAIN CONDITIONS BY SYSTEM Musculoskeletal system Lesions of the mandible Osteoarthritis. Degenerative joint disease Hip dysplasia

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Feline asthma Pneumothorax Pleural effusion Traumatic and peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia

Sacroccygeal luxation

Endocrine system

Urogenital system

Feline diabetes

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) Systemic hypertension (SH)

Hyperthyroidism Obesity

Obstruction of the ureter

Skin and adnexa

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

Structures of the skin in cats

Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) Obstructive and non-obstructive.

Characteristics of claws

Perineal urethrostomy

Feline hypersensitivity. Allergies

The oestrus cycle in female cats

Feline eosinophilic granuloma complex

Neutering in females and males

Alopecia

Pyometra. Infection of the uterus

Idiopathic facial dermatitis in Persian cats

Mammary tumours

Dermatophytosis

Cardiorespiratory system

Feline notoedric mange

Cardiorespiratory system Feline brachycephaly

Feline acne

Otitis caused by Otodectes cynotis Cutaneous tumours. Squamous cell carcinoma and fibrosarcoma Ectoparasites in cats

Centro Empresarial El Trovador, planta 8, oficina I - Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 • 50002 Zaragoza - España Tel.: 976 461 480 • Fax: 976 423 000 • pedidos@grupoasis.com • Grupo Asís Biomedia, S.L.

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Digestive system

3. INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Cat teeth. Deciduous and permanent teeth

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)

Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion (FORL)

Feline leukemia (FeLV)

Feline chronic gingivostomatitis

Feline immunodeficiency (FIV)

Toxoplasmosis

Feline panleukopaenia

Feline gastrointestinal inflammatory disease

Feline rhinotracheitis. Herpesvirus

Toxoplasmosis Hepatic lipidosis Cholangitis Pancreatitis and triaditis

Feline calcivirus Feline chlamydophilosis

4. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES

Intestinal obstruction caused by trichobezoars.

Fur balls

Bone marrow aspiration technique

Megacolon

Thoracic drainage. Thoracostomy and thoracentesis

Nervous system Central, peripheral and autonomous nervous system

Eyes Structures of the eye Corneal ulcers and keratitis. Surgical treatment of severe ulcers

Urethral catheterisation and cystocentesis

Feeding tubes Cerebrospinal fluid extraction How to administer drugs

5. BEHAVIOUR AND MANAGEMENT Postures and expressions in cats Neonate management

Centro Empresarial El Trovador, planta 8, oficina I - Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 • 50002 Zaragoza - España Tel.: 976 461 480 • Fax: 976 423 000 • pedidos@grupoasis.com • Grupo Asís Biomedia, S.L.

8

PET OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS. CATS

2

Cat muscles 3

4

14

7

5 1

6

13

12

8

15

1.

16 17 19 18

20 2

21 9

22 10

28 29

11 23

34

30

35

31 32 39

36

25

37

27

26

24

Muscles of the face Temporal muscle

Levator anguli oculi medialis muscle Levator nasolabialis muscle

9.

10.

11.

12.

38

33

Obicularis oculi muscle

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Cervicoauricularis superficialis muscle

Parotidoauricularis muscle

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

Orbicularis oris muscle Malaris muscle

Zygomaticus muscle

Masseter muscle

Depressor labii inferioris muscle Depressor labii superioris muscle

37.

38.

39.

Brachiocephalic muscle (cleidocephalicus and cleidobrachialis) Sternocephalic muscle Trapezius muscle (cervical part) Trapezius muscle (thoracic part) Deltoid muscle Omotransversarius muscle Latissimus dorsi muscle Triceps brachii muscle (long head) Triceps brachii muscle (lateral head) Deep pectoral muscle Abdominal external oblique muscle Abdominal internal oblique muscle Thoracolumbar fascia Sartorius muscle Tensor fasciae latae muscle Gluteus medius muscle Gluteus superficialis muscle Sacrocaudal muscles Caudofemoralis muscles Biceps femoris muscle Semimembranosus muscle Semitendinosus muscle Gastrocnemius muscle Deep digital flexor muscle Lateral digital extensor muscle Peroneus longus muscle Tibialis cranialis muscle Biceps brachii muscle Brachioradialis muscle Pronator teres muscle Extensor carpi radialis muscle Flexor carpi radialis muscle Superficial digital flexor muscle Extensor carpi radialis muscle Extensor digitorum communis muscle Extensor digitorum lateralis muscle Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle Digital abductor muscle

MAIN CONDITIONS BY SYSTEM

Musculoskeletal system

3

Lesions of the mandible

Traumatic separation of the mandibular symphysis: repair by means of cerclage wire

Cerclage wire

It may also be repaired by applying a splint from canine to canine with dentistry material.

Separation of the two mandibles

Temporomandibular joint luxation Temporomandibular luxation is due to trauma (falls, road traffic accidents) and is almost always unilateral, although it may on occasions be bilateral. Luxation may be in a rostral dorsal or caudal ventral direction, the latter having a poorer prognosis as it is associated with fractures in the joint area.

Clinical signs Medical treatment Reduction of luxation and immobilisation of the area.

Surgical treatment In cases in which the joint is fractured, due to the risk of ankylosis.

`` Dropped mandible and malocclusion. `` Inability to close the mouth. `` Hypersalivation.

9

16

PET OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS. CATS

Urogenital system urogenital

10 Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) This disease is hereditary and causes the formation of cysts in the kidneys.

They are present from birth and, although they are initially very small, they grow over time and damage the kidney (kidney disease). They sometimes also affect the liver.

Breeds with a high risk: Persian, Exotic Shorthair, British Shorthair and crossbreeds of these breeds.

Breeds with a moderate risk: Birman, Burmilla, Devon Rex and Ragdoll.

Other breeds: very low risk.

Normal kidney

Renal cysts `` Number: varies in each individual (from 20 to 200 cysts). `` Growth: it may be very fast (early death), or slow with symptoms of kidney disease from 8 years of age. `` Diagnosis: `` Abdominal ultrasound. `` Genetic testing with blood and saliva.

There are no treatments to prevent the progressive growth of cysts. Their growth speed is different in each cat and is determined in serial ultrasound studies.

Polycystic kidney

Form of heredity Medical treatment Necessary in cats who develop kidney disease.

`` It is transmitted by a single dominant autosomal gene; any cat with this gene will develop the disease. `` All the carriers of this gene are affected, even if they have few cysts. `` All the cats with the disease will transmit it to some of their offspring (approximately 50Â %).

17

MAIN CONDITIONS BY SYSTEM

Urogenital system

11

Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) Obstructive and non-obstructive

BACTERIAL INFECTION (5 %)

BLADDER TUMOUR Very rare

NEUROLOGICAL OR CONGENITAL ALTERATIONS Very uncommon

TRAUMA/ STENOSIS Uncommon

CALCULI (25 %) Struvite, oxalate, calcium phosphate and others

IDIOPATHIC CYSTITIS (60 %)

Clinical signs Bleeding ulcers

Urethral plugs (inflammatory cells + proteins + crystals)

`` Difficulty in and pain during micturition. `` Affected animals frequently go to their litter tray to urinate. `` Blood may be observed in their urine. `` They may stop urinating in their tray due to pain.

Activation of bladder neurons (neurogenic

`` In case of obstructive FLUTD, inability to urinate due to urethral obstruction.

inflammation) }} Pain }} Bleeding }} Bladder muscle contraction

Urethral spasm due to pain

The cause of FLUTD must always be diagnosed to administer the appropriate treatment and prevent future recurrences.

47

MAIN CONDITIONS BY SYSTEM

Skin

41 Ectoparasites in cats FLEAS The antiparasitic control of fleas must be carried out both on the cat and on the environment.

• Most frequent external parasite in cats.

• They frequently cause allergic dermatitis due to the injection of saliva into their host.

• They can transmit diseases such as feline infectious anaemia.

• They live permanently on the cat.

• A single female can lay up to 50 eggs a day.

• Their eggs fall onto the floor and become larvae, pupae and adult fleas.

TICKS

MOSQUITOES

• They are usually of the genus Rhipicephalus (dog tick).

• They may cause local irritation as they inject toxins into their host.

• They transmit diseases (ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease and babesiosis).

• They bite in areas with less hair: ear margins, on the nose and on the foot pads.

• They frequently cause allergic dermatitis.

• They transmit leishmaniasis and filariasis.

MITES*

LICE

• Demodex cati: demodectic mange is uncommon in cats. It causes from very mild symptoms to severe skin disease.

• Cheyletiella: is a large and whitish mite, and therefore looks like dandruff.

• Cat lice are Felicola subrostrata and cannot affect people.

• They are very uncommon.

• They mainly affect kittens living in poor conditions.

Cheyletiella

*The mites Notoedres Cati and Otodectes cynotis are seen in charts 38 and 39 respectively.

51

MAIN CONDITIONS BY SYSTEM

Digestive system

45 Most common feline intestinal

parasites Disease transmissible to humans (zoonosis).

PROTOZOA

Giardia

Isospora

Tritrichomonas

Toxoplasma

Cryptosporidium

NEMATODES

CESTODES

Toxocara cati

Taenia spp.

Toxascaris leonina

Dypilidium caninum

Ancylostoma tubaeforme

Echinococcus multilocularis