Atlas of Canine Arthrology

Canine Arthrology of

Atlas

In small animal veterinary practice many animals are brought to veterinary clinics suffering from joint-related pathologies. In this book you will find a dependable, clear and concise anatomical reference for all the joints of the dog. The joints of both the axial and appendicular skeleton are illustrated along with all their constituent soft tissue elements. Articular anatomy is presented visually in a variety of orientations, making information easily accessible for the reader without relinquishing important anatomical detail.

Atlas of Canine Arthrology JesĂşs Laborda Julio Gil Miguel Gimeno A ma i a U n z u e t a

T H E V E T E R I N A RY P U B L I S H I N G C O M PA N Y SMALL ANIMALS

Atlas of Canine Arthrology

Aimed at veterinary surgeons, students, teachers and other professionals in the veterinary sector.

TECHNICAL DETAILS Authors: Jesús Laborda, Julio Gil,

Miguel Gimeno and Amaia Unzueta.

Format: 22 x 28 cm.

Number of pages: 100.

Number of images: 300.

Binding: Hardcover.

ISBN: 978-84-92569-30-4 RRP: 50 e.

This visual publication is a comprehensive review of the anatomy of each of the elements of the dog’s joints. Each joint is shown in illustrations made using a novel technique which represents the articular components by means of real photographs.

This allows a greater understanding of joint physiology and facilitates both the diagnosis of joint pathological conditions and the surgical operations performed on them.

Centro Empresarial El Trovador, planta 8, oficina I - Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 • 50002 Zaragoza - España Tel.: 976 461 480 • Fax: 976 423 000 • pedidos@grupoasis.com • Grupo Asís Biomedia, S.L.

T H E V E T E R I N A RY P U B L I S H I N G C O M PA N Y

Atlas of Canine Arthrology TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction

3. Thoracic limb

Angles and joints

Joints

Ossification of the thoracic limb

Shoulder

Ossification of the pelvic limb

Arthrocentesis

Diagram of a synovial joint

Elbow

Synovial fluid

Dysplasia

Synovial fluid flow

Clinical notes

Characteristics of synovial fluid

Arthrocentesis

2. Head and axial region Joints of the head Intermandibular symphysis Temporomandibular joint Clinical notes Arthrocentesis Joints of the vertebral column Intervertebral joints Sacrum Coccygeal joints Intervertebral discs

Luxations Carpus Arthrocentesis Metacarpophalangeal joints Arthrocentesis Joints of the manus Proximal interphalangeal joint Distal interphalangeal joint Arthrocentesis of the digit Vascularisation

4. Pelvic limb

Atlanto-occipital joint

Joints

Atlanto-axial joint

Hip

Intrathecal puncture

Dysplasia

Joints between vertebrae and ribs

Puncture for biopsy

Costotransverse joints

Luxation and subluxation

Joints of the sternum

Stifle

Sternocostal joints

The drawer test

Sternal joints

Arthrocentesis

Joints of the thoracic limb

Tarsus

Costoscapular joint

Arthrocentesis

Joints of the pelvic limb

The pes

Sacroiliac joint

Metatarsophalangeal joints Joints of the digits

Centro Empresarial El Trovador, planta 8, oficina I - Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 • 50002 Zaragoza - España Tel.: 976 461 480 • Fax: 976 423 000 • pedidos@grupoasis.com • Grupo Asís Biomedia, S.L.

JOINTS

TEMPOROMANDIBULAR

OF THE HEAD

JOINT

Malocclusion due to disequilibrium when closing the mandibles

JOINT COMPONENTS Articular capsule

Correct occlusion

Malocclusion

Covers the entire joint, but the union with the disc divides the cavity it surrounds into two independent compartments.

Caudally it has an expansion.

Occlusion Asymmetric “bite on one side” Symmetrical axes of the mandible

CLINICAL NOTES In this joint, cases of luxation may present.

These are usually rostral, due to the fact that there are no caudal ligaments acting as reinforcement to prevent the forward displacement. In addition, the development of the retroarticular process hinders caudal displacement.

The luxation is usually caused by a defective dental occlusion (malocclusion).

Symptoms

Asymmetrical axes of the mandible

In addition to discomfort and pain, the animal will also display incorrect occlusion of the mandibles relative to the maxilla.

Diagnosis

Ligaments

Articular disc

Lateral ligament, arranged over the caudal surface of the articular capsule.

Caudal ligament that connects the retroarticular apophysis of the temporal bone’s articular face with the neck of the mandible.

Capsule between the disc and the mandible

Capsule between the disc and the temporal bone, and caudal expansion

Malocclusion caused by genetically predisposed asymmetry in a Bulldog

Lateral ligament

Caudal ligament

The malocclusion can be observed visually.

■ Palpation of the temporomandibular region will detect crepitus and incongruence of the articular elements.

■ The anomalous position of the structures causing the malocclusion can be confirmed by X-ray.

Arthrocentesis

To perform an arthrocentesis of this joint, use the small caudal expansion in the synovial sac.

Locate the mandibular condyle by palpation.

Introduce a needle perpendicularly, caudal and ventral to the outline of the condyle.

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JOINTS

TEMPOROMANDIBULAR

OF THE HEAD

JOINT

Malocclusion due to disequilibrium when closing the mandibles

JOINT COMPONENTS Articular capsule

Correct occlusion

Malocclusion

Covers the entire joint, but the union with the disc divides the cavity it surrounds into two independent compartments.

Caudally it has an expansion.

Occlusion Asymmetric “bite on one side” Symmetrical axes of the mandible

CLINICAL NOTES In this joint, cases of luxation may present.

These are usually rostral, due to the fact that there are no caudal ligaments acting as reinforcement to prevent the forward displacement. In addition, the development of the retroarticular process hinders caudal displacement.

The luxation is usually caused by a defective dental occlusion (malocclusion).

Symptoms

Asymmetrical axes of the mandible

In addition to discomfort and pain, the animal will also display incorrect occlusion of the mandibles relative to the maxilla.

Diagnosis

Ligaments

Articular disc

Lateral ligament, arranged over the caudal surface of the articular capsule.

Caudal ligament that connects the retroarticular apophysis of the temporal bone’s articular face with the neck of the mandible.

Capsule between the disc and the mandible

Capsule between the disc and the temporal bone, and caudal expansion

Malocclusion caused by genetically predisposed asymmetry in a Bulldog

Lateral ligament

Caudal ligament

The malocclusion can be observed visually.

■ Palpation of the temporomandibular region will detect crepitus and incongruence of the articular elements.

■ The anomalous position of the structures causing the malocclusion can be confirmed by X-ray.

Arthrocentesis

To perform an arthrocentesis of this joint, use the small caudal expansion in the synovial sac.

Locate the mandibular condyle by palpation.

Introduce a needle perpendicularly, caudal and ventral to the outline of the condyle.

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JOINTS

JOINTS

O F T H E T RU N K

B E T W E E N V E RT E B R A E A N D OT H E R B O N E S

JOINTS OF THE PELVIC LIMB Ventrodorsal positioning

JOINTS

The two coxales are joined by means

Sacroiliac joint, or pelvic girdle

of the pelvic symphysis which ossifies in

Synovial and cartilaginous.

the dog in a caudocranial direction.

Ossification reaches approximately the

GEOMETRY AND MOVEMENTS

caudal third of the symphysis.

Flat with roughened surfaces to impede slide. Movements are very limited. In old dogs this is a synostosis (fusion of the bones).

The cranial two thirds remain joined by fibrocartilaginous tissue.

Dorsal sacroiliac ligament

1

OSTEOLOGY 1 Ilium.

2 Sacrum.

2

TYPES OF JOINTS Planar

Ventrodorsal radiograph

1 Ventral sacroiliac ligament

Articular facet of the ilium

Articular facet of the sacrum

2

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JOINTS

JOINTS

O F T H E T RU N K

B E T W E E N V E RT E B R A E A N D OT H E R B O N E S

JOINTS OF THE PELVIC LIMB Ventrodorsal positioning

JOINTS

The two coxales are joined by means

Sacroiliac joint, or pelvic girdle

of the pelvic symphysis which ossifies in

Synovial and cartilaginous.

the dog in a caudocranial direction.

Ossification reaches approximately the

GEOMETRY AND MOVEMENTS

caudal third of the symphysis.

Flat with roughened surfaces to impede slide. Movements are very limited. In old dogs this is a synostosis (fusion of the bones).

The cranial two thirds remain joined by fibrocartilaginous tissue.

Dorsal sacroiliac ligament

1

OSTEOLOGY 1 Ilium.

2 Sacrum.

2

TYPES OF JOINTS Planar

Ventrodorsal radiograph

1 Ventral sacroiliac ligament

Articular facet of the ilium

Articular facet of the sacrum

2

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JOINTS

THE

O F T H E T H O R AC I C L I M B

SHOULDER JOINT

THE SHOULDER JOINT THE JOINT

SCAPULA

The scapulohumeral or shoulder joint

Synovial ball and socket, formed by the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus.

5 Superglenoid tubercle

5

4

Glenoid fossa Head of the humerus

Greater tubercle

2 6

TYPE OF JOINT Spheroidal

1

3

4

7 HUMERUS 2

GEOMETRY AND MOVEMENTS The hemispherical head of the humerus and its adaptation to the glenoid fossa permits movements of every type: flexion – extension, internal – external rotation, separation (abduction) – approximation (adduction), as well as combinations of the above.

The arrangement of the muscles limits these movements; those of flexion and extension are the most important in the dog.

Flexion movement

Shoulder in standard anatomical position

1

Extension movement

OSTEOLOGY OF THE SHOULDER REGION 1 Greater tubercle.

2 Head of the humerus.

3 Glenoid fossa.

4 Superglenoid tubercle.

5 Acromion.

6 Lesser tubercle.

7 Intertubercular groove.

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JOINTS

THE

O F T H E T H O R AC I C L I M B

SHOULDER JOINT

THE SHOULDER JOINT THE JOINT

SCAPULA

The scapulohumeral or shoulder joint

Synovial ball and socket, formed by the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus.

5 Superglenoid tubercle

5

4

Glenoid fossa Head of the humerus

Greater tubercle

2 6

TYPE OF JOINT Spheroidal

4

1

3 7

HUMERUS 2

GEOMETRY AND MOVEMENTS The hemispherical head of the humerus and its adaptation to the glenoid fossa permits movements of every type: flexion – extension, internal – external rotation, separation (abduction) – approximation (adduction), as well as combinations of the above.

The arrangement of the muscles limits these movements; those of flexion and extension are the most important in the dog.

Flexion movement

Shoulder in standard anatomical position

1

Extension movement

OSTEOLOGY OF THE SHOULDER REGION 1 Greater tubercle.

2 Head of the humerus.

3 Glenoid fossa.

4 Superglenoid tubercle.

5 Acromion.

6 Lesser tubercle.

7 Intertubercular groove.

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JOINTS

THE

O F T H E T H O R AC I C L I M B

E L B OW J O I N T

LUXATIONS It is often possible to reduce the elbow using closed reduction.The three manoeuvres to resolve the luxation in this way are:

Arthrocentesis: ■

Puncture 1

■

■ With the elbow flexed by 45º, between the lateral epicondyle and the craniolateral border of the olecranon.

■ Needle in medial and distal direction.

Puncture 2 ■ Cranial to the lateral collateral ligament and below the lateral epicondyle. The elbow should be slightly flexed.

■ The needle perpendicular to the lateral surface of the elbow.

Arthrocentesis puncture 1

Lateral view. Forced flexion of the elbow holding the humerus

Cranial view. Forced flexion of the elbow holding the humerus

Lateral view. Distal displacement of the ulna and radius and the simultaneous approximation of these bones to the median plane

Cranial view. Distal displacement of the ulna and radius and the simultaneous approximation of these bones to the median plane

Lateral view. Coupling of the articular surfaces of the ulna and radius with that of the humerus

Cranial view. Coupling of the articular surfaces of the ulna and radius with that of the humerus

Arthrocentesis puncture 1

Arthrocentesis puncture 2

Arthrocentesis puncture 2

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JOINTS

THE

O F T H E T H O R AC I C L I M B

E L B OW J O I N T

LUXATIONS It is often possible to reduce the elbow using closed reduction.The three manoeuvres to resolve the luxation in this way are:

Arthrocentesis: ■

Puncture 1

■

■ With the elbow flexed by 45º, between the lateral epicondyle and the craniolateral border of the olecranon.

■ Needle in medial and distal direction.

Puncture 2 ■ Cranial to the lateral collateral ligament and below the lateral epicondyle. The elbow should be slightly flexed.

■ The needle perpendicular to the lateral surface of the elbow.

Arthrocentesis puncture 1

Lateral view. Forced flexion of the elbow holding the humerus

Cranial view. Forced flexion of the elbow holding the humerus

Lateral view. Distal displacement of the ulna and radius and the simultaneous approximation of these bones to the median plane

Cranial view. Distal displacement of the ulna and radius and the simultaneous approximation of these bones to the median plane

Lateral view. Coupling of the articular surfaces of the ulna and radius with that of the humerus

Cranial view. Coupling of the articular surfaces of the ulna and radius with that of the humerus

Arthrocentesis puncture 1

Arthrocentesis puncture 2

Arthrocentesis puncture 2

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