The oestrus cycle of the cow. A photographic atlas

A photographic atlas

The oestrus cycle of the cow elcicloestral_tapasingles_servet.indd 1

The oestrus cycle of the cow A photographic atlas

Manuel Fernรกndez Sรกnchez

07/03/12 12:17

THE VETERINARY PUBLISHING COMPANY PRODUCTION ANIMALS

BOVINE

The oestrus cycle of the cow A photographic atlas

Aimed at veterinary surgeons, students, teachers and other professionals in the veterinary sector

TECHNICAL DETAILS Author: Manuel Ángel Fernández

Sánchez

Format: 22 x 28 cm Number of pages: 284 Number of pictures: more than 500 Binding: Hardcover ISBN: 978-84-92569-02-1 RRP: 75 e.

Servet publishes this unique book about bovine reproduction which will help the veterinarian to recognize and compare structures in order to achieve a reproductive control of the herd.

It contains an extraordinary photographic selection of the bovine oestrus cycle and it aims to be another contribution to the difficult art of transforming what you feel into a mental representation of reality.

Centro Empresarial El Trovador, planta 8, oficina I - Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 • 50002 Zaragoza - España Tel.: 976 461 480 • Fax: 976 423 000 • pedidos@grupoasis.com • Grupo Asís Biomedia, S.L.

THE VETERINARY PUBLISHING COMPANY

The oestrus cycle of the cow. A photographic atlas TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. The reproductive tract of the cow. Morphology, structure and function Position Reproductive organs of the cow Anatomy of the ovary Anatomy of the oviduct Anatomy of the uterus. Horns and body Anatomy of the uterus. Cervix Function of the ovary Hypothalamic-pituitary axis

2. Oogenesis, follicular development and dynamics Oogenesis Follicular development Follicular dynamics

3. Recognising structures Guide to identify ovarian structures General evaluation of the cycle Recognising ovarian structures

4. The puerperium 5. Pregnancy diagnosis by palpation 6. Ovarian and uterine disease Ovarian cyst Follicular cyst Luteal cyst Persistent follicle Post-partum anoestrus Metritis Mummified foetuses Embryonic reabsorption Other processes

Recommended reading

Centro Empresarial El Trovador, planta 8, oficina I - Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 • 50002 Zaragoza - España Tel.: 976 461 480 • Fax: 976 423 000 • pedidos@grupoasis.com • Grupo Asís Biomedia, S.L.

THE OESTRUS CYCLE OF THE COW. A PHOTOGRAPHIC ATLAS

1

MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

The reproductive tract of the cow

5

4

4

Morphology, structure and function

7 1

6

“Rather than supplying an in-depth review of the ovary and its structures, we shall give a brief outline that allows us to focus on the practical part at a later stage.”

3 2 9

8 The female reproductive system consists of two ovaries, production site of the gametes and hormones; oviducts and the uterus, respectively pathway and carrier of the (fertilised) egg.The other organs (cervix, vagina, vulva) serve as a soft birth canal and play a role in copulation.

7

9

6

20

Position 5

They can be found by palpation just anterior to the pelvic brim.

11

10

12

8 1

17 4

2 3

1 2 3 4 5

Infundibulum Ampulla Oviduct Isthmus

6 7 8 9

Secondary follicle Ovarian artery and vein Ovulating follicle

21

18

13 22

19

Graafian (tertiary) follicle

Corpus luteum (luteal body)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Ovary Infundibulum Oviduct (fallopian tube) Uterine horn Intercornal ligament Caruncles Body of the uterus Cervix Broad ligament Cervical orifice Fornix (vaginal pouch) Vagina Urethral orifice Clitoris Vulva Vestibule Ovarian artery Uterine artery Vaginal artery Ovarian vein Uterine vein Vaginal vein

16

Nearly all structures can be found simultaneously in the ovary of a cow.

14

2

15

Author’s note: After Dyce (Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy).

The vein alongside the uterine artery is insignificant.

3

THE OESTRUS CYCLE OF THE COW. A PHOTOGRAPHIC ATLAS

1

MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

The reproductive tract of the cow

5

4

4

Morphology, structure and function

7 1

6

“Rather than supplying an in-depth review of the ovary and its structures, we shall give a brief outline that allows us to focus on the practical part at a later stage.”

3 2 9

8 The female reproductive system consists of two ovaries, production site of the gametes and hormones; oviducts and the uterus, respectively pathway and carrier of the (fertilised) egg.The other organs (cervix, vagina, vulva) serve as a soft birth canal and play a role in copulation.

7

9

6

20

Position 5

They can be found by palpation just anterior to the pelvic brim.

11

10

12

8 1

17 4

2 3

1 2 3 4 5

Infundibulum Ampulla Oviduct Isthmus

6 7 8 9

Secondary follicle Ovarian artery and vein Ovulating follicle

21

18

13 22

19

Graafian (tertiary) follicle

Corpus luteum (luteal body)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Ovary Infundibulum Oviduct (fallopian tube) Uterine horn Intercornal ligament Caruncles Body of the uterus Cervix Broad ligament Cervical orifice Fornix (vaginal pouch) Vagina Urethral orifice Clitoris Vulva Vestibule Ovarian artery Uterine artery Vaginal artery Ovarian vein Uterine vein Vaginal vein

16

Nearly all structures can be found simultaneously in the ovary of a cow.

14

2

15

Author’s note: After Dyce (Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy).

The vein alongside the uterine artery is insignificant.

3

THE OESTRUS CYCLE OF THE COW. A PHOTOGRAPHIC ATLAS

RECOGNISING STRUCTURES

Recognising ovarian structures

1

1

Palpable structures:

Palpable structures:

1 Well-defined corpus luteum.

1 Old corpus luteum.

Other structures:

Classification:

Can be felt as tiny points on the surface,

Well-defined corpus luteum (NO) +

which could correspond to small follicles

well-defined follicle (NO).

that are possibly being recruited.

Classification: Well-defined corpus luteum (YES) + well-defined follicle (NO).

001

Description: Ovary showing a prominent corpus luteum.

003

Description: Cross-section of an ovary showing an old corpus luteum.

This is the same ovary as in picture 002.

3 1

3

1

2 4 Palpable structures:

Palpable structures:

1 Old corpus luteum on the side.

1 Well-defined follicle.

Not easy to feel.

2

Other structures:

2 Small follicles under the surface at

Other structures:

2 Small follicles can be felt.

3 Scar of an old corpus luteum.

the start of the next recruitment.

Classification:

3 Scars of old corpora lutea.

4 Scar of a corpus luteum.

Well-defined corpus luteum (NO) +

Classification:

well-defined follicle (NO).

Well-defined corpus luteum (NO) + well-defined follicle (YES).

002

48

Description: Ovary showing a corpus luteum.

004

Description: Cross-section of the ovary showing a large follicle.

49

THE OESTRUS CYCLE OF THE COW. A PHOTOGRAPHIC ATLAS

RECOGNISING STRUCTURES

Recognising ovarian structures

1

1

Palpable structures:

Palpable structures:

1 Well-defined corpus luteum.

1 Old corpus luteum.

Other structures:

Classification:

Can be felt as tiny points on the surface,

Well-defined corpus luteum (NO) +

which could correspond to small follicles

well-defined follicle (NO).

that are possibly being recruited.

Classification: Well-defined corpus luteum (YES) + well-defined follicle (NO).

001

Description: Ovary showing a prominent corpus luteum.

003

Description: Cross-section of an ovary showing an old corpus luteum.

This is the same ovary as in picture 002.

3 1

3

1

2 4 Palpable structures:

Palpable structures:

1 Old corpus luteum on the side.

1 Well-defined follicle.

Not easy to feel.

2

Other structures:

2 Small follicles under the surface at

Other structures:

2 Small follicles can be felt.

3 Scar of an old corpus luteum.

the start of the next recruitment.

Classification:

3 Scars of old corpora lutea.

4 Scar of a corpus luteum.

Well-defined corpus luteum (NO) +

Classification:

well-defined follicle (NO).

Well-defined corpus luteum (NO) + well-defined follicle (YES).

002

48

Description: Ovary showing a corpus luteum.

004

Description: Cross-section of the ovary showing a large follicle.

49

THE OESTRUS CYCLE OF THE COW. A PHOTOGRAPHIC ATLAS

RECOGNISING STRUCTURES

4

1 1

1

3 2

2

Palpable structures:

Palpable structures:

1 Follicles of dominant size.

1 Well-defined corpus luteum.

Other structures:

Other structures:

2 Smaller follicles.

3 Scar of a corpus luteum.

4 Old scar.

2 Small follicles that could be recruited.

Classification:

Classification:

well-defined follicle (NO).

Well-defined corpus luteum (YES) +

Well-defined corpus luteum (NO) + well-defined follicle (YES-SEVERAL).

149

Description: Ovary showing several follicles of different sizes.

151

Description: Ovary showing a prominent corpus luteum.

3 2

2

1 2

1

3

Palpable structures:

Palpable structures:

1 Space left by a sizeable follicle.

1 Large corpus luteum with cavity.

Other structures:

Typical image of a corpus luteum that

2 Small follicles.

3 Scars of an old corpus luteum.

is sometimes called cystic (non pathological).

Classification:

Other structures:

Well-defined corpus luteum (NO) +

2 Small follicle next to the corpus luteum.

well-defined follicle (YES-SEVERAL).

Classification: Well-defined corpus luteum (YES) +

150

Description: Cross-section of an ovary showing the space left by the dominant follicle, next to

152

Description:

well-defined follicle (NO).

Cross-section of the previous ovary.

others of different sizes. This is the same ovary as seen above.

122

123

THE OESTRUS CYCLE OF THE COW. A PHOTOGRAPHIC ATLAS

RECOGNISING STRUCTURES

4

1 1

1

3 2

2

Palpable structures:

Palpable structures:

1 Follicles of dominant size.

1 Well-defined corpus luteum.

Other structures:

Other structures:

2 Smaller follicles.

3 Scar of a corpus luteum.

4 Old scar.

2 Small follicles that could be recruited.

Classification:

Classification:

well-defined follicle (NO).

Well-defined corpus luteum (YES) +

Well-defined corpus luteum (NO) + well-defined follicle (YES-SEVERAL).

149

Description: Ovary showing several follicles of different sizes.

151

Description: Ovary showing a prominent corpus luteum.

3 2

2

1 2

1

3

Palpable structures:

Palpable structures:

1 Space left by a sizeable follicle.

1 Large corpus luteum with cavity.

Other structures:

Typical image of a corpus luteum that

2 Small follicles.

3 Scars of an old corpus luteum.

is sometimes called cystic (non pathological).

Classification:

Other structures:

Well-defined corpus luteum (NO) +

2 Small follicle next to the corpus luteum.

well-defined follicle (YES-SEVERAL).

Classification: Well-defined corpus luteum (YES) +

150

Description: Cross-section of an ovary showing the space left by the dominant follicle, next to

152

Description:

well-defined follicle (NO).

Cross-section of the previous ovary.

others of different sizes. This is the same ovary as seen above.

122

123

THE OESTRUS CYCLE OF THE COW. A PHOTOGRAPHIC ATLAS

RECOGNISING STRUCTURES

4 1 2

2

3 1

Palpable structures:

Palpable structures:

1 Dominant follicle.

2 Recent corpus luteum.

1 Scar of a corpus luteum.

Other structures:

2 Scar of a corpus luteum.

Other structures:

3 Subordinate follicles.

4 Old corpus luteum.

Classification:

Classification:

well-defined follicle (NO).

Well-defined corpus luteum (NO) +

Well-defined corpus luteum (YES) + well-defined follicle (YES-SEVERAL).

185

Description: Ovary showing follicles of different sizes next to a recent corpus luteum as well as

187

Description: Ovary hardly showing any palpable structures.

an older one. As you can see nearly all possible structures can be seen at the same time on the same ovary.

1 2

2 1 Palpable structures:

Palpable structures:

1 Recent well-defined corpus luteum.

2 Older well-defined corpus luteum.

1 Scar of a corpus luteum.

Other structures:

Classification:

2 Scar of a corpus luteum.

Well-defined corpus luteum (YES) +

Classification:

well-defined follicle (YES-SEVERAL).

Well-defined corpus luteum (NO) + well-defined follicle (NO).

186

Description: Cross-section of the ovary seen above. Note the difference in colour of the corpora

188

Description: Cross-section of the ovary above.

lutea (the lighter one is older).

140

141

THE OESTRUS CYCLE OF THE COW. A PHOTOGRAPHIC ATLAS

RECOGNISING STRUCTURES

4 1 2

2

3 1

Palpable structures:

Palpable structures:

1 Dominant follicle.

2 Recent corpus luteum.

1 Scar of a corpus luteum.

Other structures:

2 Scar of a corpus luteum.

Other structures:

3 Subordinate follicles.

4 Old corpus luteum.

Classification:

Classification:

well-defined follicle (NO).

Well-defined corpus luteum (NO) +

Well-defined corpus luteum (YES) + well-defined follicle (YES-SEVERAL).

185

Description: Ovary showing follicles of different sizes next to a recent corpus luteum as well as

187

Description: Ovary hardly showing any palpable structures.

an older one. As you can see nearly all possible structures can be seen at the same time on the same ovary.

1 2

2 1 Palpable structures:

Palpable structures:

1 Recent well-defined corpus luteum.

2 Older well-defined corpus luteum.

1 Scar of a corpus luteum.

Other structures:

Classification:

2 Scar of a corpus luteum.

Well-defined corpus luteum (YES) +

Classification:

well-defined follicle (YES-SEVERAL).

Well-defined corpus luteum (NO) + well-defined follicle (NO).

186

Description: Cross-section of the ovary seen above. Note the difference in colour of the corpora

188

Description: Cross-section of the ovary above.

lutea (the lighter one is older).

140

141

THE OESTRUS CYCLE OF THE COW. A PHOTOGRAPHIC ATLAS

From 30 days of gestation onward, pregnancy diagnosis becomes possible, taking care not to damage the embryo during palpation.

PREGNANCY

Although it is not the aim of this book, a thorough knowledge of the structures under our fingers is required: allantochorion, embryonic vesicle, etc., and much care should be taken not to damage them during palpation.

Embryonic vesicle

Allantochorion

Cotyledons

Although it cannot be distinguished by palpation, the shape contained in the uterus is perceived. Care should be taken not to damage it.

1

2

3

4

30 days.

40 days.

50 days.

55 days.

5

6

7

8

60 days.

70 days.

75 days.

85 days.

260

261

THE OESTRUS CYCLE OF THE COW. A PHOTOGRAPHIC ATLAS

From 30 days of gestation onward, pregnancy diagnosis becomes possible, taking care not to damage the embryo during palpation.

PREGNANCY

Although it is not the aim of this book, a thorough knowledge of the structures under our fingers is required: allantochorion, embryonic vesicle, etc., and much care should be taken not to damage them during palpation.

Embryonic vesicle

Allantochorion

Cotyledons

Although it cannot be distinguished by palpation, the shape contained in the uterus is perceived. Care should be taken not to damage it.

1

2

3

4

30 days.

40 days.

50 days.

55 days.

5

6

7

8

60 days.

70 days.

75 days.

85 days.

260

261