A Glossary For A Comparative History of Architecture And İlanat in Modern Turkey.

A Glossary For A Comparative History of Architecture And Ä°lanat in Modern Turkey.

Ecem Olgun

METHOD

proprietary “Advertisement is the spirit of the industry.” professed Abdi Tevfik Bey in his book İlanat-ı Fenni, also published as La Publicité Moderne in 1927.

An important agent of economic activity, advertisements can be a signifier of political and social milestones, as well. And the economic reality of the 20th century cannot be possible without a discussion on proprietary.

As a method of examining architecture through the 20th century, proprietary plays a significant role. In this context, advertisement alone is not the only subject for comparison but ilanat is. By using this term, state-initiated anouncements, private or individual anouncements, and everything inbetween can be included. The result is expected to be a comparison of the property ownership of architecture to that of the ilanat.

The glossary items will have this shade of blue if the term in the emergent era relates to state ownership. Items related more strongly to private property will have a pink indicator. Terms and concepts neutral to this discussion will be shown in dark grey.

During the 1970s, Bernard Tschumi proposed that architecture is continually transformed by the multitudinous events that take place in an around it. Surely this was about his approach to the programmatic discussions of his time. However, in a larger, historical sense, the events are still what make the architecture. The bigger-picture creates the causal relationships that architecture has to the world.

In this sense, a chronological reading of architecture and ilanat, like any phenomena, cannot be possible without mentioning events.

Therefore, the glossary makes use of some era-defining events to study their influence on both architecture and ilanat.

GLOSSARY

introduction ilanat

propaganda

duyuru

Plural for Arabic “ilan”.

information, ideas, opinions, or images, often only giving one part of an argument, that are broadcast, published, or in some other way. spread with the intention of influencing people’s opinions.

1718, “committee of cardinals in charge of Catholic missionary work,” short for Congregatio de Propaganda Fide “congregation for propagating the faith,” a committee of cardinals established 1622

by Gregory XV to supervise foreign missions. The word is properly the ablative fem. gerundive of Latin propagare. Hence, “any movement to propagate some practice or ideology” (1790). Modern political sense dates from World War I, not originally pejorative. Meaning “material or information propagated to advance a cause, etc.” is from 1929.

From the verb duyur-, old Turkish root tuy- (to feel, to understand, to be aware of). The thing that is announced.

Modern Turkish: “ilan, bildiri” [ Cumhuriyet - gazete, 1957]

ilan (v.) making something open, public. Anouncing.

Similar to Latin Manifestare, publicare. See also:alenî

alenî from Arabic alanī: open, apparent and not secret.

Done in front of people, openly.

publicare To make public. Latin root of publication.

public open to general observation,” from Old French public (c. 1300) and directly from Latin publicus “of the people; of the state; done for the state,” also “common, general, public; ordinary, vulgar,” and as a noun, “a commonwealth; public property,”

afiş Fr. affiche: paper fixed on a wall, poster.

Later used as verb afişe [etmek]: 1. to fix on a wall 2. announcing to the public (Cumhuriyet Gazetesi, 1942).

announce make a formal public statement about a fact, occurrence, or intention. late 15th century: from French annoncer, from Latin annuntiare, from ad- ‘to’ + nuntiare ‘declare, announce’ (from nuntius ‘messenger’)

property c. 1300, properte, “nature, quality,” later “possession, thing owned” (early 14c., a sense rare before 17c.), from an Anglo-French modification of Old French propriete “individuality, peculiarity; property”.

censorship censor (n.)

1530s, “Roman magistrate of 5c. B.C.E. who took censuses and oversaw public manners and morals,” from Middle French censor and directly from Latin censor, from censere “to appraise, value, judge”.

They also had charge of public finances and public works. Transferred sense of “officious judge of morals and conduct” in English is from 1590s. Latin censor also had a transferred sense of “a severe judge; a rigid moralist; a censurer.”

1900s event:

Establishment of the Constitutional Government for the second time, July 23, 1908.

Riots motivated by Ittihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti (Union And Progress Party) have finally caused Sultan Abdülhamit II to announce the second constitutional government of the Ottoman Empire on July 23, 1908.

Western Influence

Servet-i Fünun

Beginning with the first constitutional revolution, western countries and specifically France was a model for the modernization of the Ottoman Empire. Many anouncements were printed in French as well as the French influence on architecture.

Meaning “treasure of sciences”, Servet-i Fünun is a magazine and literary group started by Ahmet İhsan Tokgöz and Tevfik Fikret in 1896. The literary movement produced the first western style pieces of literature in the Ottoman Empire. Even though it is a private entity it has received some financial support from the palace until it was shot down by the sultan.

Freedom of press With a constitution somewhat protecting the rights of citizens, press was no longer under strict censorship. With the influence from the west, written pieces of literature, magazines and newspapers flourished.

Ziya Gökalp A writer and an important figure for a new ideology emerging around this time, supporting the development of a national economy, national politics, plainer language in literature, local subjects in arts and a national style for architecture. An important note is that the advocate intellectuals for this ideology were trained in Europe.

architecture Hendese-i Mülkiye Mektebi Founded in 1883, the institution was aiming to train Turkish civil engineers. As a result, in the 20th century, architecture was done by Turkish architects both trained in Europe, and trained in Ottoman schools in contrast to the foreign architects of Ottoman Empire in the 19th century.

The first national architecture movement

Since everything began to have an emphasis on “national”, a new neo-classical Turkish architecture began to take shape. The architects studied the Seljuk and classical Ottoman architecture while composing a new Turkish style. Also known as National Architectural Renaissance. This style was mostly applied to state buildings of the time.

Vedat Tek (1873-1942)

a postcard of the revolution

24 July’s publication of Servet-i Fünun.

Trained in Ecole Nationale des Beaux Arts, Vedat Bey has used the classical Ottoman, Seljuk, and Arabesque architecture as a source for his architecture. His work Grand Post Office in Sirkeci is one of the first examples of the first national style.

The Grand Post Office (1909)

İlancılık [Advertisement Agency]

Sabah

Biggest post office in Turkey, designed by Vedat Tek in Sirkeci, İstanbul.

The first business providing ilan service in the Ottoman Empire founded by David Samanon in 1909. Later got the name İlancılık Advertisement Agency and became the first agency as well.

The newspaper first published by a bookbinder, Papadopulos, in Çiçek Passage, Istanbul, 1875. On the night of July 24th 1908, the current owner of the newspaper Mihran Efendi and İkdam’s owner Ahmet Cevdet, dismissed the cencorship officers that visited the paper. This event led to the celebration of Journalists’ Day in Turkey to this day. The paper closed at 1922.

Public development news Servet-i Fünun would inform its readers about the public devolopments, announcing reconstructions and newly built structures.

İkdam Political daily newspaper publised between 1894-1928.

After the constitutional revolution, the newspaper was critical towards Ittihat ve Terakki party.

Tradition of ilancılık The very first “ilan” on newspaper in the Ottoman Empire appeared back in late 1700s. Later in 1799 the first statepublished political ilan appeared. This became a common propaganda trend later on.

a postcard of the building

Mimar Kemalettin Bey (1870-1927) Architect trained in Hendese-i Mülkiye Mektebi as Jachmund’s student and in Germany for several years before coming back to Istanbul to teach at Hendese-i Mülkiye Mektebi and open his atelier. A very important figure for the National Architectural Renaissance.

Tanin announcement on the repairment and completion of shops in the Grand Bazaar (Çarşı-yı Kebir). 1896

from september 1900 issue. top: Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi bottom: silk textile school in Bursa.

Newspaper that belongs to the Union and Progress Party, pro-government. Meaning fly buzz in Ottoman.

1910s event:

World War I started in 1914.

Abide-i Hürriyet Monument, 1911

propaganda newspapers

Louis Raemaekers (1869-1956)

Propaganda gains even more importance during wartimes. Britain, fully aware of this fact, started publishing newspapers ordered by the Wellington House in various countries including critical locations for the course of the war. This was a subtle and secret operation in contrast to the German propaganda.

The first significant publication of the Wellington House was the Report on Alleged German Outrages, in early 1915. This pamphlet documented atrocities both actual and alleged committed by the German army against Belgian civilians. The Dutch illustrator, Louis Raemaekers, provided highly emotional drawings which appeared in the pamphlet.

Wellington House The more common name for Britain’s War Propaganda Bureau, which operated during the First World War from Wellington House, a building on Buckingham Gate, London. The Bureau, which operated under the supervision of the Foreign Office, was mainly directed at foreign targets. The building itself has since been demolished, and its former site is now occupied by a block of flats. The secret Bureau was not even known by the Briritish public until 1935.

A British World War I propaganda stamp showing Britannia pointing to what is probably the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915. The sinking of this ship was one of the official reasons of U.S. joining the war.

Monument of Liberty. On the 3rd anniversary of the 23 July Revolution, the statue of liberty was opened with a ceremony. The statue honored the martyrs of the incident that occured on 31 March 1325, according to Rumi calendar (13 April 1909).

The statue as a symbol emphasizes the emergence of a “nation” rather than a teocratic empire. The monument itself is an “ilan”, professing a victory against opposing forces that are against modern progress while remembering heroes for a national cause. It also signifies the revolution date as something to be celebrated every year, a national holiday, “bayram” which could only be celebrated for religious reasons before.

Mimar Muzaffer Bey (1881-1921) After winning a competition he became the architect of the Liberty Monument.

Raemaker’s illustrations.

Musevver Çöl, 1916-1917 One of the newpapers Wellington house was distributing in the Middle East as propaganda.

31 March Incident Uprising against the revolution and Ittihat and Terakki party, led by religious opposition and members of the army.

social space

allies/entente powers

Social space defined by Lefebvre is created through social relations that he characterised as a triad of spaces: spatial practice, representations of space, and spaces of representation. Other related terms: archive space, monumental space, abstract space, differential space.

Coalition led by France, Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States against the Central Powers

Anti-German propaganda

central powers The wartime military alliance of Germany, AustriaHungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire.

The First National Assembly Building, 1915, Ankara.

Liberty Bond advertisement telling German- and Austrian-Americans that their loyalties are with the United States, and not Germany. Medina Sentinel, October 26, 1916

Designed in 1915 by Salim Bey as the building for Ittihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti, later was used as parliament until 1924. Now it is used as the Museum of Independence War.

El Hakikat (The Truth) The most influencial newspaper the British Propaganda Bureau published in the Muslim countries in every 15 days. The Bureau applied different propaganda techniques for different countries so the country-specific distribution of the paper was important. El Hakikat was mostly showing British hospitality images to Muslims and Muslims fighting for the allied powers was favored on covers. It also showcased British military power.

German Propaganda

1910s Iconic propaganda: Lord Kitchener Wants You 1914 Lord Kitchener Wants You is a 1914 advertisement by Alfred Leete which was developed into a recruitment poster. It depicted Lord Kitchener, the British Secretary of State for War, above the words “WANTS YOU”.

Kitchener, wearing the cap of a British Field Marshal, stares and points at the viewer calling them to enlist in the British Army against the Central Powers. The image is considered one of the most iconic and enduring images of World War I. A hugely influential image and slogan, it has also inspired imitations in other countries, from the United States to the Soviet Union.

PanIslamism

Birinci Vakıf Han, 1911

The rule of the empire over Egypt and other Arabic and mostly muslim lands were getting weaker and a policy of Panislamism was important especially in the brink of war.

Designed by Mimar Kemaleddin in 1911 in Sirkeci, Istanbul as one of the first structures of the national renaissance movement. A new understanding of the “han” building type which traditionally has a courtyard was introduced without a courtyard and with a new style.

Mimar Kemaleddin (1870-1927) A pioneer architect working in the first national style, Mimar Kemaleddin designed the Vakıf Han complexes in Istanbul among other projects.

Werkbund Exhibition, 1914

Panislamist Ottoman poster, 1914

Balkan War, 1912 J.M. Flagg’s iconic Uncle Sam used for recruitment in the WWI and later in WWII. 1917.

Russian White Army recruitment poster by Anton Denikin, 1919. “Why aren’t you in the army?”

The balkan-ottoman wars led to the abandonment of Ottoman-nationalist ideas and gave strength to a new Turkish nationalism and panislamism.

The first Werkbund Exhibition of 1914 was held at Rheinpark in Cologne, Germany. Bruno Taut’s best-known building, the prismatic dome of the Glass Pavilion of which only black and white images survive today, was in reality a brightly colored landmark. Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer designed a model factory for the exhibition. The Belgian architect Henri van de Velde designed a model theatre. Berlin-based Margarete Knuppelholz-Roeser designed the controversial Haus Der Frau.

Tayyare Apartmanları, 1922

Yeni Mecmua (1917-1923)

The Turkish War of Independence 1919-1923

Designed by Mimar Kemaleddin in 1922.

Belonged to Türk Hava Kurumu.

Periodical about “science, art and morals” weekly published by nationalists Ziya Gökalp and Falih Rıfkı Atay, funded by Ittihat and Terakki Party.

The emergence of the war of independence and Milli Mücadale, the posters kept having a similar language to their precedents with important motives added to them such as the revolutions and usage of women as the representation of the mother country.

Diken (1918-1920) Literature and political humor magazine published

by Sedat Simavi. Featured many literature works and caricatures by Sedat Simavi along with occasional ads.

Bruno Taut (1880-1938) German architect, urban planner and author.

He was active during the Weimar period and is known for his theoretical works as well as his building designs. Being a noted advocate of socialist political policies, Taut was compelled to look for opportunities to emigrate from Germany when the Nazis gained power. Offered a position as Professor of Architecture at the State Academy of Fine Arts in Istanbul (currently, Mimar Sinan University of Fine Arts), Taut relocated to Turkey in 1936. In Ankara he joined other German wartime exiles, including Martin Wagner and Taut’s associate Franz Hillinger.

Reklam (Tr.) Noun from French verb réclame which has the same meaning with “ilan”. (To announce publicly, to advertise).

The word was later more affiliated with private ilans in Turkish, similarly to French publicité.

left: Ad on Şehbal, 1911. “Baker House: The oldest and most famous English business.” advertising the best quality shoes and describing the location in Beyoğlu, İstanbul. right: Ad on Diken, 1920. Sales representative for a French brand of polish. Again address of the shop is described in Istanbul.

1919 poster promoting national defence movement, only printed as 10 copies. first propoganda poster of Mücadale.

the was The Milli

1920s event: War of independence and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.

Atatürk’s reforms

İlanatı Fenni, 1927.

After establishing a new regime, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk started to implement political, social, educationalcultural, legal, and economic reforms.

The first book about advertisements written by Abdi Tevfik Bey. La Publicite Moderne, which was published in Ottoman Turkish as İlanat-ı Fenni by Mr. Abdi Tevfik came out as the first advertising book in the sector and it was recorded that two public establishments, namely Sümerbank and Tekel, were the two greatest advertisers.

Cumhuriyet newspaper published the greatest number of advertisements; it also draws one’s attention that there were advertising magazines such as 7 gün [7 Days] published by Sedat Simavi.

Akbaba Magazine (1922-1977) Weekly political humor journal founded by pioneers of the literary movement Beş Hececiler Yusuf Ziya Ortaç and Orhan Seyfi. Akbaba is among the longest published humor magazines of Turkey.

Sedat Simavi (1896-1953) Very important figure in the history of Turkish press.

Journalist and writer. Founder of Hürriyet newspaper.

İzmir İktisat Kongresi,1923 Assembled between 17 February-4 March 1923, the economy congress led to very important policies and gave start to a domestic product campaign.

The new capital of the republic: Ankara.

Ankara became the capital of the Republic of Turkey on 13 October 1923.

İstanbul Şehremaneti Mecmuası, 1924-1942 First published in 1924, İstanbul Şehremaneti Mecmuası is the first publication about city administration and planning in Turkey. The current mayor of Istanbul in the 20s, Dr. Emin, started publishing this journal with a team of people interested in city planning. The journal continued its publication in Turkish from 1928 to 1942 as İstanbul Belediye Mecmuası.

Pervititch maps, 1922-1945 Cadastral maps of Istanbul produced by Jacques Pervititch. The study was done by insurance companies for protection from possible fires.

The maps are a fundamental point of reference for any historical urban study and convey a lot of information with accuracy. Chase Goad and Suat Nirven are other important cartographers in this project.

Ankara Palas, 1924 Ankara Palas is a guest house constructed between 1924-1927. Located in front of Second Turkish Parliament Building, the first design was done by Vedat Tek. After he quitted this project, Architect Kemalettin Bey finished the design.

Ankara Palace is one of the earliest examples of First Turkish National Architectural Movement.

This building is seen as a rectangle. Including basement floor, building has 3 storeys. Inside the building, there is an atrium which is used as a ball room. In the ground floor, 16 guest rooms of 60 rooms are found.

Jansen Plan,1928.

1928 Latin Alphabet Language Reformation

Chosen plan for Ankara designed by Hermann Jansen. The initial urban approach in the development of Ankara as a modern capital.

One of the most important reforms especially for ilanat, was the changing of the alphabet from Arabic to Latin.

The reform was realized by opening Millet Mektepleri, schools for the public aimed at people of all ages.

İş Bankası, 1924

Left: The new alphabet kicking out the old, caricature by Ramiz Gökçe.

Right: The new Turkish alphabet rising like a sun while Atatürk stands on the old Arabic alphabet. Artist unknown. (1930)

The bank was founded in 1924 in Izmir as the first national bank of the republic. Its building in Ankara was designed by Giulio Mongeri in 1929. The facade differs from the surrounding buildings by carrying the Ottoman style under the influence of Western architecture and Art Nouveau and Neo-Renaissance style which makes the building stand out and one of the landmarks of Ankara.

Clothing and Marriage Reform, 1925

1928 Karagöz Magazine.

Karagöz and Hacivat are talking about how easy the girl is learning to read and what a great teacher she has.

Propoganda poster of Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası. Emphasizes how people at any age can learn how to read at Millet Mektepleri. Anounces that the old alphabet was much more diffucult than the new.

The modernization of the clothing people wear and the accessories they use is a part of the cultural reformations the republic implemented. This also changed the dynamics of the market and affected advertisements and anouncements. Women’s new rights and marriage laws included women in the market as well as men.

C.H.F. propaganda poster about these reforms

1930s event: Further implementation of the reformations. Global: the Great Depression.

Yerli Malı Yurdun Malı Herkes Onu Kullanmalı

Arkitekt magazine, 1931

Loosly translating to “Domestic product, product of the land. Everyone shoud use them.” The motto emerged around 1929 as a popular saying and is still very prominent in the collective conscious. This was an important signifier of republican policies dealing with economic trouble.

In 1931, ‘Mimar’ was established. After years, the name of the architecture magazine was changed and it was called as ‘Arkitekt’. This magazine is considered as a guide for the architecture of Turkey. Zeki Sayar played a significant role for Arkitekt. Arkitekt was based on architects and their rights, architectural works and important movements of those days, the importance of architectural heritage, wrong practices of municipalities.

Halkevleri CHP opened these “People’s House”s all throughout Turkey in order to educate people and train the mostly rural cultured people of Turkey on how to be urbanites.

Halkevleri Publications The people’s houses in addition to housing all sorts of functions in the buildings, would publish monthly publications mostly in the form of magazines.

Clothing Reformation, 1934.

The reform of clothing now made the women a part of the clothing bazaar and ilanat while making way to new modern clothing trends such as shoe-making and hatmaking.

Clemens Holzmeister (1886-1983) The task of the newly established Republic of Turkey buildings design was given to Holzmeister and brought him to the most powerful architecture experience. Holzmeister, in order to show these public structures the strength and decisive permanence of the young Turkish state; In addition to monumental classicalism, he designed and applied it with an understanding of modern architecture. Some of his projects: * Turkish parliament complex (1938-1960) * Austrian Embassy (1936) * Emlak Kredi (Emlak ve Eytam) Bank (1934) * Supreme Court building (İktisat ve Ziraat Vekaleti) (1934) * Building of the ministry of public works (Nafıa Vekaleti) (1934) * Building of the ministry of internal affairs (Dahiliye Vekaleti) (1934) * Building of the ministry of education (1934) * Presidency Pavilion (Pembe Köşk) (1932) * Building of the Turkish general staff (Erkan-ı Harbiye Binası) (1930) * Building of the ministry of defence (1930)

Ankara Railroad Terminal Building, 1937

Ramiz Gökçe (1900-1953)

Art-Deco

In 1892, there was just a station of Anatolian Railroad. In 1937, Ankara Railroad Terminal was constructed. Building that was designed as Art Deco Style was designed by Şekip Akalın.

Famous caricaturist. He was one of the pioneers of Turkish graphic design and caricature.

One of the first students of Eric Weber in the first poster atelier of Turkey in the National Fine Arts Academy was Ali Suavi Sonar. After he completed his studies he began designing covers for books. The international artists of the time were appropriating the new graphic expressions of cubism, futurism and constructivism into graphic design as Art Deco. Ragıp Şevki, Ali Suavi Sonar and Muvaffak İhsan Garan are other artists developing this new style in Turkey on posters and book covers.

İller Bankası, 1935 The İller Bank Building project, which was awarded with the first prize in the competition opened in 1935, was designed by Seyfi Arkan and its construction was completed in 1937.

Henri Prost plan for Istanbul, 1937 Prost was invited by Atatürk in 1936 to produce a new city plan for Istanbul. The modernization of the city of Istanbul posed difficulties of its own. Prost had to take into consideration the unique topography, texture and architectural monuments while building the lacking modern infrastructures the city needs.

Sümerbank, 1933 Ankara Sergi Evi, 1933 The building, which was built as an exhibition palace by architect Şevki Balmumcu between 1933 and 1934, was converted into an opera house later.

Propaganda poster for CHP

Founded with the understanding of a karma economy, Sümerbank is the first modern textile enterprise of the republic of Turkey. Its first complex was opened in 1935 in Adana with the help of a credit loan from USSR. Sümerbank is the first investment done by the state in the Republic of Turkey. It was privatized in 1988.

1930s İhap Hulusi Görey (1898-1986) Görey is considered to be the first modern graphic designer of Turkey.

He was one of the first names in advertisement and Ilanat in Turkey. His artistic expression helped contribute to the visual identity of the Republic of Turkey for many decades. Born in Egypt as the son of a famous architect and builder Ahmet Hulusi, he returned to Istanbul after the British invasion of Egypt. Later, he was trained in Germany as a painter before returning to Turkey in 1925 where he started working in Akbaba magazine.

He made caricatures with Ramiz Gökçe and Münif Fehim up until he took up making posters. He paid great importance to invention and being original. Görey worked for Tayyare Piyangosu for 45 years and Tekel for 35. In 1935 he opened the first exhibition of graphic design in Turkey. In the meantime, he also gained success abroad working with Bayer, British whiskey brand John Haigh, poster and stickers of Italian Cinzano and Fernet Branca.

His design for Kulüp Rakısı also became a iconic.

Ali Suavi Sonar Born in 1910, Ali Suavi Sonar is one of the most important artists for press and media. He worked on several covers for the books of Nazım Hikmet, magazine covers including famous Hayat and Ses magazines, and later on turned to photography.

Muvaffak İhsan Garan (1911-1985) Journalist, writer and artist. After taking a break from his literature major, he worked as a decorator and poster designer and painter. Later on he worked on many magazines as both graphic designer and writer. He was a reporter for Cumhuriyet Gazetesi in France and worked in state establishments as well.

Cumhuriyet Newspaper, 1924 Founded by Yunus Nadi with his partners in the Ittihat ve Terakki party building while he was publishing also the first magazine to support the Turkish war of independence, Yeni Gün. The paper’s name was founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the first issue featured an interview of Yunus Nadi with Atatürk. Many important literary and political figures were writers in the paper throughout time.

The newpaper since then have seen many closings and re-openings, killings of its journalists and even law suits.

First modern paper factory opens, 1934

International Style Modern architecture style that developed mainly in Germany, Holland and France, during the 1920s, before spreading to America in the 1930s, where it became the dominant tendency in American architecture during the middle decades of the 20th century.

1940s event: The Second World War starting in 1939 continued until 1945.

Gençlik Parkı, 1942

Sedad Hakkı Eldem (1908-1988)

Gençlik Parkı was considered and took its place in the Ankara Reconstruction Plan, which was planned by the well-known German urban planner Herman Jansen and started to be implemented in 1932.

Later, the application projects of the park were prepared by the French architect Theo Leveau who worked for the Ministry of Public works and the construction works were completed in 1942. The organization of the green areas was completed in the following years and the park was opened in 1945. Enveloping an area of 260 thousand square meters, the park is the largest park in Ankara.

In the explanation report prepared by Jansen for the Ankara Plan, it is stated that the Gençlik Parkı is a very new idea in accordance with the Ankara climate, and was established in order to create a large tree area in Ankara which is much sought-after.

One of the pioneers of nationalized modern architecture in Turkey. He aimed to nationalize the Modern Architecture movement. He thought the International Style in architecture should not applied everywhere.

Some things should be changed in the design by considering the national and domestic texture.

Faal Reklam Ajansı, 1944 As an extension of Ilan Advertisement Agency, Faal Advertisement Agency was established in 1944 by Eli Acıman, Vitali Hakko ve Mario Began as one of the first modern advertisement agencies of Turkey.

Türk Tarih Kurumu Press, 1942 Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkish History Institution) was founded in 1931 in order to establish a new historical conscious through building a national identity going beyond the Islamic heritage. Its press was founded to promote these ideals.

Fine Arts Press, 1942

Seyfi Aykan (1904-1966) Seyfi Arkan graduated from the Vedat Tek Atelier of the Academy of Fine Arts in 1928. During his student years, he also worked at İdare-i Fenniye Private Engineering Company. Between 1929 and 1933, he became a student of Hans Poelzig and studied in his workshop. During the education process he received in Europe, he also made an analyses of stadiums, school buildings, worker living spaces. Seyfi Arkan returned to Turkey in 1933 and he became a lecturer in the Department of Urban Planning of the Academy of Fine Arts .

In Arkan’s architectural works, Poelzig’s modern perspective on architecture and traces of the effects of Berlin’s social and cultural structure can be seen. On the other hand, one of the most important factors of his project, considering that during his work is social and economic conditions of turkey in the 1930s and 1940s.

Bruno Zevi (1918-2000)

Istanbul Radyoevi Building

Marshall Plan, 1947

Italian architect, historian, professor, curator, author, and editor. He discussed contemporary architectural issues of that period. He was a pioneer advocator of the organic architecture of Wright. was a critic of “classicizing” modern and postmodern architecture. Book: Saper vedere l’architettura (1948)

Istanbul Radyoevi is the building built-in 1945 to meet the studio needs of Istanbul Radio, which started its first programmed radio broadcast on May 6, 1927. As a result of the project competition, Doğan Erginbaş, Ömer Güney, and İsmail Utkular’s project was selected. The 4-storey building in Harbiye, which was started to be used by laying the foundations in November 1945 and used as Istanbul Radio-house today, came into service on November 19, 1949, with the opening speech of the President İsmet İnönü and Istanbul Radio started to provide services under favorable studio conditions.

US Secretary of State George Marshall presented the “Marshall Plan” in a speech he gave at Harvard University on June 5, 1947. formally European Recovery Program, (April 1948–December 1951), U.S.-sponsored program designed to rehabilitate the economies of 17 western and southern European countries in order to create stable conditions in which democratic institutions could survive.

Liberal economic system imposed by the Marshall Plan, has been one of the main factors that cause problems in Turkey.

Saraçoğlu Mahallesi, 1944 Designed by Paul Bonatz and started to be built on 29 October 1944, constitutes an important example of the second National Architecture Movement in the capital. In the settlement where is tried to bring 1920s Germany Siedlung understanding, the architect designed the social building of that time, which served as a playground, primary and secondary school, and the Provincial Public Library, as well as residential blocks.

Doğan Kardeş, 1945 Popular children’s magazine published in Turkey through 1945-1993. Founded by Yapı Kredi Bank’s founder Kazım Taşkent in memory of his late son, the magazine was an important part of media until the very end. Its editors were Şevket Rado and Vedat Nedim Tör.

Hürriyet (newspaper), 1948Newspaper founded by Sedat Simavi. Lit. independence.

The newspaper is among the most popular newspapers of Turkey and continues to be published to this day.

1950s event: Cold War and liberalism effects in Turkey.

Emek İnşaat

1950 General Elections

The Little America

After the establishment of Democrat Party in 1946, it won the general elections, the first change of the government party since the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.

One of the main slogans of DP during the 1950s. The phrase basically reflects the general approaches of the 1950s and DP’s “American dream” ideals. The americanization period of Turkey during the 1950s emerged as making Turkey “the little America” in many different fields.

A construction company founded in 1958. Owned

by Emekli Sandığı. During the 60s company built the largest structure of Turkey, which was known as “skyscraper” by locals of Ankara; Emek İş Hanı.

Hiltonism The appropriation of modernism in Turkey was in some extends problematic. Referring to the repeated imitation of Istanbul’s Hilton Hotel, one of Turkey’s first modernist buildings, the critic Şevki Vanlı at the time coined the term “Hiltonculuk” (Hiltonism) to mock an uncritically and widely accepted architectural ideology.

Hilton Hotel Hilton hotel was design by the Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. Sedat Hakkı Eldem was the local advisor to SOM for project. It was the example of closing 2.national architectural period in republican architecture period.The construction was percieved as characteristic of international style because of its simple geometry, functional priorities as well as simple decorations.

cold war global effect on posters The posters and ads, especially in the U.S. focused more on the Cold War and the national communism paranoia can be seen on many ads and posters of the era.

Sedat Hakkı Eldem’s sketch for the interiors of Hilton’s restaurant.

EXPO ‘58 Brussels World Fair

Hayat Mecmuası, 1956

27.11.1957 Board of Minister’s decision

The first major international fair, known as Expo ‘58, after the Second World War. The Brussels Fair, which has hosted millions of visitors for six months, has also made its name as the last major world fair in history. There was also a Turkish pavilion at this fair. The works of Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu and İlhan Koman were on display at the Turkish pavilion.

Hayat Dergisi is the one of Turkey’s first magazines in the modern sense. Hayat was a weekly news magazine published in Istanbul from 1956 to the late 1980s. In the 1960s and 1970s, Hayat was the most popular magazine in Turkey. The magazine was printed in rotogravure techniques (tifdruk teknik) and featured news, history text strings, serialized literary work, travel writings, trends, photoshoots and advertisements. Hayat magazine, along with Ses magazine became a landmark in the history of press in Turkey.

After the elections a new decision was made by the state that from that day on until 1961 after the coup, the newspapers and magazines were only allowed to print official ilanat.

Büyük Efes Hotel, Izmir Architectural project of the hotel prepared by Paul Bonatz in 1950’s. Büyük Efes Oteli was an “Emekli Sandığı” initiative like the Büyük Ankara Oteli, which could be considered as its peer. It is located on the site, where Izmir International Fair was organized before Kültürpark is opened.

Hotel, in its first years called as “Hilton of Aegean”.

Left: Opera icon Maria Callas visiting Istanbul, pictured in Hagia Sophia, 1959. Hayat Magazine.

Right: cover from a september 1959 issue in front of Hilton Hotel, Istanbul.

modern-contemporary-civil As the “modern” type of living became a selling point of a lifestyle, this phrase was commonly seen in many housing ads and ilanat.

luxury-comfort-quality Other than modern-contemporary-civil, these three keywords as a slogan became another focus on advertisement of products and houses. These slogans show themselves in each era with different concentrations.

These three keywords were the most recurrent in housing ads from late 40s to early 2000s.

Türkiye Emlak Kredi Bankası, 1946-1988 Lit. Turkish Bank of Territorial Credit. After its establishment in 1946, the construction projects initiated

by Emlak Kredi Bankası grew rapidly. This institution was also what changed the housing concept into a product in the public’s mind. Housing ads and ilanat changed over the years according to this approach.

Ses (magazine) 1956

1960s event: 27 May Military Intervention ,1960.

TRT (Turkish Radio and Television Corporation), 1964 TRT was founded in 1964 and is the national public broadcaster of Turkey. Before the introduction of commercial radio in 1990, and subsequently commercial television in 1992, it held a monopoly on broadcasting.

TRT’s predecessor, “Türkiye Radyoları” was one of 23 founding broadcasting organisations of the European Broadcasting Union in 1950; it would return to the EBU fold as TRT in 1972. The original company started radio test broadcasts in 1926, with a studio built in Istanbul in 1927 and a studio in Ankara following in 1928.

Yön Dergisi (1961-1967) Leftist political magazine that was published weekly in the 60s. With an increasing political polarization, Turkey saw a rise in political magazines and posters in this era.

Ant Dergisi (1967-1971) Founded by Yaşar Kemal, Fethi Naci and Doğan Özgüden, Ant was a political journal that was published weekly until 1970, and monthly until 1971.

İstanbul Manifaturacılar Çarşısı İstanbul Manifaturacılar Retail Centre (İMÇ) is a complex Atatürk Boulevard and it includes 1.117 shops. In 1958 the related cooperative organized a competition for a general developmental plan in the region. Later in 1960, there was another architectural competition organized for the specific site that the complex will be built in. The project that was designed by Doğan Tekeli, Sami Sisa and Metin Hepgüler chosen as the winner. The project was realized in 1967-68.

Abidin Dino (1913-1993) Turkish artist and a well-known painter. Dino illustrated many political magazine covers as well as individual projects. He worked as a scenery designer and assistant director at several film studios in Leningrad. After his return to Turkey, he went to Paris, France where he worked from 1937 to 1939, meeting such famous artists as Gertrude Stein, Tristan Tzara and Picasso.

Cengiz Bektaş (1934-2020) “In memory of a strike”

Gecekondu (Squatter House) Lit. “put (built) at night” Gecekondu is used for structures which have illegal housing patterns. Also, they are dwelled unrestrainedly and without a plan. This type emerged after Second World War because of rapid urbanization. In 1950s, these gecekondu areas created problems. in 60s, authorities started to produce and enhance improvement policies for gecekondu areas.

One of the most important Turkish architects of late 20th century. He designed Etimesgut Mosque in 1964 in Ankara among other pioneering projects.

METU Campus, 1961 by Behruz & Altuğ Çinici Çinicis’ project proposed in the competition for the campus of METU in 1961 consisted of a main “alle” and brutalist concrete faculty buildings adding on to the alley. This axis provided the campus design with a main spine that in time other buildings could attach themselves to. There are many spatial layers transitioning from interior to the exterior and than to the alle. Many landscape elements such as ponds, sculptures and urban furniture can be found in these interfaces. METU campus was Turkey’s first exposed reinforced concrete structure and it opened its first building the faculty of architecture in 1963.

Gender Stereotypes in Advertisement As the world and Turkey became more globalized, the global products and advertisements started to have greater effect on Turkish ilanat. Ads always portray the era’s understanding of gender and other social matters.

American advertising has been using such stereotypes since the 50s and this style peaked in the 60s as well.

The local correspondence to the American housewife images were also met with the image of the Turkish rural “mother” in some advertisements.

During 50s both state-issued and private anouncements had the same standards. The publications with anouncement rights were categorized as “political” and “commercial”. The categorization and autentication for these publications were issued by the government directly. In 1957, it was announced only one company was responsible for all anouncements being published. Later on, more rules were applied in favor of a state-picked publishment of Ilanat. After discussions on freedom of press and the political events, Basın Ilan Kurumu was founded in 1961 and continues its function today. The establishment of this institution was a milestone for Turkish advertising and public anouncements.

Agency

Yapsatçılık Meaning build-and-sell, this model was popularized in the 60s. As a result of urbanization and of speculation the land values in planned sectionsof the city were so high that it became impossible for middle classes to own single family houses on individual lots. In this situation, flat-ownership was institutionalized allowing the middle classes to buy individual apartments.

Basın İlan Kurumu (Press Anouncement Institution) 1961

Women in ads shown in relation to house labor.

Right: the smell of your charm all day long.

A business that represents one group of people when dealing with another group: an advertising/employment/ estate/travel agency. From Medieval Latin agentia, abstract noun from Latin agentem “effective, powerful,” present participle of agere “to set in motion, drive forward; to do, perform,” figuratively “incite to action; keep in movement”. Meaning “establishment where business is done for another” first recorded 1861.

1970s event:

12 March 1971 Memorandum and election of ‘73.

Anadol

urbanization

The first domestic car produced first in 1966 and dominated 70s. Its design is not Turkish as it is often predicted but British. Founded by Vehbi Koç under Ototkoç was a representative of Ford Motor Company.

Even though it was not completely locally produced, it was one of the most famous cars of its time.

Urbanization which is informal development can be seen in the 1950s-1980s in the biggest cities of Turkey, İstanbul, Ankara and İzmir. For example in Istanbul, thanks to the squatter houses, the city started to lose its layout because of these illegal housings.

TOFAŞ, 1968(Turkish Automobile Factory A. Ş.) Tofaş was founded

by Vehbi Koç and became a big part of the local market.

Efes Pilsen Similar to other brands founded in the 60s, Efes Pilsen increased its prominence in the market in late 70s and 80s. Founded in 1969, the local beer brand became the leader of the industry in 1980s.

Atatürk Kültür Merkezi, Taksim AKM’s construction as the grand opera building started in 1946 but was stopped due to the war.

In 1956 the project was handed over to Hayati Tabanlıoğlu for a cultural center. During the course of the project’s realization, it was renewed 3 times, have seen 10 minister changes and was partially opened in 1969, 23 years later. Tabanlıoğlu added cinema hall, art gallery and concert hall functions to the initial project. In 1970 the building had a fire and had another opening in 1978. The building was thought to be restored in 2013 but the process was stopped by the Ministry of Culture and it was left to decay until 2018 when a deconstruction process began for a “new Atatürk Cultural Center”. Now its new project is being carried out by Tabanlıoğlu Mimarlık. The structure holds a very important place in urban and civil memory as it was a symbol for protests and Labour Day gatherings. Unions and professional chambers put up propoganda posters in the square and on the building itself.

İş Bankası Tower, Ankara, 1972 An important modern building showcasing a new understanding of monumentalism in architecture.

İstanbul Reklam Building, 1972

METU revolutionist poster atelier, 1968-1971

Orhan Taylan (1941-)

The Istanbul Reklam Building is an iconic example of modern Turkish architecture of the late 1960s. This chapter explores an instance where a private sector client commissioned an over-scale building with a complex and heavy program in a historic urban context, and where the architects skillfully managed to reduce the effect of that scale by introducing inspired architectural devices. It also adds that private sector clients, such as Istanbul Reklam, sought to use architecture as advertising. Most importantly, the chapter argues that the building is a unique example of crossover advertising where one of the products advertised is modern architecture. The Istanbul Reklam Building was a media building: media content (advertising) was produced in it, photographic images of it were later disseminated through media, and it was a medium through which the agency advertised itself. To start with, naming this advertising agency after the city of Istanbul was a conscious branding decision. (İpek Türeli)

Until METU students came up with a new approach, poster design was limited to professional poster design and advertisements. With independent manifold, serigraphy and other techniques they have created collective and mostly anonymous posters. They came up with the slogans themselves and found images they saw fitting from the limited journals and photographs they could access at the time. This collective was a part of the revolutionists who found slogans and ideas at first and made the posters later for propaganda. The artists were mostly architecture students. Because there were no billboards on the streets yet, the posters had great importance and they really caught the eye of the citizens.

Artist and painter. After studying in Istanbul American College, he went to the Academy of Fine Arts in Rome with a state scholarship.

After coming back in 1966 he became a member of the worker’s party TİP and started making posters for unions and magazine covers. His poster design for 1 May produced in 1976 is famously used in many protests and became a symbol of labour day in Turkey. He continued his career as an artist and writer working and opening exhibitions in many countries.

Lassa Tire Factory, 1977

Gazino (Music Hall)

1980s event:

Atatürk (Yeşilköy) Airport

Coup d’etat of 1980. Neo-liberalism.

12 September Coup

Vestel, 1984

The 1980 Turkish coup d’état , headed by Chief of the General Staff General Kenan Evren, was the third coup d’état in the history of the Republic, the previous having been the 1960 coup and the 1971 coup by memorandum.

During the Cold War era, Turkey suffered from political violence (1976–1980) between far-left and far-right militant groups. The violence abruptly stopped afterwards, and the coup was welcomed by some for restoring order.

In total, 50 people were executed, 500,000 were arrested and hundreds died in prison. For the next three years the Turkish Armed Forces ruled the country through the National Security Council, before democracy was restored with the 1983 Turkish general election.

Founded in 1984, Vestel is one of the 10 most known brands of Turkey. Its production of household appliances and televisions mark a new era for Turkey and ilanat as well. Domestic production and importation of technological goods also marked a new style for ilanat. All sorts of press started using computer aid in the 80s. This led to new techniques of production. At the same time with the popularization of the television, advertisements and all kinds of ilanat now had a new medium of reaching the public.

postmodernism Postmodernism’s emergence and popularity in the 80s also had an effect on graphic design. Postmodernism proposed there was a disconnection of communication in modernist designs and rejected old rules of modernism with a free and pluralist approach. Bülent Erkmen was an important designer relevant to this discussion.

billboard A billboard (also called a hoarding) is a large outdoor advertising structure (a billing board). After the coup of 1980, the handling of the walls of cities were handed over to local administrations. Municipalities would rent out these open-air advertisement spaces for huge posters.

As this system proved to be profitable, the billboards spread to other urban objects and spaces such as bus stops, parks, stations and building façades.

First opened in 1912 as a military airfield, located on the European side of the city, it is located 24 km west of the city centre. The airport was originally named Yeşilköy Airport. In the 1980s, it was renamed Istanbul Atatürk International Airport in honour of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

A project was prepared in 1947 to improve the Yeşilköy Airport, which despite being used mainly for military activity had managed a limited number of civil flights since 1933. The new facility opened in 1953. As air traffic increased, the airport once again became too limited in its capacity. In 1971 Hayati Tabanlıoğlu designed a masterplan comprising four terminal buildings along with technical facilities and parking lots. The master plan wasn’t fully realized but the new terminal building was opened in 1983. Named İstanbul Atatürk Aiport in 1985, the facility with new additions was reopened in 2000.

decentralized city plans

Selçuk Demirel (1954-)

Bülent Erkmen (1947-)

Due to urban sprawl, the cities planned for smaller populations began developing newer city centers and planning policies. An example to this Ankara’s Atatürk Boulevard losing its power as the most important spine of the city.

Born in 1954 in Artvin, Selçuk Demirel is an important Turkish artist with various works in graphic design, painting, comics, posters for magazines and newspapers around the world. He moved to Paris in 1978 and worked with Le Monde, Le Monde Diplomatique, Le Nouvel Observateur (France); The Washington Post, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The American Prospect, The Boston Globe, The Chicago Tribune, LegalAffairs (USA); Far Estern Economic Review (Hong Kong) and many more. He was also producing political posters in France and other countries in solidarity with the political prisoners and Turkish citizens after the coup d’etat of 1980.

Bülent Erkmen studied graphic design in the National Fine Arts Academy of Istanbul. He worked on posters for DISK and journals like Film Arşivi, Özgür Sinema and Sinema TV. He produced work within a wide spectrum ranging from design of logos, corporate identities, posters, book covers, books, magazines, brochures, stamps, calenders, packaging, 3D objects, advertising, illustration, periodicals, encyclopedias, newspapers, billboards, exhibitions, museums to urban signage systems, and theatre direction. Since 1980’s, he won over 100 awards in national and international exhibitions and competitions. His works were included in international publications. Having been one of the founding partners of the advertising agency “Reklamevi”, Erkmen founded BEK Design and Consultancy Ltd. in 1995. His covers for all covers of Arredamento Magazine were among many memorable works.

Atakule, 1989, Ankara Designed by architect Ragıp Buluç, Atakule opened on the 66th anniversary of Ankara’s establishment as the capital, on 13 October 1989 by the president Turgut Özal. Atakule was Ankara’s first, and Turkey’s second modern shopping mall. The mall is located above Botanik Park. The original design has 5 stories with an atrium housing stores and a wedding and cocktail hall as a social unit. The project was chosen with a competition. The monumental tower that stands 125 meters tall is Turkey’s second tallest tower with a rotating platform which housed a restaurant. The tower was a symbol for the city of Ankara. For years it was abandoned and up for demolition. A new project for the mall was made in 2010 and in 2018 the new mall by A Tasarım was opened.

Arredamento Mimarlık, 1989 (Lit.) Furniture in Italian. One of Turkey’s longest published architecture magazines. The design and culture magazine was first published as Arredamento Dekorasyon and became Arredamento Mimarlık in 1998 with its 100th issue. The magazine’s publication coordinator is Uğur Tanyeli, editor is Sibel Senyücel.

1990s event:

Globalization and rise of multinational capitalism. ‘99 Earthquake.

First corporate identity in public administration: Ankara Municipality, 1990 The first graphic identity for a public administration was done by Sadık Karamustafa for Ankara Municipality in 1990. The designer composed the image for the public identity by combining his take on the Hitite Sun found in the municipality’s logo, and Ankara’s goat as symbols representing the city. He finishes this logo with placing Ankara’s other names from history around this imagery.

This study and the urban image it created was reflected in the municipality’s other works. However, the new administration that came in 1994 professed the old logo as “Anti-Muslim and Anti-Turkish” and came up with a new graphic identity for the municipality with a mosque.

TOKİ ,1984 Lit. Mass Housing Administration of Turkey is directly connected to the Prime Ministry and was founded to handle the Mass Housing Fund. Due to rapid urbanization in the 1980s, TOKI was founded. In Turkey, by 2008 the residents living in cities had reached %70.5 of the whole population. Unequal distrubution of wealth and urbanization resulted in slum areas filled with gecekondu (squatter houses). TOKI’s claim was to provide the previously-gecekondu-residents with safe and affordable housing. The fastest growing housing type for TOKI was standardized high-rises that created edge-cities around urban areas. Later, some rose even in critical city centers such as the historical city of Bursa, with the same standardized minimum architecture.

Private Television Broadcasting

Karamustafa, 1973

Karamustafa, 1990

In the 90s, TRT’s monopoly on broadcasting was over with new, privately-owned TV channels. The TV as a medium had become one of the most important mediums now for ilanat. Obviously for advertisement and seemingly less so for propaganda.

Karum Shopping Mall, 1991 Karum was opened in 1991 as Ankara’s second oldest shopping mall. The project was done by Koray Holding along with the Sheraton Hotels & Towers project. The design is done by Von Gerkan, Marg and Partners. The structure has three stories for the stores, four for offices, and two for technical spaces and the parking lot. The building has an eliptical atrium in the middle. Although most of the rentable areas empty, the building continues to be used today as a shopping and business center. Its neighbour Sheraton Hotel Ankara was designed at the same year and is a very important figure in Ankara’s skyline.

Parliament Mosque Complex, 1989 Completed in 1989 by Çinici Architects was awarded an Aga Khan award in 1995. The modern mosque is one with the natural slope of the area.

The minaret is symbolized with two balconies and a cypress tree while the dome is implied by a terracing pyramid that rises from the landscape.

The handling of the qıble wall is monumental and it faces a terraced sunken garden. The design carries a pioneering approach in handling sacred spaces.

2000s event:

Kanyon Shopping Center, 2006 Shopping malls and other mixed-use projects were a characterizing type of building from the 2000s on in Turkey. Kanyon Shopping Center was an important example designed by Tabanlıoğlu Mimarlık, Arup and Jerde Partnership as winners of the competition held in 2001.

Nevzat Sayın (1954-) Contemporary Turkish architect Nevzat Sayın was educated at Ege University. He worked with Cengiz Bektaş after school. He started his own practice in 1985. He received Serbest Mimarlar Ödülü and was nominated for the Agha Khan Architectural Awards. Gön Leather Factory (1992), Yahşibey Evleri (1998-2006), Beyaz Ev (1997) and Santral Istanbul (2008-2013) are among NSMH’s many projects.

Globalization and the age of information.

brand-scape

internet

Blend of brand and landscape. Anthropologist John Sherry is credited with coining term in 1986. The range of brands available in the market, or a specific segment thereof, especially considered collectively as a cultural phenomenon. The ways of the milennium also brought about a new understanding of big cities as brand-scapes themselves. The metropol itself was an image, a brand even, while also contributing to the services offered within its borders.

Before its establishment as perhaps the most important medium in the 2010s on, the internet became an accessible service for people of the world in 2000s.

gentrification Gentrification is derived from the word “gentry,” which historically referred to people of an elevated social status.

Gentrification is the transformation of a city neighborhood from low value to high value. Gentrification is also viewed as a process of urban development in which a neighborhood or portion of a city develops rapidly in a short period of time, often as a result of urban-renewal programs. This process is often marked by inflated home prices and displacement of a neighborhood’s previous residents.

2009 AGI Conference One of the world’s most renowned graphic design institutions, Alliance Graphique Internationale held its congress in Turkey in 2009.

jingle A jingle is a short song or tune used in advertising and for other commercial uses. Jingles are a form of sound branding. A jingle contains one or more hooks and meaning that explicitly promote the product or service being advertised, usually through the use of one or more advertising slogans. Ad buyers use jingles in radio and television commercials; they can also be used in nonadvertising contexts to establish or maintain a brand image. Many jingles are also created using snippets of popular songs, in which lyrics are modified to appropriately advertise the product or service.

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ARCH326 Spring 2020

Advisor: Asst. Prof. Bilge İmamoğlu TED University | Department of Architecture