ECAHO Judges Training Manual 2023 - English

European Conference of Arab Horse Organizations

ECAHO

Judges Training Manual 2023 Study Material for ECAHO Judges Courses

Arabic translation sponsored by

Acknowledgements This Manual has been put together for the ECAHO Judges Instructor Group to help anyone who wishes to become an ECAHO judge and for anyone interesting in judging Arabian horses. On behalf of the JIG, we wish to thank all who have helped in providing the material Peter Upton’s Classic Arab Horse was the starting point and remains a most important source work on the subject along with all the books listed in the appendix. A special thanks is due to Emma Maxwell and Gudrun Waiditschka for providing many of the photographs.

Finally thanks also to Emirates Arabian Horse Society for their support and for agreeing to translate this manual into Arabic.

Executive Secretary Zuzana Slavíková Na Blatech 242 CZ-27711 Libis Czech Republic phone: +420 602 876 396 e-mail: office@ecaho.org www.ecaho.org

Copyright © 2023 by ECAHO - All rights reserved.

This publication or any portion thereof may neither be reproduced nor used, in any manner whatsoever, without the express previous written permission of ECAHO, except for the use of brief quotations citing the source of information.

Legal seat: E.C.A.H.O. European Conference of Arab Horse Organisations, c/o Rotmonten Treuhand AG, Schuppisstrasse 8, CH-9016 St. Gallen, Switzerland

ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

Contents Section 1 Judges Information

3 3-4 5-6

How to become an ECAHO judge Guidelines for judges

Section 2 Introducing the Arabian Horse

7 9-10 11-12 13-14 15-16 17-32 33-38 39 40 40

Observations on type Guidelines for conformation Proportions Angles Notes on conformation and type Notes on movement The skeleton Points of the horse Palapation points

Section 3 Judging and Judging Procedure

41 41-44 42

Major and minor faults Veterinary faults

Section 4 Judging Systems Overview Points systems (ECAHO, AHO, AHA) Comparative (One Judge UK, Three or More USA) Discussions on judging systems Swiss

45 45 45 45-50 49-50

51

Appendices Conflicts of interest Constitution of ECAHO ECAHO code of conduct Categories and faults Penalties and their application Unsoundness and blemishes Recommended references: books and videos Glossary Judges Contract

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51 52 53-56 56-57 58 59 60 60-61 62-64

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Introduction This Manual has been compiled specifically as a tool for ECAHO to assist in training its judges. It should be used in conjunction with some of the many excellent books and DVDs on conformation and movement to increase depth of knowledge and understanding. A brief list is included in the appendix no. 60 (click here).

The European Conference of Arab Horse Organizations (ECAHO) was founded in 1983. Its main purpose is to regulate and promote Arabian horse shows and to encourage the breeding and welfare of Arabian Horses in Europe and its other Member countries. In order to achieve this, the Organization established the Show Commission (EAHSC) made up of delegates from all the Member countries.

Their work entailed the foundation of a set of rules and regulations for the administration of shows, a show pyramid from Amateur and D shows to Title Shows and a list of approved judges, officials and disciplinary committee members.

The task is on-going, and the Blue Book, which is regularly updated, contains the rules & regulations as well as the latest lists of officials, and Arabian horse shows. The complete and latest edition is available on line at www.ecaho.org.

Likewise the Green Book contains the rules and regulations for the various Sport Competitions.

ECAHO can be proud of its achievements.

After more than thirty years it has seen not only significant growth in Arabian shows, but also greater professionalism and internationalism. Nevertheless it must continue to develop and ensure its rules and regulations move with the times.

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ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

Section 1 Judges Information HOW TO BECOME AN ECAHO JUDGE NOTE: ENGLISH IS MANDATORY, ALL EXAMS ARE IN ENGLISH The initial body to contact, for anyone who wants to become an ECAHO approved judge, is their country’s National ECAHO member organization (Arab Horse Society). Full information can be found in the latest version of the Blue Book available on the EACHO website www.ecaho.org.

SUMMARY of the TRAINING STEPS required to become an approved ECAHO B JUDGE The following key points are taken from the Blue Book 2023 but must be checked for the most up-to-date version:

Step One

How to become a National Judge 1. You must pass a National Judges Training Scheme organised by your National Organization1.

2. For National progress evaluation and judging experience development, National Judges may conduct training-probations with any ECAHO judge recommended by their National Organization at any ECAHO show, excluding B shows and higher.

3. As a National Judge you are entitled to judge ECAHO ‘Amateur’, ‘D regional’, ‘C National’, ‘C International’, ‘European’, ‘Specific Origin’ Shows and ‘National Championships’ in your own country.

1. A ‘National Organization’ is the Arabian Horse Breeding Association of your country, which is a Member of ECAHO.

Step Two

How to become an ECAHO National Judge A National Judge may become an ECAHO National Judge by passing a Level 1 Assessment.

1. You are not a Professional trainer or handler.

2. A National Judge should apply to attend the first available ECAHO Level 1 Assessment with the written recommendation of their National Organisation.

3. National judges who pass the level 1 assessment, retired ECAHO Judges and other former ECAHO B and A Judges will be placed automaticaly on the ECAHO National Judges list and remain there as long as they are compliant with their applicable national and ECAHO rules.

As an ECAHO National Judge you are entitled to judge all ECAHO ‘Amateur’, ‘D regional’, ‘C National’, ‘C International’, ‘European’ , ‘Specific Origin’ Shows and “National Championships”.

PLEASE NOTE THE TRANSITION PERIOD WHICH WILL BE APPLIED FOR THE AMENDED RULES: Judges who have been added to their National Judges´ lists prior to 30.4.2023 will have until 1.1.2025 to fulfil the new requirements. Judges (students) who are added to their National Judges’ lists after 30.4.2023 will be subject to the new requirements with immediate effect.

Step Three

How to become an International ECAHO B To be eligible for ECAHO B judge (level II) assessment, the following conditions must be met: 1. You are not a professional trainer or handler 2. You must have passed the ECAHO National Judges/Level I assessment and have been placed on the ECAHO National judges list.

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ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

Step Four

Judging probation is required in preparation for Level II 1. You must have completed a minimum of three probations, all with different A judges, at ECAHO affiliated shows, in foreign countries, completed with satisfactory reports.

2. For Judging progress evaluation, reports of the probations and all score sheets must be sent to the ECAHO secretary. Reports are not sent to the trainees, but trainees are entitled to a verbal progress report from the trainee’s respective A judge.

Note the following: 3. Probations are not allowed at A or Title shows 4. You must have permission from both the Show organizer and the A-Judge.

5. You must pay all your own expenses, i.e. transportation, hotel, food and drinks.

6. Only one probationer per show is allowed.

7. More probations may be recommended if considered necessary.

To apply for ECAHO judges level II B-Judge assessment: 1. You must have completed the requirements stated in articles 1 to 4 stated above.

2. You may only apply to attend an ECAHO Level II assessment after you have completed the mandatory three-year experience period starting from the date your Level I Assessment pass was recorded with the ECAHO secretary.

3. You are not a professional trainer or handler.

4. You must have a written recommendation from your National Organization allowing you to apply to the ECAHO judges training program for Level B assessment, sent to the ECAHO Secretary.

Step Five

Step Six

To be nominated for the ECAHO B Judges list: 1. You must have passed the ECAHO Judges Level II Assessment.

2. You must be proposed by your National Organization at an EAHSC meeting.

3. You must be accepted by the EAHSC for the B-list of ECAHO Judges.

As ECAHO B Judge you may judge any level of ECAHO show. You may lose your title of ECAHO B Judge if you have not judged for three consecutive years or not attended an ECAHO Judges Course Level II as refresher.

The Executive Committee may freely assess if a B Judge not complying with the Constitution, all applicable rules, codes, regulations, and decisions of ECAHO, as well as with his duties and obligations under the Judges Contract, may lose his title of ECAHO Judge, or shall be prevented from being appointed as a recognised Judge, or shall be suspended or expelled.

Step Seven

How to become an International ECAHO A Judge 1. You must have been on the ECAHO B-list for a minimum of five years.

2. You must have judged a minimum of 25 ECAHO international shows.

3. You must be proposed by your National Organization at an EAHSC meeting.

4. You must be approved by the ECAHO Judges Instructors Group and the Executive Committee.

5. You must be accepted by EAHSC for the A-list of ECAHO judges.

NOTE: Candidates who fail the Judges assessments Level I or II on three occasions must wait five years before retaking the test. During this time, they should attend further educational seminars.

Any candidate who fails this final assessment will not be permitted to repeat.

As an ECAHO A JUDGE you may judge any level of ECAHO shows As ECAHO A JUDGE it is your dity to take probationers and to write the corresponding report 4

ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

Guidelines for Judges Judges should be familiar with the latest version of the Blue Book. Judges are not only responsible for giving their valued judgement, but also for ensuring that procedures are followed in accordance with ECAHO rules especially regarding welfare. The following are important guidelines which apply to all judges. In case of any doubts during a show you should consult the DC (via The Ringmaster).

1. As a Judge, you are expected to act with integrity at all times. Not only are you responsible for giving your considered judgement but also you are a representative of ECAHO and should act accordingly.

2. Answer any judging invitations promptly and do not overload yourself by accepting too many assignments. Check the latest ECAHO rules to ensure your eligibility.

3. Remember your appearance and behaviour reflects on your professionalism at all times.

4. Avoid lengthy conversations with friends and handlers who might be exhibiting at the show until all your judging is finished. They can be easily misinterpreted.

5. Show respect to all exhibitors, judging what you see on the day regardless of past performance, the owner or handler.

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6. Be careful what you say and to whom, your words can be repeated carelessly about any horse or exhibitor.

7. Take note of all rules regarding the use of mobile phones, also be aware that you can be photographed at any time. Social media can be as dangerous as useful!

8. Judges should not consult the show catalogue before or during the show at which they are judging.

9. In the show ring, all communication between judges and handlers, prior to the presentation of prizes, should be through the Ringmaster.

10. It is essential to observe that horses are presented in accordance with the rules for welfare of the animals and to take action if not.

11. Judges may withhold any award if in their opinion the exhibit does not merit such an award.

12. The judge, or if more than one, the panel of judges, may request that the Ring Master show a handler a yellow or red card if they consider that there is abuse to a horse or that there is other misconduct.

13. The following situations may occur in the ring and action may be taken via the Ringmaster. Whilst the DC’s will have inspected all horses prior to coming into the ring, in case of any doubts concerning a certain horse, you should consult the DC (via the Ringmaster).

•

Poor manners, undue stress, or inhumane treatment

•

Unruly horse or one which shows aggression and whose action threatens to endanger the handler, other exhibitors or any person in the ring

•

A horse that appears to be intimidated by its handler

•

A handler who exhibits inappropriate or dangerous behaviour or whose actions would in any way threaten the safety of any exhibitor, their entries or the safety of class officials

•

Excessive use of the whip or actions that may disturb other entries

•

A horse possessing a whip mark (welt) on any portion of the horse

•

Excessive amounts of oil, grease or other substances

•

Removal of eyelashes, tactile hairs around nose, muzzle and eyes and hair shaved inside ears

•

Changing of the natural colour of the coat, mane and / or tail

•

Products applied to a horse’s hoof to hide or conceal a conformation defect

•

Non-transparent products on the hooves of horses

•

A horse with a cut or abrasion showing clear evidence of fresh blood in the mouth, nose, chin, shoulder, barrel, flank or hip area, legs

•

Unsoundness

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ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

Section 2 Introducing The Arabian Horse

Few breeds of horses have been the subject of so much violent “argument – over his origin, his height, his use, his present value – as the Arab. But what does he care!

He still remains unique, a mystery and a person, whose beauty is a compound of personality and born not to be analysed part by part but to be seen – and enjoyed – as a whole.

Taut as a bowstring, alert as a sentinel, proudly he stands and challenges the world.

- Lt. Col. C.E.G. Hope

”

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ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

The Arabian horse is said to have originated in the Fertile Crescent of Mesopotamia. From there it spread throughout the Arabian Peninsula and became a vital part of Arab culture and a symbol of pride and status amongst the Bedouin tribes. As a warhorse The Arabian helped in the spread of Islam and with many references to the horse in the Holy Koran and the Hadiths it holds a special place in the culture of Arabia.

Over the centuries poems and legends have sprung up in praise of its purity and courage, whilst painters, sculptors and photographers have illustrated its beauty. Kings and Emperors have gone to extraordinary lengths to acquire the most beautiful horses and to seek out treasured bloodlines.

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The reputation of the Arabian horse for soundness, endurance and purity spread throughout the Western world where it has played an important role in the development of most modern breeds of light horse.

Nowadays the Arabian is recognised not only for its great beauty but also its versatility, as a racehorse, an outstanding endurance horse, and a superior all-round riding horse.

ECAHO plays a role in promoting this versatility through the Sports Commission. ECAHO believes it is important that all the Arabian horse’s qualities and characteristics should be preserved for the longterm health and existence of the breed.

ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

General Observations on Arabian Type

Bairactar 1814 showing all the characteristics of classic Arabian Type

A modern Egyptian stallion showing similar excellent Type

Type is first and foremost the way we differentiate one breed from another. In the Arabian horse Type takes on an additional significance through the breed’s natural qualities, its presence and flamboyance which have influenced painting, poetry, and photography over the centuries. Nowadays, when assessing a horse, whilst we may keep the artist’s inspiration in mind, it is all the qualities behind the image that we are looking for: •

Pride of bearing, especially in the carriage of head, neck and tail

•

Lightness, athleticism and freedom of movement

•

Correct, sound conformation

•

Exquisite modeling and dryness of the skeleton, especially the head

•

Finest quality of skin and hair

•

Temperament, people friendly and trainable

•

Presence and charisma, the natural ability of the horse to project itself, the ‘look at me’ factor

Type is essential and the definition of Type has become standard, but it still remains highly subjective, and differences in preference are inevitable, even desirable. Over the years different Types within the breed have been recognised, based around different bloodlines or countries, however with the development of the universal show horse certain characteristics are being more highly emphasised than might have been the case in the past and those older Types are being lost. It remains important that variations are appreciated provided they fall within the same broad concept of what constitutes the ideal. This becomes essential when Judges are invited to judge different “Specific 9

ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

A multi-champion stallion in modern show stance

Showing classic type even when loose

Specific origin: Syrian stallion demonstrating a powerful trot

Specific origin: A Bahraini Obeyan Shamet also showing unmistakable Arabian Type

Origin” groups, for example “desertbreds”, where their variations in Type should be respected and appreciated. It is necessary to consider carefully the local priorities in ‘Type’ given to such groups in order to judge them correctly.

penalised if necessary either in the type mark or if extreme dismissal from the class.

It must not be forgotten that conformation and Type are hereditary and good and bad points can be passed on equally. Judges must take responsibility for ensuring certain characteristics are not taken to extremes which could affect not only the health and wellbeing of the individuals but also the whole breed; soundness, athletic ability and good temperament must not be lost.

Historically the Arabian is famed for its courage, sound constitution great powers of endurance and friendliness.

Unfortunately these cannot be easily judged in the ring. Nevertheless they must not be forgotten and extremely nervous or aggressive behaviour towards the handler must be considered and 10

ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

General Observations on Conformation

“

Judges and breeders who tolerate serious faults or follow fads of poor conformation hurt their breed immensely

”

(The Horse Conformation Handbook by Heather Smith Thomas)

The better a horse’s conformation (how the animal measures up to or conforms to the ideal standards of its breed or type) the better it will perform (Horse Conformation: Structure, Soundness and Performance by Equine Research)

The Arabian is judged as a riding horse

The conformation of the Arabian should be judged as that of a well put together, sound and comfortable riding horse. Good conformation depends on a correct skeleton, good proportions and muscles, and the way they function together, ensuring balanced stress on all joints. Conformation faults can limit a horse’s ability to perform required tasks and affect its long-term soundness and usefulness.

Faults that directly affect soundness and movement, should be viewed severely.

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ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

When assessing conformation, it must not be confused with condition, Obviously, a horse in healthy condition looks better than one in poor health, but too much condition (i.e. fat) can disguise some defects. In the long run hidden faults can be detrimental to the breed and experienced judges should be able to spot these and judge them accordingly.

Conformation is clearly shown in a fit racehorse

Overweight can negatively affect appearance

Quality also applies to conformation. Quality is refinement without the horse looking weak or weedy. It is seen in the fineness of skin and hair, and the delicate modeling ‘dryness’ of the bone structure. It should be possible to easily see the modelling of the head and limbs with well-defined joints, tendons and ligaments, after exertion blood vessels are easily visible. A thick or fleshy appearance around the head, legs and joints indicates a lack of quality and is undesirable.

The Arabian should age well, its conformation should look good and remain strong into old age, conversely a young horse showing signs of age should be viewed severely. Whilst allowance can be made for age and sex, it should always be possible to distinguish between males and females.

Correct reproductive conformation should be required of mares to allow for easy breeding and foaling and stallions should have two descended testicles.

The study of conformation involves much more than is written here which is for guidance and direction. It is strongly advised that judges use some of the many excellent books and DVDs on the subject to increase their depth of knowledge and understanding. Most books have one thing in common regardless of breed which is, that whilst good conformation requirements may vary according to the use of the horse, a long serviceable life, is more likely if these requirements are as near perfect as possible.

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ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

IMPORTANT PROPORTIONS The Arabian horse should have good proportions and symmetry. These are amongst the first things that should be considered when judging and it means considering the whole horse and assessing the correct balance of its parts. No matter the shape of the horse there must be symmetry between the forehand and hindquarters, poor proportions will affect athletic ability, for example a very good front and weak quarters will lack the engine to perform well. It is essential for a judge to develop an eye which can quickly assess good proportions and symmetry.

The horse should divide into roughy three equal parts

This horse has a long back, resulting in unequal proportions

Three parts which should be more or less equal: 1. The forehand, the area of the shoulder, including the chest from the point of the shoulder to the point where the withers meet the back.

2. The back or middle.

3. The hindquarters from the point of the croup to the point of the buttocks.

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ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

There are various proportions that are considered ideal when judging, and the most important are given here. The body and legs, excluding the head and neck, should fit roughly into a square with “a leg at each corner” i.e. the legs squarely under the body. The withers and the croup should be more or less level. The croup must not be higher than the withers although in young and growing horses this can happen and is permitted.

Balance: The horse should fit into a square

In a horse with correct proportions the top line from withers to root of tail should be smooth and shorter than the underline from the elbow to stifle, so that the horse ‘stands over a lot of ground’.

The legs must be in proportion to the length and depth of the body, forelegs from elbow to fetlock should be the same as withers to girth.

The length of the neck in a relaxed position should be in proportion to the rest of the body, the length from the centre of the withers to the poll should be more or less the same as from the centre of the withers to the root of the tail.

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ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

THE IMPORTANCE OF ANGLES Whilst assessing proportions it is necessary to also consider the various important angles of the horse. The shoulders, the hindquarters, stifles, hocks, pasterns and the angle of the head onto the neck all have important influence on the horse’s performance ability, and its long term soundness and suitability as a riding horse.

The slope of the shoulder, the scapula, and its angle with the humerus dictate the length of stride, a long well angled shoulder will give a more comfortable ride and cause less concussion to the leg joints.

Important angles: A well laid-back shoulder and correct hindquarters

The shoulder angle can be measured from a line horizontal to the ground and a line from the point of the shoulder to the highest point of the withers along the spine of the shoulder blade. An angle of about 45 to 50 degrees is desirable and should be reflected in the angle of the pasterns. There is usually a correlation between shoulder and pastern angle. An upright shoulder will often be associated with upright pasterns.

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ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

In the hindquarters there should be an equilateral triangle formed from the point of hip to point of buttock and stifle. Length from hip to point of buttock and hip to hock is necessary to allow for long, strong muscling. The hips should be in line with or slightly in front of the point of croup and directly above the stifles. Seen from behind the quarters should look strong and well-rounded with good width between level hips and good muscling inside the thighs, going well down towards the hocks.

Important angles: The triangle shows the approximate angles required in the hindquarters which help to determine the correct muscling and length of stride

When the pelvis is tipped upwards too far, often seen with an exceptionally high tail set, the horse may have difficulty bringing its hindlegs underneath it’s body and may not be able to round its back adequately to move fluidly. In mares, a short tipped up pelvis can be associated with difficult foaling, whilst the anus can be in such a position that fecal material contaminates the reproductive organs.

Obviously this can be a major problem and is undesirable.

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ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

Notes on Conformation and Type THE HEAD One of the most distinguishing features of the Arabian is its head which should be relatively small and refined with the bone structure clearly defined. The head, its expression, the way it is carried and the neck tend to be the first thing to catch our eye. They also have significant influence on the final score through conformation and type, so their detail must be very carefully assessed. Conformationally, the horse uses its head for balance and the head and neck act as a pendulum, which can be raised or lowered to counterbalance the action of the hindquarters which helps when adjusting speed and direction.

A beautiful classic feminine head showing great quality and refinement, well set eye and a good muzzle.

A correct but not extreme head showing dryness and quality with well-set eye

Desirable features • Overall impression should be of a relatively small head in proportion to the body. It should be full of quality with well-defined dry bone structure, fine skin and hair. It should show an intelligent expression and colts and stallions should appear masculine and fillies and mares feminine. There should be no coarseness.

A very good feminine head, well set good eye and muzzle, slightly fleshy throat.

• Profile and shape from the side the head should be wedge shaped, with a dish or reasonably concave profile. A slightly bulging forehead (Jibbah) and a straight profile with refinement are also accepted. Viewed from the front there should be width between the eyes, which are set out from the head. The head should narrow towards the muzzle.

An expressive feminine head showing excellent skin quality and dryness a good throat connection.

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ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

• Cheek and cheekbones should be deep, dry and clearly defined.

Pleasant head showing quality, less wedge shaped and a little long below eye which could be larger, muzzle slightly heavy.

Head with jibbah coming below eye, which could be larger and rounder.

Lacks definition of cheekbone with a fleshy appearance.

• The eyes should be set low in the head in large round prominent eye sockets, they should appear large, round and dark. It is considered permissible to have some white round the eye. Excessive white is not encouraged.

• Ears should be set quite closely together and able to rotate easily. They should be finely chiselled and expressive with the tips often curved inwards.

Mares can have somewhat larger ears than stallions.

Very dry quality head, long below eye which could be larger, good fine muzzle and nostrils.

Quality head with straight profile, long below a good round eye, deep well-defined cheekbones, clean connection to neck.

• Muzzle should be relatively small, neat and flexible, with fine lips and a mouth sufficiently large to take a bit comfortably.

• Nostrils should be flexible, well sculpted with fine skin and capable of great expansion.

Compare two quality filly heads with different pleasing profiles, good muzzles with very good nostrils, both could have larger eyes.

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ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

Notes on Conformation and Type THE HEAD

Desirable features continued • Jaws should be straight and meet cleanly at a well-defined chin groove, there should be good space between the branches at the throat which should have a clean natural arched attachment with the neck allowing for large easy passage of air and food.

Two front views showing breadth between eyes tapering to expressive muzzles with excellent nostrils showing great expansion. Well-shaped well-placed ears.

• Teeth should meet in a correct bite.

Undesirable features • Large and heavy head with fleshy appearance.

• Lack of definition of bone structure.

• An extreme dish can affect air intake and result in misalignment of the teeth.

• Convex profile or an elk nose.

• Long and narrow from front or side.

Front view of expressive female head, excellent position of eye and surrounding bone structure.

Very neat short masculine head with eyes placed well below neat small ears, refined nostrils in a small muzzle.

Dry head but too long below eye and ears rather long.

Good masculine head tapering to a neat muzzle. Well-set eyes and well-defined cheekbones. Good clean attachment to neck.

• Eyes that are almond shaped, small or high set.

• Insufficient bone structure of the eye socket.

• Lop ears, overly large and coarse ears. Ears too close together or too wide apart.

• Small fleshy muzzle or nostrils lacking flexibility.

• Malocclusion, the mismatch of teeth (overshot or undershot jaw) can affect performance and ability to eat.

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ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

FOREHAND: THE NECK, WITHERS, SHOULDERS AND CHEST The horses forehand should be constructed as correctly as possible to avoid wear and tear on the joints, lameness and breakdown. The bones involved in the forehand starts with the shoulder blade (scapula) and the upper arm (humerus) which joins the forearm (radius) at the elbow, leading to the foreleg The angle of the shoulder is often reflected in the angle of the pastern.

No matter the shape and length of the neck, it will always have 7 vertebrae which form an ‘S’ shape, starting at the atlas, the joint between the head and neck, and becomes the thoracic vertebrae, where it continues to form the withers. Only the shape and size of the bones will change according to the length of the neck. This is the most flexible part of the vertebral column and it is extremely important for the balance of the horse, helping it to stop, turn, jump or go up and downhill easily. The set of the head onto the neck and shoulders and its carriage are important features of type along with an elegant arched shape.

It is only possible to correctly judge the neck when the horse is standing or moving naturally, not when it is in the ‘hard’ show stance.

This means paying particular attention when the horse is walking, either on the initial walk round or during the walk phase of the individual presentation.

Two necks of very good length and shape, both show a long clean mitbah or throatlatch.

The neck on the left has the elegance expected of a mare whilst on the right the neck has sufficient crest for a stallion and shows great flexibility.

Neck of a stallion showing good length A well-shaped neck but on the short side, set very well out of the shoulders. and shape, with sufficient crest.

A neck well set onto a clean shoulder, the possibility of slightly heavy muscling underneath if not so well posed.

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A slightly short neck with poor attachment at withers, very clean mitbah and good natural arch.

Notes on Conformation and Type FOREHAND: THE NECK, WITHERS, SHOULDERS AND CHEST Desirable features Shape: The neck should have a natural arch, the upper edge being slightly longer than the lower with a clean connection at the throat. The angle and set of the neck to the head (Mitbah) should be open and clean to allow for easy passage of air through the windpipe. There should be a flat area behind the poll where the neck joins the head at the atlas, an important joint which allows good flexibility between the head and neck and allows the horse to carry a bit comfortably and correctly.

Length: The length of the neck should be in proportion to the rest of the body, the length from the centre of the withers to the poll should be approximately the same length as to the root of the tail. The flexibility, high carriage, natural curve and fine throat can give an appearance of length.

Setting: The set of the neck onto the shoulder is especially important, It should come high out of the chest to allow maximum flexibility and elegant carriage and for the horse to carry its head on the bit with ease.

Stallions: A stallion’s neck should show masculinity having a definite crest, it may therefore be a little thicker through the throat than a mare.

The shoulder blade should have a good slope, length and definition, the ideal angle is between 45 – 50 degrees. It is attached to the relatively short and upright humerus, the angles and slope of these bones will dictate the length of stride. Longer shoulders and pasterns are associated with speed, whilst shorter slightly more upright pasterns are preferred for endurance.

Comparison of the skeleton with the posed horse, note where the bones are located to assist in judging the withers, the slope of the shoulder and the setting of the neck.

The chest is an important part of the Arabian horse as it should signify good heart room and lung capacity which are vital for speed and endurance. It includes the breastbone (the sternum) the front part of the rib cage and the area between the scapula and humerus. The chest is not rigidly fixed to the body or front 21

legs, but suspended between the shoulder blades and held in place by a web of strong muscles. The width of the chest is measured between the points of the shoulders, it should be clearly defined from the neck with sufficient width between the front legs, Viewed from the side the depth of the chest and the spring of the ribs should allow for maximum expansion of the lungs.

The withers of the Arabian are not as prominent as in the Thoroughbred, nevertheless they should be reasonably defined and not too wide, they should be long and run smoothly from the neck into the back. They well sloped clean shoulder are important for the attachment of A and sufficiently defined wither, muscles of the neck and shoulder. foreleg correctly placed The withers and the slope and muscling of the shoulder are important for holding a saddle in place. Full development of the withers may not occur until the horse is completely mature from six years of age.

Training and riding will help to develop the muscling in this area. An overweight horse may show overloaded withers and shoulders.

Very upright shoulder and foreleg set too far forward.

Undesirable features • Upright shoulders and pasterns result in a short, choppy stride and concussion on the joints.

Short upside-down neck badly set onto a straight shoulder with no mitbah.

• Loaded or heavy shoulders can restrict movement and make saddle fitting difficult.

• A narrow chest or a very wide chest is likely to affect movement.

• A narrow chest restricts heart room.

• Withers that are flat and wide will make it difficult to hold a saddle in place.

• Withers that are too high are unusual in the breed but can also make fitting a saddle difficult.

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A short straight heavy neck fleshy throat, set low onto a poorly defined shoulder and no wither.

ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

Notes on Conformation and Type FORELEGS Desirable features The forearm should be long, broad and well-muscled. Viewed from the front a straight line should pass from the point of shoulder through the forearm, the centre of knee, cannon fetlock pastern and hoof any deviations are potential weaknesses.

The knee (The carpus) is a complex joint made up of six small bones.

It must be flexible, flat in front, well-defined and sufficiently large, to allow for the attachment of tendons and ligaments.

The cannon bone, between the knee and the fetlock should be short and correctly aligned below the knee, ‘Flat bone’ refers to the cannon bone when viewed from the side with clearly defined tendons running parallel behind. ‘Good bone’ refers to the circumference of the bone measured below the knee this should be proportionate to the size of the horse.

The fetlock joint absorbs much of the concussion of movement, like the knee it must be sufficiently large, well- shaped and clean for flexibility, free movement and the attachment of tendons and ligaments.

Correct Forelimbs: Knees large and flat, tendons straight, whole leg parallel, cannon bone short, forearm longer, well-muscled.

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Pasterns, viewed from the side, should have an angle between 45 - 50 degrees, which should continue on the same axis through the hoof.

Hooves should be open, round and a well-formed pair with sufficient heel.

The hoof and the pastern should have the same axis.

Well defined ligaments and tendons

Ligament and tendons of the lower limb

Bones of the lower limb

Undesirable features • Long pasterns are weak and cause great strain on the tendons above.

• Light bone is likely to affect long term soundness.

• Heavy, coarse bone is likely to be less dense and goes against breed type and is associated with a lack of agility.

• Roundness of joints and any deviation of straightness through joints results in weakness.

• Narrow, boxy or club hooves.

Abnormalities of the forelimb

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ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

Notes on Conformation and Type FORELEGS continued

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Small round joints, toe out, rotated out from knees

Bad toe out from knees and fetlocks

Base narrow

Base wide, splint right fore, offset left fore

Long cannons, small-rounded joints

Toe in and offset

Toe in left fore, toe out right fore

Bow legs, offset knees and toe in from fetlocks

Uneven hooves, right fore hood longer on outside than inside

Uneven hooves, slight Very uneven hooves toe out and offset from left fore fetlock

Back at knee, lack of tendon/ligament definition, rounded joint, long pastern

Uneven hooves, broken hoof pastern axis

Back at knee and cut in

Back at knee, upright pasterns, rounded poor joints

Left: Normal angulation of hoof and pastern (approx 45° in front and 50° behind).

Middle: Upright pastern (greater than 50° in front and 56° behind).

Right: Long upright pastern

Left: Long sloping pastern (angle of hoof and pastern broken).

Middle: Block foot Right: Mule foot

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Short upright pasterns

Rotated out from knee

Broken hoof pastern axis, collapsed heels

Left: Normal angulation of hoof and pastern (approx 45° in front and 50° behind).

Middle: Upright pastern (greater than 50° in front and 56° behind).

Right: Long upright pastern

ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

Notes on Conformation and Type HINDQUARTERS AND HINDLEGS The engine of the horse is its hindquarters where the shape and strength is determined by the length of the pelvis and the sacrum and the length and width of the muscles, which indicate the potential for agility and speed.

There should be length from point of hip to point of buttock and hip to point of hock. Strength and movement also comes from well-placed, clean hocks. A vertical line from the point of buttock to the ground should brush the back of the hock, the tendon and fetlock and from behind the hindlegs should be parallel. From behind, the hindlegs should be parallel and the hips level with well-developed muscles running down the gaskins.

Comparison of the skeleton in relation to the posed horse which shows strength in the loins, length from point of hip to buttock and to stifle. The tail set comes correctly off the croup. Hocks are well let down.

Desirable features • Croup, the point of croup is the highest point of the quarters, ideally at the same height or slightly lower than the withers. The croup should be reasonably long and level and it extends back to the root of the tail which should be carried as a natural extension of this line.

• Tail set and carriage is an important distinguishing feature of ‘Type’ The tail arches away from the quarters and is carried like a banner when 27

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the horse moves. It may plume right over the back when the horse is very excited. A slight sideways carriage of the tail is acceptable.

• The point of the hip, the point of buttock and the stifle are the reference points for the length and strength of the quarters.

Left: A Hindquarters of a horse in show condition with good length from hip to buttock a well-set tail continuing the strong top line from the croup. There is reasonable muscling into the gaskins.

Right: A fit horse showing good length from hip to point of buttock and from there to stifle.

Muscling goes well down to the gaskin which is broad and strong. The croup is sufficiently level, and the tail is well set. The joints are clean and dry showing fine skin and good definition.

• The stifle is a joint that should have of good flexibility. It should be on the same level as the elbow and directly below the point of hip.

• Gaskins/second thigh should be broad, with strong muscling well down towards the hock when viewed from side or behind.

• Hocks should be large, clean, flat and well defined for strength and great flexibility.

• Hind cannons are normally slightly longer than the front cannons, viewed from behind they should be straight and parallel.

• Fetlock joints should be large and clean.

• Hind pasterns will be slightly more upright than front pasterns.

• Hooves should be open, but a less rounded pair than in front with sufficient heels, the hoof to continue the axis of the pastern.

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Notes on Conformation and Type HINDQUARTERS AND HINDLEGS

Undesirable features • A horse with weak coupling, and with long weak loins is likely to have difficulty bringing its hindlegs under its body to lift the forehand, drive forward and track up properly.

• In general a weak loin affects performance and can be the source of a sore back. It is a severe fault.

Left: Strong loins but short rounded croup and low set tail. Gaskins could be stronger.

Middle: Loins dipping in front of point of croup which is too short and sloping, insufficient muscling into gaskins, and over straight hindleg.

Right: Upward tilted pelvis, and long weak loins but well set tail.

• Any tendency to a long back may result in shallow flanks known as being ‘herring gutted’.

• A dipped or sway back is a serious fault.

• Flat or slab sided ribs affect the expansion of the lungs.

Over long hind cannons with no muscle at the gaskins

Gaskins long, weak and over bent

Left: Strong loins short croup, gaskins lack muscle and hindleg overbent.

Middle: Strong loins with high point of croup, quarters lack muscle with weak narrow gaskins.

Right: Severe sloping quarters and low set tail, known as goose rump.

Hocks out behind

Overstraight hocks

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Overstraight hindleg, small joints and light boned

Spavin

ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

Correct Hindlimbs: Hocks large and well let down, cannon bone short with tendons running parallel, well-muscled above hock.

Abnormalities of the hindlimb

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Notes on Conformation and Type BACK AND LOINS The Arabian should have a relatively level, strong back, and there must be room for a saddle. It should be well muscled on either side of the spine running into a short broad close coupled loin area, which can be determined by the distance between the last rib and the point of the hip. The rib cage defines the space for heart and lungs and therefore the athletic potential. The Arabian can have 17 pairs of ribs rather than the more usual 18 or 19, 5 lumbar vertebrae instead of 6 and 16 instead of 18 tail vertebrae. The heart girth measurement is taken around the body from behind the withers and forelegs.

Good depth of body is expected.

A strong body and loins with excellent quarters.

Desirable features

Even, relaxed, this mare has an excellent strong back and loins.

• The back between the end of the withers and the point of the croup should be strong, relatively short and level.

• The loins are where the last lumbar vertebrae joins the front of the sacrum at the lumbosacral joint, and must be short and strong as this is where the thrust of the hindleg transfers its power to the forehand, pushing the horse forward and allowing it to track up correctly.

• The ribs should be well well-rounded and deep to allow for heart and lung room. The flanks should also have depth.. A horse with good proportions, a well laid back shoulder a short back and long quarters should give a long underline so that the horse stands over a lot of ground. The back may be slightly longer in mares but it must still be strong in the area of the loins.

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Very strong body and loins with well sprung ribs.

Pleasing lengthy mare, loins too long but appear strong.

ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

Excellent topline

Strong top line but shorter croup and longer loins

Very short strong body and Strong longer back and loins. loins with well sprung ribs.

Good depth but long, weak loins.

Long back, long loins with upward tilted pelvis.

A short rather upright shoulder with short back dipping behind withers and high in the quarters, he may have problems using his hindlegs.

Aged stallion with back showing signs of weakness.

Undesirable features

• A horse with weak coupling, and with long weak loins is likely to have difficulty bringing its hindlegs under its body to lift the forehand, drive forward and track up properly.

• In general a weak loin affects performance and can be the source of a sore back.

It is a severe fault.

• Any tendency to a long back may result in shallow flanks known as ‘herring gutted’.

• A dipped or sway back is a serious fault.

• Flat or slab sided ribs affect the expansion of the lungs.

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Notes On Movement ACTION AND STYLE The Arabian is recognised by its eye-catching movement and style. It should show great athleticism through the whole body, as well as fluidity and flexibility along with balance and lightness in all paces. It should move with pride and grace. There are good reasons why the Arab was used as a breed improver!

Strong use of hocks lifts the forehand

Good natural carriage at the walk

ACTION GENERAL OBSERVATIONS •

Free, expressive and naturally balanced

•

Horse should move lightly and easily over the ground

•

Good flexion of all joints – no stiffness

•

Forelegs should move freely with unrestricted shoulder and knee action giving a long stride with the movement generating from the top of the shoulder

•

Power comes from the hindquarters, a strong lumbosacral joint allows transmission of power from the hindquarters and the hocks to lift and drive the forehand forward

•

Hocks should reach well under the horse with suppleness, providing great impulsion

•

At the walk hindlegs should track up well i.e. the imprints of the hind hoofs should overstep those of the front hoofs

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IMPORTANCE OF MOVEMENT IN JUDGING PROCEDURES •

The movement mark is one of 5 assessment criteria, generally worth 20% of the total marks. It covers the correctness and quality of the movement

•

The style of movement, its lightness and freedom are considered part of type and can be rewarded in that mark too, without this style a full type mark should not be given

•

Movement can be critical in Championships

•

Some faults are often more obvious when the horse is in motion

•

Attention must be paid to the straightness of the movement viewed from in front or behind. Deviations from straightness can be deducted from the movement or leg mark but it is important to be consistent

IMPORTANCE OF CORRECT JUDGING •

Judges must ensure they judge movement which is correct for a pleasurable riding horse and are not over influenced by style induced by external stimulus

•

Good movement represents good conformation

•

Restricted movement can indicate weakness in conformation

•

Horses should demonstrate a substantial number of correct steps and style to obtain maximum marks

•

Judges should pay particular attention to uneven steps and lameness, which should be reported to the Ringmaster for the judging panel to take action. The trotting of lame horses can be a welfare issue

Feminine movement in trot

Masculine trot showing powerful use of hocks 34

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WALK The walk is a regular a four-beat gait with the legs moving independently of each other.

The step sequence generally starts with a hindleg.

2 or 3 feet are always on the ground.

The step sequence is: 1. Left hind 2. Left fore 3. Right hind 4. Right fore

a) Normal flight of hooves at the walk b) Flight of hooves with toe-out conformation c) Flight of hooves with toe-in conformation

Desirable features

Undesirable features

• Regular marching movement with activity in a four-time beat

• Irregular steps and lack of rhythm • Short, choppy stride, pacing or ambling

• Good length of stride, hind feet over-stepping the prints of the front feet (over-tracking)

• Constricted shoulders and elbows • Stiffness through the body

• Movement through the shoulders and hips with a slight swing

• Dishing, throwing feet out • Winging, throwing feet in

• Slight regular up and down movement of the head and neck

• Brushing, regularly catching the opposite leg

• Straight strides when viewed from front or rear

• Crossing, steps all on one track

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ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

TROT The trot is a two-beat movement where the legs move in diagonally opposite pairs.

During an animated trot there should be a moment of suspension between strides with no feet on the ground.

The trot should be rhythmic and active.

There should be good flexion of the joints.

Note the use of head and neck for balance

The power should come from the hindquarters, which raises the forehand.

This is the gait where lameness or irregularity is best seen.

The head and neck are used to help with balance.

The step sequence is: 1. Right hind with left fore 2. Moment of suspension 3. Left hind with right fore 4. Moment of suspension

Note the flexion required in the fetlock joints

Desirable features

Undesirable features

• Movement with impulsion from hindquarters in a two-beat rhythm

• Irregular sequence of steps, faults in rhythm, tension, stiff back

• Good flexion of the joints and elasticity through the body

• Uneven suspension, front legs out of step with hindlegs

• A clear moment of suspension when animated

• Restricted elbows, lack of movement in shoulders,

• Strong forward thrust from the hindquarters which raises the forehand

• Bobbing of the head is a sign of lameness

• Freedom of the shoulder and elbow

• Moving too wide behind • Daisy cutting action

• Long ground covering stride

• Hocks trailing, a lack of impulsion 36

ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

CANTER

Desirable features • Movement with activity and impulsion in three-beats with a clear moment of suspension

The canter is a movement with three beats to a stride, either one or three feet will always be on the ground apart from the moment of suspension when all feet are in the air.

• Springy strides, with hindquarters stepping towards the centre of gravity lifting the forehand

The canter should be balanced and with cadence. Impulsion comes from the hindquarters and there is good flexion of hocks and stifles. The stride should appear effortless, and the horse able to change direction and lead easily.

• Freedom of the shoulder, ground covering stride, elasticity, uphill tendency • Back lifting to be able to carry saddle and rider smoothly

On a circle the horse will lead with a different hind leg depending on whether it is going left or right.

Undesirable features • Irregularity of rhythm, four-beat (running), little suspension

The foot sequence is:

• Disunited three-beat but lateral rather than diagonal leg sequence after strike off

1. Outside hind leg 2. At the same time the inside hind leg together with the outside foreleg

• On the forehand appearing to move downhill, hocks being left behind

3. Followed by the inside foreleg

• No freedom of the shoulder • Stiff or hollow in the back

4. Finally, the moment of suspension

The canter movement has three beats to a stride

The canter stride with one hoof on the round

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ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

GALLOP

Desirable features • Balanced long swinging strides

The fastest gait of the horse the gallop is a four-beat movement with a moment of suspension when all feet are in the air.

• Flexion in the hindquarters

• Free shoulders which allow the forelegs to extend as far forwards as possible

The head and neck are extended as far forward as possible.

• Fluid movement

A long sloping shoulder is essential for speed.

Undesirable features

The back remains more or less rigid with movement in the neck and the lumbosacral joint, allowing the hindquarters to swing under the body.

• Weak coupling restricting use of hindquarters

• Stiffness or straightness in the shoulders restricting movement

• High head carriage

A horse that walks well generally gallops well.

The foot sequence is: 1. Left fore leading 2. Right hind 3. Left hind 4. Right fore 5. Left for leading 6. Moment of suspension

Racehorses showing various phases of the gallop, at full stretch the horse appears to lower itself.

The horse appears to lower itself as it stretches out in the gallop

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The Skeleton of the Horse •

In order to understand conformation, it is necessary to have a knowledge of the horse’s skeleton and the ideal way bones are put together along with their proportions.

Ultimately conformation depends on bone structure, and its proportions along with the support systems of tendons and ligaments and the overlay of muscles. Training and condition add the finishing touch.

•

Knowledge of the skeleton, names of the bones and parts of the horse are the basic vocabulary to discuss horse conformation in any situation which is essential for all judges.

•

The Arabian’s skeleton has been recognised and appreciated for the quality and density of its ivory-like smooth bone. The Arabian often has only 17 pairs of ribs instead of the more usual 18 or 19; 5 lumbar vertebrae instead of 6 and 16 instead of 18 tail vertebrae.

•

The cervical vertebrae, especially where the Atlas joins the occipital at the top of the skull, meets at a less acute angle than in other breeds. The shaft of the ulna, the small bone of the upper foreleg, is complete.

•

The skull is relatively short and tapering with large, round, prominent eye sockets, small teeth and long mouth bars. A dip usually appears in the profile below the eye sockets, the underjaw has straight shafts and a large circular jaw bone. Teeth should meet evenly.

•

The Arabian should have sufficient ‘bone’ in proportion to the whole skeleton. When we talk of ‘bone’ we are looking at the circumference of the cannon bone measured just below the knee, it should be clearly defined, clean and dry. Heavy rounded bone is a sign of coarseness, whilst a lack of bone is a potential weakness.

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POINTS OF THE HORSE

PALPATION POINTS

Knowledge of the skeleton and points of the horse can be greatly enhanced by touch. Learn by feeling key palpation points of the skeleton (e.g. point of hip, shoulder, withers etc.) it greatly helps to understand and visually locate these points when you are assessing a horse.

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ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

Section 3 Judging The Arabian Horse and Judging Prodcedure

• The ideal Arabian horse combines good conformation with obvious Arabian type and athletic ability.

• As a judge, no matter what system you are using, your job is to produce a result where the winning horses have the best combination of conformation, type and movement. The conformation should be the correctness of shape and proportion taking into account breed characteristics, age, sex and suitability for purpose (i.e. a sound and pleasurable riding horse) Type is the distinguishing characteristic of an Arabian horse; the head, a well-shaped, well-set neck, 41

ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

Unposed Posed It is essential to see beyond the way a horse is stood up. In these two pictures taken of an untrained, unconditioned filly, it can be seen just how much she can be improved with minimal work and positioning. The neck can be given more length and shape and the topline looks much stronger and more level. Too much attention to the stand up can deceive, many points are best judged at the walk.

a strong relatively level top line, a naturally high tail carriage and finally charisma. Movement should be that of a free-moving natural athlete with a light, long, powerful stride.

• In the ring, to give yourself the maximum chance to assess the horses you should adopt the same judging procedure throughout the class, this helps to keep the mind focused and to avoid missing particular strengths and weaknesses of the horses. Chose a position in the ring where you can see the horses perform their initial walk round, the first impression is of great importance. You will be assessing the overall quality of the class, and how each horse walks, noting its presence and attitude. This can be the best chance to see the proportions and balance of individuals as well as the natural set of neck, the body and the top line. You may want to make written or mental notes as a reminder for when the horses return for the individual presentation, especially in large classes.

• Currently the individual presentation starts with the trot into and around the arena. Look for cadence, balance and free movement through the whole body with correct engagement of the hindquarters. Insufficient good strides and too much circling should be penalised as should unevenness or irregularity.

Lameness is not acceptable and should be reported to the Ringmaster.

Presenting a lame horse can even be considered a welfare issue. The exhibitor should be given the opportunity to leave the arena.

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Request to reposition if over-stretched Handlers often place a horse in a position to disguise faults if you feel this is the case, ask the ringmaster to have the horse repositioned.

This is particularly so when a horse is over stretched or the head is pushed too high.

Viewing the horse It can be crowded in the ring especially in championships, try to find a good space to view the horse from all sides and take care for your own safety.

• As each horse is presented for its individual show you should develop a pattern of observation, it will help you to judge quickly and fairly. Work round the horse making sure to look at both sides and from the front and rear, make sure you move far enough away to be able to see the proportions and balance of the horse. Do not forget to look at hooves, especially from behind where you can see how level they are. Try to look beyond the stance imposed by the handler when assessing the shape and length of the neck and the strength of the top line. If necessary, make any requests to alter the stance through the ringmaster.

Whilst we divide the horse into parts for the points system, it is important to keep a balanced view of the whole horse.

• The horse will then walk away and back where the straightness of the leg action can be seen. If you have not seen enough, do not hesitate to ask the ringmaster for the horse to walk again. The quality of this movement can be applied to the movement mark or the leg mark, the important thing is to be consistent with all horses.

• Do not be afraid of using a range of scores, i.e. a good body and top line deserve to be recognised as much as a lovely head and neck.

• Similarly, when it comes to Championships; remember “Open Championships” are judged as a new class, and you are now judging comparatively. It is perfectly 43

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High head The habit of pushing the head into a high unnatural position has the effect of making the eyes roll back into the head and show the white round the eye. This makes it difficult to assess the shape and set of the eyes, and the handler should be asked to lower the head. As can be seen It can also affect the set of the ears as the horse tries to focus.

possible to have a different result to that of the class. Make sure you maintain your method of observation whilst evaluating the horses and that you consider all the entries equally, even if you know you will not be using them. Not only is this polite but it adds to the atmosphere and suspense. Never forget you are being carefully watched by the audience and your behaviour will be noted.

• Judges bear a heavy responsibility for the final results and great care must be taken not to be influenced by audience support, handler pressure and the general trend towards ‘show’ over quality and correctness of the horse being presented.

• Too much emphasis on specific features of ‘Type’ can impact athletic potential and performance and ultimately this can be destructive of the breed. It is essential for a judge to be objective and look beyond ‘show’ and presentation and judge the whole horse not just the look or stand up.

• In assessing type and conformation allowance should be made for sex and condition. Condition must not be confused with conformation. A stallion should appear masculine and a mare feminine. Foals and youngstock change considerably as they grow to maturity and old horses may be forgiven for some changes due to the natural results of old age. It is acceptable to ask the Ringmaster to give the ages of horses in any of the classes.

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Section 4 Judging Systems - Overview

POINTS SYSTEMS

COMPARATIVE

1. Points System (ECAHO)

1. Comparative (One judge)

2. Points System (AHA)

2. Comparative (Three or more judges)

3. Points System (AHO) 4. Points System (Swiss) 5. Medals System (Sweden) no longer in use

It is generally agreed there is no such thing as the perfect system, each has advantages and disadvantages, but whichever system is used its success depends on the competence of the judges using it, their honesty and integrity.

REVIEW OF JUDGING SYSTEMS The aim of all systems currently in use except the Swiss, which is discussed separately, is to: A) Place horses in some sort of rank from first to last. First being the best in the class.

B) The Points Systems aims to assess and rate the standard of excellence of a horse against the ideal of the breed standard.

C) Comparative system as the name suggests just compares one horse against another.

A brief general review of the systems follows, listing various advantages and disadvantages. These are not exhaustive and no doubt others can be added, nor are they in any specific order 45

ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

The Points System The points system in various forms attempts to place horses in order of merit by a panel of judges who score them against an ideal of the breed standard. This now appears to be the judging system of choice in most major showing countries of the World, although some, such as USA have returned to the comparative system they used before.

Advantages of the Points System • Audience participation: The audience which consists largely of owners, breeders or breed aficionados feel that they can follow the thoughts of judges better through the display of points given, and there is a perception that judging will be more transparent, open and honest.

• A panel decides rather than an individual. With more and more money and prestige involved this spreads the load of responsibility for reaching a result, especially at the higher levels. It can also be seen that in many sports nowadays, a panel ranks the competitors using a points system.

• If correctly carried out competitors should be able to learn the good and bad points of their horse from their scores, which should help them to assess their horse for the future.

Disadvantages of the Points System • The usual system used today is the 20 point system with half points, but most judges only use a maximum of 5 points (15-20). The actual class ranking may be correct but the difference in marks between the good and the bad horses misleads everyone about the standard of the lower horse. Also, standards vary from show to show and judges will often be kinder at a small show, giving a false idea of the horse’s actual standard.

• The Points System sets out to establish a Standard horse through a mathematical formula yet reducing a subjective judgement to a precise and consistent number is almost impossible.

• Today most judges actually assess the horses in a class comparatively on the initial walk round then accommodate their marks accordingly, not according to the ideal standard.

• Too many judges don’t really judge. They leave it to other members of the panel to decide the result for them by just giving 17, 18, or 19 for every horse.

They are free-wheeling.

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• Unfortunately one unscrupulous judge, particularly in a panel of 3, can manipulate the results by political marking.

• A major problem is that the points system favours presentation. More and more judges are judging presentation not the horse. The majority of the category marks are applied while the horse is ‘stood up’. Training to obtain the so called ‘hard stand up’ is one of the main causes of abuse in the show horse.

• Once the marks are written down, the judge is committed to those marks.

• A panel of judges produces a collective result, which can mean a really good average horse winning over a spectacular horse with some relatively minor fault.

• All of the 5 categories: type, head and neck, body, legs and movement are supposed to carry an equal weight yet the way the marks are awarded in Type and in particular Movement can have an overwhelming influence on the results over correct conformation.

• Even within the 5 categories marks are uneven. For example, a horse with a pretty head and poor short neck will rarely get below 18, yet a fantastic neck with a slightly plain face will rarely get above 17. Therefore Head and Neck are not equal.

• The points system divides the horse up into separate parts. It could be argued that this ensures that the judge looks at all parts of the horse, but separating the parts also leads to isolated judgements. For example: looking at the Body alone, it may appear rather long, but if that horse also has a long neck, and so is proportionate and symmetrical, is this wrong? Likewise, a shortish neck with a very close-coupled body should surely be acceptable.

• Marks for Movement are now mainly based on the trot but frequently little or no true movement is shown as horses are circled or their head is bent round the handler. The walk is hardly considered and few judges take into account head and tail carriage and lightness of movement.

• The half points system is liked because it provides extra marks at the top of the scale but this exacerbates the narrowing of total marks and so is misleading regarding a realistic standard for each horse.

• The confusion for the outsider, which happens frequently, when the highest scorer of the show does not feature in a championship!

• The knocking off of highest and lowest scores is NOT popular with judges and whilst the idea is to stop judges making political scores it also unfairly affects judges who want to penalize a fault or award a particularly good point as they see it. In the end it encourages judges to play safe to no good purpose.

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• High costs for organisers as a minimum of three judges is required, ‘A’ shows and Title Shows require five or more commonly seven judges.

• Time - it can take nearly twice as long to judge classes using points than with comparative judging, this also affects costs for organisers and competitors.

The Comparative System The comparative systems ranks horses from first to last by comparing one against another, there is no comparison against an ideal.

The Comparative System can operate in a number of ways: 1. The traditional British system with one judge 2. As above with 2 or 3 judges as used in USA and other countries 3. Top 10: with 3 or more judges - as used for the Middle Eastern Championships

Advantages of the system using one judge • Lower costs as judging can be carried out by one judge, as in the traditional system. Scorers and computers are not necessary.

• More classes can be concluded in one day because judging is quicker.

• Judges in general appreciate having sole responsibility for their judgements.

• In the single judge system the judge can change his or her mind right up to the last minute.

• The judge has the advantage of being able to see two horses of almost equal merit side by side before making a final decision.

• Much of the initial judging is done as the horses walk around the arena and can be properly evaluated and there is less emphasis on the ‘stand up’.

• Only one handler per horse which takes the edge off large numbers from one owner in a class or a well-known handler.

Disadvantages of the Comparative System • The perception that with one judge, he or she may show favour to certain exhibitors or types of horse.

• The inability of the audience to follow the judges reasoning without scores – lack of audience participation.

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• With comparative judging it is just “my horse was better than your horse” on that day whereas a score card correctly used can provide an educative reason for a horse’s placing.

• When more than one judge is judging a class comparatively as in the old US system, ranking large classes without being able to put them into your own preliminary order is difficult, it may work for the top few and bottom few horses but the judging of the middle level horses may lack clarity and be open to abuse. It takes considerable experience and confidence to cope with this system.

• It works well in Championships or Top Tens where numbers are limited and judgement has already been made in the qualifying classes. Judges have already seen the horses and possibly scored the horses.

• The pressure and responsibility when there is just one judge in major shows may be too much, it is better to have a team share in this.

The Swiss System The Swiss system is not approved by ECAHO, but it has been used successfully for almost 20 years as a tool to help and inform breeders about their horses. The complete rules and sample score sheets are in Appendix ?. This system is unique and with a slightly different aim of grading horses for education, there is no first to last placing. Horses are marked out of 10 across 11 categories, after judging all horses return to the arena and the total scores of all horses are announced. Horses with 7 points or more receive ‘gold’ awards, the other horses leave the arena. The Gold horses should make a round of honour before leaving the arena.

Advantages of the Swiss system • Judges are expected to use the whole range of points from 1 – 10 and they are encouraged to give reasons for their marks especially for a particularly high or low score.

• Judges cannot easily hide behind scores because they should give an explanation for a particularly high or low score on the score sheet.

• Horses are briefly shown loose, so their true natural balance can be seen unaffected by a handler.

• Judges can confer.

• Competitors are expected to collect their score cards to understand their scores.

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Disadvantages of the Swiss System • Unfortunately this system is too time consuming to be realistic for normal show timetables 8 – 10 mins per horse.

• It is not very audience friendly as the results are slow in coming forth.

• It can really only work with a relatively small number of horses per class.

• Some judges feel it is too slow and the results could be obtained by normal judging.

The Medal System Used originally in Sweden.

•

Any horse gaining 85+ points awarded Gold

•

75+ points Silver

•

65+ points Bronze

Advantages of the medal system • The advantage of the medal system is that it clearly reflects the quality of the horses – not just their placing (e.g.: in one year, the Yearling Colt Class had no gold or silver winners. The first placed colt was only bronze. Later, in an excellent mare class the first 8 mares received golds.).

• It takes away some of the pressure to win at all costs.

Disadvantages of the medal system • These days with the very high levels in some classes and many close or tied scores, it might seem fairer to award a number of medals to recognise the equality, but it would take away from the value of a final ranking. There is a large perceived difference between being placed 1st or 5th and having 5 or more gold medals winners might not be popular.

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ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

Appendices CONFLICTS OF INTEREST •

An actual or apparent conflict of interest may occur if a horse is exhibited that:

•

Is being trained or handled by a member of the judge’s family

•

Has been bought or sold by a judge either as owner or agent

•

Has been bred or is owned in whole or part by the judge or by a member of the judge’s family, or business partner in an Arab horse business venture

•

Has been leased by the judge, at any time

•

Has been bred by or is the property of a breeding organization in which the judge is or was an employee

•

Has been regularly trained, examined or treated by the judge in a professional capacity.

•

Is the subject of an on-going negotiation to buy or lease, or a provisional purchase condition to which the judge is a party.

•

An actual or apparent conflict of interest may further occur, amongst others, if the judge, irrespective of the payment or receipt of a remuneration or any other consideration, during the period of one year (365 days) before a show at which the Official officiates.

•

Has entered into any business relationship with an exhibitor at that show,.

•

Has received, whilst being involved with the organization of any show or event, sponsorship from an exhibitor at that show or event. This does not apply to those events organized on behalf of a National Association which is a Full Member of ECAHO, as long as the judge has no financial benefit from the sponsorship.

•

Has performed consulting for an exhibitor at that show,

•

Has purchased or sold a horse from or to an exhibitor at that show,

•

Was involved with the breeding of a horse of an exhibitor at that show.

•

Was involved in similar activities with an exhibitor at that show.

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The following excerpts from The Blue Book 2020 are relevant to Judges

CONSTITUTION OF ECAHO 1. GENERAL REGULATIONS Article 2 Objects The objects of ECAHO are: 2.1 to encourage the breeding and improvement and welfare of Arab Horses in Europe and other Members’ countries; 2.2 to take measures for the prevention of cruelty to horses in general and at ECAHO competitions in particular; 2.3 to encourage international competition in Europe and other Members’ countries by the creation and enforcement of rules; 2.4 to maintain and promote public interest in Arab Horses in Europe and other Members’ countries; 2.5 to encourage the promotion world-wide of Arab Horses bred in ECAHO Members’ countries.

Article 12 Commissions 12.3 The objects of the European Arab Horse Show Commission (EAHSC) include the following clauses: a) to affiliate Arab Horse Shows in member countries, and to approve dates, venues, conditions of entry and rules of conduct thereat; b) to develop, maintain and advise on systems of judging at National and International Arab Horse Shows; c) to instruct and train Judges, Ringmasters and Disciplinary Committee (DC) members; d) to create and maintain lists of recommended Arab Horse judges, DC’s and ring masters; e) to maintain and publish periodically a record of results of affiliated shows; f) to institute each year in a Member country a show to be known as the European Championships for Arab Horses; g) to create and enable enforcement of rules for ECAHO events, ECAHO affiliated events, and for Permanent and Temporary Officials; h) to create and enable enforcement of rules for the correct and fair conduct of horse owners, exhibitors, horse handlers, grooms, and assistants.

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ECAHO CODE OF CONDUCT 1. ECAHO requires everyone involved in its operations, meetings and activities, including, but not limited to, all Permanent Officials and Temporary Officials as defined in Art. 3.3 and 3.4 of the Constitution of ECAHO (hereinafter altogether “ECAHO Officials”), to adhere to this ECAHO Code of Conduct.

2. It forms a framework of expected behaviour to follow both within meetings and externally, taking into account that at all times the welfare of the horses must be paramount and never subordinated to competitive or commercial influences.

Undertaking 1. All ECAHO Officials agree to meet the requirements of the ECAHO Code of Conduct.

2. Any infringements of the ECAHO Code of Conduct will be dealt with in accordance with the procedure described at Section III. 3. The Executive Committee (EC) has the right to update and amend the ECAHO Code of Conduct from time to time.

SECTION I SHOW OFFICIALS (JUDGES, RINGMASTERS, DCS) 1. ECAHO Officials who are no longer able or willing to accept invitations should notify the Executive Secretary to have their name removed.

2. ECAHO Officials should have a copy of the current Blue Book. Any change of address or contact details must be notified to the Executive Secretary as soon as possible.

3. ECAHO Officials must avoid any circumstances which could be an actual or apparent conflict of interest.

4. Invitations to officiate at shows must be promptly answered in writing. If the invitation is made by telephone, ECAHO Officials should ask for it in writing and take a name and contact number at the time of the call.

4.1. ECAHO Officials must not back out of an appointment except under the most extreme circumstances. The Executive Secretary may request a medical certificate in cases of a broken appointment as a result of illness.

4.2. ECAHO Officials who, in extreme circumstances, are unable to keep the appointment must immediately inform the show organiser.

4.3. If an ECAHO Official cancels the invitation after the travel arrangements have been made, he will pay all the costs arising out of this booking.

5. Dress for ECAHO Officials should be smart and suitable for the event.

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6. ECAHO Officials should arrive punctually before their duties commence.

7. ECAHO Officials should be aware that it is their joint responsibility to ensure that their ring/arena/paddock runs safely at all times and to avoid the risk of pain or injury.

7.1. ECAHO Officials should further be aware that it is their joint responsibility to ensure the horses’ welfare in the ring/arena/paddock, especially with regards to the avoidance of methods which are abusive and cause fear.

7.2. ECAHO Officials should also be aware that participation in competition must be restricted to fit horses and competent handlers/riders.

8. ECAHO Officials should consider the interest of spectators to help them appreciate the classes.

9. Each exhibitor must be given equal consideration. Attention should not be drawn to an individual exhibit’s faults.

10. ECAHO Officials should not make any social conversation during the course of class and must not use electronic communication devices in the show ring/arena/ paddock, except for official devices provided by the organiser for the purposes of the event only.

11. ECAHO Officials are ambassadors for ECAHO and their actions and comments, including those made electronically or in writing, reflect on ECAHO as well as upon themselves. They must ensure that any of their comments to handlers or exhibitors are tactful and constructive.

12. ECAHO Officials are expected to display the highest standards of ethics inside and outside the show ring/arena/paddock at all times including at events where they are not officiating.

12.1. It is the responsibility of ECAHO Officials to ensure that any persons accompanying them should also behave in a manner befitting a representative of ECAHO. 13. ECAHO Officials and their companions must not exhibit, or assist any exhibitor, or handle any horse, as part of its training & showing at a show at which they are officiating.

14. Internet and Media. ECAHO Officials should be aware that social networking websites are a public forum and should not assume that their entries on any website will remain private.

15. ECAHO Officials should therefore conduct themselves when social networking in a way that is: a) not detrimental to ECAHO, b) will not damage its reputation,

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c) cannot be perceived as defamatory to any person, d) does not breach any conflict of interest rules.

16. In circumstances other than at a show, when the matter should be reported to the DCs, ECAHO Officials should report to the SC (c/o ECAHO Executive Secretary) any exhibitor or potential exhibitor who in any way compromises, or attempts to compromise an ECAHO Official, or is in breach of the Blue Book Rules.

SECTION II MEETING OFFICIALS 1. By attending any meeting organised under the umbrella of ECAHO or undertaking any work for ECAHO, ECAHO Officials agree to meet the requirements of this ECAHO Code of Conduct.

2. ECAHO Officials should be aware of their obligations when attending meetings or undertaking work. Their duties include: 2.1. Duty to act only within powers in accordance with the Constitution of ECAHO. 2.2. Duty to promote the success of ECAHO for the benefit of the Arabian horse.

2.3. Duty to consider the consequence of any decision.

2.4. Duty to consider the interests of ECAHO employees, 2.5. Duty to maintain the good reputation of ECAHO. 2.6. Duty to act fairly between members of ECAHO. 2.7. Duty to exercise reasonable care and diligence.

2.8. Duty to avoid conflicts of interest.

2.9. Duty to declare any interest in a proposed arrangement.

3. Accountability: 3.1. ECAHO Officials should ensure any actions by ECAHO will stand the test of scrutiny by the public, the media, the members, stakeholders, the courts.

4. Integrity and honesty will be the hallmarks of ECAHO Officials when dealing with colleagues within ECAHO and when dealing with individuals and organisations outside it.

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5. Transparency: 5.1. An atmosphere of transparency and openness throughout the organisation should be maintained to promote confidence of members and public.

6. Reputation: 6.1. ECAHO Officials must act in the best interests of ECAHO and its public image.

7. Conflicts of Interest 7.1. ECAHO Officials must declare any conflict of interest, or any circumstance that might be viewed by others as a conflict of interest, as soon as it arises.

7.2. ECAHO Officials must submit to the judgment of the meeting and act accordingly regarding potential conflicts of interest.

8. Meetings and Undertakings - it is the duty of ECAHO Officials to: 8.1. Accept majority vote decisions made by meetings.

8.2. Avoid making comments outside the meeting which do not reflect current ECAHO policy even when not personally agreeing with the policy.

8.3. Respect the authority of the Chairman as meeting leader.

8.4. Make preparation to debate and vote on agenda items by studying meeting documents in advance of the meeting.

8.5. Answer internal ECAHO business correspondence promptly.

8.6. Complete assignments within a reasonable time span or within a specified time.

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CATEGORIES AND FAULTS Category

Major Fault

Minor Fault

Head

Convex head (Roman nose) Elk nose Lop ears or cow ears Small eyes and eye socket Overshot jaw, over-bite (parrot mouth) Undershot jaw, under-bite (sow mouth) Coarse muzzle, fleshy nostrils Coarse meaty features, coarse ears

Excessive length to head, High set eyes Too long below eye Narrow between eyes (front view) Insufficient bone structure around eye Large ears Wide set ears (sheep ears) Excessively close-set ears

Neck and Shoulder

Thick throat Excessively heavy neck Straight shoulder Flat withers (mutton withers) Low attachment of neck to withers Low set neck, ewe neck, swan neck

Straight neck Short neck Excessive crest especially on mares

Body, Back, Loin, Croup and Hip

Weak loins (long coupling) High croup Low in the back (Sway back) Roach back Shallow body Herring gutted Short hip Narrow across the hips Short croup, steep sloping croup Narrow or too wide chest Short croup, short hip

Over straight back Tipped up pelvis Flat or slab sides

Legs and Feet Front legs

Offset knees (bench knees) Back at knee Calf knees, knock knees (knee narrow) Base narrow, base wide Bow legs (bandy legged) Upright short pasterns Excessively long sloped pasterns Tied in below knee Excessive toes out (splay footed) Excessive toes in Long cannons Splints associated with offset knees

Minor toe in Minor toe out Over light cannon bones (light boned) Slightly upright pasterns Capped elbow Round bone Tendons not clearly defined

Hind legs

Over straight hocks (post legged) Bow legged Base narrow, base wide High hocks (long cannons) Upright short pasterns Long sloping or collapsed pasterns Over bent hocks (sickle hocks) Curb associate with over bent hocks Narrow weak gaskins

Slightly bent hocks Toes out Cow hocks Capped hocks

Legs and Feet Any leg

Contracted narrow feet Small-rounded joints, (knees, hocks, fetlocks) Club foot, dished foot Splints caused by faulty conformation Ring or Side bones Epiphysitis Severely broken axis of pastern and hoof

Feet out of balance Wind galls or wind puffs Splints with no faulty conformation Bow tendons Signs of founder (laminitis)

Arabian Type

No tail carriage Coarse hair and skin General fleshiness Low set tail

Low tail carriage Extreme crooked or wry tail Stallions lack of masculinity Mares lack of femininity

Movement

Lameness, irregular strides, Pacing Short choppy stride Wings in Excessive dishing

Lacks coordination Slight dishing

Stallions

Rig, lack of testicles or penis

Mares

Tipped up vulva

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ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023

PENALATIES AND THEIR APPLICATION The following actions which reflect on the image of our shows and welfare, maybe penalised either through a deduction of points or a yellow or red card Penalty

Elimination from Judging Consideration

Poor manners, undue stress or inhumane treatment

Penalise

Excessive use of the whip or actions which may disturb other entries

Penalise

A horse that appears to be intimidated by its handler

Penalise

Excessive amounts of oil, grease or other substances

Penalise

Balding the area around the eyes or proximal to the muzzle and nostrils

Penalise

Use of ginger or other substance to enhance tail carriage

Penalise

Tail and mane hair extensions are forbidden

Penalise

A horse with a cut or abrasion showing clear evidence of fresh blood in the mouth, nose, chin shoulder, barrel, flank or hip area

Refer to DC

May be excused from the ring

Unsoundness, lame horses may be assessed and placed, they may be excluded if lameness may inflict pain

Penalise

Eliminate from judging - no score

A horse that shows aggression or discontent towards its handler in the ring

Penalise

Elimination from the Ring (Disqualification)

Penalise and may be excused from the ring

Mandatory

At judge’s discretion At judge’s discretion, but should be regarded very severely

Any contact of the horse with a whip

Mandatory

Horses maybe fully or partly body clipped subject to eyelashes being left uncut, hair inside the ears left unshaved and tactile hair left intact around nose, muzzle and eyes

Refer to DC

Mandatory

No alteration of the basic colour of the skin, coat or hooves is permitted.

Hoof paints, colourless varnishes, coat dyes, glitter spray and cosmetic operations including skin grafts are forbidden

Refer to DC

Mandatory

Abusive shanking

Penalise

Penalise and may be excused from the ring

Mandatory

Unruly horse or one whose actions threaten to endanger the handler, other exhibitors or their entries

Mandatory

Handler who exhibits inappropriate or dangerous behaviour or whose actions would in any way threaten the safety of any exhibitor, their entries or the safety of officials

Mandatory

Walking and trotting. No more than 5 circles will be permitted in each individual presentation

Penalise

Red or yellow card

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ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023 DESIGN PROPOSAL TEMPLATE

Unsoundness and Blemishes Arabians, being of a sound constitution are fortunately free from many hereditary unsoundness.

Some however do occur and are the result of faults in conformation and these may be termed defects.

Bog Spavin: A distension of the hock joint which results in a soft swelling at the front and slightly to the inside of the hock. In can cause stiffness and lameness and is more commonly found in horses with very straight hocks or in older horses.

Bone Spavin: A disease of the hock joint resulting in a bony enlargement on the inside of the lower hock which may cause lameness and lack of flexion in the joint.

Brushing: Striking the opposite leg, which can cause injury. Poor conformation or bad shoeing are the most usual causes.

Curb: A sprain which produces a swelling bellow the point of the hock, which looks bowed. The result may at first be lameness which normally disappears later.

Ringbone: Bony enlargement affecting the pastern bones and joints. The contributory factors may be hereditary or possibly rheumatic in nature. The result is lameness and a stiffness of the joints owing to a fusion between thebones.

Sidebones: Ossification of the lateral cartilages which develop in the region of the heel. Whilst forming it usually causes lameness, but once formed the animal may be sound and free from pain although it is characterised by ad uneven stride. Sidebones are serious in a young horses, but in old age all cartilage tends to ossify to a certain extent. It may be caused by confusion of the walls of the hoof and possibly by a vitamin D deficiency as a foal. It is more commonly found in the fore feet and in horses with contracted boxy feet.

Splints: Bony enlargement which occur on the splint bones as the result of inflammation in the bone. It is most common in the limbs of youngstock as after 6 years of age the fusion between the cannon bone and splint bones is usually complete. Splints are also more commonly found in the front legs and to the inside of the limbs. It is usually caused by extra strain resulting in the inflammation and formation of the splint and lameness normally occurs. If the splint is placed high up or far back it is more serious as it may interfere with joints or tendons.

Sprained tendons: Usually caused by strain when the flexor tendons become inflamed and painful, resulting in lameness.

Stringhalt: The jerky movement of one or both hind legs when the horse is walking, more rarely seen at a trot. A condition caused by the contraction of the flexor muscles of the hock. It is an unsoundness and incurable.

Thoroughpin: A bursal swelling of the deep flexor tendon which causes puffiness on either side of the hock. The swelling is the result of a sprain or strain to the tendon. Usually no lameness results.

Windgalls: Swelling of the tendon sheaths above the fetlock. Very common in old horses and rarely causing lameness. The result of sustained strains on the tendons and of the fetlock joint.

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Recommended Reference Books and DVDs The Classic Arab Horse – Peter Upton (Arab Horse Society Publication)

The Horse Conformation Handbook – Heather Smith Thomas (Amazon)

Principles of Conformation Analysis Vols 1 and 2 - Deb Bennet PhD (Equus Reference Guide) Horse Anatomy, A Pictorial Approach to Equine Structure – Peter Goody (Amazon) The Horse Anatomy Workbook – Maggie Raynor (Amazon)

Judging the Arabian Halter Horse – Cindy Reich (Arabian Horse World Publication) The USPC Guide to Conformation and Movement (Amazon) Horse Anatomy for Performance – Gillian Higgins

Adams and Stashak’s Lameness in Horses – Gary M. Baxter (published by Wiley-Blackwell) DVD Movement from an Anatomical Perspective – Gillian Higgins 3D Horse Anatomy for Ipad app

Glossary of useful terms Action - Movement of the horse’s legs as he travels Angular limb deformity – Abnormal alignment of the leg bones caused by differences in growth rate.

Anterior – situated in front of Apple rump – very rounded quarters with low set tail Articular – involving a joint Atrophy – wasting away of muscle Balance – desirable body proportions, keeping the centre of gravity over the base Bilateral – pertaining to both sides Blemish – a visible scar or deformity which maybe unsightly but does not affect the performance of the horse Bone – generally referring to the amount and quality of bone in the cannons Brushing – where one hoof strikes the opposite hoof or leg without breaking the skin Bucked shins – Inflammation of the front of the cannon bone associated with young horses in training can cause temporary lameness Cadence – Rhythm and tempo of a horse’s hoof beats Carriage – How the horse carries itself, particularly the head, neck and tail Clean legs – without blemish or unsoundness Close coupled – short backed and strong loined Coarse – lacks quality and refinement Coarse bone – heavy, rounded bone Concave – hollowed, rounded inwards Contracted tendons – shortening of the flexor tendon at the back of the leg which hinders the normal extension of the fetlock joint Coupling – Area of the spine under the loin, the space between the last rib and hip Degenerative Joint Disease – DJD Progressive deterioration of the structures within a joint Diagonal – Front hoof and opposite hind hoof working in unison in the trot Downhill balance – The backbone slopes down from the hip joint to the base of the neck, resulting in the horse being heavy on the forehand Fine boned – cannons to small in circumference for the size and weight of the horse Flat boned – applies to the desirable shape of the cannon bone and tendon which should have deeper circumference rather than ‘rounded’ Flat footed – The soles of the feet are flat or dropped instead of concave Foot flight – The path of a hoof as it makes a step

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ECAHO JUDGES TRAINING MANUAL 2023 DESIGN PROPOSAL TEMPLATE

Forging – when the toe of the hind hoof strikes the front hoof Gait – Sequence of foot movements, the paces.

Good bone – proper density and circumference of the cannon Goose rump – very sloping quarters, with low set tail Heart girth – circumference of the body just behind the elbow Herring gutted – shallow in the flanks High action – Legs lifted high reducing the length of stride High hocks – Hocks higher than normal Hot blooded – horses originating from hot climate, spitited, very active horse Joint – junction between two bones Knock-kneed – Carpal valgus, knees too close together, cannons sloping outwards Lateral gait – Gait in which both feet on one side move , then both on the other side move Light boned – Insufficient bone for weight of horse Loaded shoulders – shoulders too thick with muscle or fat Low hocks – Hocks lower than halfway from stifle to ground Malocclusion – mismatch of upper and lower jaws Mandible – lower jaw Mutton withers – Low withers, usually flat and broad, lacking bony definition Near side – Left side of horse Occlusion – the bite, the manner the teeth meet.

Offside – Right side of horse Offset cannons – Cannons set to the outside of the knee, rather than centrally below forearm Over at the knees – Knees are bent over forwards Overbite – Parrot mouth Overreaching – when hind hoof toe strikes the front hoof or leg can cause injury Over tracking – The hind foot lands a good distance in front of the track of the front foot Paddling - throwing the front feet outward rather than straight forward Parrot mouth – Mismatch of upper and lower jaw in which the upper teeth protrude Pigeon toed - Toes pointing inward towards each other, rather than straight ahead Plaiting – Placing one front foot directly in front of the other increases risk of stumbling and interference Pointing – Standing with one front leg in front of the other indicating pain in that leg Roach backed – upward arch of the back in the loin area behind saddle area Second thigh - Gaskin muscles Slack coupled - Too long in the loin Sow mouth - Lower jaw is longer than the upper, undershot jaw Split up - Term referring to a lack of muscling between hindlegs when viewed from behind Spring of rib - Degree to which the ribs are rounded, a good spring of ribs means well rounded ribs Standing under - Legs placed too far under the horse when viewed from the side Straight and clean - Travelling forward correctly without interference Straight behind - Not enough angle in the hocks and stifles, hindlegs too straight when viewed from the side Substance - Strength and density of bone, muscles and tendons, conformation that gives the impression of stamina and hardiness Swaybacked - having a dipped back Underline - Lower shape and length of the horse; the line from elbow to sheath or udder Uphill balance - Backbone slants up from the hip joint to the base of the neck. More weight is carried on horse’s quarters than normal.

Well laid back - Refers to a well sloped shoulder fitting correctly to the withers Winging - Swinging the hoof inwards at the walk or trot 61

JUDGES CONTRACT THIS AGREEMENT, made this day of ………………………………….. BETWEEN European Conference of Arab Horse Organizations (ECAHO), Schuppisstrasse 8, 9016 St. Gallen, Switzerland, (hereinafter “ECAHO”) of the one part, and (you)...………………………...…...........................of (address)..……………...………………………... …………………………………………………………………….in the Country of…….……………... (hereinafter the “Judge”) of the other part with a date of birth of………………………………………..

WHEREAS ECAHO has established an in its Blue Book an A List and a B List of Judges (hereinafter called the “List(s)”), and the Judge desires to be appointed a recognised judge of the (A) / (B) List of Judges.

NOW THIS AGREEMENT WITNESSES 1. That the Judge is hereby appointed as a recognised Judge in the (A) / (B) List of Judges until 31.12.2026, unless earlier retired or suspended or expelled by the respective body of ECAHO. 2. That the Judge may apply for a prolongation of this Agreement may be prolonged for a term of not more than three years, with the possibility of later further prolongations, by signing an Addendum hereto sending a respective request in writing to the address of ECAHO’s Executive Secretary as printed on the back of ECAHO’s Blue Book by not later than 6 months before the end of the term of this Agreement.

3. That the Judge may latest officiate at a show in the calendar year in which he/she reaches the age of 75 years (75th birthday).

4. That this Agreement shall terminate, without notice of termination being given, on the last day of the term of this Agreement, or on the last day of the term of the prolongation of this Agreement, or on the 31st of December of the calendar year in which the Judge reaches the age of 75 years (75th birthday). Afterwards he/she may no longer officiate at a show.

5. That the Judge may retire as a recognised Judge upon a notice of his intention so to retire, given at least thirty (30) days in advance in duly signed writing by the Judge to the Executive Committee. The notice must be sent to the address of ECAHO’s Executive Secretary as printed on the back of ECAHO’s Blue Book. The period of thirty (30) days commences one (1) day after receipt by ECAHO’s Executive Secretary.

6. That the Judge herewith agrees to accept and comply with the Constitution, the jurisdiction, and all applicable rules, codes, regulations, and decisions of ECAHO. 7. That the Judge herewith confirms to be a person of good repute and to have a clean criminal record.

Entries in a criminal record must be unsolicitedly disclosed to the ECAHO Office without delay. The

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Executive Committee may freely assess if such an entry shall prevent the Judge from being appointed as a recognised Judge or if the Judge shall be suspended or expelled.

8. That the Judge herewith agrees to accept and comply with his/her following responsibilities: a) Dress for the Judge shall be smart and suitable for the event. b) Whilst judging the show, the Judge will refrain from drinking alcohol or taking any substance that may impair the ability of the Judge to judge effectively. c) The Judge should not make any social conversation during the course of class and must not use electronic communication devices in the show ring/arena/paddock, except for official devices provided by the show organizer for the purposes of the event only. d) The Judge must not back out of an appointment except under the most extreme circumstances.

The Executive Secretary may request a medical certificate in cases of a broken appointment as a result of illness. The Judge who, in extreme circumstances, is unable to keep the appointment must immediately inform the show organizer. If the Judge cancels the invitation after the travel arrangements have been made, he / she will pay all the costs arising out of this booking. e) The Judge shall attend at least one ECAHO Arabian Horse Seminar or Workshop every three years. f) The Judge shall evaluate Arabian exhibits at shows in accordance with the “Judge´s Manual”. g) The Judge shall adjudicate each class at a show in conformity with the rules and specifications in that class in accordance with the rules of ECAHO current Blue Book. h) The Judge shall require the removal or alteration of any piece of equipment or accoutrement which, in his opinion, is not in accordance with ECAHO Rules and regulations. i) The Judge shall at no time interfere with exhibit’s tack or gear in the ring nor will they touch the exhibit in any way. j) The Judge shall not exhibit, or assist any exhibitor, or handle any horse, at a show at which he/she is officiating. k) The Judge is expected to display the highest standards of ethics inside and outside the show ring / arena / paddock at all times including at events where he/she is not officiating. l) The Judge shall not advertise, solicit or canvass his judging services. m) No Judge may judge more than one Title Show within Europe and one Title show outside Europe during the same calendar year. n) No Judge may judge more than 15 Arabian horse Shows in ECAHO Member countries in the calendar year. o) The Judge must avoid any circumstances which could be an actual or apparent conflict of interest, and may not officiate at a show if he/she has an actual or apparent conflict of interest, due to his knowledge. p) An actual or apparent conflict of interest may occur, amongst others, if the Judge officiates at a show at which a horse, irrespective of the payment or receipt of a remuneration or any other consideration: a. is being trained or handled by a member of the Judge's family, b. has been bought or sold by a Judge either as owner or agent, c. has been bred or is owned in whole or part by the Judge or by a member of the Judge's family, or a business partner in an Arab horse business venture, d. has been leased by the Judge, at any time, e. has been bred by or is the property of a breeding organization in which the Judge is or was an employee, f. has been regularly trained, examined or treated by the Judge in a professional capacity, g. is the subject of an on-going negotiation to buy or lease, or a provisional purchase condition to which the Judge is a party. q) An actual or apparent conflict of interest may further occur, amongst others, if the Judge, irrespective of the payment or receipt of a remuneration or any other consideration, during the period of one year (365 days) before a show at which the Judge officiates: a. has entered into any business relationship with an exhibitor at that show, 63

b. has performed consulting for an exhibitor at that show, c. has purchased or sold a horse from or to an exhibitor at that show, b. has performed consulting for an exhibitor at that show, d. was involved with the breeding of a horse of an exhibitor at that show, c.e. has purchased or sold a horse from or to an exhibitor at that show, was involved in similar activities with an exhibitor at that show. d. was involved with the decline breedingtoofofficiate a horse ifofhe/she an exhibitor at that show, r) The Judge must immediately considers himself/herself to have a e. was involvedconcerning in similar aactivities an exhibitor at that show. conflict of interests horse, itswith handler or its owner(s). r)s) The officiate if he/she considers to haveofa The Judge Judgemust must immediately immediately decline disclosetohis/her vested interests to the himself/herself Executive Committee conflict interests horse,ofitsdisclosure handler ortoitsthe owner(s).

ECAHOofby sendingconcerning a written anotice address of the ECAHO Office (see s) The Judge must immediately disclose his/her vested interests Executive of address below). The same applies in cases where the Judgetoisthe uncertain if aCommittee situation of ECAHO by sending a written notice of disclosure to the address of the ECAHO Office (see conflict of interest exists or not. below). applies in cases where the Judgehis/her is uncertain situationand of t) address The Judge shall The undersame no circumstances bring into question integrityifora honesty conflict of interest exists or not. will therefore, amongst others, during a corresponding sufficient period of time before as well t) The Judge shall under concerned, no circumstances questionpremises his/her integrity or honesty and as during the show neitherbring visitinto exhibitors' nor accept exhibitors' will therefore, amongst others, during a corresponding sufficient period of time before as well hospitality or gifts nor accept any other benefits from exhibitors. as show concerned, exhibitors' premises norThe accept u) Theduring Judge the is the official guest of neither the showvisit organizer prior to the show.

Judgeexhibitors' shall not hospitality or gifts nor accept any other benefits from exhibitors. during the period of a show at which he/she is judging, be the house guest of a person who is u) The Judge is guest shows of the are show organizer priorand to the show. The Judge shall not exhibiting at the the official show. Many social occasions organizers sometimes arrange during the periodtoofwhich a show at which is judging, be the guestuses of acommon person who is social evenings a Judge mayhe/she be invited.

Provided thathouse the Judge sense exhibiting at the show.

Many shows are social occasions and organizers sometimes arrange and integrity he/she may attend such gatherings. social which aofJudge may be invited.

Provided the Judge common v) If the evenings Judge or tomember his/her family organizes an A that or Title show, uses the Judge maysense not and integrity he/she may attend such gatherings. officiate at any other ECAHO A or Title show, except cases when the A or Title show is v) Iforganized the Judge his/her organizes an ECAHO A or Title show,country. the Judge may not byorthemember nationalofArab horsefamily organization of an Member officiate at any other ECAHO A or Title show, except cases when the A or Title show is the national horse organization of ECAHO an ECAHO country.

9. Thatorganized the Judgeby agrees that allArab information provided by andMember its representatives, whether written or oral (the “Confidential Information”) shall be treated as confidential and proprietary to 9.ECAHO. That theThe Judge agrees thatInformation all information

by ECAHO and which its representatives, whether Confidential doesprovided not include information (i) was or becomes written or available oral (the to “Confidential shall be treated confidential and proprietary(ii) to generally the public asInformation”) a result of prior disclosure by as ECAHO or its representatives, ECAHO. The Confidential Information does not include information which (i) was or becomes was or becomes available to the Judge on a non-confidential basis from a source other than ECAHO or generally available toprovided the public a result of prior disclosure or its representatives, (ii) its representatives thatas such source is not bound by

by ECAHO a confidentiality agreement with was or becomes available to the Judge on a non-confidential basis from a source other than ECAHO or ECAHO, or (iii) was or becomes available to the Judge without any obligation of confidentiality prior its representatives provided that such source is not bound by a confidentiality agreement with to its disclosure by ECAHO. ECAHO, or (iii) was or becomes available to the Judge without any obligation of confidentiality prior to10. its That disclosure

by ECAHO. the Judge herewith agrees, that unless the Constitution, all applicable rules, codes, regulations, and decisions of ECAHO apply, this Agreement shall be exclusively governed and 10.

That the Judge to herewith agrees, substantive that unlesslaws the of Constitution, applicable codes, construed according the applicable Switzerland,allexcluding the rules, rules on the regulations, and decisions of ECAHO apply, this Agreement shall be exclusively governed and conflict of laws. construed according to the applicable substantive laws of Switzerland, excluding the rules on the conflict laws.

11. Thatofthe Judge accepts that any dispute, which cannot be settled under the existing jurisdiction of ECAHO, shall be exclusively settled by the ordinary courts in St. Gallen, Switzerland.

11. That the Judge accepts that any dispute, which cannot be settled under the existing jurisdiction of ECAHO, be exclusively settled by theonordinary courts in St.isGallen, Switzerland.

12. That shall accepting judging appointments behalf of ECAHO conditional on the Judge being suitable for the assignment and fully able to perform the inherent requirements for the position. By 12.

That this accepting appointments behalf of ECAHO onknowledge the Judge of being signing Judge’sjudging Agreement you, as anonECAHO Judge must isdoconditional so in the full the suitable for risks the assignment and fully able to the inherent requirements for the associated involving horses.

Should anyperform circumstances change that may affect yourposition. capacityBy to signing as an ECAHO do so in the of the performthis the Judge’s inherent Agreement requirementsyou, of the position that Judge you aremust undertaking, youfull are knowledge obliged to inform associated risks horses. Should any circumstances change that may affect your capacity to ECAHO with noinvolving delay. perform the inherent requirements of the position that you are undertaking, you are obliged to inform ECAHO no delay.

13. Thatwith the Judge confirms to have read and herewith agrees to the Privacy Policy as published on ECAHO's website (www.ecaho.org; https://www.ecaho.org/about-ecaho/gdpr).

13. That the Judge confirms to have read and herewith agrees to the Privacy Policy as published on IN WITNESS WHEREOF the parties hereunto set their hands on the date first hereinbefore written.

ECAHO's website (www.ecaho.org; https://www.ecaho.org/about-ecaho/gdpr).

This agreement will be confirmed by issuing ECAHO Judges license (card).

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the parties hereunto set their hands on the date first hereinbefore written.

Signed for andwill on behalf of ECAHO Signed by the said Judge This agreement be confirmed by issuing ECAHO Judges license (card).

Signed for and on behalf of ECAHO

Signed by the said Judge

64

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