Lessons in Socially Responsible Design_ Paint Tech. and LEED Requirements for a Sustainable Future

Lessons in Socially Responsible Design, Paint Technology and LEED Requirements for a Sustainable Future Dunn-Edwards Paints

Overview • Socially Responsible Design • Sustainable Design

• EPA Requirements, Paint and VOCs • LEED and LEED v4.1 • Paint and Sustainability • Design Wellbeing Trends

Socially Responsible Design Concept isn’t new • Architects have been building with the environment in mind for centuries • Examples • Industrial Revolution - designers and theorists - William Morris and John Ruskin • 19th and early 20th centuries – Historian Delores Hayden rethinks socio-spatial alternatives • 1960s – Victor Papanek wrote about alternative practices focusing on ecological design and looking for need

Sustainable Design Environmentally Sustainable design is the philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment, and services to comply with the principles of ecological sustainability.​​ • Seeks to reduce negative impacts on the environment, and the health and comfort of building occupants, improving building performance. The basic objectives of sustainability are to reduce consumption of nonrenewable resources, minimize waste, and create healthy, productive environments • Sustainable design principles include the ability to • Optimize site potential​​ • Minimize non-renewable energy consumption​​ • Use environmentally preferable products • Protect and conserve water​​ • Enhance indoor environmental quality​​ • Optimize operational and maintenance practices

Sustainable Design Timeline

Sustainable Design History Modern Architecture Traditions of 20th century architecture • Standardization • Over production of homogeneous designs • Inefficient design • Dependence on fossil fuels Early modernists who took their environments into account when designing architecture included • Frank Lloyd Wright, Ian McHarg • Work with nature not against • Building should spring up out of its environment • Integrated with natural environment • Cluster development – grouped living centers – more green spaces

Sustainable Design History Great Depression • Scarcity • Food insecurity

• Joblessness World War II • Raw material shortages • Rationing

• Housing starts banned • Housing insecurity

Sustainable Design History 1960s & 1970s – The environmental movement • Activists rallied for the use of cleaner energy practices • Health hazards - toxic waste • Negative impacts - burning fossil fuels Architects - Buckminster Fuller, E.F. Schumacher, Stewart Brand raised awareness of holistic design • Buckminster Fuller’s experiments with the Dymaxion House (1929) • Geodesic structures • Structural and material efficiencies • Led to another important development in green design— “synergy”

Sustainable Design History 1970s – Passive Solar Technologies • Popularized during the 1970s by Richard Crowther of Denver, Colorado.

• One of the most widely published solar projects was the Balcomb House (1979) • Designed by William Lumpkins • Dominant sunspace • Interior adobe walls • Stone floors • In-ground rock beds

Sustainable Design History 1980s – Postmodern • Counterpoint to the 1970s solar ideal of green design • Focused on symbolism, polychromatic aesthetics, and whimsical design • Aesthetics is sacrificed when sustainability is the focus • Architecture adapted to • Local vernacular forms and materials • Borrowing modernist elements • Returning to traditional design • And moving toward deconstructivism

Sustainable Design History 1990s – LEED • 1994 – The formation of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) standards, which was watched over by the US Green Building Council (USGBC) LEED certification provides independent, thirdparty verification that a building, home or community was designed and built using strategies aimed at achieving high performance in key areas of human and environmental health: sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection and indoor environmental quality

Sustainable Design History 2000s – Sustainable Design • Green architecture proliferated globally with more complex programs available • Sustainable design focus • Urban areas • Multi-family • Green design emphasis • Renewable energy

Sustainable Design and Design Best Practices • Choose design products that are non-toxic and durable, including paint coatings that are low VOC and zero VOC

• Select local products when possible • Utilize current square footage as much as possible • When renovating, use best work practices

Sustainable Design – Paint and VOCs What are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)?

• Organic chemical compounds emitted as gases from certain solids and liquids • Concentrations are higher indoors • VOCs are a concern as for both indoor and outdoor pollutants • Indoor VOCs • Potential for VOCs to adversely impact the health of people that are exposed • Outdoor VOCs • Released into the air mostly during manufacture or use of everyday products and materials • Quickly dissipates but contributes to ozone

Paint and VOCs • Paint ingredients • Pigment – Colorant • Resin – Binder • Solvent • Latex Paints • Oil – Alkyd Paints

Paint and VOCs Products that emit off-gassing • Furnishings • Cabinets, tables, sofas, mattresses • Plywood, glues, particle board, insulation • Paint, vinyl flooring, carpet • Cleaning products • Gasoline • Nail polish • Hairspray Off-gassing occurs • When newly manufactured items release volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

Paint and VOCs • • • • • •

When is a VOC not a VOC? What does Zero VOC mean?

What does Low VOC or Ultra-Low VOC mean?

What is Reactivity-Adjusted VOC content (RAVOC)?

How does RAVOC work?

Are RAVOC ratings required for paint?

Paint and Eco-Efficiency Eco-efficiency – the ability to satisfy human needs in ways that minimize adverse impacts on energy and material resources, environmental quality, and human health and safety.

Paint and Eco-Efficiency Life-cycle Analysis is used to identify potential impacts on a broad range of environmental criteria.

• • • • •

Energy and material resource consumption Water usage Solid waste disposal Ecological impact Human health and safety

Paint and Eco-Efficiency Paint and Coatings are Inherently Eco-Efficient Products Paint and coatings beautify, protect, and preserve the surfaces to which they are applied, conserving energy and material resources, and improving the visual quality of our environment.

High performance is the Key to Eco-Efficiency of Paint and Coatings • Maximize environmental benefits • Minimize ecological burden • High quality covers better (less raw ingredients used) • High quality is more durability (longer service life before re-application) • Less energy, and material resource waste

Paint – Regulatory Agencies – Certifications Environment Protection Agency (EPA) U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) • LEED Green Seal Green Wise Certification RAVOC

VOCs and Paint Regulations The EPA published the architectural coatings rule on September 11, 1998 of the Clean Air Act. Limits coating’s VOCs produced and imported into US Architectural Coatings • Interior and exterior paints • Traffic markings • Signage paints • Industrial maintenance

VOCs and Paint Regulations Paint data sheet with VOC information

VOCs and Paint Regulations

VOCs and Paint Regulations Federal EPA VOC Regulations

South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) VOC Regulations

LEED What is the definition of LEED? Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design • The most widely used green building rating system in the world. Available for virtually all building types, LEED provides a framework for healthy, highly efficient, and cost-saving green buildings • LEED certification is a globally recognized symbol of sustainability achievement and leadership • Health Benefits of LEED • Happy employees and occupants • Indoor environmental quality • Quality design • Reduced pollution

LEED Benefits

LEED-certified homes

• 20-30 percent less energy than a typical home • Some homes report up to 60 percent savings

Benefits of LEED Buildings

• Southface Energy Institute and the Virginia Center for Housing Research study • Green affordable housing developments spend 12 percent less on energy per square foot than typical developments • Energy efficient or LEED certified properties have higher rent values • Multi-family housing developments (USA) could save 3.4 billion annually with energy efficient programs

LEED 2009 versus LEED v4.1 for paint industry • Two versions of LEED are currently operative – LEED 2009 and LEED v4 (including v4.1) – although significant differences exist between the two.

• LEED 2009 was closed to new applications for certification on October 31, 2016; however, applications submitted prior to that date remain valid, with a deadline of June 30, 2021, for completion of ongoing projects. The LEED 2009 Indoor Environmental Quality Credit for Low-Emitting Materials imposes one requirement for interior paint and coatings: all such products must meet the applicable VOC content limit of the ARB 2007 Suggested Control Measure (“SCM”) for Architectural Coatings or South Coast AQMD Rule 1113: Architectural Coatings.

LEED v4.1 What is LEED v4.1?

• Demands measurable results throughout a building’s life cycle • Uses flexible, performance-based approach The difference from LEED 2009 for the paint industry • LEED v4 was launched in November 2013 and modified slightly (LEED v4.1) in January 2019 • Credits for paints and coatings remain the same in both • The EQ Credit for Low-Emitting Materials now has two requirements for interior paint and coatings • All products must meet VOC content limits of ARB 2007 SCM (Suggested Control Measures) • All products must be third-party tested and certified under CDPH Standard Method v1.2 for VOC emissions

LEED v4 & v4.1 Application to paints and coatings • SS Sustainable Sites Heat Island Reduction • Roof high reflectance material • EQ Indoor Environmental Quality • Low-Emitting Materials • MR Materials and Resources • Building Product Disclosure and Optimization

LEED v4 & v4.1 EQ Credit: Low-Emitting Materials Option 1 – Product Category Calculation • Interior Coatings Applied on Site • 90% by volume for emissions requirement • 100% for VOC content Option 2 – Budget Calculation • Building organized into assemblies (flooring, ceiling, walls, insulation, furniture) • Total percentage of compliance is calculated • Can be used when a non-compliant coating is needed • If 90% of assembly meets criteria – system is 100% compliant • If less than 50% meets criteria – system is 0% compliant

LEED v4 & v4.1 MR Credit: Building Product Disclosure and Optimization – Material Ingredients Option 1 – Material Ingredient Reporting • Manufacturer Inventory • Health Product Declaration • Cradle to Cradle • Declare

LEED v4 & v4.1 MR Credit: Building Product Disclosure and Optimization – Material Ingredients Option 2 – Material Ingredient Optimization • GreenScreen v1.2 – Products have full inventory with no hazards • Cradle to Cradle Certified • International Alternative Compliance • USGBC approved program

LEED v4 & v4.1 MR Credit: Building Product Disclosure and Optimization – Material Ingredients

Option 3 – Product Manufacturer Supply Chain Optimization • Ethically sourced (safety, health, hazard) • Sourced with independent third-party verification of supply chain • Chemical ingredients – hazards, health, safety

Design Wellbeing Trends • Carbon-neutral design • Clean living • Impact on human experience and quality of life

• The built environment and its impact on climate change • Eliminating harmful household products and finishes • Incorporating nature and natural light • Home as haven from stress

• Spa design • bathrooms, fitness, yoga, and meditation rooms, outdoor living

Design Wellbeing Trends – What’s Next?

USGBC announced the “Living Standard” campaign, at the 2018 Greenbuild show • Adoption of healthy spaces for a better quality of life

Most people associate green buildings with energy efficiency, resource conservation and cost savings – not healthy living Human stories make global impact • Storytelling – look at life through someone else’s lens • Listen to other’s stories – share your own • Help improve the quality of life for others https://livingstandard.org/

Architectural Coatings Industry and Designing for Wellbeing Is paint a good option in a sustainable world?

• Paints and coatings provide protection and beauty • They extend the surface’s life • By acting as a protective barrier • A thin coating (few thousandths of an inch) can provide protection from • Corrosion • Abrasion • High or low temperatures • Chemicals • Ultraviolet rays • Moisture • Microbes

Architectural Coatings Industry and Designing for Wellbeing Coatings preserve our cars and homes • And the bridges and tunnels we drive across and through

Coatings help protect our environment • They save energy by keeping buildings cooler • Elastomeric • LRV • Play an integral part in the use of wind energy • Keep machinery out of landfills

Architectural Coatings Industry and Designing for Wellbeing

Emulsion technology

Air barriers

Low-VOC paints with high scrub resistance

Essential for energy efficient building enclosures

Available in a variety of finishes including high-gloss

Stop air flow through the building

Source: Courtesy of Celanese Emulsion Polymers

Source: The Technology of Air Barriers, A Durability + Design Collection, Technology Publishing Company, 2012

Increases heating and cooling efficiencies

Specialty low-emitting interior coatings Protect the health and comfort of sensitive groups Education, healthcare, care homes

Source: Courtesy of Dunn-Edwards Corporation

Paints (GS-11) Standard This Standard establishes environmental requirements • Performance • Air quality • Health Products • Cleaning • Household • Industrial

• Paper • Printer, Writing • Sanitary • Construction Materials

Architectural Coatings Industry and Designing for Wellbeing Addressing Environmental Issues • VOCs • Over the last few decades VOC emissions from architectural coatings have drastically decreased • Between 2008 and 2014 the South Coast Air Quality Management District estimates architectural coating VOCs decreased by over 50% • Hazardous air pollutants • U.S. EPA’s Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) • Releases from coatings decreased by 81% between 1990 and 2014

Architectural Coatings Industry and Designing for Wellbeing • Recycled Waste • Total paint waste increased by over 81% - from 1995 to 2013 • US Sales • More than 90% are water-based • Waste Solvents • 97% of waste solvents from manufacturing facilities are reclaimed for future use • Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Hazardous Waste - US • Reduced by over one-third (34.8%) since 2001 • EPA categories of hazardous waste • Ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity • Paint stewardship efforts • Unused or leftover paint can be recycled or reused

Resources • • • • • • • • • • •

American Coatings Association American Institute of Architects (AIA) (aia.org) Architecture for Humanity http://architectureforhumanity.org/ American Society of Interior Designers (asid.org) Attia S. (2018) Modern History of Sustainable Architecture. In: Regenerative and Positive Impact Architecture. SpringerBriefs in Energy. Springer, Cham AS Deviren, PJ Tabb (2014). The greening of Architecture: A critical history and survey of contemporary sustainable architecture and urban design. Books.google.com Dunn-Edwards Paints Green Building Guide Environmental Protection Agency (EPA.gov) Multibriefs Paint.org Paintcare.org

Resources • Painting & Decorating Contractors of America (pdca.org) • PeoplePlacesSpace.org • South Coast Air Quality Management District Rule 314 – Fees for Architectural Coatings: Preliminary 2014 Data U.S. Industry Market Analysis for the Paint & Coatings Industry (2018-2023) • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Toxic Release Inventory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s National RCRA Hazardous Waste Report, 2001 & 2013 • U.S. Census Bureau’s 2007 & 2012 Economic Census South Coast Air Quality Management District’s 2012 Air Quality Management Plan • U.S. General Services Administration (GSA.gov) • US Green Building Council (usgbc.org) • Living Standard U.S. Public Research Report (Livingstandard.org)

• Villecco M (1977) Energy conscious design in schools of architecture. J Architect Educ 30(3):6–10