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Bre Bradham The Chronicle When Vincent Price, provost of the University of Pennsylvania, takes over Duke’s top office in July, he will bring with him his wife, decades of experience in academia, two dogs and a passion for online learning initiatives. Coursera is an online platform that allows faculty at institutions like Penn and Duke to teach massive open online courses. Price served as the founding chair of Coursera’s University Advisory Board from 2012 to 2015 and was influential in Penn becoming one of the first four universities to start using the platform in 2012. Duke currently offers 50 MOOCs on Coursera, up from 42 in Fall 2015. Penn currently offers 80 MOOCs—the highest number of any U.S. institution using Coursera. “Having Provost Price become your president promises that Duke will continue to be a leader in online learning and, more importantly, in ways in which online learning can improve learning on campus,” said Ed Rock, former director of online learning initiatives at Penn and current professor of law at New York University. “That was really the hallmark of Provost Price’s leadership on Penn’s online learning initiative.” During his time at Penn, Price secured a large grant from the Association of American Universities to use technology to improve STEM teaching. He used his knowledge of the faculty governance structure, as the former chair of the faculty senate, to gain support for initiating the University’s relationship with Coursera in January 2012, Rock explained. “I don’t think we had any outcry, problems

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Coursera connections: Examining online education

or resistance from faculty as we moved forward, which I think clashed with the experience of other universities,” Rock said. “This is really because Provost Price believes in shared governance and the consultation of faculty.” In contrast, Duke’s Arts and Sciences Council, the faculty governing body of Trinity College, has previously voted against joining an online education company known as 2U to provide online courses. In Fall 2013, the Council voted down a proposal 16 to 14 that would contractually engage them with 2U. Although the vote did

involve online learning, Thomas Robisheaux, chair of the Arts and Sciences Council at the time and a professor of history, said that it “was more complicated than that.” The faculty had numerous concerns regarding the agreement, ranging from the flexibility of the online format to issues involving details of the contract. One important issue, however, was that the proposal faculty voted on would have made the courses offered through 2U count for credit at Duke—a procedural irregularity that many faculty members took issue with, Robisheaux explained.

Regular courses at Duke have to go through an extensive approval process and appear before a standing course committee, but the agreement with 2U would not have subjected the online courses to the same rigorous process. “There were many faculty members who were very uneasy about a blanket agreement that did not clearly articulate the process of approving credits,” Robisheaux said. As it stands, the University’s policy towards online courses and whether or not See COURSERA on Page 6

Durham Police investigate Swift Ave. sexual assault Cara Leigh Downey The Chronicle

Ivy Shi | The Chronicle Students expressed concern about a reported sexual assault on Swift Avenue last Wednesday.

When a recent DukeAlert indicated that a reported sexual assault had occurred in broad daylight very close to campus, students were shocked. Last Wednesday, an individual told police that as she was walking on Swift Avenue at 10:10 a.m., a male subject took her into the woods and sexually assaulted and robbed her at knife point. The case is currently being investigated by the Durham Police Department, and according to the incident report the attack happened on the 600 block of Swift. No charges have been filed at this time and DPD has no new information for release, wrote Kammie Michael, public information officer at DPD, in an email. According to the report, the assault and robbery were reported to the police at 5:18 p.m. The DukeAlert was not sent out until approximately 9:16 p.m. John Dailey, chief of the Duke University Police Department, wrote in an email that DUPD has increased the number of officers patrolling the area of the incident since last Wednesday, but did not provide any more details. He also

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wrote that there are “layers of protection” in the area, in the form of patrols from both DUPD and DPD. “Some of these patrol efforts are noticeable and some are not,” he wrote. Sophomore Katy Grant, who lives on Central Campus, said that the sexual assault has intensified her feeling of insecurity when walking around certain areas. “This is definitely going to exacerbate it a little bit for me and I know for other people as well,” Grant said. Senior Tierney Marey, who lives at the University Apartments on Duke University Road, noted she has changed her walking route in response to the incident. Senior Katie Becker also said she was disturbed by the violent nature and timing of the incident. Becker, who lives in Ubuntu section on Central Campus, also expressed hope that the incident would act as a call-to-action for the Duke administration. “It is my hope that this incident would bring to light, both for women and for everyone, the considerations that women have to take when planning for our safety,” Becker said. She added that there are currently obstacles that prevent women from feeling fully safe on campus, noting the unreliable

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Study finds link between autismrelated gene, pain receptor Nathan Luzum The Chronicle A recent Duke study lends insight into why some individuals with autism have reduced pain sensitivity. Using a mouse model of autism developed in the lab of Yong-Hui Jiang, associate professor of pediatrics and neurobiology, the study linked a mutation in the gene SHANK3 to the reduction of the pain receptor TRPV1. The study—which also involved the lab of Ru-Rong Ji, professor of anesthesiology and neurobiology—will help researchers and physicians develop more effective interventions for those with autism. “We know that human patients with SHANK3 deficiency have autism,” Jiang said. “It’s very common for patients with autism in general to have a kind of reduced pain sensitivity or sensory processing problems.” Ji explained that altered pain sensitivity in individuals with autism had already been well-established before the latest experiment. However, the mechanism behind the decreased sensitivity remained a mystery until now. Earlier in 2016, Jiang’s lab developed a mouse model of autism that accurately replicated the mutation of the SHANK3 gene. These SHANK3-deficient mice were the subjects of this most recent experiment investigating pain sensitivity. The researchers put the mice through different sensory tests and found that they had lower sensitivity to heat-related pain. They discovered that missing SHANK3 lowered TRPV1’s ability to transmit pain signals. TRPV1

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is a receptor protein capable of detecting and transmitting pain signals caused by capsaicin, the chemical that gives peppers their spiciness. “If you lose SHANK3, TRPV1 cannot function properly,” Ji said. In addition to the link between SHANK3 and TRPV1, the study also revealed that TRPV1 is present in the presynaptic terminal—the neuron that sends a pain signal—in addition to the postsynaptic terminal—the neuron that receives the signal. However, Jiang noted that researchers are still unsure of the significance of TRPV1’s presence at the presynaptic terminal. Another interesting observation was the expression of the SHANK3 gene in a cluster of neurons in the peripheral nervous system known as dorsal ganglia neurons. Previously, only the role of SHANK3 in relation to the central nervous system—the brain and spinal cord—had been studied. “Most people investigating the field believe that most [autistic] behavior is CNS-related, not PNS-related,” Jiang said. Geraldine Dawson, director of the Duke Center for Autism and Brain Development, noted that the many treatments currently being investigated at Duke are focused on the CNS. “These treatments are different approaches to improving brain function,” Dawson wrote in an email. “For example, one study is exploring whether umbilical cord blood can improve outcomes for young children with autism.” Ji and Jiang both said they are hopeful that the discovery of the SHANK3/TRPV1 relationship may ultimately benefit both See AUTISM on Page 6

Students interested in running for Editor of The Chronicle (2017-18 school year) should submit a resumé and a two-page essay on goals for the organization to the Board of Directors of the Duke Student Publishing Co., Inc. Applications should be submitted to: Claire Ballentine Editor, The Chronicle claire.ballentine@duke.edu Deadline for application is Friday, January 20, 2017 at 5 p.m.

Rhesus monkey studyshows social status affects health Shagun Vashisth The Chronicle Wealth and status have long been correlated with health, with the richest one percent of American men outliving the poorest one percent by up to 15 years. According to a new study, this might be true for other species as well. Researchers at Duke have found that which immune cell genes were switched on and off generally differed between rhesus monkeys of a higher social status and their lower status counterparts. More genes involved in the inflammatory response were turned on in lower-ranking rhesus monkeys,

leading to unwanted inflammation. In humans, disorders associated with chronic inflammation include cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The findings may have implications when looking at early life adversity in humans, as consequences of low social status in childhood might not be as striking later on in life as previously thought, explained Noah Snyder-Mackler, a postdoctoral fellow in the evolutionary anthropology department and first author of the study. “Given the current political climate, there is a positive message with these findings when looking at how they apply to humans, in that there is in fact something that is outside an individual’s control that contributes to whether they are low See RHESUS on Page 6

Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons A new study finds that different genes are activated depending on the social status of rhesus monkeys .

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Brodhead promises to support undocumented students Adam Beyer The Chronicle In a message to the Duke community Thursday afternoon, President Richard Brodhead expressed the University’s support for undocumented students, but also noted that the concept of a sanctuary campus has no legal basis. In his email, Brodhead acknowledged that there has been concern about the future of undocumented college students after Republican Donald Trump—who has taken a hardline on immigration—won the 2016 presidential election. Last month, Brodhead signed a letter expressing support for the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, which allows undocumented immigrants who entered the country as immigrants to avoid deportation. He also pointed to the University’s recent decision to admit undocumented students on a needblind basis and to make them eligible for financial aid if they are not permitted to work on campus. “We are committed to ensuring that our campus is a place where all students can focus on what brought them to Duke: to get a world-class education in an environment that supports them,” he wrote. Brodhead also noted that the Office of Student Affairs is offering private discussion sessions with potentially students, and that the University’s Office of Government Relations has reached out to members of Congress. At the same time, however, he indicated that Duke would not be able to become a sanctuary campus as several students have requested. Duke Student Government passed a resolution Wednesday urging the administration to become a sanctuary campus,

Hansung Kang | The Chronicle Duke Student Government urged the University to become a sanctuary campus. President Richard Brodhead sent an email Thursday expressing support for undocumented students.

arguing that Duke has the power to “withhold undocumented students’ information from immigration officials without a subpoena” and “[prevent Immigration and Customs Enforcements] agents from entering campus without a warrant.” Although Brodhead commended the DSG resolution, he also wrote that the “term has no basis in the law” and cannot confer any additional protections not already in place. “No university in America can declare itself immune from the rule of law,” he wrote. “However, university campuses are governed by their own communal values and offer the protection of those values to those who live in them. Duke University values its students no matter their background or immigration status, and historical moments like this one offer an opportunity to clarify that commitment.”

The #DukeSanctuary group wrote in a statement that they appreciated Brodhead’s email and said it addressed their concerns. The statement also noted that the group looks forward to working with administration to implement programs supporting undocumented students and members of the Durham community. Deborah Weissman, Reef C. Ivey II Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of North Carolina, agreed that universities must comply with warrants. She also emphasized that although the upcoming Trump administration might be unpredictable, Immigration and Customs Enforcement has never before come onto campuses. “I would not want to be the person who suggests we have nothing to worry about because there’s plenty to worry about, but I

think we also have to gauge the level of risk. I don’t think that ICE coming onto campus is something that there’s any precedent for or that we are likely to see,” she said. However, she noted that the students’ sanctuary demand is more about recognition, solidarity and efforts to make campus free of racism and xenophobia. Weissman said she thought it was technically possible for the new administration to rescind research funding from universities that declare themselves “sanctuaries” but said that possibility should not be the deciding factor. “I don’t think that a university which would enact sanctuary in the way I’m describing should be afraid of that because then you are just going to sell your soul,” she said. “And if you’re not willing to stand up and demand respect and physical integrity and no bullying and no racial taunting and educating the deep and historic problems with immigration reform and stand up for a more civilized society, then your grants are not of any use.” The push for sanctuary campuses has spread to colleges across the country and has been met with a variety of responses. At the University of Pennsylvania—where incoming President Vincent Price is provost—the school declared itself a “sanctuary” but did not use the term “sanctuary campus.” Columbia University similarly declared itself a sanctuary for its undocumented students. Swarthmore College took the added step of refusing to participate in the E-Verify system, a government program that determines whether employees are legally eligible to work in the United States. North Carolina requires employers with 25 or more employees to use the E-Verify system for new hires. This version has been condensed for print. See the full version online.

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‘An experiment’: Faculty question new curriculum Bre Bradham The Chronicle The Trinity College Arts and Sciences Council debated the current edition of their proposed curriculum overhaul one last time Thursday before a final vote next Spring. A question-and-answer session with members of the Imagining Duke Curriculum committee covered several topics, from how to implement the five “signature core” classes requirement in the current draft as well as how to finance the proposed changes. Committee members noted that a number of additional changes would become clear in a revised January edition, changes that would be based on faculty feedback during town hall forums and council discussions. Faculty expect to vote on the revised edition in February. “We are trying something different,” said Lee Baker, former Trinity dean of academic affairs and member of the IDC committee. If it were to be approved as it currently stands, the draft would create significant changes to the system Trinity currently employs. It includes a new year-long course for first-years, which students will select from a cluster of thematic seminar courses called “The Duke Experience.” The proposed curriculum would also require students to take courses in five different categories during their first two years, which would replace the 11 different “Areas of Knowledge” and “Modes of Inquiry” requirements currently in place. Those five courses would be selected from a “curated subset” of the course catalogue, taught by Trinity’s best professors. The curriculum would also require students to

complete a “secondary depth” as well as a “mentored scholarly experience.” During the council’s discussion, however, concerns were raised about some of the proposed curriculum’s other specific provisions. For example, the proposed curriculum would increase the required credits for graduation from 34 to 36. But in response to a “wave” of faculty questions, David Bell, professor of French studies and a member of the advisory committee to the IDC committee, said the January draft would revert to 34 credits. The number of credits required to graduate had been debated at length at previous Arts and Sciences council meetings, particularly in conjunction with the proposed removal of credit for Advanced Placement courses. The College Board has raised concerns about the removal, said Owen Astrachan, director of undergraduate studies for computer science. “What concerns us, really, is by potentially not counting AP credit towards graduation, Duke may be discouraging low-income and minority students from even applying,” said Maria Alcon-Heraux, director of media relations for the College Board. “By eliminating AP credit, Duke would be out of step from institutions like Columbia, Cornell, Northwestern, University of Chicago and on.” The current draft allows for up to six courses to be converted into “credit/ no credit” courses, with “no credit” courses being removed from the student’s transcript. Bell said the IDC committee would dial that back to four courses—two of which would have to be taken during students’ first two years. Chris Walter, an associate professor

of physics, expressed concern that the curriculum would not sufficiently encourage students to explore the breadth of a liberal arts education. He added that those in leadership positions need to have an understanding of science to confront current issues. But Bell responded that the edition of the curriculum passed by faculty would not be “concrete,” and that adjustments were made to Duke Curriculum 2000 to address shortcomings even after its implementation. “Any curriculum, when it is enacted, is an experiment,” he explained. Faculty also discussed where the funding for the changes would come from, particularly in regards to advisors who

could students navigate the new curricular structure. Trinity Dean Valerie Ashby said the funding was “not there” in Trinity’s budget.” She indicated that if the curriculum gets approved, she would provide Provost Sally Kornbluth with a funding proposal, although it is as of yet unclear what the cost would be. However, she said that she has been in contact with Kornbluth, and that Kornbluth is aware and working on the funding problem. Kornbluth is aware that she would be saying “yes” to an unknown, Ashby said. “She knows I’m coming,” Ashby said. “My message to her is that I do not care what you all pass, whatever it is we are going to do it well.”

Hansung Kang | The Chronicle Arts and Sciences Council debated the proposed new Trinity curriculum Thursday, addressing concerns about graduation requirements.

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A Fracked Gas Power Plant at Duke University? The accelerating climate crisis requires leadership – not an expansion of fossil fuels.

• The proposed Duke Energy power plant would increase campus greenhouse emissions by 61%. • It would increase local air pollution, barely improve campus power reliability and perpetuate the climate-destructive fracking boom. • Methane leaking and venting from US natural gas operations is making the climate crisis rapidly worse. It’s likely a key factor in the record-breaking, three-year global heat wave. • A large excess of regional power means the plant would unnecessarily boost rates for all Duke Energy customers. • The University has many clean energy options, including huge solar power potential at prices lower than it’s now paying for electricity. See NC WARN’s report on an alternate path for Duke University: bit.ly/2eSvrbV.

Building People Power for Climate & Energy Justice

Take Action! Urge Duke University President Richard Brodhead to reject Duke Energy’s expansion of climate-wrecking fracked gas on campuses. Tell him to join Stanford and others using climate-protective energy solutions: President@duke.edu. President Brodhead, we need your leadership to help avert runaway climate chaos.

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status or high status,” Snyder-Makler said. “Despite someone’s limited access to resources and perhaps to health care, there is some direct effect of status itself that influences their immune function.” In the initial part of the study, when female macaques with no previous interactions were sorted into groups, a natural ranking arose as the females added earliest ranked higher than those introduced later. Researchers discovered differences in how over 1,600 of the 9,000 examined genes were expressed, with striking differences in cells that comprise the immune system’s first line of defense against pathogens. Then, when females were removed from their original ranks that they’d spent a year in and assigned to the opposite end of the dominance spectrum, their immune system cell function changed to reflect their new status. Snyder-Mackler added that the much of the results could be generalized to humans. “Macaques actually turn out to be a good model for social status in humans because we share a lot of biology and neurobiology and genetics with them, these primates,” he said. “Social hierarchies have similar effects on rhesus macaques as they do on humans in terms of physiology.” The primates proved to be the ideal model because researchers could control for reverse causality—in which people in poorer health could fall to lower status because of their compromised well-beings. Experimental manipulation controls for this by allowing researchers to establish a direct link between the immune system and status. Snyder-Mackler added that efforts to reduce social status gaps—such as drug intervention or strengthening one’s social support system— should be escalated to mitigate the negative health effects among people of lower social status.

autistic and non-autistic individuals. “We can develop new therapeutics to target the interaction between these two proteins for non-autistic patients with chronic pain,” Ji said. Jiang noted that a different treatment could target autistic individuals with a SHANK3 mutation—approximately one percent of those with autism—and stabilize their ability to feel pain. “What we hope is that by studying a rare form of autism, we can inform a more generalized knowledge about other types of autism,” Jiang said. “Eventually, we can develop a more universal understanding of how autism develops and how to develop a more universal intervention.”

they should count for credit has been left up to its individual schools—with some straying from Trinity’s stance and offering courses for credit. Lynne O’Brien, associate vice provost for digital and online education initiatives, wrote in an email Wednesday that some schools, such as the Fuqua School of Business, the Pratt School of Engineering, the School of Medicine and the Divinity School’s master’s degree programs include for-credit coursework online. Many faculty members, however, have turned to Coursera to offer MOOCs instead. Leonard White, an associate professor of orthopedic surgery and neuroscience at Duke, has been teaching a medical neuroscience Coursera course since 2013. He said that teaching the class online has shown him the passion and creativity of the learners, and that the course has been well-received. He said he uses the videos produced for the online course to supplement the on-campus class he teaches called “Brain and Behavior.” The resources that became available through working with Coursera to create the online course have resulted in better videos for his inperson teaching, he noted. White added that he would like for departments to be able to consider online courses and decide whether or not to grant credit for them, noting that they often grant students credit for transfer courses with little more than a syllabus to evaluate, whereas they could consider an online course in its entirety. Mine Cetinkaya-Rundel, who teaches a

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ASSAULT from page 1 bus schedule and an insufficient number of security guards present on Central Campus. However, DUPD doubled the number of police security officers patrolling Central Campus in September 2015, after a number of armed robberies occurred that year. Students had different opinions about how the University should respond to the situation. Although Marey understands that the investigation is ongoing, she said she wished there had been a follow-up email to students after the initial DukeAlert was sent out. Becker said that the University could do more to assist victims and release safety tips for students. “There’s a way to communicate safety tips and a way to communicate that everyone’s safety is important to our community without falling into [the] trap of victim-blaming,” Becker said. “These are things we all should have been thinking about anyway, but this really brings it to light.” In his email, Dailey noted that the new LiveSafe app attempts to make campus safer for students, for example by helping students

know where their friends are at various times as well as a panic button. “For example, one can ask a contact to follow their walk virtually and in realtime to ensure safe arrival,” he wrote.

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The Chronicle Coursera course called “Data Analysis and Statistical Inference,” has found the online course to be very beneficial for students in her on-campus Statistics 101 course, which is taught in a flipped-class format. “I think it’s pretty naïve to think, in this day and age, that you can completely ignore online courses,” she said. “There is a lot out there, a lot of innovation, that can make things easier for students and more enjoyable.” Bennett Carpenter, a fourth-year PhD candidate in literature, had a different take on online courses from White and CetinkayaRundel. He wrote in an email Wednesday that technology should not be seen as a “panacea for our social ills,” and cited research out of Penn’s Graduate School of Education as showing that only a fraction of users of their MOOCs ever finish the online courses they start. “Proponents of MOOCs often tout their ‘revolutionary’ potential to democratize education and break down barriers to access— whether economic, geographic, racial, gendered or otherwise,” Carpenter wrote. “Yet online education has failed to live up to the hype.” He criticized Coursera’s for-profit status and business model that “essentially charges users for the privilege of watching YouTube videos,” and referenced Arts and Sciences Council’s previous vote against joining the online consortium 2U. He wrote he was concerned that selecting Price means Duke is “gearing up for another push.” O’Brien noted that the Coursera courses Duke currently offers are some of the most highly rated and largest ones on Coursera, and that Price will likely be interested in expanding the University’s stake in the online platform. “President-elect Price has been an innovator with online education and led successful efforts to implement new online models at the University of Pennsylvania,” she wrote. “I’m sure he will engage with the Duke community to develop plans that extend Duke’s leadership in online education.”

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MANAGING THE MINUTES

How Coach K might distribute playing time as his heralded freshmen make their way back Brian Pollack The Chronicle After pulling away from a pesky Florida squad to earn their seventh straight win Tuesday, the Blue Devils learned they may be getting an early Christmas present with the return of freshman Harry Giles. Head coach Mike Krzyzewski said after the game he was hoping to get the No. 1 recruit into Duke’s final two nonconference games Dec. 19 and Dec. 21. Giles’ return would, at long last, give the Blue Devils the full array of talent that made them the consensus topranked team entering the season. But even if Giles can get back on the court against Tennessee State or Elon—a big if considering his slow recovery process—not every player will be reaping the rewards of the holiday gift. With fellow five-star freshmen Jayson Tatum and Marques Bolden making their much-anticipated debuts last Saturday, Duke suddenly went from running a desperately thin rotation to almost having too many quality players to put on the floor. And Giles, once he shakes off the rust and regains his form, could command the lion’s share of the minutes down low, complicating the issue even further. Krzyzewski needs to find a way to share 200 minutes among those three freshmen, rookies Frank Jackson and Javin DeLaurier and returners Luke Kennard, Grayson Allen, Matt Jones, Amile Jefferson, Chase Jeter and Antonio Vrankovic. That’s 200 minutes to go around for 10 players, although Jeter, Vrankovic and DeLaurier

Juan Bermudez and Jack Dolgin | The Chronicle As freshmen Harry Giles and Marques Bolden work their way into the lineup, Duke’s rotation could change dramatically.

will likely play very sparingly as the roster develops later in the year. So let’s run through how that might happen. Early in the season, Duke has been relying exclusively on its upperclassmen, to an almost alarming extent. Allen, Kennard, Jefferson and Jones are all logging at least 31 minutes per game this year, accounting for more than 65 percent of the team’s total. Since the turn of the century, the Blue Devils have had two or more players on the same team both average more than 35 minutes per game just once—Jon Scheyer, Nolan Smith and Kyle Singler each eclipsed the 35-minute average for the 2009-10 championship team—but Kennard and Jones

are both in that category through 10 games. Kennard has blossomed in his sophomore campaign as the team’s best offensive threat. His minutes will inevitably come down, but he is bound to receive more time now than almost anyone thought he would before the year. The Franklin, Ohio, native has, for the moment, surpassed Allen as Duke’s primary scorer, but the junior All-American figures to bounce back once he gets his legs under him again. Since both guards are focal points of the Blue Devil offense, let’s give them 30 minutes each—a small decrease from their current workload. Jones, however, has played in more than 100 games in his career and rarely comes off the

court. Although his defense and intangibles remain assets, his offensive effectiveness is waning as the wear and tear sets in—his shooting numbers are far below his marks from the last two seasons and he has scored just five points in the last three games. Jones’ time seems the most likely to be cut as the Blue Devils lengthen their rotation—20 minutes for one of Krzyzewski’s favorite players. Jefferson has carried a short-handed frontcourt with a nightly double-double and is the team’s most consistent player, particularly on defense. He’s currently averaging 31.0 minutes per game, but it’s hard to see Krzyzewski taking his veteran leader and tenacious rebounder off the court for too long in crunch time—keep it at 30 minutes for Jefferson. Then of course there’s Tatum, one of the most talented scorers in the country who started to look more like himself in the second half against the Gators. His length and quickness make him a nightmare matchup for opponents, and he has already demonstrated his rebounding prowess in just two games—he has to play at least 30 minutes if he’s healthy. So already, that’s 140 minutes for a starting five of Kennard, Allen, Jones, Jefferson and Tatum, which was the lineup the Blue Devils went with for most of the second half Tuesday. Jackson, who has been electric at times and nonexistent at others, will likely see his minutes cut down from 28.9 per game currently. Let’s give him 20 minutes and say that he splits time evenly at with Jones at one of the guard spots. See MINUTES on Page 9

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Brown’s big night lifts Blue Devils against Elon Michael Model The Chronicle After defeating a top-five team for the first time since 2013 and making their first appearance in the top 25 this season, the Blue Devils faced higher expectations entering the final part of their nonconference schedule. It looked like that pressure might have affected Duke early ELON 61 on Thursday, but DUKE 68 junior Lexie Brown made sure the Blue Devils extended their winning streak to six. Despite converting on just 40.0 percent of its shots, No. 21 Duke relied on its defense to knock off a resilient Elon team 68-61 at Cameron Indoor Stadium. The Phoenix took the lead late in the first quarter, but led by Brown’s 25 points, the Blue Devils used a second-quarter 12-2 run to take control before holding on for the win.

Although the Phoenix came back to life and cut the deficit to just three after halftime, a 19-6 Duke spurt in the third quarter put the game out of reach. “Well obviously it wasn’t a terrific game for us,” Blue Devil head coach Joanne P. McCallie said. “Right now we just want to play every team the way we want to play them. We did that against South Carolina and of course we did not do it tonight.” After struggling to find her shot against then-No. 3 South Carolina Sunday—when she went 3-of-11 from the field with nine points— Brown was back on her game Thursday. The Maryland transfer led Duke (10-1) with 25 points on 7-of-12 shooting, including 8-of-8 from the free throw line. In addition to carrying a stagnant offense for much of the night, Brown’s 3-pointer with 5:50 left in the third quarter gave her 1,000 career points, 825 of which came with the Terrapins. “The way our offense was running, I was See W. BASKETBALL on Page 9

Sanjeev Dasgupta | The Chronicle Junior transfer Lexie Brown scored 25 points on 7-of-12 shooting Thursday and eclipsed the 1,000-point mark for her career.

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Jeter returns home as Duke rekindles UNLV rivalry Brian Pollack The Chronicle

After a trip north to play at one of the world’s most famous arenas, the Blue Devils now head west to rekindle an old rivalry. With just three games remaining on its nonconference slate, No. 5 Duke will look to extend its seven-game winning streak when it travels to Las Vegas to battle UNLV Saturday at 5:15 p.m. at T-Mobile Arena. The two programs have not met in more than No. 5 Duke 25 years, but their vs. last two contest were instant classics and UNLV they will meet in the new arena’s first-ever SATURDAY, 5:15 p.m. basketball game. T-Mobile Arena In 1991, the Blue Devils came away with a 79-77 Final Four win against an undefeated Runnin’ Rebels squad. That Duke team—led by Christian Laettner, Bobby Hurley and Grant Hill— avenged the previous year’s defeat, in which UNLV demolished them in the national championship game. The Runnin’ Rebels’ win was the most lopsided in national title game history, and the only time a team has scored at least 100 points in a national championship. Since then, Blue Devil head coach Mike Krzyzewski has gone on to hang five banners in the rafters of Cameron Indoor Stadium, but the rivalry’s significance will not be lost on him come Saturday. “There will be a lot of history because two of the greatest games in history—well,

it wasn’t a great game on our part—but the largest margin in championship game, 103 points and then ‘91 in the semis is a classic,” Krzyzewski said after Duke’s win against Maine Dec. 3. “Historically, we shared a moment in time. We shared a moment where we each won.” The connection between the two eras runs through current Blue Devil sophomore Chase Jeter, whose father, Chris, was a member of the 1990 and 1991 Runnin’ Rebels. Although Chase Jeter grew up in Las Vegas and went to high school just 20 minutes from Saturday’s arena, he said there was no pressure for him to follow suit and play for UNLV. Krzyzewski noted how the elder Jeter has switched sides and fully embraced his son’s place at Duke. “How ironic, huh?” Krzyzewski said. “I think he even has Duke license plates. He’s very proud of what he did at Las Vegas, and he’s very proud of what his son is doing at Duke.” Chase Jeter has seen his minutes nearly double in his sophomore campaign, and said he is excited to be playing so close to home. His father was also a frontcourt player in his college days, and the two have compared notes about playing for an elite coach on a national-championship caliber team. “It flipped the script a little bit with me being at Duke instead of UNLV, but it’s definitely an interesting dynamic between me and him,” Jeter said Nov. 9. “It’s going to be fun getting back home and playing against them this year.” This year’s Runnin’ Rebels squad is looking to bounce back from their worst loss of the season, a 97-73 drubbing at the hands of Arizona State last Saturday. UNLV (5-3)—which relies on

Izzi Clark | The Chronicle Sophomore Chase Jeter is returning home to Las Vegas and could see big minutes against a smaller UNLV frontcourt.

sophomore guard Jalen Poyser’s 17.5 points per game for much of the offense—allowed the Sun Devils to shoot 49.2 percent from the floor and 50.0 percent from 3-point range, and will need a better defensive effort to slow down Duke’s highscoring attack. The Blue Devils (9-1) are averaging 85.5 points per contest led by sophomore guard Luke Kennard. Kennard has stepped up to drive the scoring lately, eclipsing the 20-point mark in each of his last three games. With fellow backcourt mates Grayson Allen and Matt Jones struggling to find their offensive rhythms, Kennard has emerged as Duke’s leading scorer with 20.4 points per

contest. The offensive outburst, however, is nothing new to Jeter and the rest of the Blue Devils, who see the former four-star recruit’s skills every day in practice. “Luke has always been that good to me,” Jeter said. “Luke just scores just as much as our leading scorers on the team in practice. That consistency has always been there from Luke, and now that it’s been there in the games, it’s no surprise.” Kennard’s 29-point effort against Florida Tuesday was slightly overshadowed by freshman Jayson Tatum’s 22 points in just his See M. BASKETBALL on Page 9

WOMEN’S GOLF

Maguire reflects on decision to stay in school Ben Leonard The Chronicle After earning National Player of the Year honors as the world’s No. 1 amateur, junior Leona Maguire still feels she has more to accomplish in Durham. The native of Cavan, Ireland, announced her unexpected decision to withdraw from the final round of LPGA Qualifying School Nov. 23 and return to Duke. Maguire now plans to finish her degree and help her team reach its full potential before focusing full-time on golf. “I’ve had an unbelievable time here so far and I supposed I felt like I had a little bit of unfinished business here with this team,” Maguire said. “We’ve got a great team here.... I want to be part of that and be a leader for this, and try and get those two national championships in those two years, and obviously to finish out my degree. Having a Duke degree is a very special thing, and to have two and a half years of that done and not finish it out would have been a bit of a shame.” Maguire had been playing in tournaments this fall in an attempt to qualify for permanent status on the highest women’s professional tour. The All-American had passed the tests with flying colors, tying for sixth overall in the second stage of Q-School to advance to the the final stage. Her efforts to earn her professional card were not that surprising, given her prowess on the course at Duke. Maguire has finished in the top five in 14 of her 23 collegiate

Sanjeev Dasgupta | Chronicle File Photo National Player of the Year Leona Maguire recently announced her decision to withdraw from LPGA Tour Q-School to finish her Duke degree.

tournaments, with four individual wins. She won ACC Player of the Year in 2015, and made the All-ACC team in both of her full seasons in Durham. However, Maguire still believed she had aspects of her game to could improve upon before making the leap to the next level. “Obviously the life of a professional athlete in general, people see it as quite glamorous. But there’s a lot of things that go on behind the scenes, the day-to-day, a lot of travel and hard work that people probably don’t see,” Maguire said. “Spending another year and a half here, time management skills, being part of a team, the hard work, all of that will help

me be best prepared for all of that when I do make the jump.” Blue Devil head coach Dan Brooks, didn’t push Maguire too hard in either direction, but certainly endorsed her decision to stay. “Leona has made an excellent life decision—the full, positive impact of which will grow and blossom over time, during and well beyond competitive golf,” Brooks said in a press release after Maguire announced her decision. Despite the many hours Maguire puts in on the course, she has still able to maintain a stellar academic record, earning a 3.93 GPA at the close of her fifth semester at Duke.

In addition to continuing her education, Maguire’s decision means she will stay with on the team her twin sister, Lisa. An improved Lisa, going through major swing changes, is part of a short-handed Blue Devil squad that fielded only six players in an up-and-down fall, but finished the season strong. After finishing no better than fifth in three previous fall tournaments, No. 16 Duke downed defending national champions Washington and then-No. 5 UCLA in the prestigious East Lake Cup to close out the fall season. Lisa gave the Blue Devils one of the key match victories that put them over the top, and was one of many voices influencing her sister, along with the rest of the Maguire family and Kevin White, Duke’s vice president and director of athletics. “Obviously she was happy to have me here. She was trying to give me as much advice as she could, but not sway me too much,” Leona said of Lisa’s role in her decision. “The whole team in general was pretty delighted. It will obviously be great to spend the next year and a half with her and finish out here and graduate with my teammates and classmates. It’s a pretty special thing.” In their efforts to win national championships, the Blue Devils will be adding two valuable pieces next year alongside Leona Maguire and defending individual national champion Virginia Elena Carta in top-10

See MAGUIRE on Page 9

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MINUTES from page 7

W. BASKETBALL from page 7

Now we’re at 160 minutes without even mentioning two five-star recruits in Bolden and Giles. Bolden has looked rusty in brief action through his first two games, and Krzyzewski said he needs time to build his endurance back up to the point where he can play significant minutes. Nobody really knows what Duke is going to get from Giles, either, considering he sat out almost his entire senior year of high school and has just recently started going through full-contact practices. Based on pure talent, both Bolden and Giles should merit starter minutes, but factoring in the uncertainty surrounding both of them, 20 minutes each sounds like a reasonable mark. And that gets us to 200 minutes, using seven players. It includes only 20 minutes for Blue Devils’ senior captain and ultimate “glue guy”, and the same 20 minutes for two likely NBA lottery picks—with no player logging more than 30. It also leaves zero minutes for Jeter, DeLaurier or Vrankovic at the end of the bench, but it’s difficult to see time for them on this crowded roster later in the season. Does Krzyzewski take five or 10 minutes away from the Kennard/Allen duo and go with a big lineup? That’s possible, although if Bolden and Giles are playing well, then they should be the ones getting those extra minutes. After a year and a half of having to constantly scrape together a bench and lean heavily on its starters to play most, if not all, of the game, Duke finally looks like it has some real depth. That provides a whole slew of new issues— but it’s a problem Krzyzewski and the Blue Devils will be happy to deal with.

just getting open shots. My teammates did a really good job setting screens, setting me up for easy scores,” Brown said. “Some people just missed some bunnies and I just happened to be able to make shots, but on Sunday it was the opposite way around.” Although Brown found success from the field, her teammates were not as successful. The Blue Devils’ leading scorer, Rebecca Greenwell, scored 12 points and converted only 4-of-12 shot attempts on a rare off night in which no other Duke player scored in double figures. After making their first three shots, the Blue Devils made two of their next 10, allowing Elon (4-4) to cut the Duke lead to 13-12 after one quarter. “For a while there, we played kind of ugly, but we played well defensively, which is a good thing,” McCallie said. “But the reality is, they got a lot of easy shots that they missed. Those are around the bucket, and they are just falling off [the rim].” Although the Phoenix generated good looks and collected 18 offensive rebounds, they also took advantage of 17 Duke turnovers. Elon was not the only team to miss easy opportunities inside. The Blue Devils’ starting frontcourt of seniors Oderah Chidom and Kendall Cooper combined for 11 points on just eight shot attempts and were largely neutralized down low. Even after the Blue Devils took the lead for good late in the opening period and built a double-digit lead in the second quarter, Elon responded to stay close at halftime. “Count our missed layups—that will tell half the story right there,” McCallie said. “When you play that kind of basketball, you

FRIDAY, DECEMBER 9, 2016 | 9

kind of play hard and then you don’t. You’re kind of in and out of the game. That disrupts tempo, that disrupts a lot of things—offense and defense and things of that nature.” Phoenix forward Ra’Shika White took advantage of Duke’s inconsistency on the boards, leading Elon with 19 points and seven rebounds, including three on the offensive glass. Sparked by freshman Leaonna Odom, the Blue Devils finally got their offense in gear to pull away in the third quarter. Duke shot 7-of11 in the period to build a 19-point lead early in the fourth quarter before resting its starters late in the game. Another storyline from the game was

McCallie’s daughter, Maddie, who plays for Elon. She finished with three points—the third time in NCAA history a coach has faced her daughter. “We are a basketball family,” McCallie said. “I am really proud of Maddie, and I had no problem preparing for this game. I am very impressed with this team, they presented problems to us, and I think that it is a wonderful story for women’s basketball.” After a 12-day exam break, Duke will begin a tough stretch when it hosts Villanova and No. 15 Kentucky before entering conference play against No. 8 Louisville Jan. 2.

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M. BASKETBALL from page 8

junior golfers Miranda Wang and Jaravee second game of the year. Tatum, one of the top recruits in his class, is still getting his legs under Boonchant. “Miranda and Jaravee are great people, as him after sitting out Duke’s first eight games well as very talented golfers,” Brooks said in a with an ankle injury but showed his dynamic press release. “Both are team-oriented with a scoring ability against the Gators. The Blue Devils are also trying to work lot of character. We very much look forward to freshman center Marques Bolden—who, welcoming them onto our team.” Maguire will certainly welcome the duo like Tatum, made his season debut against to Durham, and feels very satisfied about her the Black Bears last week—back into the decision to stay at Duke. After making what mix. With fellow five-star recruit Harry Giles she called the biggest decision in her life, she potentially returning in the next few weeks as decided not to “look back and dwell on what- well, Duke is still very much trying to find its identity as conference play nears. ifs” or look at the scores from Q-School. “[We’re] starting to put it together a little “This was the one that had the most weight on my life and what the future holds for me, bit. We’d like to get this win against Vegas but obviously the decision to come here was on Saturday, and then we’ve got exams,” a big decision as well,” Maguire said. “It’s Krzyzewski said after Tuesday’s win. “It’s almost something that I’ve said before that was the like we’re in ‘October mode’ now, whereas best decision I’ve ever made. Hopefully in everyone else is in ‘December mode,’ but I years to come, I look back on this one and say think we can catch up. We did it tonight.” the same.”The New York Times Syndication Sales Corporation 620 Eighth Avenue, New York, N.Y.Mitchell 10018 Gladstone and Sameer Pandhare For Information Call: 1-800-972-3550 contributed Sameer Pandhare contributed reporting. For For Release ReleaseThursday, Friday, December December9,8,2016 2016reporting.

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T H E I N D E P E N D E N T D A I LY AT D U K E U N I V E R S I T Y

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Mission (re)statement

ince 2001, our mission statement has guided those who lead our University. Since Duke’s only constant is change, however, we felt it was time for our guiding principles to better reflect our University’s current values. James B. Duke along with David Rubenstein’s founding Indenture of Duke University directed the members of to ‘provide real leadership in the educational world for eight weeks in a developing country during the summer’ by choosing individuals of ‘outstanding character, historically-accumulated wealth, ability to pass standardized tests heavily dependent on race and class, and vision’ to serve as its officers, trustees and faculty; by carefully selecting just enough diverse students of ‘character, birth lottery legacy parents, determination to get to the bottom of the Franzia box, and application;’ and by pursuing those areas of teaching, pledging during Spring semester, and Western scholarship that would ‘most help to develop our resources in Kunshan, increase our wisdom or blissful ignorance, and promote human happiness (unless the humans are not Duke basketball fans or worse, Tarheels).’ “To these ends, the mission of this corporateuniversity hybrid is to provide a superior neoliberal

education to undergraduate resume builders via an alphabet soup of curricular codes, attending not only to their intellectual growth but also to their development as adults committed to dubious ethical standards that do not apply to many in the administration itself and full participation as leaders in their communities except Durham of course; to prepare future members of the most profitable learned professions for lives of skilled and questionably ethical service by providing

Editorial

excellent graduate and professional education without granting them the right to unionize; to advance the frontiers of commodifiable knowledge and contribute boldly to the global pursuit of capital; to promote an intellectual environment built on a commitment to free and open inquiry unless we are addressing questions about University investments; to help those who suffer from success, cure disease, and promote health (but not at Student Health), through sophisticated medical research and thoughtful patient care and monomaniacal consulting recruitment; to provide wide ranging educational

opportunities as far as Madrid and Greece, on and beyond our campuses from Devine’s to Shooters II, for traditional students, active professionals and lifelong learners (or, rather, lifelong earners) using the power of information technologies like the LiveSafe app, DukeHub update, and invisibility cloaks, and to promote a deep appreciation for the range of human difference and potential (but only if it is marketable), a sense of the obligations and rewards of citizenship and Greek membership, and a commitment to learning, Western-centric notions of freedom and truth. “By pursuing these objectives in view of the bottom line, Duke University seeks to engage the mind, elevate the spirit, increase the profits from the basketball team and stimulate the best effort of all who are associated with the University (courtesy of the free pleasure items provided by Duke Student Government); to contribute in diverse ways to the local community by not paying taxes and gentrifying neighborhoods, the state, the nation and the world; and to attain and maintain a place of real leadership in all that we do at McKinsey, Bain, and Boston Consulting Group.

In case you couldn’t tell, this editorial was a joke! Good luck on finals!

Environmental transparency

Cartoon

ince Duke University’s proposed natural gas combined heat and power (CHP) plant was announced this May, the Duke administration has responded to concerns about the plant by repeating claims that the plant would improve campus reliability and could be transitioned to biogas in the future. However, the administration has yet to address the criticisms from students, faculty, and environmental organizations about these very issues. In his letter last week, President Brodhead elaborated on the purported benefits of Duke’s proposed gas plant project; however, he failed to mention several important facts that must be considered before Duke decides to follow through with this project. President Brodhead emphasizes the importance of having reliable power for Duke’s critical facilities and claims the CHP plant will

Nina Wilder

Est. 1905

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Mark Steelman Inc. 1993

CLAIRE BALLENTINE, Editor AMRITH RAMKUMAR, Sports Editor ABBY XIE, News Editor NEELESH MOORTHY, Managing Editor ADAM BEYER, Digital Content Director HAN KANG, Photography Editor JACKSON PRINCE, Editorial Page Editor SURABHI BERIWAL, Editorial Board Chair ASA ROYAL, Editorial Board Chair

CHRISSY BECK, General Manager FRANCES BEROSET, University News Department Head

KENRICK CAI, Local & National News Head

LIKHITHA BUTCHIREDDYGARI, Local & National News Head SAMANTHA NEAL, Senior News Reporter

VIR PATEL, Health & Science News Head BRE BRADHAM, Senior News Reporter

JIM LIU, News Photography Editor

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CHRISTY KUESEL, Recess Managing Editor

AUSTIN PEER, Recess Photography Editor SAM TURKEN Sports Managing Editor CAROLYN SUN, Graphic Design Editor RACHEL CHASON, Towerview Editor RACHEL CHASON, Recruitment Chair SARAH KERMAN, Senior News Reporter MEGAN HAVEN, Advertising Director

Brodhead also suggests that the plant can be transitioned to biogas in the future, but this possibility is far from certain. Biogas technologies still have not overcome serious obstacles for the fuel to be commercially available. For five years, Duke Energy has been unable to meet legislative mandates to produce 0.07 percent of its total electricity sales (about 10 megawatts) from biogas. The idea that Duke could directly fuel this 21 megawatt plant with biogas is simply a pipe dream. Additionally, as local advocacy group NC WARN notes, the swine farms that produce biogas have serious environmental justice concerns, as these farms pollute the areas around them, which are typically occupied by lower income populations and people of color. Betting on the improvements of bio-gas technologies does not add any justification for the creation of this CHP plant.

SAMEER PANDHARE, Sports Managing Editor ADDISON MERRYMAN, Editorial Page Managing Editor GAUTAM HATHI, Towerview Editor CAROLYN CHANG, Towerview Photography Editor AMRITH RAMKUMAR, Recruitment Chair HEATHER ZHOU, Senior News Reporter MARY WEAVER, Business Manager

GUEST COLUMN be able to provide such backup power in the event of an outage. What he doesn’t mention is that there have been exceedingly few instances in which the university has lost power in the past several decades. The university already has 100% backup generation for the hospital using diesel generators, as is required by state policy. Just this week, the university confirmed that it “currently has adequate capacity for all its heat and power needs.” If the university wants to further enhance its reliability, there are many alternative options available for the university to achieve reliable power – at a much lower cost to the environment. According to analyses by the Natural Resources Defense Council, this gas plant would produce “more than 40 times the carbon emissions of the equivalent back-up diesel generation” over the plant’s lifetime. Upgrading the existing emergency generation fleet can more than meet reliability needs. Duke can also explore battery or fuel cell technologies, combined with renewables, to pioneer novel technological approaches.

Finally, CHP integration has not “always been a component of the university’s Climate Action Plan,” as President Brodhead claims. In fact, the Climate Action Plan (CAP) explicitly states that “These CHP systems are not included in the CAP at this time” and acknowledges that “there will likely be a point in time when it becomes counter-productive for the university to produce electricity using natural gas.” While it is heartening to see the university begin the “open and transparent process” that Brodhead pledges to facilitate, if Duke truly wants to be a leader in climate action, we need to make sure that the rationale for any new project that impacts our emissions is actually based in fact and incorporates new information, rather than simply recycling outdated, disproven claims. Only then can Duke truly and responsibly achieve the carbon-neutrality goals of the Climate Action Plan. Mark Steelman is a Pratt sophomore.

JULIE MOORE, Creative Director The Chronicle is published by the Duke Student Publishing Company, Inc., a non-profit corporation independent of Duke University. The opinions expressed in this newspaper are not necessarily those of Duke University, its students, faculty, staff, administration or trustees. Unsigned editorials represent the majority view of the editorial board. Columns, letters and cartoons represent the views of the authors. To reach the Editorial Office at 301 Flowers Building, call 684-2663 or fax 684-4696. To reach the Business Office at 1517 Hull Avenue call 684-3811. To reach the Advertising Office at 2022 Campus Drive call 684-3811. One copy per person; additional copies may be purchased for .25 at The Chronicle Business office at the address above. @ 2016 Duke Student Publishing Company

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A thirst for equality Homeless for the holidays

ccording to the United Nations, 783 million and 2.5 billion people lack access to reliable drinking water and sanitation facilities, respectfully. Consequently, people are forced to defecate in public spaces and travel great distance to collect water. Almost 50 percent of all hospital beds around the world are filled with people suffering from diarrheal diseases, and exposure to contaminated water contributes to 3.5 million preventable deaths annually. These sobering statistics have profound implications on communities worldwide. The execution of the United Nation’s 6th Sustainable Development Goal—to ensure the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all—will be integral to the success of many other Sustainable Development Goals, including No Poverty; Zero Hunger; Good Health & Wellbeing; Quality Education; Gender Equality; Life Under Water, and Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions. But until the goals set out by SDG 6 are achieved, the human right to clean drinking

of the Colorado impeded the flow of sediments and nutrients to the Gulf, which caused the fish population to plummet and in turn robbed the region of a reliable food source as well as fisheries of great commercial and cultural importance. What will these consequences mean for those of us who do not live in water-stressed areas? A lot, actually. Water is becoming an increasingly contested resource, and although there have not been wars fought over water, disagreements over water ownership can increase tensions between hostile parties. However, water wars will become a reality in the near future due to water’s economic importance and increasing scarcity. Water mirrors oil in this respect given that many wars have been fought over the rights to finite oil reserves. However, water is arguably more conflict-prone due to human dependency on the resource for survival. There are 276 trans-boundary river basins shared by two or more countries and therefore, 276-plus opportunities for water wars to break out between states or rival groups. Such conflicts, along

Courtney Bell Jake Voorhees

Leah Abrams

GUEST COLUMN water and basic sanitation will remain unrealized, even in developed nations. Recent events in Flint, Michigan have exposed the severity of these problems in the United States. In April 2014, Flint experienced a full-blown water crisis following the city’s switch from Lake Huron back to a Flint River water supply. The highly polluted Flint River was treated with so much chlorine that it became extremely acidic and corroded old lead pipes, which caused dangerous levels of lead to leach into the city’s new water supply. Flint city officials continued to insist that the Flint River water was a safe, quality product despite its visible effects on public health, and it took Governor Snyder’s administration eighteen months to respond to citizens’ pleas for clean water and medical support. Snyder finally announced a multi-million-dollar plan to reconnect Flint to the Lake Huron water system and began provisioning water bottles and filters to residents in October 2015. However, this crisis was a product of decades of irresponsible water policies, noncompliance with federal laws, aging infrastructure and industrial pollution, and state officials have yet to address many of these facets. Flint is now in recovery mode, but the crisis has proved costly. Repair costs are projected to reach $300 billion, while chronic exposure to lead-contaminated water has induced dramatic behavioral and academic changes among the city’s children. Given the high poverty rate in Flint, it will be challenging for the city to make a strong recovery when the youngest generation has been placed in an even more difficult position to break the cycle of poverty. Similarly devastating water and sanitation problems affect the lives of billions of people, and the consequences become exaggerated in parts of the world where water is naturally scarce and governments lack the capacity to address citizens’ needs. However, these stories don’t dominate the media cycle and do not get the attention they deserve. The real and voiceless victims of modern water and sanitation problems are women and girls. In sub-Saharan Africa, women and girls are unable to reach their full potential in the classroom and workforce because they often spend six hours daily (a collective 40 billion hours each year) fetching water.[i] Their attendance rates and academic performances further suffer if they miss school or work to care for sick family members, or are experiencing diarrheal diseases and chronic hunger themselves. Many schools also lack separate toilet facilities, forcing girls to drop out when they reach puberty. Women play a foundational role in keeping their communities afloat, so when water- and sanitationrelated issues reinforce gender inequalities and hinder productivity, the entire community suffers and the cycle of poverty persists. The exploitation and mismanagement of finite water resources also threatens biodiversity and the planet. The most poignant example of this would be the damming of the Colorado River throughout the 20th century. The Colorado was once an important source of sediments and nutrients to the Gulf of California. The nutrient-rich water mixed with the Upper Gulf’s salty tides created a suitable environment for many important aquatic species. However, the damming and diversion

hristmas season is upon us. The air is crisper, the smiles are wider, the Starbucks cups are creating yet another national frenzy. My friends gather with their families around a tree, I gather with mine around a menorah. People across Durham and across the nation look forward to opening presents in the warmth of their living rooms, surrounded by loved ones and warm cookies. Unless, of course, they are unable to look forward to any of this. For half a million Americans, there is no tree nor gift nor home awaiting their holiday festivities. These men, women, and children, either with their families or alone, represent the homeless population in the United States. In Durham alone,

basic necessities for an average worker in an average apartment. Mitchell said that this mismatch between wages and housing costs is a major problem; in fact, many of the people staying with Urban Ministries in Durham are actually employed. Despite having a job and working hard each week, they are unable to find affordable housing in the area. Rising prices are not the only obstacles standing between Durhamites and a stable living situation. Addiction, substance abuse and trauma are all possible facets of homeless life that increase the risk of winding up within the criminal justice system. Even after the recovery programs offered by Urban Ministries and like-minded organizations, many

CUT THE BULL with droughts, will force millions of environmental refugees to relocate. Additionally, water conflicts undermine economic growth and political stability, thereby fostering a breeding ground for rebellions and terrorists. Water wars, whether they occur abroad or between our own states, will drag the United States into new conflicts and will undoubtedly affect the lives of Americans. This is not to say progress is not underway. Recent initiatives such as the 7th Millennium Development Goal—SDG 6’s predecessor—have made water and sanitation top-priority issues, but have failed to address the water-related needs of millions of people. These efforts will become increasingly complicated as climate change, population growth, rising energy demand, and urbanization place further stress on water and sanitation resources and infrastructure. Long-term solutions for addressing water and sanitation problems are more complex than merely developing infrastructure and provisioning supplies. When wells are built in Africa but community members are not educated on how to maintain the well or manage the water, the wells are often destroyed or degraded within three years. Education is therefore essential for reaching full sustainability, and all nations, rich or poor, will benefit from learning how to sustainably use and manage water resources. The introduction of new technologies into communities worldwide is also essential for providing people of all circumstances equal access to clean water and adequate sanitation. The water catching billboard in Lima, Peru, for example, removes water vapor from the atmosphere and generates a potable water supply for thousands of the city’s water-deprived residents. Technical and financial support from NGOs and other humanitarian organizations will play a critical role in remedying water scarcity and unequal access. For every $1 invested in sanitation, for instance, there was a return of $5.50 in lower health costs, more productivity, and fewer premature deaths. Water’s ability to influence health, gender equality, community resilience, economic stability, ecological integrity, and global peace makes it the sustainability issue of the 21st century. The implementation of the 6th Sustainable Development Goal is allowing advocates, policymakers and international humanitarian organizations to rethink their approach towards addressing water and sanitation issues. Efforts in the upcoming decades need to not only focus on the provision of these resources, but on doing it in such a way that it reduces the systematic health risks and inequalities produced by insufficient and unreliable water and sanitation resources. A full commitment to achieving the goals set out by the 6th Sustainable Development Goal is integral to empowering water-stressed communities and achieving global environmental, economic and social sustainability. Until this Goal is achieved, water scarcity and contamination will continue to threaten economic, health and job security, while heightening tensions between water-stressed nations. The 6th Sustainable Development Goal is giving us a chance to close many of the gaps accentuated by water inequality and scarcity, while bolstering the viability of all life on Earth. Now is the most critical point in human existence to think mindfully, act responsibly and end our abusive relationship with water.

as of 2015, over 800 people were living on the street either chronically or temporarily. You might walk by some of them on the way to Happy and Hale or Harris Teeter without a second glance, or with a purposeful avoidance of eye contact. There are endless obstacles that accompany homeless life, but one of the most neglected is the emotional toll of stigmas surrounding homelessness. “At the end of the day, people just want to be seen,” Sheldon Mitchell, executive director of Urban Ministries of Durham told a room full of students on Wednesday night at a Duke Political Union event on decriminalizing homelessness. “You just get so used to passing by people. I’ve been told by many folks that they just want somebody to acknowledge them and speak to them.” Mitchell explained that the rate of homelessness in Durham is exacerbated by changing demography and employment opportunities. The Research Triangle is a growing hub for research and innovation, attracting bright young minds and professionals. Inevitably, the costs of living rise with the changing population--rents increase, property taxes go up, even food becomes more expensive. All of this change is empowering and productive for the community, but for the fact that hourly wages have not come close to keeping up with the rising housing costs. While professional salaries are high, the minimum wage is stagnant. Jobs that require less education pay less, making it difficult to obtain housing without a college degree. As of November 2016, the average monthly rent for a Durham apartment was $1,204. After some quick arithmetic, it is apparent that an adult working the typical 40 hour work week at a minimum wage job makes only $1,160 per month. That leaves negative money to go towards food, clothes, toiletries, and other

formerly incarcerated people are turned away from employment and apartments alike. Employers tend to have policies that refuse to hire former felons or even those charged with misdemeanors. Many landlords refuse to accept tenants with criminal records or pasts marred with substance abuse. Legal marginalization of formally convicted people ends in the systematic elimination of opportunities. Even those desperately seeking a clean slate, a means to begin again, are consistently denied the ability to do so, leading to their chronic homelessness. Advocates of “ban-the-box” policies that would eliminate the need to report criminal records on job applications take aim at this cycle. In the end, the circumstances of homelessness vary case-by-case. High living costs, involvement in the criminal justice system, domestic abuse and addiction can all push people to the street. But regardless of the specific incidents, there is little solace in being trapped in a cycle of homelessness. Though there are life-saving resources like Urban Ministries available on a small scale, these options are limited and temporary. Better still are legislative advocacy efforts that try to get at the roots of homelessness, like housing and criminal justice reforms. But at the end of the day, the most humanizing challenge to the devastating effects of homelessness is a rejection of the stigma that surrounds it. People who go through periods of homelessness do not want to be ignored, and they sure as hell do not want to be seen as “lazy.” So this holiday season, volunteer, advocate, but most importantly, look people in the eyes and treat them with the warmth, dignity and respect they deserve. ‘Tis the season, right? Leah Abrams is a Trinity first-year. Her column, “cut the bull,” runs on alternate Fridays.

Interested in contributing to campus dialogue? Submit a guest column to jackson.prince@duke.edu.

12 | FRIDAY, DECEMBER 9, 2016

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