Krishnah Aquitania

bayanihan center [the spirit of unity among Filipinos]

a p l a c e f o r c o m m u n i t y a n d r e f u g e METRO MANILA, PHILIPPINES

KRISHNAH AQUITANIA UNDERGRADUATE THESIS 2019-2020 ADVISOR: JEFF KRIEGER

thesis statement + research HOW CAN ARCHITECTURE PROVIDE A SUSTAINABLE PLACE OF REFUGE AND IMPROVE THE EVACUATION EXPERIENCE OF THE MOST VULNERABLE TYPHOON VICTIMS IN METRO MANILA? The Philippines is a country frequently visited by natural calamities including an average of two dozen typhoons a year.

Because the country sits on what is known as a typhoon belt, the Philippines is highly susceptible to typhoons and storm surges. Within it is Metro Manila, the country’s capital and one of the most disaster-prone and densely populated places in the world; therefore the casualties are greater when typhoons hit. Metro Manila currently lacks proper infrastructure for housing typhoon victims throughout the region and most buildings are structurally inadequate.

FREQUENCY

6.4

STORM 51.3

31.9

MORTALITY

5.6 5.9

ECONOMIC LOSS

17.3

STORM

STORM

FLOOD

FLOOD

FLOOD

LANDSLIDE

LANDSLIDE

7.9

78.7

VOLCANO EARTHQUAKE

EARTHQUAKE

EARTHQUAKE

OTHER

79

OTHER

OTHER

AN AVERAGE OF 20 TROPICAL STORMS ENTER THE PHILIPPINES EACH YEAR CAUSING MORE DAMAGES, INJURIES, AND DEATHS COMPARED TO OTHER NATURAL DISASTERS. THE NEED FOR A RELIABLE AND SUSTAINABLE SHELTER THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY IS EVIDENT. DEADLIEST TYPHOONS IN THE COUNTRY

MOST DESTRUCTIVE IN THE COUNTRY

20,000

6,500

4,500

3,500

1.3B

1.1B

USD

SUPER TYPHOON (195 MPH)

# OF DEATHS

5,500

900M

700M

2,500

500M

1500

300M $627 MIL

2014 RAMMASUN

2018 MANGKHUT

2013 HAIYAN

2015 KOPPU

2012 BOPHA

$313 MIL

$2.2 BIL

2011 NESAT

$885 MIL

$1.6 BIL

2010 MEGI

2013 HAIYAN

$356 MIL

2012 BOPHA

$278 MIL

6,300

2008 FENGSHEN

2009 KETSANA

1,901

2006 DURIAN

2009 PARMA

1,410

2004 WINNIE

$233 MIL

1,399

1991 THELMA

2008 FENGSHEN

1,593

1984 IKE

$581 MIL

5,101

100M

$304 MIL

1,492

1881 HAIPHONG

1897

1867 ANGELA

1,500

20,000

1,800

500

SUPER TYPHOON (195 MPH)

2B

t yp ho on +sh elt er c o nd itio ns

Although the government assists evacuees by temporarily housing them in existing public schools and community centers, the programs and facilities needed to serve victims are currently non-existent and overcrowding is often an issue. In addition, public education is frequently interrupted when evacuees require longer stays in classrooms and the lack of privacy between men and women becomes a complication.

Due to these concerns, permanent prototypical evacuation shelters that can sustain necessities and provide for victims throughout the region is imperative especially when typhoons are historically getting stronger and unpredictable.

PROBLEMS: OVERCROWDING, LACK OF PROPER FACILITIES AND PRIVACY, AND DISRUPTION IN EDUCATION. PROPOSAL: PROTOTYPICAL EVACUATION SHELTER AND COMMUNITY CENTER THROUGHOUT METRO MANILA.

s ite s e le c tio n + an a l ys i s FOCUS COMMUNITY: TUMANA, AN IMPOVERISHED AREA AND A VULNERABLE COMMUNITY FREQUENTLY EVACUATED OUT DUE TO SEVERE FLOODING FROM STORMS TY CI

M AR I

NA KI

M ET

FOCUS COMMUNITY

RO

NILA MA

32 30

26 24

28 22

20

26

24

22 20

SITE +/-61,000 SF

22

18

16

14

18

24

18

100 FT

FREQUENTLY FLOODED AREAS

N NORTHEAST MONSOON (NOV-FEB)

FOCUS COMMUNITY

340°

EV

350°

N

330°

AC

UA

5 MIN.

300°

NR

OU

40°

TE

16

15

14

90°

W

15 MIN.

13 80°

SITE

18

17

16

15

14

13

70°

9

SE

10

11

12

CT

IO

12

80°

E

N

260°

250°

60°

8

70°

280°

IM

H UT

7

60°

18

50°

AZ

50°

17

10 MIN.

40° AL TIT UD

30°

19 290°

30°

E

TIO

20°

20°

320°

310°

10°

10°

CU

11

T

100°

10

9

8

240°

20 MIN.

120° 230°

130° 220°

140° 150°

210°

SOUTHWEST MONSOON (MAY-OCT)

FOCUS COMMUNITY

110°

200° 190°

S

170°

160° 1000 100 000 FT

SITE 44 FT ABOVE RIVER

RIVER 0 FT

500 FT

site+program analysis HEATING/COOLING DEGREE DAYS EVACUATION SHELTER

SERVICES

200 100

J

F

M

A

COOLING DD

M

J

J

A

HEATING DD

AVERAGE HIGH AND LOW TEMPERATURE

S

O

N

D

MEDICAL CLINIC

SLEEPING AREAS PLAY AREA

NURSING AREA

GYM/COURT COMMUNAL BATHROOMS

INDOOR GARDEN

CHAPEL LOBBY

COMMUNAL KITCHEN/FLEX SPACE

SUPPLY ROOM LOADING/SERVICE

AVERAGE MONTHLY RAINFALL

PROGRAM ADJACENCIES MAJOR ADJACENCY MINOR ADJACENCY

PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION/PARTI

“LIFTING UP THE COMMUNITY” IN TIMES OF NEED

REFUGE

% OF WIND DISTRIBUTION IN A YEAR

COMMUNITY

LOADING/PARKING 5,000 SF

CIRCULATION+MECH. 15,000 SF

SUPPLY ROOM 5,000 SF

SLEEPING AREA /FAMILY ROOMS 30,000 SF

MEDICAL CLINIC 2,000 SF

COMMUNAL KITCHEN/FLEX SPACE 3,000 SF

COMMUNAL BATHROOMS 2,500 SF

PLAY AREA FOR CHILDREN 1500 SF

NURSING ROOM 1,000 SF

CHAPEL 1,000 SF

300

GYM/COURT 6,000 SF

400

INDOOR GARDEN 2,000 SF

500 LOBBY 800 SF

DEGREE DAYS (BASE 70 °F)

COMMUNITY CENTER

600

FOCUS COMMUNITY: TUMANA, AN IMPOVERISHED AREA AND A VULNERABLE COMMUNITY FREQUENTLY EVACUATED OUT DUE TO SEVERE FLOODING FROM STORMS

POPULATION (2015): 43,000 (+,-) HOUSEHOLD SIZE AVG. PEOPLE PER HOUSEHOLD = 5

AGE DISTRIBUTION 47% DEPENDENCY RATE (CHILDREN/ELDERS)

INTENT TO RELOCATE 16% UNWILLING TO RELOCATE

2% 4%

5%

16.4%

19%

13%

16%

1 TO 3 MEMBERS

0 TO 5 6 TO 14

4 TO 6 MEMBERS 7 TO 9 MEMBERS

36%

21%

37.6%

10 AND ABOVE

WITH PLANS TO RELOCATE BUT NOT WITHIN 5 YEARS

15 TO 24 25 TO 54

NO PLAN TO RELOCATE

55 TO 64

60.4%

65 AND ABOVE

20.5%

W/ PLANS TO RELOCATE IMMEDIATELY

48%

LAND OWNERSHIP (% OF HOUSEHOLDS) 85% NO OWNERSHIP 15% OWN

MEDICAL INSURANCE (% OF HOUSEHOLDS) 5%

WITH HEALTHCARE

85% WITHOUT HEALTHCARE

UNICEF EVACUATION SHELTER GUIDELINES DISASTER EVENT (<72 HOURS)

16 SQ. FT. COVERED AREA/PERSON 1/50 TOILET/PERSON 3 LITERS DRINKING WATER/PERSON A DAY 12 LITERS WATER FOR DOMESTIC USE/PERSON A DAY

EXTENDED DISPLACEMENT (>72 HOURS)

38 SQ. FT. COVERED AREA/PERSON 1/20 TOILET/PERSON 3 LITERS DRINKING WATER/PERSON A DAY 40 LITERS WATER FOR DOMESTIC USE/PERSON A DAY

PROGRAM OCCUPANCY 16% OF 43,000 = 6,880 47% (6,880) DEPENDENCY RATE = 3,200 PROTOTYPICAL SHELTER OCCUPANCY:

900

case studies+inspirations

SITE/MATERIAL

MASS/MATERIAL

PROGRAM/MATERIAL

PROGRAM

I.M.A.M COMMUNITY CENTER NODO 17 ARCHITECTS MOSTOLES, SPAIN 2009 32,291 SQ. FT.

RELAXX SPORT+LEISURE CENTER AK2 ARCHITECTS BRATISLAVIA, SLOVAKIA 2008 99,792 SQ. FT.

LAS MAJADAS DE PIRQUE LYON BOSCH ARQUITECTOS PIRQUE, CHILE 2015 42,517 SQ. FT.

SHELTER FOR VICTIMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AMOS GOLDREICH/JACOB YANIV TEL-AVIV, ISRAEL 2018

REFUGE COMMUNITY

OPEN/PUBLIC SPACE

COMMUNAL SPACES

COURTYARD OFFICES

FAMILY ROOMS

REFUGE COMMUNITY

sustainability goals

WATER GOAL: MINIMIZE DOMESTIC WATER USAGE AND DIMINISH FLOODING

OBJECTIVE: USE 100% OF RAINWATER THROUGH COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION STRATEGIES: INTRODUCE WATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS ON SITE SUCH AS RAIN GARDENS AND CISTERNS TO REDUCE FLOODING AND MAXIMIZE COLLECTION USE RAINWATER COLLECTED TO PRODUCE POTABLE WATER FOR OCCUPANTS IMPLEMENT LIVING MACHINES TO PRODUCE CLEAN WATER

ENERGY GOAL: MINIMIZE USE OF FOSSIL FUELS TO PROVIDE ENERGY AND THERMAL COMFORT IN THE BUILDING

OBJECTIVE: GENERATE 100% OF BUILDING ENERGY THROUGH RENEWABLE RESOURCES STRATEGIES: IMPLEMENT NATURAL VENTILATION AND OTHER PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES CAPTURE SOLAR ENERGY THROUGH PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS ON ROOF AND FACADE STORE ENERGY TO GENERATE POWER DURING NATURAL DISASTERS

MATERIALS GOAL: USE MATERIALS WITH LOW EMBODIED ENERGY AND HARMLESS CHEMICALS

OBJECTIVE: 100% OF MATERIALS WILL BE LOCALLY SOURCED AND HIGHLY RENEWABLE STRATEGIES: SOURCE MATERIALS WITHIN A 50 MILE RADIUS OF THE SITE IMPLEMENT BIOPHILIC DESIGN FOR BUILDING MATERIALS FOR BETTER AIR QUALITY AVOID MATERIALS WITH HIGH VOCs

process drawings

“lifting up the community” ROOF GARDEN

COMMUNAL BATHROOMS COMMUNAL KITCHEN/FLEX SPACE

SLEEPING AREAS PLAY AREA

NURSING AREA

CHAPEL

SUPPLY ROOM

HEALTH CLINICS

INDOOR GARDEN

GYM/COURT LOADING/SERVICE

LOBBY

PUBLIC PARK

december process iteration 1

iteration 2

5TH FLOOR

4TH FLOOR

3RD-4TH FLOOR

3RD FLOOR

2ND FLOOR

MEZZANINE LEVEL

2ND FLOOR

ROOF GARDEN

SERVICE/LOADING

SERVICE/LOADING

ENTRY

GREEN SPACE/ OUTDOOR GARDENS

GROUND FLOOR

ENTRY GREEN SPACE/ PUBLIC PARK

SHADED OUTDOOR SPACE

REFUGE SPACES GROUND FLOOR

COMMUNITY

REFUGE

OUTDOOR SPACE

SHADED OUTDOOR SPACE

REFUGE AND COMMUNITY SPACES SECTION CUT N-S

COMMUNITY

REFUGE

OUTDOOR SPACE

SECTION CUT E-W

j an u ar y de s ig n r e v i ew

1

SCALE: 1/32” = 1’-0”

2

BASKETBALL COURTS WILL SERVE AS SLEEPING AREAS WHILE PROVIDING PRIVACY BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN LOCKERS WILL DOUBLE AS COMMUNAL BATHROOMS FUNCTION HALL WILL SERVE AS COMMUNAL KITCHEN AND DINING PLAY AND NURSING AREA FOR CHILDREN AND WOMEN

100 FT

SCALE: 1/32” = 1’-0”

100 FT

PLAY AND NURSING AREA

COURTYARD

HEALTH CLINICS BASKETBALL FUNCTION HALL NURSE STATION COMMUNAL KITCHEN

COURTS STORAGE MECHANICAL SLEEPING AREAS

LOADING AND PARK-

LOCKERS

CHAPEL

PUBLIC PARK

4TH FLOOR

VIGNETTES FUNCTION HALL /COMMUNAL KITCHEN

ROOF GARDEN ROOF

CHAPEL

3RD FLOOR

HEALTH CLINICS

MECH.

LOBBY

PLAY/NURSING AREA

MEN'S

WOMEN'S

STORAGE /MECH.

2ND FLOOR

HEALTH OFFICES

150 SQ. FT.

STORAGE

10'-0"

5,000 SQ. FT.

BAMBOO PLYWOOD (1-2”)

E-W SECTION SCALE: 1’=1/32”

1ST FLOOR

15'-0"

4'-6"

30'-0"

15'-0"

3'-0"

TYPICAL TEMPORARY SLEEPING AREAS (3-6 PEOPLE PER UNIT)

HEALTH OFFICES

COURTYARD

30'-0"

PUBLIC PARK

STORAGE

MEN'S

INTERLOCKING (EASY ASSEMBLY)

56'-0"

OFFICES

4'-6"

LOBBY

3'-0"

90'-0"

OFFICES

LOBBY

TYPICAL COURT LAYOUT 150 PEOPLE / 25 FAMILIES

WOMEN'S

LOADING/PARKING

march technical review LEGEND LOAD-BEARING WALL STEEL TRUSSES OPEN WEB JOISTS DIAGONAL BRACING STEEL COLUMNS

SECOND FLOOR

FOURTH (TOP) FLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

THIRD FLOOR

MATERIAL PALETTE

COOLING DISTRIBUTION AND SOLAR ENERGY

100% OUTSIDE AIR INTAKE

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS SUPPLY AIR

CONCRETE

CHILLED CEILING PANELS

100% OUTSIDE AIR INTAKE

100% OUTSIDE AIR INTAKE

BAMBOO FINISH

CHILLED CEILING PANELS

STEEL

WATER DISTRIBUTION AND BIOPHILIC DESIGN RAINWATER STORAGE

GREEN ROOF

RAINWATER STORAGE

LIVING WALL WALL SECTION

DOMESTIC WATER

RAINWATER STORAGE

ROOF GARDEN

DOMESTIC WATER

LIVING WALL

FILTER AND CISTERN

FILTER AND CISTERN

GEOCELLULAR STORAGE FOR STORMWATER RETENTION

final design CONCEPT DIAGRAMS 32 30

26

2 24 8 28

BAYAN-BA

YANAN AV

26

ENUE 2 22 2

20 24 2 22 2

BAYA

AN TO SS TRE ET

LAWN

N-BA

YANA

FORM N AV

ENUE

ES

ROOF GARDEN

22

LAWN

20

8 18

CA N

ROOF DA ZO S

TRE

ET

22

MAJOR CIRCULATION

20 18

100 FT E SECTION SCALE: 1” = 25’-0”

VOLUME

N

B C

ROOF GARDEN

section c C

COURT 5

COMMUNAL SPACE COURT 6

4TH

A

FLOOR

50 FT

ROOF GARDEN

N B

C

BALCONY

FUNCTION HALL/ COMMUNAL DINING

COURT 3 CHAPEL

section b B

COMMUNAL KITCHEN

GRAND STAIR VESTIBULE

WOMEN’S LOCKER

ATRIUM PLAY/NURSING AREA

3RD

COURT 4

COMMUNAL AREA A

ADMIN OFFICE

FLOOR

50 FT

ADMIN OFFICE ADMIN OFFICE

MEN’S LOCKER ADMIN OFFICE

MECHANICAL EXECUTIVE’S OFFICE

SUPPLY ROOM /STORAGE

N B

C

COURT 1

H A H HEALTH HEA HE CLINIC C CL L C

PLAY AREA

ATRIUM CLINIC LOBBY

COURT 2

2ND

A

CLINIC OFFICES

FLOOR

section a

50 FT

CONFERENCE ROOM

MECHANICAL

STORAGE

LAWN

COURT 1 HEALTH CLINIC

PLAYGROUND THEATER LAWN

COURT 2

LOBBY /ATRIUM

1ST

FLOOR 50 FT ENTRY POINTS

WOMEN’S LOCKER

CLINIC LOBBY

MEN’S LOCKER

PARKING MECHANICAL /STORAGE

LOADING

MATERIAL PALETTE

e le v atio n s + m ate r ia l s

PRECAST CONCRETE

BAMBOO FINISH

STEEL

LIVING WALL

ORANGE PERFORATED METAL SCREEN

ALUMINUM PERFORATED SCREEN

north h

south

west

e xp er ie nc e

northeast approach

playground

grand stair

e xp e r ie n c e

chapel

modular sleeping areas

lobby

e xp er ie nc e

bayanihan y center