The Walls Of A Blackbody Cavity Are At A Temperature Of 27oc What
The walls of a blackbody cavity are at a temperature of 27°C. What is the frequency of the radiation of maximum intensity? Assume that a 100-W light bulb gives off 2.50% of its energy as visible light. How many photons of visible light are given off in 1.00 minute? (Use an average visible wavelength of 550 nm). What is the energy of photons (joules) emitted by a 107.5-MHz FM radio station? What is the longest wavelength of light that will emit electrons from a metal whose work function is 3.50 eV? A metal with a work function of 2.40 eV is illuminated by a beam of monochromatic light. If the stopping potential is 2.5 V, what is the wavelength of the light? What is the de Broglie wavelength of a 1000 kg car moving at a velocity of 25 m/s? A hydrogen atom in its ground state is excited to the n = 5 level. It then makes a transition directly to the n = 2 level before returning to the ground state. What are the wavelengths of the emitted photons? Would any of the emitted wavelengths be in the visible region? What is the longest wavelength light capable of ionizing a hydrogen atom in the ground state?
Paper For Above instruction
Understanding the principles of blackbody radiation, photon emission, and quantum physics is fundamental to modern physics. This paper addresses several problems related to blackbody radiation, photon energy calculations, photoelectric effect, de Broglie wavelength, and atomic transitions in hydrogen, illustrating how these concepts are applied in real-world scenarios and theoretical frameworks.
Blackbody Radiation and Peak Frequency
Blackbody radiation describes the electromagnetic radiation emitted by an idealized object that absorbs all incident radiation and re-emits energy according to its temperature. According to Wien's Displacement Law, the wavelength (or frequency) of maximum intensity shifts with temperature. The law relates the temperature (T) to the wavelength of maximum emission (λ_max):
λ_max = b / T, where b ≈ 2.898 × 10^{-3} m·K.
However, since the question asks for the frequency, we use the relationship between wavelength and frequency:
ν_max = c / λ_max, where c ≈ 3.00 × 10^8 m/s.
Given T = 27°C = 273 + 27 = 300 K, substituting into Wien’s law gives:
λ_max = (2.898 × 10^{-3} m·K) / 300 K ≈ 9.66 × 10^{-6} m.
Therefore, the frequency of maximum intensity is:
ν_max = 3.00 × 10^8 m/s / 9.66 × 10^{-6} m ≈ 3.11 × 10^{13} Hz.
This frequency lies within the infrared region, consistent with the temperature of the blackbody cavity walls.
Photon
Emission from a
Light Bulb
A 100-W light bulb emits energy, of which 2.50% is visible light. The power emitted as visible light is:
P_vis = 0.025 × 100 W = 2.5 W.
In one minute (60 seconds), the total energy emitted as visible light is:
Energy = Power × Time = 2.5 W × 60 s = 150 Joules.
The energy of a photon is given by E = hc / λ, where h ≈ 6.626 × 10^{-34} J·s and λ = 550 nm = 550 × 10^{-9} m.
Calculating photon energy:
E_photon = (6.626 × 10^{-34} J·s)(3.00 × 10^8 m/s) / (550 × 10^{-9} m) ≈ 3.61 × 10^{-19} J.
The number of photons emitted is:
Number of photons = Total energy / Energy per photon = 150 J / 3.61 × 10^{-19} J ≈ 4.16 × 10^{20} photons.
Photon Energy from a Radio Station
The energy of a photon is given by E = hf, where f = 107.5 MHz = 1.075 × 10^8 Hz.
Calculating E:
E = (6.626 × 10^{-34} J·s)(1.075 × 10^8 Hz) ≈ 7.13 × 10^{-26} J.
This extremely small energy per photon reflects the low-energy nature of radio waves.
Longest Wavelength for Photoelectric Emission
The maximum wavelength (λ_max) for photoelectric emission is determined by the work function (φ):
λ_max = hc / φ, where φ must be in joules.
Converting φ = 3.50 eV to joules: 1 eV ≈ 1.602 × 10^{-19} J, so
φ = 3.50 × 1.602 × 10^{-19} J ≈ 5.607 × 10^{-19} J.
Calculating λ_max:
λ_max = (6.626 × 10^{-34} J·s)(3.00 × 10^8 m/s) / 5.607 × 10^{-19} J ≈ 3.55 × 10^{-7} m, or 355 nm.
This wavelength lies in the ultraviolet region, indicating photons with wavelengths longer than this cannot eject electrons from the metal surface.
Wavelength of Incident Light in Photoelectric Effect
Given the work function φ = 2.40 eV and stopping potential V_s = 2.5 V, the photoelectrons gain kinetic energy:
Kinetic energy (KE) = eV_s = 2.5 eV.
Total photon energy (E_photon) = KE + φ = 2.5 eV + 2.40 eV = 4.90 eV.
Converting to joules: E = 4.90 × 1.602 × 10^{-19} J ≈ 7.85 × 10^{-19} J.
The wavelength of the incident light:
λ = hc / E_photon = (6.626 × 10^{-34} J·s)(3.00× 10^8 m/s) / (7.85 × 10^{-19} J) ≈ 2.53 × 10^{-7} m, or 253 nm.
Hence, the light must be ultraviolet in wavelength to eject electrons with a stopping potential of 2.5 V.
De Broglie Wavelength of a Car
The de Broglie wavelength λ = h / p, where p = mv is the momentum of the car.
Given m = 1000 kg, v = 25 m/s:
λ = (6.626 × 10^{-34} J·s) / (1000 kg × 25 m/s) = 6.626 × 10^{-34} / 2.5 × 10^4 ≈ 2.65 × 10^{-38} m.
This exceedingly small wavelength emphasizes that classical objects like cars exhibit negligible quantum effects, which are only significant at atomic scales.
Atomic Transitions and Emission Lines
When a hydrogen atom transitions from n = 5 to n = 2, the emitted photon wavelength can be found using the Rydberg formula:
1/λ = R (1/n_1^2 - 1/n_2^2), where R ≈ 1.097 × 10^7 m^{-1} and n_1=2, n_2=5.
Calculations:
1/λ = 1.097 × 10^7 (1/2^2 - 1/5^2) = 1.097 × 10^7 (1/4 - 1/25) = 1.097 × 10^7 (0.25 - 0.04) = 1.097 × 10^7 × 0.21 ≈ 2.3037 × 10^6 m^{-1}.
λ ≈ 4.34 × 10^{-7} m, or 434 nm, which is within the visible spectrum (blue region).
Similarly, for the transition from n=5 to n=2, the photons emitted are in the visible range, making these spectral lines observable with spectroscopy.
The specific wavelengths emitted during such transitions are characteristic and serve as spectral fingerprints for hydrogen.
Ionization Energy of Hydrogen
The longest wavelength of light capable of ionizing hydrogen corresponds to photons with energy equal to the ionization energy, 13.6 eV:
λ_max = hc / E = (6.626 × 10^{-34})(3.00 × 10^8) / (13.6 × 1.602 × 10^{-19}) ≈ 91.2 nm.
This wavelength lies in the ultraviolet region, indicating that ultraviolet light with wavelengths shorter than 91.2 nm can ionize ground state hydrogen atoms.
This is crucial for understanding astrophysical processes and laboratory ionization techniques.
Conclusion
These calculations underscore core concepts in quantum physics, including blackbody radiation, photon energies, photoelectric effect, wave-particle duality, and atomic spectra. They demonstrate how microscopic quantum phenomena influence macroscopic observations and technological applications such as photovoltaics, spectroscopy, and radio communications. Mastery of these principles is essential for advancing research and innovation in physics and related fields.
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